1.
MS Zaandam
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MS Zaandam is a cruise ship owned and operated by Holland America Line, named for the city of Zaandam, Netherlands near Amsterdam. She was built by Italy’s Fincantieri in Venice, and delivered in 2000, Zaandam is part of the R-Class and a sister ship to MS Volendam, MS Rotterdam, and MS Amsterdam. MS Zaandam has a theme and is decorated with artifacts. Items such as a Baroque-style Dutch pipe organ and guitars signed by the Rolling Stones, Carlos Santana, one of the aft stairways also has a saxophone signed by former United States President Bill Clinton. MS Zaandam was christened by Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, in May 2000, several earlier vessels also bear the name Zaandam, A single-funnel steam ship known as SS Zaandam and MS Zaandam. The latter was torpedoed by German submarine U-174 and sank, Zaandam sails out of Alaska during the summer and during the winter sails Mexico and Hawaii. In December and January, the Zaandam cruises the Antarctic and South America, official website Cruise Critic Review Ship Position Zaandam – review by Douglas Ward in The Daily Telegraph, London
2.
Zaanse Schans
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Zaanse Schans is a neighbourhood of Zaandam, near Zaandijk in the Netherlands. It has a collection of well-preserved historic windmills and houses, from 1961 to 1974 old buildings from all over the Zaanstreek were relocated using lowboy trailers to the area. The Zaans Museum, established in 1994, is located in the Zaanse Schans, the Zaanse Schans is one of the popular tourist attractions of the Netherlands and an anchor point of ERIH, the European Route of Industrial Heritage. The neighbourhood attracted approximately 1.6 million visitors in 2014, the Zaans Museum locates next to the Zaanse Schans. The Zaanse Schans houses seven museums, The Weavers House, the Cooperage, the Zaanse Schans derived its name of the river Zaan and its original function as sconce against the Spanish troops during the Eighty Years War of Dutch independence. The windmills were built after 1574, official website Zaanse Schans Cycle Route
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
5.
North Holland
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North Holland is a province in the northwest of the Netherlands. It is situated on the North Sea, north of South Holland and Utrecht, in 2015, it had a population of 2,762,163 and a total area of 2,670 km2. From the 9th to the 16th century, the area was a part of the County of Holland. During this period West Friesland was incorporated, in the 17th and 18th century, the area was part of the province of Holland. At that time, the distinction between the Noorderkwartier and the Zuiderkwartier became common, in 1840, the province of Holland was split into the two provinces of North Holland and South Holland. In 1855, the Haarlemmermeer was drained and turned into land, the capital and seat of the provincial government is Haarlem, and Amsterdam, the Netherlands capital city, is the provinces largest city. The Kings Commissioner of North Holland is Johan Remkes, there are 51 municipalities and three water boards in the province. For most of its history, the province of North Holland was an integral part of Holland. From the 9th century to the 16th century, Holland was a county ruled by the counts of Holland, during this period an area known as West Friesland was conquered and integrated into Holland. For centuries afterwards Holland would be officially called Holland and West Friesland, the people of West Friesland had a strong sense of identity as a region within Holland. From the 16th century to 1795, Holland was the wealthiest and most important province in the United Provinces in the Dutch Republic, as the richest and most powerful province, Holland dominated the union. During this period a distinction was made between the North Quarter and the South Quarter, areas that roughly correspond to the two modern provinces. The province of North Holland as it is today has its origins in the period of French rule from 1795 to 1813 and this was a time of bewildering changes to the Dutch system of provinces. In 1795 the old order was swept away and the Batavian Republic was established, in the Constitution enacted on 23 April 1798, the old borders were radically changed. The republic was reorganised into eight departments with roughly equal populations, Holland was split up into five departments named Texel, Amstel, Delf, Schelde en Maas, and Rijn. The first three of these lay within the borders of the old Holland, the two were made up of parts of different provinces. In 1801 the old borders were restored when the department of Holland was created and this reorganisation had been short-lived, but it gave birth to the concept of breaking up Holland and making it a less powerful province. This time the two departments were called Amstelland and Maasland and this also did not last long
6.
Zaanstad
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Zaanstad is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland, situated northwest of Amsterdam. It is part of the conurbation and metropolitan area of Amsterdam, however, being surrounded by countryside and due to its relatively protracted shape that follows the river Zaan, a rural atmosphere is always nearby
7.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
8.
Central European Summer Time
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It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
9.
Zaan
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The Zaan is a small river in the province of North Holland in the northwestern Netherlands and the name of a district through which it runs. The municipality of Zaanstad and several towns along the Zaan are named for the river, Koog aan de Zaan, Westzaan, Oostzaan, Zaandijk, the river also runs past the Zaanse Schans, a village with historic windmills and houses. It is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the Netherlands, the region through which the river runs is called the Zaan district. It comprises the current municipalities of Zaanstad, Oostzaan, and most of Wormerland, during the Dutch Golden Age in the 17th century, the Zaan district was dotted with windmills with a variety of functions and it is often considered to be one of the worlds first industrialized areas. By the mid-17th century, approximately 900 windmills could be found along the river, some of them still preserved, the Zaan district continues to be a heavily industrialized area with many factories, particularly around the city of Zaandam. A number of major Dutch companies, like Ahold and Verkade, were founded in the Zaan district, the dialect spoken in the Zaan area is known as Zaans. It has some similarities with the West Frisian dialect, monet returned to the Zaan district to paint during visits to the Netherlands in following years. The name of the Alkmaar-based football club AZ is short for Alkmaar Zaanstreek
10.
North Sea Canal
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The North Sea Canal is a Dutch ship canal from Amsterdam to the North Sea at IJmuiden, constructed between 1865 and 1876 to enable seafaring vessels to reach the port of Amsterdam. This man-made channel terminates at Amsterdam in the closed-off IJ Bay, the drainage of the canal to the North Sea is done through the Spui Locks at IJmuiden, augmented by the largest pumping station in Europe. This system is vital to the management of the Western Netherlands. To improve the connection between the harbour of Amsterdam and the North Sea, the North Holland Canal was built in 1824, but this long and narrow canal was quickly inadequate to handle the growing boat traffic. A few decades later it was decided to dig a new canal at the narrowest point in Holland, digging began on 8 March 1865, at the dunes of Breesaap and lasted until 1876. Since no Dutch company was willing to take on this task, the North Sea Canal was built by digging a channel through the old IJ Bay and lining it with dikes, after which the remaining portions of the IJ Bay were reclaimed and turned into polders. From this bay to the sea, a new canal was dug through the dunes at Velsen. To accommodate drainage of and shipping on the tributaries of the IJ, such as the Spaarne, the Zaan, a small set of locks were built at the mouth in 1876 where the new town of IJmuiden formed. In 1896 the Middle Locks were built, followed by the North Locks in 1929, at the eastern end of the canal, east of Amsterdam, the IJ Bay was open to the Zuiderzee until 1872 when the Orange Locks were built. With the completion of these locks the North Sea Canal and IJ Bay were no longer open to the sea, the canal was dug using manual labour. The workers lived in conditions, being housed in huts built from twigs, driftwood, sod, and straw, where disease, fights. On 1 November 1876, the North Sea Canal was officially opened by King William III of the Netherlands, over the years the canal has been widened and deepened several times. The North Sea Canal and the IJ have 10 side canals, zijkanaal A - connects the harbour of Beverwijk to the North Sea Canal, also an inundation canal of the Stelling van Amsterdam. Zijkanaal B - connected Spaarndam to the North Sea Canal, but was cut off from it by the construction of the A9 motorway in the 1960s and it is now used for canoeing and mooring of houseboats. Zijkanaal C - connects the Spaarne river at Spaarndam to the North Sea Canal at Buitenhuizen, the A9 motorway has an operable bridge over this side canal. Zijkanaal D - connects the Nauerna Canal to the North Sea Canal, zijkanaal E - a very short canal connecting the south end of Westzaan to the North Sea Canal. Zijkanaal F - connected Halfweg to the North Sea Canal, but is now mostly backfilled, a small portion remains and is used as a drainage canal. Zijkanaal G - connects Zaandam and the Zaan River to the North Sea Canal, zijkanaal H - connects the Barndegat to the North Sea Canal
11.
Amsterdam
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Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
12.
Claude Monet
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Monets ambition of documenting the French countryside led him to adopt a method of painting the same scene many times in order to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons. From 1883 Monet lived in Giverny, where he purchased a house and property, Claude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on the fifth floor of 45 rue Laffitte, in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. He was the son of Claude Adolphe Monet and Louise Justine Aubrée Monet. On 20 May 1841, he was baptized in the parish church, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, as Oscar-Claude. Despite being baptized Catholic, Monet later became an atheist, in 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy. His father wanted him to go into the familys ship-chandling and grocery business and his mother was a singer, and supported Monets desire for a career in art. On 1 April 1851, Monet entered Le Havre secondary school of the arts, locals knew him well for his charcoal caricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty francs. Monet also undertook his first drawing lessons from Jacques-François Ochard, a student of Jacques-Louis David. On the beaches of Normandy around 1856 he met fellow artist Eugène Boudin, Boudin taught Monet en plein air techniques for painting. Both received the influence of Johan Barthold Jongkind, on 28 January 1857, his mother died. At the age of sixteen, he left school and went to live with his widowed, childless aunt, when Monet traveled to Paris to visit the Louvre, he witnessed painters copying from the old masters. Having brought his paints and other tools with him, he would go and sit by a window. Monet was in Paris for several years and met other painters, including Édouard Manet and others who would become friends. After drawing a low number in March 1861, Monet was drafted into the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year period of military service. His prosperous father could have purchased Monets exemption from conscription but declined to do so when his son refused to give up painting. While in Algeria Monet did only a few sketches of scenes, a single landscape. In a Le Temps interview of 1900 however he commented that the light, after about a year of garrison duty in Algiers, Monet contracted typhoid fever and briefly went absent without leave. Following convalescence, Monets aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete a course at an art school and it is possible that the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind, whom Monet knew, may have prompted his aunt on this matter
13.
James Abbott McNeill Whistler
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James Abbott McNeill Whistler was an American artist, active during the American Gilded Age and based primarily in the United Kingdom. He was averse to sentimentality and moral allusion in painting, and was a proponent of the credo art for arts sake. His famous signature for his paintings was in the shape of a stylized butterfly possessing a long stinger for a tail, the symbol was apt, for it combined both aspects of his personality—his art was characterized by a subtle delicacy, while his public persona was combative. Finding a parallel between painting and music, Whistler entitled many of his paintings arrangements, harmonies, and nocturnes and his most famous painting is Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1, commonly known as Whistlers Mother, the revered and oft-parodied portrait of motherhood, Whistler influenced the art world and the broader culture of his time with his artistic theories and his friendships with leading artists and writers. James Abbott Whistler was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, on July 10,1834 and his father was a railroad engineer, and Anna was his second wife. James lived the first three years of his life in a modest house at 243 Worthen Street in Lowell, today, the house is a museum dedicated to Whistler. During the Ruskin trial, Whistler claimed St. Petersburg, Russia, as his birthplace, declaring, I shall be born when and where I want, in 1837, the Whistlers moved from Lowell to Stonington, Connecticut, where George Whistler worked for the Stonington Railroad. Sadly, during this period, three of George and Anna Whistlers children died in infancy, in 1839, the Whistlers fortunes improved considerably when George Whistler received the appointment that would make his fortune and fame - that of chief engineer for the Boston & Albany Railroad. Thus, the moved to Springfield, Massachusetts, then one of the United States most prosperous cities. The Whistlers lived in Springfield until they left the United States in late 1842, Nicholas I of Russia learned of George Whistlers ingenuity in engineering the Boston & Albany Railroad, and offered Whistler a position in 1842 engineering a railroad from St. Petersburg to Moscow. In the winter of 1842, the Whistlers moved from Springfield to St. Petersburg, in later years, James Whistler played up his mothers connection to the American South and its roots, and presented himself as an impoverished Southern aristocrat. After her death, he adopted her name, using it as an additional middle name. Young Whistler was a moody child prone to fits of temper and insolence and his parents discovered in his early youth that drawing often settled him down and helped focus his attention. Beginning in 1842, his father was employed to work on a railroad in Russia, after moving to St. Petersburg to join his father a year later, the young Whistler took private art lessons, then enrolled in the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts at age eleven. In 1844, he met the noted artist Sir William Allan, Whistlers mother noted in her diary, the great artist remarked to me Your little boy has uncommon genius, but do not urge him beyond his inclination. In 1847-48, his family spent some time in London with relatives, Whistlers brother-in-law Francis Haden, a physician who was also an artist, spurred his interest in art and photography. Haden took Whistler to visit collectors and to lectures, and gave him a set with instruction
14.
Dutch Golden Age
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The Dutch Golden Age was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world. The first half is characterized by the Eighty Years War which ended in 1648, the Golden Age continued in peacetime during the Dutch Republic until the end of the century. The Netherlandss transition from a possession of the Holy Roman Empire in the 1590s to the foremost maritime, in 1568, the Seven Provinces that later signed the Union of Utrecht started a rebellion against Philip II of Spain that led to the Eighty Years War. Antwerp fell on August 17,1585 after a siege, the United Provinces fought on until the Twelve Years Truce, which did not end the hostilities. Under the terms of the surrender of Antwerp in 1585, the Protestant population were given four years to settle their affairs before leaving the city, similar arrangements were made in other places. Protestants were especially well-represented among the craftsmen and rich merchants of the port cities of Bruges, Ghent. More moved to the north between 1585 and 1630 than Catholics moved in the direction, although there were also many of these. Many of those moving north settled in Amsterdam, transforming what was a port into one of the most important ports. The Pilgrim Fathers also spent time there before their voyage to the New World, Ronald Findlay and Kevin H. O’Rourke contribute part of the Dutch ascendancy to its Calvinistic ethic, which promoted thrift and education. This contributed to the lowest interest rates and the highest literacy rates in Europe, several other factors also contributed to the flowering of trade, industry, the arts and the sciences in the Netherlands during this time. A necessary condition was a supply of energy from windmills and from peat. The invention of the sawmill enabled the construction of a massive fleet of ships for worldwide trading. In 1602 the Dutch East India Company was founded and it was the first-ever multinational corporation, financed by shares that established the first modern stock exchange. This company received a Dutch monopoly on Asian trade and would keep this for two centuries and it became the worlds largest commercial enterprise of the 17th century. Spices were imported in bulk and brought huge profits, due to the efforts and risks involved and this is remembered to this day in the Dutch word peperduur, meaning something is very expensive, reflecting the prices of spices at the time. To finance the trade within the region, the Bank of Amsterdam was established in 1609. According to Ronald Findlay and Kevin H. O’Rourke, geography favored the Dutch Republic and they write, The foundations were laid by taking advantage of location, midway between the Bay of Biscay and the Baltic. The Dutch share of European shipping tonnage was enormous, well over half during most of the period of their ascendancy, from here the Dutch traded between China and Japan and paid tribute to the Shogun
15.
Windmill
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A windmill is a mill that converts the energy of wind into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades. Centuries ago, windmills usually were used to mill grain, pump water, thus they often were gristmills, windpumps, or both. The majority of modern windmills take the form of wind turbines used to generate electricity, the windwheel of the Greek engineer Heron of Alexandria in the first century is the earliest known instance of using a wind-driven wheel to power a machine. Another early example of a wheel was the prayer wheel. It has been claimed that the Babylonian emperor Hammurabi planned to use wind power for his ambitious project in the seventeenth century BCE. The first practical windmills had sails that rotated in a horizontal plane, according to Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, these panemone windmills were invented in eastern Persia as recorded by the Persian geographer Estakhri in the ninth century. The authenticity of an anecdote of a windmill involving the second caliph Umar is questioned on the grounds that it appears in a tenth-century document. Made of six to 12 sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind grain or draw up water, Windmills were in widespread use across the Middle East and Central Asia, and later spread to China and India from there. A similar type of windmill with rectangular blades, used for irrigation, can also be found in thirteenth-century China. Horizontal windmills were built, in numbers, in Europe during the 18th and nineteenth centuries, for example Fowlers Mill at Battersea in London. Due to a lack of evidence, debate occurs among historians as to whether or not Middle Eastern horizontal windmills triggered the development of European windmills. In northwestern Europe, the horizontal-axis or vertical windmill is believed to date from the last quarter of the century in the triangle of northern France, eastern England. The earliest certain reference to a windmill in Europe dates from 1185, a number of earlier, but less certainly dated, twelfth-century European sources referring to windmills have also been found. These earliest mills were used to grind cereals, the evidence at present is that the earliest type of European windmill was the post mill, so named because of the large upright post on which the mills main structure is balanced. The body contains all the milling machinery, the first post mills were of the sunken type, where the post was buried in an earth mound to support it. Later, a wooden support was developed called the trestle and this was often covered over or surrounded by a roundhouse to protect the trestle from the weather and to provide storage space. This type of windmill was the most common in Europe until the nineteenth century, in a hollow-post mill, the post on which the body is mounted is hollowed out, to accommodate the drive shaft. This makes it possible to drive machinery below or outside the body still being able to rotate the body into the wind
16.
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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The Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina are one of the three constitutive nations of the country, predominantly residing in the political-territorial entity of Republika Srpska. In the other entity Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbs form the majority in Drvar, Glamoč, Bosansko Grahovo and they are frequently referred to as Bosnian Serbs in English, regardless of whether they are from Bosnia or Herzegovina. They are also known by names such as Krajišnici, Semberci, Bosanci, Hercegovci. The 2013 population census registered 1,086,733 Serbs or 30. 8% of the population of Bosnia. Bosnian Serbs are the most territorially widespread nation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the vast majority live on the territory of the Republika Srpska, where they constitute around 88% of population. The majority of Bosnian Serbs are adherents of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina speak the Serbian language in its Ijekavian accent, similar to that of Serbs of Montenegro and Croatia, and also to the language of Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats. Slavs settled the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries, according to De Administrando Imperio, the Serbs had settled what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina. They inhabited and ruled Serbia, which included Bosnia, and the principalities of Travunija, Zahumlje and Paganija. Serbia was at the time ruled by the Vlastimirović dynasty, during the rule of Mutimir, the Serbs were Christianized. Prince Petar, defeated Tišemir in Bosnia, annexing the valley of Bosna, Petar took over the Neretva, after which he seems to have come into conflict with Michael, a Bulgarian vassal ruling Zahumlje. Časlav defeated the Magyars on the Drina river banks when protecting Bosnia, however, after his death, Duklja emerged as the most powerful Serb polity, ruled by the Vojislavljević dynasty. Constantine Bodin installed his relative Stefan as Ban of Bosnia, next, the Nemanjić dynasty acquired the rule of the Serbian lands. With the establishment of the autocephalous Serbian Church, Archbishop Sava founded the Metropolitanate of Zahumlje, with the Ottoman conquest of medieval Serbia, there were large migrations towards Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Serb Uprising of 1596–97 was suppressed at Gacko, in 1809, Jančićs Revolt broke out in Gradiška. In 1834, Priest Jovicas Revolt broke out in Gradiška, in 1858, Pecijas First Revolt broke out in Knešpolje. In 1875, the Herzegovina Uprising broke out in the Bosnia Vilayet, on July 2,1876, Golub Babić and his 71 commanders signed the Proclamation of the Unification of Bosnia with Serbia. In 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina became a protectorate of Austria-Hungary, the first parliamentary elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina were held in 1910, the winner was Serbian National Organization. On June 28,1914, Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip made international headlines after assassinating Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo and this sparked World War I leading to Austria-Hungarys defeat and the incorporation of Bosnia and Herzegovina into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
17.
Industrial Revolution
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The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and most of the important technological innovations were British, aided by these legal and cultural foundations, an entrepreneurial spirit and consumer revolution drove industrialisation in Britain, which would be emulated in countries around the world. A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made able to accumulate more human capital during their youth. The Industrial Revolution marks a turning point in history, almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, mechanised textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging in Belgium, and later in France. Since then industrialisation has spread throughout much of the world, the precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants. The term Industrial Revolution applied to change was becoming more common by the late 1830s. Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of an industrial revolution, however, although Engels wrote in the 1840s, his book was not translated into English until the late 1800s, and his expression did not enter everyday language until then. Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee, some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer. This is still a subject of debate among some historians, the commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies, Textiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or water greatly increased the output of a worker, the power loom increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40. The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50, large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but they were not as great as in cotton. Steam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so that they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel, the adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses. The high pressure engine had a power to weight ratio. Steam power underwent an expansion after 1800. Iron making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost for pig iron, using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces, resulting in economies of scale. The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760 and it was later improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher furnace temperatures
18.
Whaling
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Whaling is the hunting of whales for their usable products like meat, oil and blubber. Its earliest forms date to at least circa 3000 BC, various coastal communities have long histories of subsistence whaling and harvesting beached whales. By the late 1930s, more than 50,000 whales were killed annually In 1986, contemporary whaling is subject to intense debate. Pro-whaling countries, notably Japan, Norway, and Iceland, wish to lift the ban on certain whale stocks for hunting, anti-whaling countries and environmental groups oppose lifting the ban. Whaling began in times and was initially confined to coastal waters. Early whaling affected the development of disparate cultures – such as Norway. The Basques were the first to catch whales commercially, and dominated the trade for five centuries, spreading to the far corners of the North Atlantic and even reaching the South Atlantic. Although prehistoric hunting and gathering is considered to have had little ecological impact. Whale oil is used today and modern commercial whaling is primarily done for food. The primary species hunted are the common minke whale and Antarctic minke whale, recent scientific surveys estimate a population of 103,000 in the northeast Atlantic. International cooperation on whaling began in 1931 and culminated in the signing of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling in 1946. Its aim is to, provide for the conservation of whale stocks. The International Whaling Commission was set up under the ICRW to decide hunting quotas, non-member countries are not bound by its regulations and conduct their own management programs. The IWC voted on July 23,1982, to establish a moratorium on commercial whaling beginning in the 1985–86 season. Since 1992, the IWCs Scientific Committee has requested that it be allowed to give proposals for some whale stocks. At the 2010 meeting of the International Whaling Commission in Morocco, Japan, Norway and Iceland have urged the organisation to lift the ban. A coalition of anti-whaling nations has offered a plan that would allow these countries to continue whaling. Their plan would also completely ban whaling in the Southern Ocean, opponents of the compromise plan want to see an end to all commercial whaling, but are willing to allow subsistence-level catches by indigenous peoples
19.
Peter the Great
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Peter the Great, Peter I or Peter Alexeyevich ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his elder half-brother, Ivan V. Through a number of successful wars he expanded the Tsardom into a larger empire that became a major European power. He led a revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, westernized. Peters reforms made an impact on Russia and many institutions of Russian government trace their origins to his reign. From an early age, Peters education was put in the hands of tutors, most notably Nikita Zotov, Patrick Gordon. On 29 January 1676, Tsar Alexis died, leaving the sovereignty to Peters elder half-brother and this position changed when Feodor died in 1682. As Feodor did not leave any children, a dispute arose between the Miloslavsky family and Naryshkin family over who should inherit the throne, Peters other half-brother, Ivan V, was next in line for the throne, but he was chronically ill and of infirm mind. Consequently, the Boyar Duma chose the 10-year-old Peter to become Tsar with his mother as regent and this arrangement was brought before the people of Moscow, as ancient tradition demanded, and was ratified. Sophia Alekseyevna, one of Alexis daughters from his first marriage, in the subsequent conflict some of Peters relatives and friends were murdered, including Matveev, and Peter witnessed some of these acts of political violence. The Streltsy made it possible for Sophia, the Miloslavskys and their allies, to insist that Peter and Ivan be proclaimed joint Tsars, Sophia acted as regent during the minority of the sovereigns and exercised all power. For seven years, she ruled as an autocrat, a large hole was cut in the back of the dual-seated throne used by Ivan and Peter. Sophia would sit behind the throne and listen as Peter conversed with nobles, while feeding him information and giving him responses to questions and this throne can be seen in the Kremlin Armoury in Moscow. Peter was not particularly concerned that others ruled in his name and he engaged in such pastimes as shipbuilding and sailing, as well as mock battles with his toy army. Peters mother sought to force him to adopt a conventional approach. The marriage was a failure, and ten years later Peter forced his wife to become a nun, by the summer of 1689, Peter planned to take power from his half-sister Sophia, whose position had been weakened by two unsuccessful Crimean campaigns. When she learned of his designs, Sophia conspired with the leaders of the Streltsy, Sophia was eventually overthrown, with Peter I and Ivan V continuing to act as co-tsars. Peter forced Sophia to enter a convent, where she gave up her name, still, Peter could not acquire actual control over Russian affairs. Power was instead exercised by his mother, Natalya Naryshkina and it was only when Nataliya died in 1694 that Peter became an independent sovereign
20.
Czar Peter House (Netherlands)
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The Czar Peter House is a historical building in Zaandam, the Netherlands. It is best known as the place where Czar Peter I of Russia resided in 1697 during his Grand Embassy, the building was constructed in 1632. Peter had met the Zaandam blacksmith and craftsman Gerrit Kist when Kist had worked for the czar in Moscow. Upon visiting the Zaanstreek, Peter insisted on staying with Kist in his home, despite Kists protests that his house was a mere hovel, the widow was paid to move out, and Peter spent a week as Kists houseguest. The czar was traveling incognito under the name Peter Michaeloff and while Kist did not reveal his guests identity it did not take long for Peter to be recognized, making his observations difficult. Peter wanted to more about the Dutch shipbuilding industry, and with this knowledge begin a period of modernization. At this time, the Dutch Republic was one of the most developed countries in the world, although he remained at the house only a short time, he would return a number of times, the last in 1717. In 1895, a new cover was built over the house to protect it. The cover was added to the list of monuments in 2001, meaning that the Czar Peter House is actually on the list twice, once for the original building. The house is part of the Zaans Museum and can be visited, Czar Peter House on the website of the Zaans Museum Media related to Tsaar Peterhuisje at Wikimedia Commons
21.
McDonald's
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McDonalds is an American hamburger and fast food restaurant chain. It was founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard. In 1948, they reorganized their business as a hamburger stand, the first McDonalds franchise using the arches logo opened in Phoenix, Arizona in 1953. Businessman Ray Kroc joined the company as an agent in 1955. Based in Oak Brook, Illinois, McDonalds confirmed plans to move its headquarters to Chicago by early 2018. Today, McDonalds is one of the worlds largest restaurant chains, McDonalds primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken products, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes, wraps, and desserts. In response to changing tastes, the company has expanded its menu to include salads, fish, wraps, smoothies. A McDonalds restaurant is operated by either a franchisee, an affiliate, the McDonalds Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. According to a BBC report published in 2012, McDonalds is the second largest private employer,1.5 million of whom work for franchises. The business began in 1940, with a restaurant opened by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, the first McDonalds with the arches opened in Phoenix, Arizona in March 1953. The original mascot of McDonalds was a man with a hat on top of a hamburger-shaped head whose name was Speedee. In 1962, the Golden Arches replaced Speedee as the company symbol, a new mascot, Ronald McDonald was introduced in 1965. The clown-like man having puffed out costume legs served advertising aimed at children. On May 4,1961, McDonalds first filed for a U. S. trademark on the name McDonalds with the description Drive-In Restaurant Services, on September 13,1961, the company filed for a trademark on a new logo—an overlapping, double-arched M symbol. By September 6,1962, this M-symbol was temporarily disfavored, although the Golden Arches logo appeared in various forms, the present version as a letter M did not appear until November 18,1968, when the company applied for a U. S. trademark. Kroc later purchased the McDonald brothers equity in the company and led its expansion. Kroc was also noted for aggressive business practices, compelling the McDonald brothers to leave the fast-food industry, Kroc and the McDonald brothers feuded over control of the business, as documented in Krocs autobiography. The San Bernardino restaurant was demolished in 1976 and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo restaurant chain and this area now serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, as well as a McDonalds and Route 66 museum
22.
Albert Heijn
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Albert Heijn B. V. is the largest Dutch supermarket chain, founded in 1887 in Oostzaan, Netherlands. It is named after Albert Heijn, Sr. the founder of the first store in Oostzaan, Albert Heijn is the oldest organization owned and operated by the Dutch supermarket operator Ahold. The founder of the company was born in 1865, in fact, the name Ahold is short for Albert Heijn Holding. In 1952, Albert Heijn initiated the self-service store, for the first time, the customer were not served one by one but could pick their products by themselves. The stores are full service markets, known for their focus on quality stores and this focus on superior products is part of the reason that Albert Heijn is regarded as one of the more expensive supermarkets in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Curaçao. Albert Heijns market share is currently around 30%, the companys current logo consists of a stylized ah in white, surrounded by a blue background. Albert Heijn currently uses three distinct price levels and these include, the A-brands, a store brand, and a discount brand named AH Basic. The store offers products at a quality near to A-brand products, AH Basic products mostly include commodities with a long shelf life. These products share the same simple packaging to uphold the image of a no-nonsense, AH Basic was introduced in 2013 to replace the Euroshopper brand, which has since been phased out. Prices can be discounted by using a customer discount card. This loyalty card can be obtained on credit card size or as a key chain and it features a bar code, linked to the customers personal profile. When entering the bar code number on the Albert Heijn website, after its introduction, several consumer organisations expressed their worries regarding peoples privacy, as Albert Heijn clearly keeps track of consumers buying behaviour. The Bonuskaart can also be used to obtain Air Miles,832 regular Albert Heijn stores, ranging in categories 1 to 5, most open until 21.00, some until 22.00 or even 24.00. AH To Go,46 convenience stores located in high commuter traffic places such as stations, offering ready-to-eat products, usually with extended shopping hours. There are also some AH To Go stores in Germany, e. g. in Cologne, Duisburg, Albert Heijn XL, hypermarkets located in several Dutch cities. AH. nl, a home delivery service offering all Albert Heijn products. Albert Heijn was the founder of Albert Heijn stores, which is now the largest food retailer in the Netherlands. His grandson, Albert Heijn, was the founder of Ahold, alberts brother, Gerrit Jan Heijn, also a top manager at Ahold, was kidnapped and murdered in 1987
23.
Oostzaan
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Oostzaan is a municipality and a town in the Zaanstreek, Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. The municipality had a population of 9,153 in 2014, Oostzaan has a total area of 16.08 km2 of which 4.55 km2 is water. Oostzaan—together with Westzaan and Assendelft—are considered the towns of the Zaanstreek. Oostzaan also played a role in the VOC and WIC shipping and shipbuilding, in the 17th century Oostzaan had its own pirate, named Claes Compaen. He liquidated the booty on the coast of Ireland, later in Salé, a street in Oostzaan is named for Claes Compaen. The town has a Reformed church with a cruciform groundplan, the Great Church, in the Oostzijderveld area of Oostzaan stands a windmill, De Windjager. Oostzaan consists of hamlets, Achterdichting, De Heul, Kerkbuurt. Kerkbuurt and the part of Zuideinde are the center of Oostzaan
24.
Verkade
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Verkade is a Dutch manufacturing company. The company is headquartered in Zaandam and was one of the oldest existing companies in the Netherlands. In November 2014 the company was acquired by Turkish Pladis and it was founded in 1886 by Ericus Verkade to make mostly bread and rusk, and expanded to produce cookies, sweets, and, especially, chocolates. The horseman is still found on Verkade rusk, which currently is made by the competitor, the company acquired the right to bear the royal mark in their name in 1950, and employs some 450 people in Zaandam. The last members of the Verkade family, Ericuss great-grandsons Erik and Arnold, commercial success came about also through marketing, starting in 1906, when the company began issuing picture cards with its products, which could be collected in albums. Co Verkade, a grandson of Ericus, was instrumental in this strategy, the Zaanstreek was a regional center of industry, and women workers were employed at many of the factories in the area, including Honig, Hille, and Albert Heijn. The history of factory workers was published in Ruytermeisjes and Verkadevrouwen in 1997, oral historians Ineke Hogema and Ivonne van der Padt describe the women. Many of them came from the areas of Amsterdam, and most talked about the pleasant social interactions, We sang all the time, one of them said. The girls usually quit their jobs when they got married, and often thought of their old jobs, after World War II Verkade found itself competing for scarce labor, and it drastically changed its policies, now employing married and older women. In the 1960s and 1970s, Verkade also benefited from the influx of migrant workers, who were just coming onto the Dutch labor market, the end of the Verkademeisjes came in the 1970s and 1980s, when machines started doing the work formerly done by delicate womens fingers. The Zaans Museum has a dedicated to the girls. It is sponsored for an amount of €60,000 by PDZ, one of the countrys largest temp agencies, todays Verkademeisjes are a group of singers/actresses founded in 2005 who have revived one notable tradition of the original Verkade girls, singing cheerful songs. Dutch author and songwriter Willem Wilmink named one of his collections for them, list of bean-to-bar chocolate manufacturers Company website
25.
AZ Alkmaar
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Alkmaar Zaanstreek, better known as AZ Alkmaar or simply AZ, is a Dutch professional football club from Alkmaar and the Zaanstreek. The club plays in the Eredivisie, the highest professional league in the Netherlands. AZ has won the Eredivisie twice, in 1980–81 and 2008–09, in the same season as their first league title, they also reached the UEFA Cup Final, which they lost to Ipswich Town. In addition, the team has won the KNVB Cup on four occasions, AZ was founded on 10 May 1967 as AZ67, the result of a merger of Alkmaar 54 and FC Zaanstreek. FC Zaanstreek was formed in 1964, continuing the adventure of the Kooger Football Club. KFC had been founded in 1910, had nearly become National Champion in 1934 through a loss to Ajax in the finals. After this merger failed, they successfully merged KFC with Alkmaar 54, partially through the hiring of expensive foreign players, the new club soon acquired large debts. They won the title with overwhelming power, winning 27 of 34 matches and only losing once while scoring a club record 101 goals and that same season, AZ reached the final of the UEFA Cup, losing 5–4 on aggregate to Ipswich Town. The next year, in the European Cup, they lost in the second round 3–2 on aggregate to Liverpool. Additional stars included John Metgod, who spent six years at AZ playing 195 games as a defender, like Hovenkamp, Metgod was also included in the Dutch squad for Euro 1980. Meanwhile, Danish forward Kristen Nygaard spent ten years at AZ, the club deteriorated after Klaas Molenaar left the club in 1985. AZ were relegated in 1988 from the Eredivisie, the involvement of businessman Dirk Scheringa in the mid-1990s marked the revival of the club as AZ returned to the Eredivisie in 1998. After a 22-year hiatus from European football, AZ appeared in the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, in the same season, AZ finished third in the Eredivisie, thus also qualifying for the subsequent seasons UEFA Cup. In the summer of 2006, the moved to a new 17,000 capacity stadium AZ Stadion. Despite playing strongly for the majority of the 2006–07 season, AZs season ended in disappointment, additionally, AZ then lost the KNVB Cup final to Ajax 8–7 after a penalty shoot-out, while also falling to Ajax over two play-off games for participation in the Champions League. After the season, key players like Tim de Cler, Danny Koevermans, AZ had a poor season, suffering elimination in the first round of the KNVB Cup and the group stage of the UEFA Cup, as well as finishing the 2007–08 Eredivisie in 11th place. The 2008–09 season had a start after two opening defeats against NAC Breda and ADO Den Haag. Three weeks before the end of the season, AZ became Eredivisie champions, edging nearest title rivals Twente, being league champions, AZ qualified for the Champions League for the second time, but only took four points from six matches and finished bottom of their group
26.
Zaandam railway station
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Zaandam is the main railway station of Zaandam, near Amsterdam, Netherlands. It is at the junction of the Den Helder–Amsterdam railway and the Zaandam–Enkhuizen railway, the first station was opened in Zaandam on 1 November 1869. This was a station of the type SS Hoogezand and this building had a large middle section, with a ticket office, with the passageways to the platforms. At this middle piece were the 2 lower portions of the building, the facade had a big clock, there was also a freestanding building next to the station. In 1983 the Hemtunnel opened, this closing the Hembrug, the station was completely rebuilt, with the distinctive red roof. The station has 2 island platforms at ground level, in 1996 a south entrance was also opened. There were also a few shops and a tunnel to a shopping centre in the town centre. In 2007 the shops and tunnel were demolished, the restaurant closed, however the florist remains open. At the end of 2007 a Kiosk shop was opened, where snacks, in 2008 the station received a ticket hall for national and international tickets. The bus station closed in 2007, and moved about 500m west of the main entrance. A new City Hall is currently being built on the bus station. In December 2008, plans for opening an AH to Go were terminated
27.
Zaandam Kogerveld railway station
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Zaandam Kogerveld is a railway station located in Zaandam, Netherlands. The station opened in 1989 on the Zaandam–Enkhuizen railway, the station is 2 km north of Zaandam railway station, and is in the Kogerveld estate. This station is a station of Zaandam. Other estates nearby are Hoornseveld and t Kalf, residents from Koog aan de Zaan also use this station for Purmerend and Hoorn. The following services call at Zaandam Kogerveld. 2x per hour local service Hoofddorp - Zaandam - Hoorn Kersenboogerd 6364391395 N62
28.
Jan Saenredam
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Jan Pieterszoon Saenredam was a Dutch Northern Mannerist painter, printmaker in engraving, and cartographer, and father of the painter of church interiors, Pieter Jansz Saenredam. He is noted for the many allegorical images he created from classical mythology, as an orphan Jan lived with his uncle, Pieter de Jongh, a bailiff in Assendelft who first sent him to learn basket weaving as a profession. Being an apt student, he was reading and writing. An example of his penmanship could once be seen on display at Assum House near Heemskerk, despite a decision that he follow a career in a trade or farming, he showed such artistic talent that he started as an apprentice cartographer. His first map is dated 1589 and is of the province of Holland, after working for some time with Goltzius, he encountered the almost inevitable professional rivalry and jealousy, prompting his departure to work in Amsterdam for two years. He then returned to Assendelft where he married and set up his own workshop and his first engraving was of the 12 apostles after a drawing by Karel van Mander. He produced prints after Goltzius, Abraham Bloemaert, Cornelis van Haarlem, Polidoro da Caravaggio and he made over 170 plates of which the last one was a history of Diana and Callisto by Paulus Moreelse in 1606. Two plates he was working on, after drawings by Bartholomeus Spranger, according to the Rijksmuseum, he returned in 1595 from Amsterdam to Assendelft, where he married Anna Pauwelsdochter. Jan left his wife an estate as a result of lucrative investments in the Dutch East India Company. He died of typhus on April 6,1607 and was buried in the choir of the Saint Adolphus church at Assendelft and he died in Assendelft, aged about 41. Media related to Jan Saenredam at Wikimedia Commons Spaightwood Galleries
29.
Anton Mauve
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Anthonij Rudolf Mauve was a Dutch realist painter who was a leading member of the Hague School. Mauve or with a monogrammed A. M, a master colorist, he was a very significant early influence on his cousin-in-law Vincent van Gogh. Most of Mauves work depicts people and animals in outdoor settings, in his Morning Ride in the Rijksmuseum, for example, fashionable equestrians at the seacoast are seen riding away from the viewer. An unconventional detail, horse droppings in the foreground, attests his commitment to realism and his best known paintings depict peasants working in the fields. His paintings of flocks of sheep were especially popular with American patrons, Anton Mauve was born on 18 September 1838 in Zaandam, a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. A year after his birth, his father Willem Carel Mauve, a Mennonite chaplain, was sent to Haarlem and he was apprenticed to the painter Pieter Frederik van Os followed by Wouter Verschuur. In his further development he worked with Paul Gabriël, painting from nature, and they stayed and worked together at Oosterbeek. He was a friend of Jozef Israëls and Willem Maris, in the last two years of his life Mauve settled in the village of Laren in the region surrounding Hilversum called het Gooi. Mauve will have influenced other painters one of whom was the Scottish painter. Mauve died suddenly in Arnhem on 5 February 1888, Mauve was married to van Goghs cousin Ariëtte Sophia Jeannette Carbentus, and he was a major influence on van Gogh, who revered him. He is mentioned, directly or indirectly, in 152 of van Goghs surviving letters, a comparative table of number of letters mentioning his most significant influences is shown in the table. Mauve continued to him and lent him money to rent and furnish a studio. Van Gogh continued his letter by expressing his sorrow, and then launches defiantly into a defence of his relationship with Clasina Maria Hoornik. Vincent is keeping something back that may not be divulged, the reality was that they were lovers. The presumption must be that Mauve had heard of the relationship, however, their relationship had already become strained by late January. Nevertheless, van Gogh continued to hold Mauve in very high esteem, now here, for instance, at this moment, I have 6 paintings of blossoming fruit trees. You may well see it, since I’ve decided to send one to Jet Mauve. I’ve written on it Souvenir de Mauve Vincent & Theo, van Gogh und die Haager Schule, Skira, Milan 1996 ISBN 88-8118-072-3 Engel, E. P. Anton Mauve
30.
Jan Verkade
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Johannes Sixtus Gerhardus Verkade, afterwards Willibrord Verkade O. S. B. was a Dutch Post-Impressionist and Christian Symbolist painter. A disciple of Paul Gauguin and friend of Paul Sérusier, he belonged to the circle of known as Les Nabis. Of a Dutch anabaptist background, his artistic and spiritual journey led him to convert to Roman Catholicism and he entered the Archabbey of Beuron and continued his work in a religious context, working closely with Desiderius Lenz, leader of the Beuron Art School. He worked throughout Europe and had an important influence on the development of the new Benedictine Art. Jan Verkade was born one of twins in Zaandam, the son of Ericus Verkade and his father belonged to the Mennonite sect, a religious group which regarded Catholicism with hostility. In 1877 the family moved to Amsterdam, and the twins were sent to a boarding school in Oisterwijk where they were considered slow. From 1883 they attended the Handelsschule in Amsterdam, throughout childhood they were always close companions. A family visit to Cologne Cathedral and Trier, at the Porta Nigra, awakened Verkades artistic passion for the Primitive, Jan took every opportunity to study and draw in the galleries of the Rijksmuseum, and often skipped school to sketch at the Zoological Gardens. He resisted expectations to join the business and to be confirmed as Mennonite. His twin brother was sent to England for business training, after which they led separate lives. He lived in Hattem for two years where, disappointed by contemporary literature, he began to find answers in Tolstoys A Confession, Huysmanss A Rebours. Verkade moved to Paris in February 1891, where Meijer de Haan introduced him to Paul Gauguin and his stay in Paris was short but very intense. Jan sought out Paul Sérusier, Gauguins pupil and disciple, and he produced a group of still lifes based upon Gauguins principles, on which Gauguin gave him advice and opened his thought. He explained to Verkade that aesthetic understanding must imbue the representation of Nature, Verkade saw this as an insight into the divine Creation. Ranson and Sérusier followed a form of orientalized Theosophy, and Verkade was exposed to the resurgent esoteric mysticism, interest in the Kabbalah and magic arts and he drew much from it, but adhered to Christian beliefs. Responding to the landscape and the religious customs of the country people. At Huelgoat he became withdrawn and meditative, attending Mass for the first time, after some time at Le Pouldu, he went home to Amsterdam for four months, immersed in Balzacs Seraphita, and first read through the Credo while listening to Bachs Mass in B Minor. Sérusier visited, and they returned to Paris together, Verkade exhibited with the Nabis in the Indépendents Exhibition of March 1892
31.
Piet Kee
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Pieter William Kee is a Dutch organist and composer. This was the start of a career as a concert organist. Kee taught at the Music Lyceum and Sweelinck Conservatory in Amsterdam from 1954 until 1988 and his compositions include the Haarlem Concerto, which received its first performance by Thomas Trotter in March 2006. In 1988, with Olivier Messiaen, Kee received an Honorary Fellowship from the Royal College of Organists, in February 2014, several of Kees compositions were performed in a Composers Portrait concert at the Orgelpark in Amsterdam. This included a version of The Organ for five pipe organs, publishers include Bärenreiter-Verlag, Donemus, Harmonia, Hinrichsen/Peters and Boeijenga Music Publications. Recent compositions include, Organ and panpipes – Magic Pipes, premiered on September 11,2012 in St Bavo, with Matthijs Koene panpipes, and Jos van der Kooy organ. The piece was performed by the artists at Bogazici University. Organ and alto saxophone – Performance, albans International Organ Festival competition, UK Bios II – for organ, solo violin and percussion Haarlem Concerto – for organ and orchestra Performance – for alto saxophone and organ. The contestants were Paul Barras, Anton Heiller, Piet Kee, Matthieu Prange, Bavo Haarlem, St. Laurens Alkmaar, Roskilde Cathedral Denmark, Basilika Weingarten, Martini Church Groningen and the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam. Several of these recordings are now available as MP3 downloads, the Secrets of Bachs Passacaglia – Musik und Kirche,52 and 53. Also The Diapason, June, July, August and September 1983, astronomy in Buxtehudes Passacaglia – Ars Organi, Reprinted in Organists Review, August 2007. Number and Symbolism in the Passacaglia and Ciacona – Musik und Kirche, also John Loosemore Association 1988 Haydns Last Symphony, Input from London. – The Musical Times, vol.147 no.1897, pp. 57–62 Tryptich on Psalm 86 – Jos van der Kooy, St. Bavo church, Haarlem, Orgels in Nederland 2005, box 2, CD no.8. Fantasia on Wachet auf and Choral on Aus tiefer Not – Piet Kee, St. Bavo church, Haarlem, Guild Records LP GRSP7014, gedenck-Clanck 76 – Piet Kee, Sint Laurenskerk Alkmaar, Guild Records LP GRSP7017, Wisp CD25962. Confrontation – Philips LP6410767, Frans Hals Suite – Arie Abbenes, Carillon of Domkerk Utrecht, Dutch Compositions for Carillon, issued by Utrechtse Klokkenspel Vereniging. Bell Extravaganza, Ringing Piece from Frans Hals Suite – Adrian Tien, National Carillon Canberra, the Organ – Jos van der Kooy, St. Bavo Haarlem, New Music for the Müller Organ, Etcetera KTC1364. Cervus – Jos van der Kooy, Philharmonie, Haarlem, Tulip Records TURE185003, intrada for two organs on Erschienen ist der herrlich Tag – Bert Lassing and Marco bij de Vaate, Grotekerk, Culemborg. The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, vol, Philip Sawyer Piet Kee in conversation in Organists Review, May 2008
32.
Han Bennink
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Han Bennink is a Dutch jazz drummer and percussionist. On occasion his recordings have featured him playing clarinet, violin, banjo, han is a brother of saxophonist Peter Bennink. Bennink was born in Zaandam, the son of a classical percussionist and he played the drums and the clarinet during his teens. Through the 1960s he drummed with a number of American musicians visiting the Netherlands, including Dexter Gordon, Wes Montgomery, Sonny Rollins and he subsequently became a central figure in the emerging European free improvisation scene. From the late 1960s he played in a trio with saxophonist Peter Brötzmann and Belgian pianist Fred Van Hove, through much of the 1990s he played in Clusone 3, a trio with saxophonist/clarinetist Michael Moore and cellist Ernst Reijseger. He has often played duos with Mengelberg and collaborated with him alongside other musicians, in 1983 he collaborated with boogie-woogie pianist and vocalist Little Willie Littlefield for his album Im in the Mood. He makes frequent use of birdcalls and whatever else strikes his fancy
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Hendrik Lenstra
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Hendrik Willem Lenstra Jr. is a Dutch mathematician. Lenstra received his doctorate from the University of Amsterdam in 1977, the Cohen-Lenstra heuristics, a set of precise conjectures about the structure of class groups of quadratic fields, is named after him. Three of his brothers, Arjen Lenstra, Andries Lenstra, Jan Karel Lenstra is the former director of the Netherlands Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica. Hendrik Lenstra was the Chairman of the Program Committee of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2010, in 1984 Lenstra became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He won the Fulkerson Prize in 1985 for his using the geometry of numbers to solve integer programs with few variables in time polynomial in the number of constraints. He was awarded the Spinoza Prize in 1998, and on 24 April 2009 he was made a Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, in 2009, he was awarded a Gauss Lecture by the German Mathematical Society. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society, parts 1-3, Mathematical Intelligencer 1980 Factoring integers with elliptic curves. 126,1987, pp. 649–673 with A. K. Lenstra, pp. 673–716, In Jan van Leeuwen, Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science, Vol. A, Algorithms and Complexity. Elsevier and MIT Press 1990, ISBN 0-444-88071-2, ISBN 0-262-22038-5, with Stevenhagen, Artin reciprocity and Mersenne Primes. With Stevenhagen, Chebotarev and his density theorem, profinite Fibonacci Numbers, December 2005, PDF Prof. dr. H. W. Lenstra,1949 - at the University of Amsterdam Album Academicum website Crytocoinnews. com speculation that Lenstra might be Satoshi Nakamoto, home Page, Emeritus professor, Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley. Homepage at the Leiden Mathematisch Instituut Hendrik Lenstra at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
34.
Johnny Rep
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John Nicholaas Johnny Rep is a former Dutch footballer. He currently holds the record for FIFA World Cup goals for the Netherlands with 7. He played as a striker in the Dutch World Cup teams of 1974 and 1978. Rep scored the goal for Ajax Amsterdam against Juventus in the 1973 European Cup final in Belgrade. He also helped SC Bastia reach the finals of the 1978 UEFA Cup, after his time in Bastia, Rep joined St-Etienne and was part of a side that included Michel Platini. Rep is the namesake of a Cork, Ireland indie-pop band and he also has a song in his honour, written by French rock band, Mickey 3D, who hail from Saint Etienne. Johnny Rep at Voetbal International Johnny Rep at BDFutbol. com Johnny Rep – FIFA competition record
35.
Kathinka Pasveer
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Kathinka Pasveer is a Dutch flautist. Kathinka Pasveer was born in Zaandam, North Holland, the daughter of a conductor who also taught at the Amsterdam Conservatory. She studied with Frans Vester at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, during her final year of studies she was the principal flutist of the Gewestelijk Orkest Zuid-Holland. Stockhausen invited her to work with him on a new work for flute and six percussionists and it took six months of rehearsals to prepare this work for performance. This was Kathinkas Gesang, the scene of the opera Samstag aus Licht. The next year, Stockhausen made a new version of the piece, for flute and six-channel electronic music, as a result of this initial contact Stockhausen began featuring the flute in the Licht cycle. She worked with Stockhausen for twenty-five years, up until his death in December 2007 and he composed many works especially for her, all of which she premiered, and many of which are dedicated to her. After Licht, Stockhausen composed for her the version of Harmonien and Paradies. When pressed to name a favourite from all of Stockhausens compositions, Pasveer named Inori as a special piece that she privately performs almost every day. She also performs from memory the 83-minute-long Vortrag über HU, in both German and English, and has video recordings of both versions. She also performs the part in Vision. From 1998 up to the present time, Pasveer has taught the interpretation of Stockhausens works at the Stockhausen Courses for New Music held each summer in Kürten. Beginning in 1983, she assisted Stockhausen in the production of recordings, since the composer’s death, she has acted as sound projectionist in many live performances, and has produced and mixed down all the recordings in the Stockhausen Complete Edition. Stockhausen also entrusted her, together with Antonio Pérez-Abellán, with the production of the loops in the 24 individual layers of his electronic work Cosmic Pulses in 2006. Together with Suzanne Stephens, she is in charge of Stockhausens legacy as a director of the Stockhausen Foundation for Music, Karlheinz Stockhausen dirigiet Haydn & Mozart. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Concerto for Flute and Orchestra in G Major, Kathinka Pasveer, flute, Radio-Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, Karlheinz Stockhausen, cond. Also issued with the addition of Stockhausen, Oberlippentanz, Acanta 40.23543 DT.1986, reissued as part of Stockhausen Conducts Haydn and Mozart. Markus Stockhausen, trumpet and piano, Kathinka Pasveer, flute and piccolo, Suzanne Stephens, Acanta 23531, also issued on Acanta 43201
36.
Erwin Koeman
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Erwin Koeman is a retired professional football player and became subsequently a Dutch football manager. He is currently the assistant head coach of Everton and he is the son of Dutch international footballer Martin Koeman, and, alongside his younger brother Ronald, has also represented the Netherlands. All three Koemans played for Groningen at some time during their careers, erwin Koemans son, Len, is also a footballer and currently plays for the Helmond Sport youth team. Koeman played with Groningen, Mechelen, where he won the Belgian League in 1989 and 1988 Cup Winners Cup during the heyday and PSV. Koeman was a midfielder for the Netherlands that won the Euro 88, in total, Koeman was capped 31 times, scoring twice between 1983 and 1994. Koeman finished his career with Groningen in 1998 and became youth coach at PSV. In October 2001, he was promoted to assistant manager under Eric Gerets and he managed RKC for one season before moving to Feyenoord. In March 2006, he extended his contract to the summer 2009, however, on 3 May 2007, Koeman announced his immediate resignation due to motivational problems, after a troublesome season, where Feyenoord eventually finished seventh. Starting on 1 May 2008, Koeman became the coach of the Hungary national football team and he was removed from his post on 23 July 2010. Before the 2011–12 season, he was appointed as the new manager of FC Utrecht, however, on 18 October 2011 he quit the job citing bad working conditions and frustration after several key players had been sold. On 16 June 2014, he was appointed as the assistant head coach of Southampton, on June 17,2016 Ronald Koeman, his brother, named him as his assistant manager at Everton. net
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Ronald Koeman
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Ronald Koeman is a former Dutch footballer and the current manager of English club Everton. He is the brother of former Feyenoord coach Erwin Koeman. A composed player on the ball, Koeman was capable of being deployed both as a defender and as a midfielder, and he played as a sweeper, due to his vision. At international level, Koeman was one of the stars of the Netherlands national team, alongside Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit, Frank Rijkaard and Dennis Bergkamp. During his career with the Netherlands, Koeman won UEFA Euro 1988 and played at the 1990 and 1994 FIFA World Cups, Koeman began his career at FC Groningen before transferring to the Netherlands most successful club Ajax, where he won the national Eredivise title in 1984–85. He then joined Ajaxs rivals PSV, winning three consecutive Eredivisie titles and the European Cup in 1988, ronald Koeman is one of five European players to ever win a Treble with their club and a cup with their national team in the same year. The other four players are his teammates Hans van Breukelen, Berry van Aerle, Gerald Vanenburg, as a head coach, Koeman has won three Eredivisie titles, twice with Ajax and once with PSV. He is the individual to have both played for and managed the Big Three of Dutch football, Ajax, PSV and Feyenoord. Prior to joining Southampton, he also had spells in Portugal with Benfica and Spain with Valencia, Koeman started his professional career at FC Groningen, making his debut at the age of 17 years and 183 days in a 2–0 win over NEC in the Eredivisie. This made him the third-youngest player in the history, after Piet Wildschut. Thirty-three goals from ninety appearances in his three seasons at the saw the young defender called up by the Netherlands national team. After failing to defend their title in Koemans first season at the club, in the summer of 1986, Koeman controversially transferred to Eindhoven to play for Hans Kraays champions. PSV had also won the KNVB Cup in both 1988 and 1989, making their successes in the two years trebles and doubles respectively, in his three seasons at PSV, Koeman scored 51 goals in 98 league appearances, averaging more than one goal every two matches. During 1987–88, he recorded the highest scoring season of his club career, in 1989, Koeman re-joined his former Ajax coach Johan Cruyff at Barcelona, where he became a member of the famous Dream Team. During his first season at the club, Barcelona won the Copa del Rey, along with players such as Hristo Stoichkov, Romário, Pep Guardiola and Michael Laudrup, Koeman helped the club win La Liga four years in a row from 1991 to 1994. In 1992, he scored the goal of the European Cup Final against Sampdoria at Wembley Stadium to make Barça European Champion for the first time in its history. Koeman was also known for his powerful right-footed free kicks and deadball ability where he scored vital goals for the team. One of his best strikes in La Liga came in the memorable 5–0 win over Real Madrid in El Clásico at the Camp Nou, Koeman was joint-top scorer with eight goals in the 1993–94 UEFA Champions League, in which Barcelona were beaten in the final by Milan
38.
Ali B
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Ali Bouali, stage name Ali B, is a Dutch rapper of Moroccan descent. He is one of the most well known rappers in the Netherlands and he has performed together with Akon, in 2007 he made an Arab Remix of Akons song Ghetto. In 2011, he became host of a Dutch television series Ali B op volle toeren, three seasons of the show have been broadcast on TROS television station. The show invites artists of various genres and tries to offer crossover hits of known songs through remakes and cover versions. Since 2013, Ali B has served as a coach on The Voice of Holland, replacing Roel van Velzen and served as a coach on The Voice Kids and he is seen as a prominent figure in Dutch inter-ethnic relations. He is married to Breghje Kommers, the half-sister of professional footballer Abel Tamata, official website Ali B on 3voor12. vpro. nl biography on popinstituut. nl Ali B discography at MusicBrainz
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Patricia van der Vliet
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Patricia van der Vliet is a Dutch fashion model, who placed fourth in the fourth cycle of the reality television series Hollands Next Top Model. van der Vliet was born in Zaandam, North Holland. Prior to auditioning for Hollands Next Top Model, she worked as a salesperson, van der Vliet competed against ten other contestants and came fourth in cycle 4 of Hollands Next Top Model. Just a day before the finale of the fourth cycle, it was confirmed that van der Vliet would be a finalist, after being in the hospital. The Dutch viewers could vote for their favorite model during two weeks before the finale, but people where unsure if van der Vliet would be a finalist, so they didnt vote for her. In the live show, van der Vliet was eliminated, due to having the least votes of the viewers among the other finalists and she used to be signed with Nathalie Agency in Paris and Why Not Model Agency in Milan. She made her debut during Spring/Summer 2010 shows in New York, Milan. She walked for Celine, Dries van Noten, Herve Leger, Karl Lagerfeld, Kenzo, Loewe, Nina Ricci, Sonia Rykiel, Sophia Kokosalaki, Valentino and she opened Louis Vuitton and BCBG Max Azria and she closed Balenciaga, Preen and Giles Deacon. She is also the first Top Model contestant to walk for Prada, shortly after her runway debut, style. com and models. com named van der Vliet one of the top 10 newcomers that season. She appeared in campaigns for Balenciaga, Burberry, Sonia Rykiel, H&M and Nicole Farhi and lookbooks for Alexander McQueen and she also walked for the S/S10 Couture show of Givenchy and the F/W10 and S/S11 Couture show of Valentino. For the Fall 2010 season, she walked a total of 50 shows, including Balenciaga, Prada, Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Hermès, Marc Jacobs, Givenchy, Dolce & Gabbana and Valentino. Van der Vliet was ranked 29th on the international model ranking website models. com, in August 2010, van der Vliet appeared on her first Vogue cover for Vogue Beauty, Nippon. She also appeared on the cover of the November 2010 issue of Vogue China, alongside American supermodel Karlie Kloss, in April 2011 she appeared on the cover of Vogue Nippon Isetan Mania, the supplement cover of Vogue Nippon. Patricia van der Vliet at the Fashion Model Directory Union Models Elite Model Management Milan Patricia van der Vliet Is Thursday’s Top Model
listen)) is a city in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It is the main city of the municipality of Zaanstad, and received city rights in 1811, it is located on the Zaan, nearby the North Sea Canal, and it is close to Amsterdam.
