1.
Monsummano Terme
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Monsummano Terme is an comune located in the Province of Pistoia, Tuscany, central Italy. It is located in the Valdinievole, and is a spa resort. It was the birthplace of French actor Yves Montand and Italian poet Giuseppe Giusti, given the proximity to the Padule, the area displays a wealth of flora and fauna and is a meeting place for birdwatchers. The rivers are short, of which the Candalla stream is the most prominent. Going back to the Roman archeological sites, on the slopes of Monte Albano, the settlement of the castle of Monsummano Alto is documented from 1260, but probably existed since the previous century, or, as some have suggested due to the topology from the Lombard era. The castle was at the center of battles between Florence and Lucca, with its final conquest in 1331, the flat area was swampy, which became a human settlement in the second half of the 16th century with the construction of several farms and houses. During the 19th century Monsummano Terme was home of writer and politician Ferdinando Martini and his birthplace and a memorial at the center of the square have both become dedicated to him. The monument also symbolizes his distaste for the clergy, showing the poet facing way from the church, other sights include, The medieval castle and fortifications. The elliptical shape have led to suppose a Lombard origin, and it was occupied by the Florentines in 1314, but was recaptured one year later by Castruccio Castracani after the battle of Montecatini. Of the castle today several gates and long stretches of the walls, partly covered by vegetation, as well as a single tower, Church of San Nicolao, included in the castle. It houses a 14th- to 15th-century wooden crucifix, sanctuary of Santa Maria della Fontenuova Church of San Michele e Lorenzo. It has a lunette painted by Giusto Utens and a Madonna with Child, Pistoia, Società pistoiese di storia patria. Larchivio del comune di Monsummano Terme, Monsummano Terme, Assessorato alla cultura of Monsummano Terme
2.
Senlis
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Senlis is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. It has a long and rich heritage, having traversed centuries of history and this medieval town has welcomed some of the most renowned figures in French history, including Hugh Capet, Louis IX, the Marshal of France, Anne of Kiev and Séraphine de Senlis. The monarchs of the early French dynasties lived here, attracted by the proximity of the Chantilly forest and it is renowned for the gothic Senlis Cathedral and its vast historical monuments. Its inhabitants are called Senlisiens and Senlisiennes, Senlis is part of the province of lOise in the region of Hauts-de-France in the north of France. It is situated on the river Nonette, between the forests of Chantilly and dErmenonville in the South and dHalatte on the North and it is located 40 kilometers from the north of Paris,44 km from Beauvais and 79 km from Amiens. The highest point of the lies at the heart of the forest Halatte. Geologically, the area is occupied by a vast limestone plateau of the Lutetian covered mostly in silt, Senlis was known in early Roman imperial times as Augustomagus and later as Civitas Silvanectium. During the 3rd century, a high defensive wall, about half of which still exists, was erected around the settlement in response to Frankish incursions. The wall remained in use into the 13th century, the town also featured a Roman amphitheatre, the remains of which are still visible, about 500 m west of the walled town. The amphitheatre seated as many as 10,000 people and was used for meetings, theatre, gladiatorial combats. The monarchs of the early French dynasties lived here, attracted by the proximity of the Chantilly Forest and its venison, in 987 Alberon, the archbishop of Reims, called together an assembly, and asked them to choose Hugh Capet as king of France. However, the monarchs of France soon abandoned the city, preferring Compiègne, new life was given to the city in the 12th century, and ramparts were built. The popularity of the city fell, and it slipped into decline. Today it remains an attraction for tourists for its long history, Senlis fell under the ownership of Hugh Capet in 981. He was elected king by his barons in 987 before being crowned at Noyon, under the Capetian rule, Senlis became a royal city and remained so until the reign of Charles X. A castle was built during this period remains are still visible today. The city reached its apogee in the 12th and 13th centuries as trade in wool and leather increased, with an increasing population, the city expanded and needed new ramparts, a second chamber was erected under Phillip II that was larger and higher than the ramparts of the Gallo-Romans. A municipal charter was granted to the town in 1173 by King Louis VII, the bishop of Senlis and the Chancellor Guérin became close advisors to the King, strengthening Senlis ties to the French royalty
3.
Simone Signoret
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Simone Signoret was a French cinema actress often hailed as one of Frances greatest film stars. She became the first French person to win an Academy Award, in her lifetime she also received two Césars, three BAFTAs, an Emmy, a Cannes Film Festival Award, the Silver Bear for Best Actress awards, a NBR Award and a Golden Globe nomination. Signoret was born Simone Henriette Charlotte Kaminker in Wiesbaden, Germany, to André and Georgette Kaminker and her mother, Georgette, from whom she acquired her stage name, was a French Catholic. Signoret grew up in Paris in an atmosphere and studied English, German. During the German occupation of France, Signoret mixed with an group of writers and actors who met at a café in the Saint-Germain-des-Prés quarter. By this time, she had developed an interest in acting and was encouraged by her friends, including her lover, Daniel Gélin and she took her mothers maiden name for the screen to help hide her Jewish roots. Signorets sensual features and earthy nature led to type-casting and she was seen in roles as a prostitute. She won considerable attention in La Ronde, a film which was banned briefly in New York as immoral and she won further acclaim, including an acting award from the British Film Academy, for her portrayal of another prostitute in Jacques Beckers Casque dor. She appeared in notable films in France during the 1950s, including Thérèse Raquin, directed by Marcel Carné, Les Diaboliques. In 1958, Signoret acted in the English independent film, Room at the Top, which won her numerous awards including the Best Female Performance Prize at Cannes and the Academy Award for Best Actress. She was the only French cinema actress to receive an Oscar until Juliette Binoche in 1997 and Marion Cotillard in 2008, and she was offered films in Hollywood, but turned them down, continuing to work in France and England—notably opposite Laurence Olivier in Term of Trial —until 1965. In 1962, Signoret translated Lillian Hellmans play The Little Foxes into French for a production in Paris that ran for six months at the Theatre Sarah-Bernhardt and she played the Regina role as well. Hellman was displeased with the production, although the translation was approved by scholars selected by Hellman, Signorets memoirs, Nostalgia Isnt What It Used To Be, were published in 1978. She also wrote a novel, Adieu Volodya, published in 1985, Signoret first married filmmaker Yves Allégret, with whom she had a daughter Catherine Allégret, herself an actress. Her second marriage was to the Italian-born French actor Yves Montand in 1951, Signoret died of pancreatic cancer in Autheuil-Authouillet, France, aged 64. She was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris and Yves Montand was later buried next to her, the play charted the deteriorating relationship between Signoret and Marilyn Monroe during the filming of Lets Make Love. Unable to achieve the recognition of Oscar-winning Signoret, Monroe begins an affair with Signorets husband, singer Nina Simone took her last name from Simone Signoret
4.
Communism
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Communism includes a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include Marxism, anarchism, and the political ideologies grouped around both. The primary element which will enable this transformation, according to analysis, is the social ownership of the means of production. Likewise, some communists defend both theory and practice, while others argue that historical practice diverged from communist principles to a greater or lesser degree, according to Richard Pipes, the idea of a classless, egalitarian society first emerged in Ancient Greece. At one time or another, various small communist communities existed, in the medieval Christian church, for example, some monastic communities and religious orders shared their land and their other property. Communist thought has also traced back to the works of the 16th-century English writer Thomas More. In his treatise Utopia, More portrayed a society based on ownership of property. In the 17th century, communist thought surfaced again in England, criticism of the idea of private property continued into the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, through such thinkers as Jean Jacques Rousseau in France. Later, following the upheaval of the French Revolution, communism emerged as a political doctrine, in the early 19th century, Various social reformers founded communities based on common ownership. But unlike many previous communist communities, they replaced the emphasis with a rational. Notable among them were Robert Owen, who founded New Harmony in Indiana, in its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions. Foremost among these critics were Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels, in 1848, Marx and Engels offered a new definition of communism and popularized the term in their famous pamphlet The Communist Manifesto. The 1917 October Revolution in Russia set the conditions for the rise to power of Lenins Bolsheviks. The revolution transferred power to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, in which the Bolsheviks had a majority, the event generated a great deal of practical and theoretical debate within the Marxist movement. Marx predicted that socialism and communism would be built upon foundations laid by the most advanced capitalist development, Russia, however, was one of the poorest countries in Europe with an enormous, largely illiterate peasantry and a minority of industrial workers. Marx had explicitly stated that Russia might be able to skip the stage of bourgeois rule, the moderate Mensheviks opposed Lenins Bolshevik plan for socialist revolution before capitalism was more fully developed. The Great Purge of 1937–1938 was Stalins attempt to destroy any possible opposition within the Communist Party and its leading role in the Second World War saw the emergence of the Soviet Union as a superpower, with strong influence over Eastern Europe and parts of Asia. The European and Japanese empires were shattered and Communist parties played a role in many independence movements
5.
Marseille
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Marseille, also known as Marseilles in English, is a city in France. Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia, Marseille was the most important trading centre in the region, Marseille is now Frances largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce, freight and cruise ships. The city was European Capital of Culture, together with Košice, Slovakia and it hosted the European Football Championship in 2016, and will be the European Capital of Sport in 2017. The city is home to campuses of Aix-Marseille University and part of one of the largest metropolitan conurbations in France. Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris, further east still are the Sainte-Baume, the city of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the artists colony of lEstaque, further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre, the citys main thoroughfare stretches eastward from the Old Port to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas on the south side and Fort Saint-Jean on the north. Further out in the Bay of Marseille is the Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of Château dIf, the main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse. To the south east of central Marseille in the 6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the fountain of Place Castellane. To the south west are the hills of the 7th arrondissement, the railway station—Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement, it is linked by the Boulevard dAthènes to the Canebière. Marseille has a Mediterranean climate with mild, humid winters and warm to hot, december, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 12 °C during the day and 4 °C at night. Marseille is officially the sunniest major city in France with over 2,900 hours of sunshine while the average sunshine in France is around 1,950 hours, less frequent is the Sirocco, a hot, sand-bearing wind, coming from the Sahara Desert. Snowfalls are infrequent, over 50% of years do not experience a single snowfall, Massalia, whose name was probably adapted from an existing language related to Ligurian, was the first Greek settlement in France. It was established within modern Marseille around 600 BC by colonists coming from Phocaea on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. The connection between Massalia and the Phoceans is mentioned in Thucydidess Peloponnesian War, he notes that the Phocaean project was opposed by the Carthaginians, the founding of Massalia has also been recorded as a legend. Protis was invited inland to a banquet held by the chief of the local Ligurian tribe for suitors seeking the hand of his daughter Gyptis in marriage, at the end of the banquet, Gyptis presented the ceremonial cup of wine to Protis, indicating her unequivocal choice
6.
Music hall
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Music hall is a type of British theatrical entertainment that was popular from the early Victorian era circa 1850 and lasting until 1960. It involved a mixture of songs, comedy, speciality acts. The term is derived from a type of theatre or venue in which such entertainment took place and these theatres were designed chiefly so people could consume food and alcohol and smoke tobacco in the auditorium while the entertainment took place. This differed somewhat from the type of theatre, which until then seated the audience in stalls with a separate bar-room. By the mid-19th century, the halls cried out for many new, as a result, professional songwriters were enlisted to provide the music for a plethora of star performers, such as Marie Lloyd, Dan Leno, Little Tich, and George Leybourne. Music hall did not adopt its own unique style, the halls had recovered by the start of the First World War and were used to stage charity events in aid of the war effort. Music hall entertainment continued after the war, but became popular due to upcoming Jazz, Swing. Licensing restrictions had also changed, and drinking was banned from the auditorium, a new type of music hall entertainment had arrived, in the form of variety, and many music hall performers failed to make the transition. Deemed old fashioned and with the closure of many halls, music hall entertainment ceased, Music hall in London had its origins in entertainment provided in the new style saloon bars of public houses during the 1830s. These venues replaced earlier semi-rural amusements provided by fairs and suburban pleasure gardens such as Vauxhall Gardens and these latter became subject to urban development and became fewer and less popular. The saloon was a room where for a fee or a greater price at the bar, singing, dancing. The most famous London saloon of the days was the Grecian Saloon, established in 1825, at The Eagle,2 Shepherdess Walk. According to John Hollingshead, proprietor of the Gaiety Theatre, London, this establishment was the father and mother, later known as the Grecian Theatre, it was here that Marie Lloyd made her début at the age of 14 in 1884. It is still famous because of an English nursery rhyme, with the somewhat mysterious lyrics, Up and down the City Road In and out The Eagle Thats the way the money goesPop goes the weasel. Another famous song and supper room of this period was Evans Music-and-Supper Rooms,43 King Street, Covent Garden and this venue was also known as Evans Late Joys – Joy being the name of the previous owner. Other song and supper rooms included the Coal Hole in The Strand, the Cyder Cellars in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, the music hall as we know it developed from such establishments during the 1850s and were built in and on the grounds of public houses. In a theatre, by contrast, the audience was seated in stalls, an exception to this rule was the Britannia Theatre, Hoxton which somehow managed to evade this regulation and served drinks to its customers. Though a theatre rather than a hall, this establishment later hosted music hall variety acts
7.
Crooner
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Crooner is an American epithet given to male singers of jazz standards, mostly from the Great American Songbook, backed by either a full orchestra, a big band or a piano. Originally it was a term denoting a sentimental singing style made possible by the use of microphones. Some performers, such as Russ Columbo, did not accept the term and this dominant popular vocal style coincided with the advent of radio broadcasting and electrical recording. Before the advent of the microphone, popular singers like Al Jolson had to project to the seats of a theater, as did opera singers. The microphone made possible the more personal style and he could be heard by anyone with a phonograph or a radio. His first film, The Vagabond Lover, was promoted with the line, while his success brought press warnings of the Vallee Peril, this punk from Maine with the dripping voice required mounted police to beat back screaming, swooning females at his vaudeville shows. Even The New York Times predicted that crooning would be just a passing fad, the newspaper printed, They sing like that because they can’t help it. Their style is begging to go out of fashion…, crooners will soon go the way of tandem bicycles, mah jongg and midget golf. Voice range shifted from tenor to baritone, still, a 1931 record by Dick Robinson, Crosby, Columbo & Vallee, called upon men to fight these public enemies brought into homes via radio. There were female crooners, including Annette Hanshaw, Mildred Bailey and their performances had a variety of influences including ballads and swing and was included in popular film soundtracks. The term is used to describe a female singer, although Mildred Baileys pre-swing records as well as Helen Rowland are often considered part of the crooning style. Due to the country songs popularized by Bing Crosby, the style of singing became an enduring part of country music. Bing Crosby achieved a million seller with his 1940 rendition of the song San Antonio Rose, eddy Arnold, Jim Reeves and Ray Price are especially well known for their country crooner standards. Dean Martin is rather famous for the music he recorded in the period when he was working for Reprise Records. Fellow Italian-American crooner Perry Como recorded several albums with country producer Chet Atkins in Nashville, list of crooners Gary Giddins, Bing Crosby, A Pocketful of Dreams, The Early Years, 1903–1940. Boston, Little, Brown and Co.2001, allison McCracken, Real Men Dont Sing, Crooning in American Culture. Durham, NC, Duke University Press,2015
8.
Bruno Coquatrix
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Bruno Coquatrix was mainly known as the owner and manager of the music hall Paris Olympia. He was instrumental in recognizing and exposing the talent of up-and-coming performers, Coquatrix was born in Ronchin, Nord. Bruno Coquatrix firstly made himself known as songs and music writer and he wrote over 300 songs, e. g. Mon ange, Clopin-clopant, Cheveux dans le vent ), as well as some operettas. He was the impresario of some French singers, e. g. Jacques Pills and he managed the variety theatre Bobino before he took over the Olympia, Europe’s biggest music hall in 1954. He also co-founded a records company, the Disques Versailles, an astute and successful businessman, he was very influential within the French musical world. He was also the mayor of Cabourg from 1971 until his death in Paris eight years later and he was the best man of Henri Betti in 1949 and André Hornez in 1963 who were the authors of Cest si bon. Coquatrix was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, les coulisses de ma mémoire Grasset & Fasquelle ISBN 2-246-31071-7 Jean-Michel Boris
9.
Olympia (Paris)
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Olympia is a music hall located in the 9th arrondissement of Paris, France. 28, Boulevard des Capucines, its closest métro/RER stations are Madeleine, Opéra, Havre – Caumartin, co-Founded in 1888, by Joseph Oller and Charles Zidler, the co-creators of the Moulin Rouge, today easily recognizable by its giant red glowing letters announcing its name. It opened in 1889 as the Montagnes Russes but was renamed the Olympia in 1893, besides musicians, the Olympia played host to a variety of entertainment including circuses, ballets, and operettas. However, following a decline in appearances by the great stars. It may have opened as a music hall under the German occupation of France during World War II, but certainly in 1945 after the Liberation, it was a music hall free to Allied troops in uniform. Attendees had to listen to the playing of four national anthems before the programs that always ended with a spirited can-can performed by dancers. Thereafter, at times it may have reverted to movies again until Bruno Coquatrix revived it as a hall with a grand re-opening in February 1954. Édith Piaf achieved great acclaim at the Olympia giving several series of recitals from January 1955 until October 1962, before coming to America, the Beatles performed eighteen days of concerts at the Olympia Theatre, playing two and sometimes three shows a day. They were staying at the Hotel George V and after returning at the end of their first day, they were told that I Want To Hold Your Hand had reached number one in America. Jeff Buckley, long an admirer of Piaf, gave what he considered the finest performance of his there in 1995. Jacques Brels 1961 and 1964 concerts at LOlympia are legendary and preserved to this day on new CD releases, marlene Dietrichs 1962 Olympia concert was broadcast. On May 3–4,1972, The Grateful Dead played two concerts here as part of their first major European tour, both shows were recorded and songs from each were released on their 1972 live album Europe 72. Dave Gahan played concert here and it was released on the 2004 DVD, Live Monsters
10.
Henri Betti
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Henri Betti, born Ange Betti, was a French composer and a pianist. Pianist and composer of Maurice Chevalier from 1940 to 1945, Henri Betti is best known for composing the music of the songs Cest si bon, What Can I Do. and The Windmill Song. Henri Betti was born at 1 rue Barillerie in the district of Vieux-Nice in a modest family, his father was a house painter and his mother was a fishmonger. His paternal family originates from the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy, his grandfather was born in Parma and he immigrated to Nice with his wife and children in the late 1890s. In 1935, he entered at the Conservatoire de Paris which is directed by Henri Rabaud where he studied music in the same class as Paul Bonneau, Henri Dutilleux. He is the student of Lazare Lévy for piano class and Raymond Pech for harmony class and he won a prize of harmony in 1937. Maurice Chevalier refuse the song but to ask Henri Betti be his regular accompanist, during the singing tours, he will make him play the Ballade No.1 in G minor, Op.23 by Frédéric Chopin between songs. Anxious to renew his repertoire, he asked him to compose songs. Henri Betti then wrote music forty songs with the lyrics of Maurice Chevalier and Maurice Vandair until 1945 that Notre Espoir, of the fifteen securities singing tour of Maurice Chevalier in 1945, Henri Betti sign fourteen. In 1945, he conducted an orchestra to accompany Maurice Chevalier singing four songs in two 78tours and he joined the SACEM in 1941 as composer and was appointed Sociétaire définitif in 1949. From 1949 to 1983, his production is abundant, revues for Le Lido, the Moulin Rouge, the Folies Bergère, the Olympia, the Stardust and the Tropicana in Las Vegas. He has also composed for the cinema in the 1950s and television in the 1960s and his most famous soundtrack is that of Honoré de Marseille which will nearly 4 million admissions in France in 1957. In this movie, Fernandel sings three songs composed by Henri Betti and the words by Jean Manse, Henri Betti and Jean Manse had written a fourth song for the movie, Cest Noël, sung by Fernandel in a scene that was edited out. The song was sung by Tino Rossi and Georges Guétary. In 1953, he played the role of the composer and accompanist of the company of Jean Nohain in Soyez les bienvenus by Pierre-Louis which he composed the music for the film. And then as a full-featured except to Bobino and Gaumont-Palace and his talent manager was Johnny Stark. In 1951, he participated with Albert Willemetz to the foundation of the Comité du Cœur, relief fund for needy artists under the auspices of the SACEM, which will be Vice-President. In 1958, he collaborated with Jean-Pierre Landreau to compose all the revues of Lido for the company Lido-Mélodies whose two founding members are Jean Gruyer and Pierre Delvincourt
11.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
12.
Jean de Florette
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Jean de Florette is a 1986 French period drama film directed by Claude Berri, based on a novel by Marcel Pagnol. It is followed by Manon des Sources, the film takes place in rural Provence, where two local farmers scheme to trick a newcomer out of his newly inherited property. The film starred three of Frances most prominent actors – Gérard Depardieu, Daniel Auteuil, who won a BAFTA award for his performance, the film was shot, together with Manon des Sources, over a period of seven months. At the time the most expensive French film ever made, it was a commercial and critical success. The two films helped promote Provence as a tourist destination, the story takes place outside a small village in Provence, France, shortly after the First World War. Ugolin Soubeyran returns early in the morning from his military service, Ugolin stays only briefly to talk, as he is eager to get to his own place farther up in the mountains. Here he throws himself into a project that—at first—he keeps secret from Papet and he eventually reveals that the project consists of growing carnations. Papet is at first skeptical, but he is convinced when the flowers get a price at the local market. They decide the project is worthy of expansion, and together they go to see the neighbouring farmer known as Pique-Bouffigue, the land in question is apparently dry, but Papet knows of a source of water, a spring, that can solve that problem. The neighbour does not want to sell, and an altercation breaks out when he insults the Soubeyran family, in the fight Pique-Bouffigue is killed, but rather than feeling remorse, Papet sees this as an opportunity. After the funeral, they dig out the rubble that is filling the spring, plug the hole, unknown to them, they are seen blocking the spring by a poacher. The property descends to the mans sister, Florette, a childhood friend of Papet. He writes to a friend for news on Florette. The property thereby descends to her son Jean, who is a tax collector and unfortunately, to discourage the new owner from taking up residence, Ugolin breaks many tiles on the roof of the buildings. Florettes son, arrives with his wife Aimée and young daughter Manon, the new owner is called Jean Cadoret, but Ugolin, in the local custom, calls him Jean de Florette. Jean makes it clear that he has no intention of selling and he has a grand scheme for making the farm profitable within two years, involving breeding rabbits and feeding them off cucurbit. Jean does not know about the spring, only of a more distant one. The distant spring, where an old Italian couple lives, is 2 kilometres away, Jean believes the needs of the farm can be met from here
13.
Manon des Sources (1986 film)
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Manon des Sources is a critically acclaimed and commercially successful 1986 French language film. Directed by Claude Berri, it is the second of two films adapted from the 1966 two-volume novel by Marcel Pagnol, who wrote it based on his own film of the same title. It is the sequel to Jean de Florette, following the events of Jean de Florette, Manon, the daughter of Jean, is living in the countryside of Provence near Les Romarins, the farm that her father once owned. She has taken up residence with an elderly Piedmontese squatter couple who teach her to live off the land, tending to a herd of goats and hunting for birds, after seeing her bathe nude in the mountains, Ugolin develops an interest in Manon. When he approaches her, she seems disgusted by his vileness, but Ugolins interest in Manon becomes obsessive, culminating in sewing a ribbon from her hair onto his chest. At the same time, Manon becomes interested in Bernard, a handsome, as a small child, Manon had suffered the loss of her father, who died from a blow to the head while using explosives in an attempt to find the water source. César and Ugolin then bought the farm cheaply from his widow—Manons mother—and unblocked the spring, Manon witnessed this as a child. The two men profited directly from his death, when she overhears two villagers talking about it, Manon realises that many in the village knew of the crime but had remained silent, for the Soubeyran family was locally important. While searching for a goat that fell into a crevice above the village, Manon finds the source of the spring that supplies water to the local farms. To take her revenge on both the Soubeyrans and the villagers, who knew but did nothing, she stops the flow of water using the iron-oxide clay, the villagers quickly become desperate for water to feed their crops and run their businesses. They come to believe that the flow had been stopped by some Providence to punish the injustice committed against Jean. Manon publicly accuses César and Ugolin, and the villagers admit their own complicity in the persecution of Jean and they had never accepted him, as he was an outsider and was physically deformed. César tries to evade the accusations, but an eye-witness, a poacher who was trespassing on the vacant property at the time, steps forward to confirm the crime, Ugolin makes a desperate attempt to ask Manon for her hand in marriage, but she rejects him. Rejected by Manon, Ugolin commits suicide by hanging himself from a tree, the villagers appeal to Manon to take part in a religious procession to the villages fountain, hoping that acknowledging the injustice will restore the flow of water to the village. With the assistance of Bernard, Manon unblocks the spring in advance, and she is last seen very pregnant and leaving a church service on Christmas Eve with her husband. Meanwhile, César has been broken by his nephews suicide, delphine, an old acquaintance of his, returns to the village and tells him that Florette, his sweetheart from that period, had written to him to tell him she was carrying their child. Receiving no reply from him, she had tried to abort it, Florette left the village, married a blacksmith from nearby Créspin, and the child was born alive but a hunchback. César, away on military service in Africa, never received her letter, in a cruel twist of fate, Jean, the man he drove to desperation without having met him, was the son he had always wanted
14.
Late Night with David Letterman
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Late Night with David Letterman is a nightly hour-long comedy talk show on NBC that was created and hosted by David Letterman. It premiered on February 1,1982, as the first incarnation of the Late Night franchise and ran until 1993, the series was then reformatted as Late Night with Conan OBrien, with Jimmy Fallon later taking over from OBrien as host. Late Night continues to air as of 2017 with Seth Meyers as host, in 2013, this series and Late Show with David Letterman were ranked #41 on TV Guides 60 Best Series of All Time. In 1981, NBC and Carson, after significant acrimony, reached an agreement on a new contract, Time slot Monday through Thursday, with occasional specials every few Fridays, all aimed at young men. The network wanted to capitalize on catering to young males, feeling there was very little late-night programming for that demographic. The newly announced show thus displaced the Tomorrow Coast to Coast program hosted by Tom Snyder from the 12,30 slot. NBC initially offered Snyder to move his show back an hour, the final first-run Tomorrow episode aired on December 17,1981. The staff responsible for preparing Late Night consisted of Lettermans girlfriend Merrill Markoe in the head writing role, Markoe and Letterman broke up in 1988 and Markoe left for California, resulting in Steve ODonnell taking over the position. Other key personnel included seasoned TV veteran Hal Gurnee directing the program, Jack Rollins as executive producer. The plan from the start was to resurrect the spirit of Lettermans morning show for a late-night audience, after a brief monologue, the very first comedy segment was a sarcastic tour of the studio. The first guest, Bill Murray, came out in fashion, throwing jibes. The second guest was Don Herbert, TVs Mr. Wizard, and the show ended with a young comic named Steve Fessler reciting aloud the script of the obscure Bela Lugosi film Bowery at Midnight. The reviews were mixed – Los Angeles Times wrote, Much of Lettermans first week did not jell – but more importantly, eccentric and awkward, the show immediately established a sensibility that was clearly different from The Tonight Show. Carson, for his part, wanted Late Night to have as little overlap with his show as possible, in fact, most ground rules and restrictions on what Letterman could do came not from the network but from the production company itself. Letterman could not have a sidekick like Ed McMahon, and Paul Shaffers band could not include a horn section like Doc Severinsens. Letterman was told he could not book old-school showbiz guests such as James Stewart, George Burns, or Buddy Hackett, Letterman was also specifically instructed not to replicate any of the signature pieces of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson like Stump the Band or Carnac the Magnificent. Carson also wanted Letterman to minimize the number of jokes in his opening monologue. So, in 1993, Letterman and his moved to CBS and Late Show with David Letterman was born
15.
Marilyn Monroe
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Marilyn Monroe was an American actress and model. Famous for playing comic dumb blonde characters, she one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s. Although she was an actress for only a decade, her films grossed $200 million by the time of her unexpected death in 1962. She continues to be considered a popular culture icon. Born and raised in Los Angeles, Monroe spent most of her childhood in foster homes, while working in a factory in 1944 as part of the war effort, she was introduced to a photographer from the First Motion Picture Unit and began a successful pin-up modeling career. The work led to short-lived film contracts with Twentieth Century-Fox and Columbia Pictures, after a series of minor film roles, she signed a new contract with Fox in 1951. Over the next two years, she became an actress with roles in several comedies, including As Young as You Feel and Monkey Business. Monroe faced a scandal when it was revealed that she had posed for photos before becoming a star, but rather than damaging her career. Although she played a significant role in the creation and management of her public image throughout her career, she was disappointed at being typecast and underpaid by the studio. She was briefly suspended in early 1954 for refusing a film project, when the studio was still reluctant to change her contract, Monroe founded a film production company in late 1954, she named it Marilyn Monroe Productions. She dedicated 1955 to building her company and began studying acting at the Actors Studio. In late 1955, Fox awarded her a new contract, which gave her more control and a larger salary. After a critically acclaimed performance in Bus Stop and acting in the first independent production of MMP, The Prince and her last completed film was the drama The Misfits. Monroes troubled private life received much attention and she struggled with substance abuse, depression, and anxiety. She had two highly publicized marriages, to retired baseball star Joe DiMaggio and playwright Arthur Miller, both of which ended in divorce and she died at the age of 36 on August 5,1962, from an overdose of barbiturates at her home in Los Angeles. Although Monroes death was ruled a suicide, several conspiracy theories have been proposed in the decades following her death. Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital on June 1,1926, Gladys, the daughter of two poor Midwestern migrants to California, was a flapper and worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. When she was fifteen, Gladys married a man nine years her senior, John Newton Baker and she filed for divorce in 1921, and Baker took the children with him to his native Kentucky
16.
Let's Make Love
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Lets Make Love is a 1960 musical comedy film made by 20th Century Fox in DeLuxe Color and CinemaScope. It was directed by George Cukor and produced by Jerry Wald from a screenplay by Norman Krasna, Hal Kanter and it starred Marilyn Monroe, Yves Montand, and Tony Randall. It would be Monroes last musical film performance, the plot revolves around billionaire Jean-Marc Clement who learns that he is to be satirized in an off-Broadway revue. After going to the theatre, he sees Amanda Dell rehearsing the Cole Porter song My Heart Belongs to Daddy, Clement takes the part in order to see more of Amanda and plays along with the mistaken identity, going by the name Alexander Dumas. Tony Randall in a supporting role portrays Clements conflicted public relations employee, by 1959, she had completed only one, Bus Stop, which had been released in 1956. While Monroe shot Some Like it Hot in 1958 her husband, Arthur Miller, completed the screenplay for The Misfits, Some Like It Hot was released in March 1959 and became an enormous success. Critics praised the film and Marilyns performance, hoping to capitalize on this, 20th Century Fox required Marilyn to fulfill her contract. The Misfits was put on hold and instead Marilyn signed on to star in what was then titled The Billionaire, the original script was written by Academy Award-winning screenwriter Norman Krasna. He was inspired to write the script after seeing Burt Lancaster do a dance at a Writers Guild Award ceremony and receive loud applause. Krasna felt that only three actors were suitable – Gary Cooper, James Stewart and Gregory Peck – because all were so obviously not musical performers, making it funny if they sang and danced. Peck agreed to play the lead, and then Monroe was signed opposite him, with Monroe attached to the picture, she and Miller wanted the part of Amanda expanded. Miller worked on the script to expand the role, Peck bowed out after the emphasis shifted to the female lead. Various sources state that the role was offered to Rock Hudson, Cary Grant. It was eventually offered to Yves Montand, who had appeared in a French film version of Millers The Crucible and had received praise for his recent one-man musical show in New York, Monroe and Miller both gave their approval for Montand in the role. The title was changed to Lets Make Love and production began in January 1960 with George Cukor directing, in March 1960, Monroe was awarded the Golden Globe for Best Actress—Musical or Comedy, further cementing the success of Some Like It Hot. Montands wife Simone Signoret, with whom he had starred in the French version of The Crucible, the two couples were soon inseparable, they had adjoining bungalows at the Beverly Hills Hotel. From the beginning issues arose with the film, Monroe, although enthusiastic about Montand, did not want to make the film and the original screenwriter had reservations about the cast. Despite being offered the role and having success with his one-man show
17.
DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates, most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. The two DNA strands are termed polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleobases—cytosine, guanine, adenine, or thymine —a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. The nitrogenous bases of the two polynucleotide strands are bound together, according to base pairing rules, with hydrogen bonds to make double-stranded DNA. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, in comparison the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 trillion tons of carbon. The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage, and both strands of the double-stranded structure store the same biological information and this information is replicated as and when the two strands separate. A large part of DNA is non-coding, meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences, the two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are thus antiparallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases and it is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information. RNA strands are created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription, under the genetic code, these RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation. Within eukaryotic cells DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, eukaryotic organisms store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast prokaryotes store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, within the eukaryotic chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed, DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869. DNA is used by researchers as a tool to explore physical laws and theories, such as the ergodic theorem. The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro-, among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials. DNA is a polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides
18.
Saint-Paul-de-Vence
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Saint-Paul or Saint-Paul-de-Vence is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France. One of the oldest medieval towns on the French Riviera, it is known for its modern and contemporary art museums. Saint-Paul de Vence has long been a haven of the famous, during the 1960s, it was frequented by French actors Yves Montand, Simone Signoret and Lino Ventura, and poet Jacques Prévert. Saint-Paul is also known for the artists who have lived there, such as Jacques Raverat, Gwen Raverat and Marc Chagall and more recently the couple Bernard-Henri Lévy. Former Rolling Stones bassist Bill Wyman has a home there, american writer James Baldwin died there in 1987. British actor Donald Pleasence died there in 1995, miami FC Soccer Player Vincenzo Rennella was born in Saint-Paul-de-Vence. Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department INSEE The Official website of Saint Paul de Vence Virtual tour of Saint-Paul de Vence
19.
Jean-Jacques Beineix
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Jean-Jacques Beineix is a French film director and generally seen as the best example of what came to be called the cinéma du look. Their spectacular and technically brilliant mise-en-scène is usually put to the service of romantic plots, the cinéma du look included the films of Luc Besson and Léos Carax. Luc Besson, like Beineix, was much maligned by the establishment during the 1980s. In late 2006, Beineix published a first volume of his autobiography, the title alluded to the French title of Stanley Kubricks film, Les Sentiers de la gloire. In 1964, Jean-Jacques Beineix started his career as Jean Beckers assistant director on the famous French TV series, Les Saintes chéries, then, in 1970 he worked for Claude Berri and in 1971 for Claude Zidi. In 1977, he directed his first short movie Le Chien de M. Michel which won the first prize at the Trouville Festival, in 1980, he directed his first feature film Diva which received four Césars. The film was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival. His second feature, Moon in the Gutter, was nominated for the Palme dOr at 1983s Cannes Festival and that film was nominated for three Césars in 1984. It won one award - the Best Production Design category, in 1986, Jean-Jacques Beineix directed Betty Blue, in which Béatrice Dalle and Jean-Hugues Anglade appeared. In 1987, that film was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar and in the category at the same year’s British Academy Film Awards. He directed Roselyne et les lions in 1989, IP5, Lîle aux pachydermes in 1992, the 1992 Seattle International Film Festival awarded Beineix its Golden Space Needle Award for Best Director on the strength of Betty Blue and IP5, Lîle aux pachydermes. Jean-Jacques Beineix created his own company in 1984, Cargo Films. Betty Blue was his first film produced by Cargo Films, Jean-Jacques Beineix is executive producer of all films produced by Cargo Films. The company produces films and documentaries on a wide variety of themes from science to art. Several films have made in partnership with national scientific organizations such as CNES. In 2008, Jean-Jacques Beineix directed a film of CNRS,2 infinities. This film was shown in October 2008s New York Imagine science film festival
20.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
21.
Grand Prix (1966 film)
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Grand Prix is a 1966 American drama film about motorsports featuring an international ensemble cast. The picture was directed by John Frankenheimer with music by Maurice Jarre and stars James Garner, Eva Marie Saint, Yves Montand, Brian Bedford, Jessica Walter, toshiro Mifune has a supporting role as a race team owner, inspired by Soichiro Honda. The picture was photographed in Super Panavision 70 by Lionel Lindon and its unique racing cinematography – in part credited to Saul Bass – is one of the main draws of the film. The film includes real-life racing footage and cameo appearances by drivers including Formula One World Champions Phil Hill, Graham Hill, Juan Manuel Fangio, Jim Clark, Jochen Rindt and Jack Brabham. Other drivers who appeared in the film include Dan Gurney, Richie Ginther, Joakim Bonnier, Bruce McLaren, One of the ten highest grossing films of 1966, Grand Prix won three Academy Awards for its technical achievements. The film was released on DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc in May 2011, pete Aron – An American attempting to repeat past successes and overcome his reputation as a reckless, second-tier driver, he signs with the newcomer Yamura Motors. Nino Barlini – A charismatic yet arrogant Italian racer, hes Ferraris No.2 driver, being a promising rookie, subplots in the film revolve around the women who try to live with or love the racers with dangerous lifestyles. The married Sarti begins an affair with an American magazine writer, Louise Frederickson, the story concludes with one last race, its winner becoming world champion. Sartis wife, Monique, shows up just before it begins, coming face-to-face with Louise, Sartis car has technical difficulties at the races start, with the other drivers facing a close contest for first. Sarti is then killed in a spectacular crash. His racing partner, Barlini, is flagged off the course by Ferraris team leader, Manetta, while a jubilant Aron magnanimously invites Stoddard to the winners platform to join him, the shock of Sartis death takes its toll on the celebration. The film ends with Aron, alone, walking along the circuit of the final racetrack. Stoddard Ralph Michael as Mr. Director John Frankenheimer later said when he made the film he had the choice of making a Grand Hotel type picture or a Test Pilot type picture and he chose the former. Due to their contract with the German motorsports complex Nürburgring, Frankenheimer had to turn over 27 reels shot there to Sturges, Frankenheimer got ahead in schedule terms anyway, however, and McQueens project ran into a wide variety of problems. Said German race track was mentioned briefly in Grand Prix. McQueens racing film eventually took the title Le Mans, with it seeing a 1971 release, the filming process meant disrupting vital practice runs and otherwise getting in the way of the actual racers activities. The Grand Prix team initially faced a particularly lukewarm response from the Ferrari company and he received such a positive response that he gained unprecedented access, being allowed to shoot inside Ferraris production floor alongside the real racing vehicles. The director used this relationship to push other entities to help with the film-making process
22.
Marcel Pagnol
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Marcel Pagnol was a French novelist, playwright, and filmmaker. In 1946, he became the first filmmaker elected to the Académie française, about the same time, Augustines health, which had never been robust, began to noticeably decline and on 16 June 1910 she succumbed to a chest infection and died, aged 36. In 1913, at the age of 18, Marcel passed his baccalaureate in philosophy, when World War I broke out, he was called up into the infantry at Nice but in January 1915 he was discharged because of his poor constitution. On 2 March 1916, he married Simone Colin in Marseille and he became an English teacher, teaching in various local colleges and at a lycée in Marseille. In 1922, he moved to Paris, where he taught English until 1927, when he decided instead to devote his life to playwriting. During this time, he belonged to a group of writers, in collaboration with one of whom, Paul Nivoix, he wrote the play, Merchants of Glory. This was followed, in 1928, by Topaze, a based on ambition. Exiled in Paris, he returned nostalgically to his Provençal roots, taking this as his setting for his play, Marius, which later became the first of his works to be adapted into a film in 1931. Separated from Simone Collin since 1926, he formed a relationship with the young English dancer Kitty Murphy, their son, Jacques Pagnol, was born on 24 September 1930. In 1926, on a visit to London, Pagnol attended a screening of one of the first talking films and he contacted Paramount Picture studios and suggested adapting his play Marius for cinema. This was directed by Alexander Korda and released on 10 October 1931 and it became one of the first successful French-language talking films. In 1932 Pagnol founded his own production studios in the countryside near Marseille. On 4 April 1946, Pagnol was elected to the Académie française, taking his seat in March 1947, in his films, Pagnol transfers his playwriting talents onto the big screen. His editing style is reserved, placing emphasis on the content of an image. As a pictorial naturalist, Pagnol relies on film as art to convey a deeper meaning rather than solely as a tool to tell a story. Pagnol also took care in the type of actors he employed, hiring local actors to appear in his films to highlight their unique accents. Like his plays, Pagnols films emphasize dialogue and musicality, the themes of many of Pagnols films revolve around the acute observation of social rituals. Using interchangeable symbols and recurring roles, such as proud fathers and rebellious children
23.
Gates of the Night
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Gates of the Night is a 1946 French film that was directed by Marcel Carné. It starred Serge Reggiani and Yves Montand, the script was written by Carnés long-time collaborator Jacques Prévert. The film made its debut in the United States four years after its release in France. It introduced the popular song Autumn Leaves. On the night of that meeting, Jean encounters a man named Destiny. Jean soon starts a liaison with Malou, a woman who is married to a rich man. Malou is shot and killed by her husband and it has been said that this is not Yves Montands best performance, probably because this was only his second film. Overall, Les Portes de la nuit is considered hollow by many with regard to the plot, however, gates of the Night at the Internet Movie Database
24.
Luciano Emmer
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Luciano Emmer was an Italian film director. He won a Golden Globe in 1951 for Pictura, An Adventure in Art and he has directed more documentaries than fiction pictures, most notably Domenica dagosto and the romance-comedy-drama Three Girls from Rome. Luciano Emmer was the father of mathematician, writer and director Michele Emmer, ci faccio un film 2001 Una lunga, lunga, lunga notte damore 2003 Lacqua. Il fuoco Luciano Emmer at the Internet Movie Database
25.
Cameo appearance
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A cameo role or cameo appearance is a brief appearance or voice part of a known person in a work of the performing arts, typically unnamed or appearing as themselves. Short appearances by celebrities, film directors, politicians, athletes or musicians are common, a crew member of the show or movie playing a minor role can be referred to as a cameo as well, such as Alfred Hitchcocks frequently performed cameos. Originally cameo role meant a character part that stands out from the other minor parts. The Oxford English Dictionary connects this with the meaning a short literary sketch or portrait, which is based on the meaning of cameo. More recently, cameo has come to refer to any short appearances, whether as a character or as oneself, such as the examples below. Cameos are generally not credited because of their brevity, or a mismatch between the celebritys stature and the film or TV show in which he or she is appearing. Others are acknowledgments of a contribution to an earlier work, as in the case of many film adaptations of TV series. Others honour artists or celebrities known for work in a particular field, possibly the best-known series of cameos was by the director Alfred Hitchcock, who made very brief appearances in most of his films. Cameos also occur in novels and other literary works, “Literary cameos” usually involve an established character from another work who makes a brief appearance to establish a shared universe setting, to make a point, or to offer homage. Balzac often employed this practice, as in his Comédie humaine, a cameo appearance can be made by the author of a work to put a sort of personal signature on a story. Vladimir Nabokov often put himself in his novels, for instance, quentin Tarantino provides cameos or small roles in at least 10 of his movies. Likewise, Peter Jackson has made cameos in all of his movies, except for his first feature-length movie Bad Taste in which he plays a main character. For example, he plays a peasant eating a carrot in The Fellowship of the Ring and The Desolation of Smaug, a Rohan warrior in The Two Towers, director Martin Scorsese appears in the background of his films as a bystander or an unseen character. In Whos That Knocking at My Door, he appears as one of the gangsters, he is a crew man in After Hours. He opens up his 1986 film The Color of Money with a monologue on the art of playing pool. In addition, he appears with his wife and daughter as wealthy New Yorkers in Gangs of New York, in a same way, Roman Polanski appears as a hired hoodlum in his film Chinatown, slitting Jack Nicholsons nose with the blade of his clasp knife. Directors sometimes cast well-known lead actors with whom they have worked in the past in other films, mike Todds film Around the World in 80 Days was filled with cameo roles, and others. The stars in cameo roles were pictured in oval insets in posters for the film, among the many cameos featured in the film Maverick, actor Danny Glover appears as the lead bank robber
26.
The Wages of Fear
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The Wages of Fear is a 1953 French-Italian drama film directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot, starring Yves Montand, and based on the 1950 French novel Le salaire de la peur by Georges Arnaud. The film brought Clouzot international fame, and allowed him to direct Les Diaboliques, in France the film was the 4th highest-grossing film of the year with a total of 6,944,306 admissions. Frenchmen Mario and Jo, German Bimba and Italian Luigi are stuck in the town of Las Piedras. Surrounded by desert, the town is linked to the world only by a small airport. SOC is suspected of unethical practices such as exploiting local workers and taking the law into its own hands, Mario is a sarcastic Corsican playboy, who treats his devoted lover, Linda, with disdain. Jo is an aging ex-gangster who just recently found himself stranded in the town, Bimba is an intense, quiet man whose father was murdered by the Nazis, and who himself worked for three years in a salt mine. Luigi, Marios roommate, is a jovial, hardworking man, Mario befriends Jo due to their common background of having lived in Paris, but a rift develops between Jo and the other cantina regulars because of his combative, arrogant personality. A massive fire erupts at one of the SOC oil fields, the only way to extinguish the flames and cap the well is an explosion caused by nitroglycerine. With short notice and lack of equipment, it must be transported within jerrycans placed in two large trucks from the SOC headquarters,300 miles away. Due to the condition of the roads and the highly volatile nature of nitroglycerine. The company foreman, Bill OBrien, recruits truck drivers from the local community, despite the dangers, many of the locals volunteer, lured by the high pay, US$2,000 per driver. This is a fortune to them, and the money is seen by some as the way out of their dead-end lives. The pool of applicants is narrowed down to four handpicked drivers, Mario, Bimba and Luigi are chosen, Smerloff fails to appear on the appointed day, so Jo, who knows O Brien from his bootlegging days, is substituted in his place. The other drivers suspect that Jo murdered Smerloff in order to facilitate his own hiring, Jo and Mario transport the nitroglycerin in one vehicle, Luigi and Bimba in the other, with thirty minutes separating them in order to limit potential casualties. Jo finds that his nerves are not what used to be. Finally, Luigi and Bimbas truck explodes without warning, killing them both, Mario and Jo arrive at the scene of the explosion only to find a large crater rapidly filling with oil from a pipeline ruptured in the blast. Jo exits the vehicle to help Mario navigate through the oil-filled crater, the truck, however, is in danger of becoming bogged down and during their frantic attempts to prevent it from getting stuck, Mario runs over Jo. Although the vehicle is ultimately freed from the muck, Jo is mortally wounded, on their arrival at the oil field, Mario and Jo are hailed as heroes, but Jo is dead and Mario collapses from exhaustion
27.
Henri-Georges Clouzot
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Henri-Georges Clouzot was a French film director, screenwriter and producer. He is best remembered for his work in the film genre, having directed The Wages of Fear and Les Diaboliques. Clouzot also directed films, including The Mystery of Picasso. Clouzot was an fan of the cinema and, desiring a career as a writer. He was later hired by producer Adolphe Osso to work in Berlin, after being fired from German studios due to his friendship with Jewish producers, Clouzot returned to France, where he spent years bedridden after contracting tuberculosis. Upon recovering, Clouzot found work in Nazi occupied France as a screenwriter for the German-owned company Continental Films, at Continental, Clouzot wrote and directed films that were very popular in France. His second film Le Corbeau drew controversy over its harsh look at provincial France, as a result of his association with Continental, Clouzot was barred by the French government from filmmaking until 1947. After the ban was lifted, Clouzot reestablished his reputation and popularity in France during the late 1940s with successful films including Quai des Orfèvres. After the release of his comedy film Miquette et sa mère, Clouzot married Véra Gibson-Amado, in the early and mid-1950s, Clouzot drew acclaim from international critics and audiences for The Wages of Fear and Les Diaboliques. Both films would serve as material for remakes decades later. After the release of La Vérité, Clouzots wife Véra died of an attack and Clouzots career suffered due to depression, illness. Clouzots career became less active in years, limited to a few television documentaries. Clouzot wrote several unused scripts in the 1970s and died in Paris in 1977, Henri-Georges Clouzot was born in Niort, France, to mother Suzanne Clouzot and father Georges Clouzout, a book store owner. He was the first of three children in a middle-class family, Clouzot showed talent by writing plays and playing piano recitals. In 1922, Clouzots fathers bookstore went bankrupt and his moved to Brest, France. In Brest, Henri-Georges Clouzot went to Naval School, but was unable to become a Naval Cadet due to his myopia, at the age of 18, Clouzot left for Paris to study political science. While living in Paris, he became friends with several magazine editors and his writing talents led him to theater and cinema as a playwright, lyricist and adaptor-screenwriter. The quality of his work led producer Adolphe Osso to hire him and send him to Germany to work in Studio Babelsberg in Berlin, throughout the 1930s, Clouzot worked by writing and translating scripts, dialogue and occasionally lyrics for over twenty films
