1.
Alpine skiing
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Alpine skiing, or downhill skiing, is the sport or recreation of sliding down snow-covered hills on skis with fixed-heel bindings. It is typically practiced at ski resorts which provide such as ski lifts, artificial snow making and grooming, first aid. Back-country skiers use alpine skiing equipment to ski off the marked pistes, in cases with the assistance of snowmobiles. Alpine skiing has been an event at the Winter Olympic Games since 1936, as of 1994, there were estimated to be 55 million people worldwide, who engaged in Alpine skiing. Approximately 30 million of these were in Europe,15 million in the US, as of 1996, there were reportedly 4,500 ski areas, operating 26,000 ski lifts and enjoying skier visits. The preponderant region for downhills skiing was Europe, followed by Japan, a skier following the fall line will reach the maximum possible speed for that slope. A skier with skis pointed perpendicular to the line, across the hill instead of down it. The speed of descent down any given hill can be controlled by changing the angle of motion in relation to the fall line, downhill skiing technique focuses on the use of turns to smoothly turn the skis from one direction to another. Good technique results in a motion from one descent angle to another one. This looks more like a series of Ss than turns followed by straight sections. The oldest and still form of alpine ski turn is the stem. In doing so, the ski pushes snow forward and to the side, the force backwards directly counteracts gravity, and slows the skier. The force to the sides, if unbalanced, will cause the skier to turn, carving is based on the shape of the ski itself, when the ski is rotated onto its edge, the pattern cut into its side causes it to bend into an arc. The contact between the arc of the ski edges and the snow naturally causes the ski to tend to move along that arc, slowing the skier, modern alpine skis are shaped to enable carve turning, and have evolved significantly since the 1980s. During the 1930s, the Kandahar binding was introduced, which could be locked down at the heel for the downhill portions, the Kandahar remained in widespread use until the 1960s. As more skiers took up the sport, especially in the 1950s, dr. Richard Spademan saw 150 spiral fractures pass through his emergency department near Squaw Valley in three days, an event that led to the development of the Spademan binding. By the early 1950s, several safety bindings were on the market allowed the ski to come off when the ski twisted to the side. This helped reduce the incidence of spiral fractures, originally boots were cut low, just over the ankle, and soft laterally, both of which limited the amount of sideways rotating force that could be applied
2.
Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
3.
1998 Winter Olympics
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The 1998 Winter Olympics, officially the XVIII Olympic Winter Games, was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 7 to 22 February 1998 in Nagano, Japan. 72 nations and 2,176 participants contested in 7 sports and 68 events at 15 venues, the Games saw the introduction of womens ice hockey, curling and snowboarding. National Hockey League players were allowed to participate in the ice hockey. The host was selected on June 15,1991, over Salt Lake City, Östersund, Jaca and they were the third Olympic Games and second winter Olympics to be held in Japan, after the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo. Nagano is so far the southernmost city to host a Winter Olympics, next to Squaw Valley, the games were succeeded by the 1998 Winter Paralympics from 5 to 14 March. These were the final Winter Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch, other candidate cities for the 1998 Olympics were Aosta, Italy, Jaca, Spain, Östersund, Sweden, and Salt Lake City, United States. The host city selection was held in Birmingham, United Kingdom, on 15 June 1991, Nagano prevailed over Salt Lake City by just 4 votes. In June 1995, Salt Lake was chosen as the host of the following 2002 Winter Olympics, the Nagano Olympic bid committee spent approximately $14 million to entertain the 62 International Olympic Committee members and many of their companions. The precise figures are unknown since Nagano, after the IOC asked that the entertainment expenditures not be made public, sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki, also known as the Snowlets are the 1998 Winter Olympic mascots and are four snowy owls. They represent respectively fire, air, earth and water and together represent the four major islands of Japan. Australia Seven Network China CCTV United Kingdom BBC Bjørn Dæhlie won 3 gold medals in skiing, making him the Winter Olympic competitor with the most wins ever. Alpine skier Hermann Maier survived a fall in the downhill and went on to win gold in the super-G, Netherlands won 5 of the 10 speed skating events, including 2 each by Gianni Romme and Marianne Timmer. Canada beat Denmark in the womens curling final, securing the latter their first Winter Olympic medal ever, womens ice hockey was contested at the Olympic Games for the first time ever, and the United States beat the Canadians 3–1 for the gold medal. United States went undefeated in the womens tournament, the Czech Republic defeated Russia by a score of 1–0 for the mens gold medal, while Finland won both the mens and womens bronze medals for ice hockey. Cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie of Norway won three medals in Nordic skiing to become the first winter Olympian to earn eight career gold medals. Curling returned as a sport, after having been demoted to a demonstration event after the inaugural Winter Games in Chamonix in 1924. Snowboarding debuted as an official sport, players from the NHL were able to compete in mens ice hockey due to a three-week suspension of the NHL season. Tara Lipinski,15, narrowly beat Michelle Kwan in womens figure skating to become the youngest champion in an event in the history of the Winter Olympics
4.
FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1999
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The FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1999 were held February 2–14 in Vail and Beaver Creek, Colorado, U. S. A. Lasse Kjus of Norway placed in the top two in all five events, winning two medals and taking three silvers. Hermann Maier of Austria won gold medals in the two speed events, the downhill and super-G, Austria dominated the womens two speed events with a sweep of all six medals. The mens downhill, super-G, and combined events were held at Beaver Creek, and this was the third non-Olympic World Championships held in the United States, all in Colorado. Vail hosted a decade earlier in 1989 and Aspen in 1950, as a host country, the U. S. has won just two medals in the three World Championships, a gold and a bronze by Tamara McKinney in 1989. The Birds of Prey downhill course at Beaver Creek was developed for these championships, designed by Olympic gold medalist Bernhard Russi, it has been a regular stop on the mens World Cup schedule and will be used again for the World Championships in 2015
5.
Order of Australia
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Before the establishment of the order, Australian citizens received British honours. The Queen of Australia is Sovereign Head of the Order, while the Governor-General is Principal Companion/Dame/Knight, the Governor-Generals Official Secretary is Secretary of the Order. The order is divided into a general and a military division, honorary awards at all levels may be made to deserving non-citizens – these awards are made additional to the quotas. The badge of the Order of Australia is a convex disc representing the Golden Wattle flower, at the centre is a ring, representing the sea, with the word Australia below two branches of golden wattle. The whole disc is topped by the Crown of St Edward, the AC badge is decorated with citrines, blue enamelled ring and enamelled crown. The AO badge is similar, without the citrines, for the AM badge only the crown is enamelled, and the OAM badge is plain. The AK/AD badge is similar to that of the AC badge, the star for knights and dames is a convex golden disc decorated with citrines, with a blue royally crowned inner disc bearing an image of the coat of arms of Australia. The ribbon of the order is blue with a stripe of golden wattle flower designs. AKs, male ACs and AOs wear their badges on a necklet, women usually wear their badges on a bow on the left shoulder, although they may wear the same insignia as males, if so desired. The orders insignia were designed by Stuart Devlin, the Order currently consists of four levels and the medal, in both general and military divisions. Since 2015, the level has been discontinued. Awards of Knight and Dame of the Order have been made in the division only. Military Division – Not awarded in the military division. There was a quota of four per year, excluding honorary appointments, the Knight- and Damehoods were conferred between 1976 and 1983, and again from 2014 till 2015. Although this level is not awarded anymore, several knight and dames of the Order are still alive, Companion General Division – Eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in service to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Eminent service in duties of great responsibility. Excluding honorary appointments, until 2003, no more than 25 Companions were appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 30. This was increased in 2016 to 35, Officer General Division – Distinguished service of a high degree to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Distinguished service in responsible positions. Prior to 2003, the quota was 100 Officers appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 125. This was increased in 2016 to 140, Member General Division – Service in a particular locality or field of activity or to a particular group. Military Division – Exceptional service or performance of duty
6.
Skiing in Australia
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Skiing in Australia takes place in the high country of the states of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania as well as in the Australian Capital Territory, during the southern hemisphere winter. Skiing began in Australia at the town of Kiandra, New South Wales in the year 1861. The first ski tow was constructed near Mount Buffalo, Victoria in 1936, Australian skiers competed in the Winter Olympics for the first time in Oslo 1952 and have competed in all subsequent Games, winning medals at every Games since 1998. Australia has extensive skiable terrain during the southern winter in the south eastern states and Australian Capital Territory. Kiandra, in the Northern Skifields, has an elevation of 1400 m, while Mount Mawson near Hobart, Australia has several well developed downhill ski resorts, including Thredbo and Perisher in New South Wales and Mount Hotham, Falls Creek and Mount Buller in Victoria. Cross country skiing is popular in national parks as Kosciuszko National Park and Alpine National Park and is also possible within Namadgi National Park. Mount Buller has Australias largest snow village with accommodation of 7000 beds, the sport of skiing is now practised in three States, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, as well as in the Australian Capital Territory, during the Southern Hemisphere winter. In Victoria, the highest lifted points are at Mount Hotham with 1845 metres, Falls Creek at 1842 metres, jindabyne is the main service town for the New South Wales resorts, but most Australian resort centres have on-snow accommodation. Other ski-service towns include Cooma and Adaminaby in NSW and Bright in Victoria, Canberra is situated around two hours drive from the New South Wales ski-fields, while Melbourne is in good proximity to some of the Victorian resorts. Australias highest town, Cabramurra, New South Wales, has private skiing facilities for residents, the mainlands highest peak is Mount Kosciuszko at 2228 m. New South Wales is home to Australias highest snow country, oldest skifields, recreational skiing in Australia began in 1861 at Kiandra, New South Wales, when Norwegian gold miners introduced the idea to the frozen hills around the town. The first and longest surviving ski club in the world, The Kiandra Snow Shoe Club, was formed at Kiandra in that year, Kiandra is often isolated by deep snow which made it inaccessible during winter. To avoid confusion with a conventional skate the skates were described as, there were no fence palings or posts in Kiandra in 1861. It has been claimed that a ski club commenced in America in 1861. The Trysil Skytte- og Skiløberforening was also founded in Norway, in 1861, the association held their first competition in January 1862 Alpine ski clubs were first founded in Munich, Germany 1891, Switzerland 1893, Arlberg, Austria 1901, followed by France and Italy. Sir Arnold Lunn founded the Kandahar Ski Club of Great Britain in 1924, the “Kiandra Snow Shoe Club” held separate ski races for both ladies and children as early as 1885. Barbara Yan was the first identifiable woman documented as to having won a Downhill Skiing Championship, Yan also won the ladies downhill in 1887, the year her siblings won the girls under-8 section and second in the under-12s. In 1908 the club held the first ever documented International and Intercontinental Downhill Skiing Carnival, results - America 1st, Australia 2nd, England 3rd
7.
Nagano, Nagano
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Nagano is the capital city of Nagano Prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan. As of 1 October 2016, the city had an population of 375,234. Its total area was 834.81 square kilometres, during the Sengoku period, the area was hotly contested between the forces of the Uesugi clan based in Echigo Province and the Takeda clan based in Kai Province. The several Battles of Kawanakajima between Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen were fought near here, during the Edo period, much of the area came under the control of the Sanada clan based at Matsushiro Domain. The area suffered from flooding in 1742, and from a earthquake in 1847. Following the Meiji restoration and the creation of the system on April 1,1889. Nagano was elevated to city status on April 1,1897 and it was the first city founded in Nagano Prefecture and the 43rd city in Japan. The city borders expanded on July 1,1923, with the annexation of the town of Yoshida and villages of Sarita, Miwa. The city again expanded on April 1,1954 by annexing neighbouring villages of Asahi, Furusato, Yanagihara, Wakatsuki, Asakawa, Naganuma, Amori, Odagiri, Imoi and Mamejima. In 1959, due to the flooding of Chikuma River,71 people died or were missing and 20,000 homes were flooded. On October 16,1966, the city expanded by annexing the neighbouring towns of Kawanakajima, Matsushiro and Wakaho, and villages of Shinonoi, Kohoku, Shinko. During the 1985 Matsushiro earthquake,27 people died and 60 homes were destroyed or badly damaged due to landslides, in 1998, Nagano hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics and the Paralympics. It was elevated to a city with increased local autonomy in 1999. Nagano continued to expand on January 1,2005, by absorbing the municipalities of Toyono, and the village of Togakushi, and Kinasa, Nagano hosted the 2005 Special Olympics World Winter Games. On January 1,2010, Nagano absorbed the town of Shinshūshinmachi, as of 2010, Nagano was the southernmost host of the Winter Olympic Games. The Nagano Olympic Commemorative Marathon is held annually to commemorate the occasion, Nagano is located in north-central Nagano Prefecture, near the confluence of the Chikuma River and the Sai River. The city receives heavy winter snow totaling 2.57 metres from December to March, the city has 12 public high schools operated by the Nagano Prefectural Board of Education, one public high school operated by the city government, and five private high schools. In addition, the city has four special education schools, the citys main railway hub, Nagano Station, and the smaller Shinonoi Station, were expanded for the Olympics
8.
Albertville
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Albertville is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. The town is best known for hosting the 1992 Winter Olympics, Albertville is situated on the Arly River, close to the confluence with the Isère River. Its altitude is between 345 and 2,037 metres, nearby mountains include, Belle Etoile, Dent de Cons, Négresse, Roche Pourrie, Mirantin, Pointe de la Grande Journée, and Chaîne du Grand Arc. Nearby mountain ranges include, the Bauges, the Beaufortain, Albertville is also one of two subprefectures of the Savoie department, alongside Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne. Since then, Albertville has developed trade between France, Italy and Switzerland, industries such as paper mills and hydroelectricity can be found along its river. The 1992 Winter Olympics were organised in the Savoie region, with Albertville hosting it, some of the sports venues were later adapted for other uses. Some sports venues still remain such as the ice rink, La halle de glace Olympique, despite this, the town remains more industrial than touristic. In 2003, the town was labelled a Town of art, léa Lemare, ski jumper and national champion Florine De Leymarie, skier. Adrien NGoma, rugby player Jerome Jarre, comedian on Vine La halle de glace Olympique, lanneau de vitesse, Athletics stadium that previously served as the site of the speed skating competitions of 1992 Winter Olympics. Albertville is twinned with, Aosta, Italy Winnenden Sainte-Adèle, Quebec Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, communes of the Savoie département 1992 Winter Olympics INSEE City council website Tourism webpage about Albertville Tourism webpage about Albertville
9.
Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
10.
Ski geometry
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Ski geometry is the shape of the ski. Described in the direction of travel, the front of the ski, typically pointed or rounded, is the tip, the middle is the waist, skis have four aspects define their basic performance, length, width, sidecut and camber. Skis also differ in minor ways to address certain niche roles. For instance, skis for moguls are much softer to absorb shocks from the quick and sharp turns of the moguls and skis for powder are much wider to provide more float in deeper, softer snow. The length and width of the ski define its total surface area, cross-country skis must be narrow to reduce drag, and thus must be long to produce the required float. Alpine skis are not designed to reduce drag, and tend to be shorter and wider. Skis used in race events are longer, with a subtle side cut, built for speed. Slalom skis, as well as many recreational skis, are shorter with a side cut to facilitate tighter, easier turns. For off-piste skis the trend is towards wider skis that better float on top of powder snow, the ski width of all-mountain and off-piste skis has generally increased since the 1990s when 85 mm width was considered a wide powderski. From 2010 and onwards, many well known ski manufacturers sell all-round freeride skis for the public starting in the 90mm range. Camber is the shape as viewed from the side. Typically skis are designed so that when the tip and tail are on the ground, without camber, when the skiers weight is applied at the waist, the weight would be distributed on the surface closest to the foot, diminishing along the length. Camber distributes weight onto the tips and tails, extending the area bearing the skiers weight. The technique was first introduced by ski makers in Telemark, Norway, in 2002, skier Shane McConkey led development of the Volant Spatula, an alpine ski developed for skiing deep powder snow. The Spatula uses reverse camber with the tips and tails rising above the waist in an effort to improve floating on soft snow, referring to the shape of the runner on a rocking chair, these designs became known as rockers. Today alpine skis often feature a combination of rocker and camber and this is often subtle, with natural camber at the waist, and rocker at the tip and tail. These designs often lack sidecut as well, relying on their interaction with the snow to provide the shape that causes the ski to turn smoothly. One disadvantage to the shape is that it was much wider at the tip and tail
11.
Manly, New South Wales
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Manly is a beach-side suburb of northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 17 kilometres north-east of the Sydney central business district and is the centre of the local government area of Northern Beaches Council. Manly was named by Captain Arthur Phillip for the people living there, stating that their confidence. These men were of the Kay-ye-my clan, Bennelong and Colebee spoke to them and Bennelong asked for Governor Phillip. Captain Nepean sent the Boatswain back to Governor Phillip at South Head, the Aboriginal men cut large chunks of whale off and put them in the boat for Governor Phillip. The military party then proceeded on their walk to Broken Bay, when Governor Phillips party arrived to see the Aboriginal men they held friendly conversation with Bennelong and Colebee for over half an hour. Later an older Aboriginal man appeared with a spear, Captain Tench remarked that he was seemingly a stranger and little acquainted with Bennelong and Colebee. The Governor moved towards this man and the man became agitated, Governor Phillip threw down his dirk to appease the man crying out confidently. The spear was thrown and Governor Phillip was hit in the shoulder, the muskets were brought to shore but only one would fire. The spear was broken and all hastened to Port Jackson. Manly had been envisaged as a resort by Henry Gilbert Smith in the 1850s. In 1853 Smith acquired two parcels of land. Initially John had chartered a paddle steamer to Manly and other vessels visited on an ad hoc excursion basis, Smith built a wharf in 1855 and eventually acquired an interest in steamers himself and soon more regular services to Manly had commenced. By 1873, Smith had sold the lease to the wharf and his share of the steamers to the operators of the ferries and eventually ownership passed to the once famous Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company. It was the Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company which coined the expression about Manly being Seven miles from Sydney, the Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company played an important part in Manlys development. It built several attractions including a large pool and bathing pavilion. In 1972 the company was sold to Brambles Limited and in 1974 to the Government of New South Wales and it is now part of Sydney Ferries. It was Australias first overseas military adventure, and the Little Boy from Manly, became a symbol either of patriotism or, among opponents of the adventure, especially due to a cartoon by Livingston Hopkins of The Bulletin
12.
Morzine
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Morzine is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France. Situated at an altitude of 1000 m, it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts, the locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities, as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself. The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune, in 1181, Morzine was a grange of Aulps Abbey, a Cistercian monastery 7 km away. In the Middle Ages, granges were agricultural centres from which the monks exploited their landscape and co-ordinated farming, the grange was fundamental to the Cistercians successful expansion and management of their mountain land. The granges supplied the monasterys food, clothing, utensils and building materials, the granges were manned by lay-brothers, who cultivated the lands and reared livestock. From the 18th to the early 20th century, the exploitation of slate quarries was an important economic activity of Morzine, in 2015 only a few quarries were still being exploited. Morzine also hosts activities such as mountain biking, golfing, walking and caving. The resort also boasts an Olympic sized swimming pool, local trails are generally single track and with varying levels of difficulty available from steep, rooty and technical to fast open downhill tracks. There is also an amount of Northshore available in the Chatel Bike Park area. Morzine is also within reach of other resorts including Avoriaz, Morgins, Châtel. The resorts of Pila, Verbier and Les Arcs lie within easy reach by car thus giving access to places to ride. A single lift pass can be purchased to cover the whole of the Portes du Soleil area, Morzine has hosted Tour de France stage finishes on several occasions, thanks in part to the proximity of the notoriously steep Col de Joux-Plane climb. Morzine was the finale of the first mountain stage in the 2003 Tour de France, Stage sevens yellow and Polka dot jerseys were awarded to Richard Virenque of Frances Quick Step-Davitamon team. Stage 17 of the 2006 Tour de France ended in Morzine, in the 2010 Tour de France Morzine was the finishing location for stage 8. Morzine will again feature in this years Tour de France as the finish for stage 20 - Megeve to Morzine, Morzine is home to the annual French Mountain Villages Football Tournament where the best junior teams compete for a much coveted trophy each June. The intermediate terrain makes the area suited to beginners and less-seasoned skiers and snowboarders. However more challenging slopes can be found at nearby Avoriaz, Morzine is closely linked to its neighbours Avoriaz and Les Gets in that they function as linked skiing centres during the winter season. The two resorts are included in the Portes du Soleil ski area, which includes both French and Swiss villages, the closest airport to Morzine is Geneva Cointrin International Airport, Switzerland
13.
French Alps
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The French Alps are the portions of the Alps mountain range that stand within France, located in the Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur regions. While some of the ranges of the French Alps are entirely in France, others, at 4,808 metres, Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border, is the highest mountain in the Alps, and the highest Western European mountain. Notable towns in the French Alps include Grenoble, Chamonix, Annecy, Chambéry, Évian-les-Bains, the largest connected ski areas are, Les Trois Vallées,338 slopes,600 km of pistes. Portes du Soleil,288 slopes,650 km of slopes not entirely connected, paradiski, Champagny-en-Vanoise,239 slopes,420 km of slopes. Via Lattea,214 slopes,400 km of slopes, Évasion Mont-Blanc,183 slopes,420 km of slopes not entirely connected. Espace Killy,137 slopes,300 km of slopes, grand Massif,134 slopes,265 km of slopes. Les Aravis,133 slopes,220 km of slopes not entirely connected, Les Grandes Rousses,117 slopes,236 km of slopes. Serre Chevalier,111 slopes,250 km of slopes, La Forêt Blanche,104 slopes,180 km of slopes. Les Sybelles,96 slopes,310 km of slopes, valloire and Valmeinier,83 slopes,150 km of slopes. Grand Domaine,82 slopes,150 km of slopes Espace San Bernardo,73 slopes,150 km of slopes, Les Deux Alpes and La Grave,69 slopes,220 km of slopes. The other large ski areas are, Le Val dArly,150 km of slopes, in the winter, these include skiing and snowboarding as well as alternatives such as snowshoeing, sledging. There is a range of activities that happen such as gliding which most happens during the summer months. Summer activities include hiking, mountaineering, biking and rock climbing, roger Frison-Roche, Les montagnes de la terre. Sergio Marazzi, Atlante Orografico delle Alpi, pavone Canavese, Priuli & Verlucca editori. ISBN 978-88-8068-273-8 Sergio Marazzi, La Suddivisione orografica internazionale unificata del Sistema Alpino - article with maps and illustrations, PDF
14.
Rugby union
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Rugby union, known in some parts of the world simply as rugby, is a contact team sport which originated in England in the first half of the 19th century. One of the two codes of football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is between two teams of 15 players using a ball on a rectangular field with H-shaped goalposts on each try line. Historically an amateur sport, in 1995 restrictions on payments to players were removed, World Rugby, originally the International Rugby Football Board and from 1998 to 2014 the International Rugby Board, has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886. Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland, early exponents of the sport included Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France. Countries that have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport include Fiji, Georgia, Madagascar, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, Rugby union is played in over 100 countries across six continents, there are 101 full members and 18 associate members of World Rugby. The Rugby World Cup, first held in 1987, takes place four years with the winner of the tournament receiving the Webb Ellis Cup. The Six Nations Championship in Europe and The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere are major annual competitions. The origin of football is reputed to be an incident during a game of English school football at Rugby School in 1823. Although the evidence for the story is doubtful, it was immortalised at the school with a plaque unveiled in 1895, despite the doubtful evidence, the Rugby World Cup trophy is named after Webb Ellis. Rugby football stems from the form of game played at Rugby School, Old Rugbeian Albert Pell, a student at Cambridge, is credited with having formed the first football team. During this early period different schools used different rules, with pupils from Rugby. Other important events include the Blackheath Clubs decision to leave the Football Association in 1863, despite the sports full name of rugby union, it is known simply as rugby throughout most of the world. The first rugby football international was played on 27 March 1871 between Scotland and England, by 1881 both Ireland and Wales had representative teams, and in 1883 the first international competition, the Home Nations Championship had begun. 1883 is also the year of the first rugby tournament, the Melrose Sevens. During the early history of union, a time before commercial air travel. The first two notable tours both took place in 1888—the British Isles team touring New Zealand and Australia, followed by the New Zealand team touring Europe, All three teams brought new styles of play, fitness levels and tactics, and were far more successful than critics had expected. After Morgan began singing, the crowd joined in, the first time a national anthem was sung at the start of a sporting event, in 1905 France played England in its first international match
15.
Queenwood School for Girls
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Queenwood is an independent, non-denominational, day school, based upon Christian values, located in the suburb of Mosman, on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Queenwood was established by Grace Lawrance, assisted by Beatrice Rennie, as a private, independent, day and boarding school for girls, on 21 September 1925. The two women had met in 1918, at the Glennie Memorial School in Toowoomba, Queensland, where Lawrance was Principal and they travelled to England in 1921, where they visited many of the best girls schools. Both women resigned from the Glennie in 1925, with the intention of founding a school in Sydney and they chose a large, old house at 47 Mandalong Road, Mosman. Their entrepreneurial courage was remarkable since neither enjoyed perfect health, the site at Mandalong Road was chosen because of its view over Balmoral Beach and its northeasterly aspect. As Queenwood grew, the school expanded to a site at Mandalong Road. By 1926, Queenwood was a secondary school, and three years later Miss Rennie was teaching, running the school and caring for her ailing co-Principal. In 1932, a combination of the Depression, Lawrances death in November, the two women became co-Principals in 1942. Queenwood prospered despite the Depression and Second World War, and by 1950, the school phased out its boarding program in the 1950s. In 1962, Rennie retired as co-Principal but the school remained her home as she worked in the library and helped with the students, in 1966, the school became a non-profit private company, named Queenwood School for Girls Ltd. The Junior School moved to the Medway Centre at Queen Street, Mosman in 1990, Queenwood School for Girls is now no longer a boarding school. Queenwood has four campuses, each located in suburban Mosman, the site at 47 Mandalong Road on which Queenwood was founded, was completely redeveloped in 2002/03 and became operational in Term 4 of 2003. In 2009/10 the Lawrance Campus at 44 Mandalong Road was completely redeveloped and opened for use in Term 3,2010, the building has a 25m pool, a learn to swim pool, a 110-seat lecture theatre and numerous class rooms and science labs. Queenwood is registered and accredited with the New South Wales Board of Studies and it offers the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program and the Higher School Certificate in Years 11 and 12. Years 7 to 10 students are offered a range of curriculum choices, in Year 7, the school follows a mandatory pattern of subject choices. Year 8 students are introduced to six new subjects from which they select two for further study. In Year 9, whilst the core subjects must be completed. In Year 11, students are prepared for either the Higher School Certificate or the International Baccalaureate, as with most Australian schools, Queenwood utilises a house system through which students may participate in intra-school competitions and activities
16.
Lillehammer
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Lillehammer is a town and municipality in Oppland county, Norway. It is part of the region of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Lillehammer, as of May 2011, the population of the town of Lillehammer was 26,639. The city centre is a late 19th-century concentration of houses, which enjoys a picturesque location overlooking the northern part of lake Mjøsa. Lillehammer hosted the 1994 Winter Olympics and 2016 Winter Youth Olympics, before Oslos withdrawal from consideration, it was included as part of a bid to host events in the 2022 Winter Olympics if Oslo were to win the rights to hold the Games. The municipality was named after the old Hamar farm, since the first church was built there, the name is identical with the word hamarr. To distinguish it from the town and bishopric, both called Hamar, it began to be called little Hamar, Lilþlæ Hamar and Litlihamarr. It is also mentioned in the Old Norse sagas as Litlikaupangr, the coat-of-arms was granted in 1898 and shows a birkebeiner, carrying a spear and a shield, who is skiing down a mountainside. It symbolizes the importance of when the Birkebeiners carried the to-be-King Haakon from Lillehammer to Rena on skis. The area has settled since the Norwegian Iron Age, it is also mentioned as a site for council in 1390. Lillehammer had a market by the 1800s and obtained rights as a merchant city on 7 August 1827. The town of Lillehammer was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, the rural municipality of Fåberg was merged into the municipality of Lillehammer on 1 January 1964. A number of schools are located in Lillehammer including the Hammartun Primary and Lower Secondary School, Søre Ål Primary School and Kringsjå Primary, Lillehammer Public High School consists of two branches, North and South, both situated near the city center. The private High school Norwegian College of Elite Sports, NTG, Lillehammer University College is situated just north of the town itself. Lillehammer is also the home of the Nansen Academy - the Norwegian Humanistic Academy, the Nansen Academy is an educational institution for adult students with varied political, religious, and cultural backgrounds. The Academy was founded on the principles of humanism and aims at strengthening the knowledge of these principles. The 14th World Scout Jamboree was held from July 29 to August 7,1975 and was hosted by Norway at Lillehammer, to the southeast, it is bordered by Ringsaker municipality in Hedmark county. To the northwest is the mountain Spåtind, by Norwegian standards, Lillehammer has an inland climate, with the Scandinavian mountain chain to the west and north limiting oceanic influences
17.
St Anton am Arlberg
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Sankt Anton am Arlberg, commonly referred to as St. Anton, is a village and ski resort in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It lies in the Tyrolean Alps, with aerial tramways and chairlifts up to 2,811 m and it is also a popular summer resort among hikers, trekkers and mountaineers. Skiing has a history in St. Anton, ski instructors from the area emigrated to the US in the 1930s. St. Anton was the host of the Alpine World Ski Championships in 2001, St. Anton is frequently listed as one of the worlds top skiing resorts both in terms of skiing available and après-ski entertainment. St. Anton lies on the Rosanna River and is on the main east-west rail line between Austria and Switzerland, there are many airports that serve St. Anton by way of train and car that include Munich, Zürich, Innsbruck and Friedrichshafen. The centre is a pedestrian zone, on the western edge of village is the Galzigbahn which has been replaced by a Funitel gondola. The new gondola includes a first-ever Ferris wheel, enabling passengers to board the gondolas on ground level, the Funitel accesses the Galzig slopes and connects to Schindler and Valluga peaks. On the eastern edge of town, the Nassereinbahn rises to the Nasserein area with connections to the Kapall peak, the Kapall, Valluga, and Schindler peaks provide skiers with close to 1,500 vertical metres skiing. Slope-side après-ski bars can be found on the Steissbachtal trail just above St. Anton, the groomed runs in the region cater to all levels, 43% are for beginners, 41% for intermediate skiers and 16% are for the more advanced. There are also 200 km of deep runs in the area. Expert terrain includes less-frequently groomed ski routes such as Schindlerkar and Mattun, and the backside of Valluga down to Zürs, there are also a large number of off-piste routes in the area that experts can explore with the help of a guide. By car, St. Anton is easily reached, making use of the A14 motorway, alternatively, St. Anton, Langen am Arlberg and Kloesterle have railway stations. Both St. Anton and Langen am Arlberg are stops on international train services between Zuerich and Budapest, making it easy to reach the ski area from across the continent, St. Anton and surrounding villages/resorts are served by a network of bus routes. In the town itself, there are two hubs, known as the Terminal Ost and the Terminal West, Terminal Ost gives access to the Nassereinbahn Gondola and the Terminal West to the Galzigbahn/ Rendlbahn gondolas as well as the towns railway station. There is a route with frequent, year-round services between St. Anton and Landeck, the latter being a town located at the entrance to the main valley. Frequent free bus services operate between different parts of St. Anton town as well as from Pettneu, Schnann and Flirsch. Further information regarding bus and train travel can be found by viewing the St. Anton website, there are other activities one can do in St. Anton. There are many sightseeing spots around the village, cycle tracks and a centre with pools, whirlpools
18.
Sestriere
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Sestriere is an alpine village in Italy, a comune of the Province of Turin. It is situated in Val Susa,17 km from the French border and its name derives from Latin, ad petram sistrariam, that is at sixty Roman miles from Turin. The main mountains around Sestriere are, Monte Fraiteve 2,701 m in the north-east, Monte Sises 2,658 m, Punta Rognosa di Sestriere 3,280 m and Monte Motta 2,850 m in the south-east. Sestriere is divided several smaller hamlets, Sestriere Colle, on the pass top, Sestriere Borgata, in Val Chisone, Champlas du Col and Champlas Janvier. Formerly, the pass belonged to the municipality of Cesana, the ski resorts at Sestriere were built in the 1930s by Giovanni Agnelli and have been further developed after the Second World War by his nephew Giovanni Nasi. Sestriere is a skiing resort, during the winter holidays the population goes up to about 20,000 people. Together with the villages of Pragelato, Claviere, Sauze dOulx, Cesana Torinese and San Sicario, Sestriere is connected to 146 skiable pistes, for a total of up to 400 km of trails, of which 120 are provided with artificial snow. Sestriere has also one of the few facilities where it is possible to ski at night on a floodlit run and it regularly hosts FIS Alpine Ski World Cup events, and it hosted the FIS World Championships in 1997, and the IPC World Championships in 2011. It was a venue during the 2006 Winter Olympic Games. Pragelato - the resort is part of the Via Lattea, is connected to this area by the Pattemouche-Anfiteatro cableway, Claviere - This small resort is just over the border in Italy and is included in the Monts de la lune lift pass. It is where the Olympic cross country ski teams practised for the Olympics in 2006, San Sicario - The biathlon and Alpine skiing events were held there in the 2006 Winter Olympic Games. They also held the bobsleigh and luge events here, one can attempt the Olympic womens super G and downhill courses. Sauze dOulx - Free Style Skiing Olympic events held here in 2006, the resort is acclaimed for its lively après-ski. Serre Chevalier - Nearby French resort with over 250 km of skiing, there is a free day of skiing here on your lift pass. Montgenèvre - Nearby French resort with over 85 km of pistes, montgenevres ski area has 8 green runs,12 blue,22 red and 10 black slopes and is linked to the Via Lattea ski area. There is a day of skiing here on your lift pass. In the summertime it is possible to play golf on Europes highest 18-hole course and it is also a starting and arrival point in the Tour de France and the Giro dItalia. Due to its location across two valleys, Sestriere is close to several hiking paths, Sestriere organized an International Athletics Meeting from 1988 until 1995 and in 2004
19.
Park City, Utah
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Park City is a city in Summit County, Utah, United States. It is considered to be part of the Wasatch Back, the city is 32 miles southeast of downtown Salt Lake City and 19.88 miles from Salt Lake Citys east edge of Sugar House along Interstate 80. The population was 7,558 at the 2010 census, on average, the tourist population greatly exceeds the number of permanent residents. After a population decline following the shutdown of the mining industry. The city currently brings in an average of $529,800,000 to the Utah Economy as a tourist hot spot. The city has two ski resorts, Deer Valley Resort and Park City Mountain Resort. Both ski resorts were the locations for ski and snowboarding events at the 2002 Winter Olympics. Although they receive less snow and have a ski season than do their counterparts in Salt Lake County, such as Snowbird resort. Some scenes from 1994s Dumb and Dumber were shot in the city, outdoor-oriented businesses such as backcountry. com, Rossignol USA, and Skullcandy have their headquarters in Park City. The city has many retailers, clubs, bars, and restaurants, and has nearby reservoirs, hot springs, forests, in the summertime many valley residents of the Wasatch Front visit the town to escape high temperatures. Park City is usually 20 °F cooler than Salt Lake City, as it lies mostly above 7,000 feet above sea level, in 2008, Park City was named by Forbes Traveler Magazine among one of the 20 prettiest towns in the United States. In 2011, the town was awarded a Gold-level Ride Center designation from the International Mountain Bicycling Association for its mountain trails, amenities. The area was traveled by the early Mormon pioneers on their journey to where they settled, one of their leaders, Parley P. Pratt, explored the canyon in 1848. He was given a charter the following year to build a road through it. The basin at the top of the canyon was good for grazing, early on, the area was deeded to Samuel Snyder, Heber C. The settlers named it Parleys Park City, which was shortened to Park City in the early 1900s, the first known discovery of ore in this area was by Colonel Patrick E. Connor, who instigated his men to search the area in bringing non-Mormons to the Utah region. The finding of silver, gold and lead sparked the first silver mines in Park City in the 1860s, Park City’s large mining boom brought large crowds of prospectors setting up camps around the mountain terrain, marking the first mining settlements. Although it was not the first find, the Ontario mine, discovered by Herman Buden in 1872, by 1892 the Silver King Mine and its owners Thomas Kearns and David Keith took the spotlight as one of the most famous silver mines in the world
20.
Piancavallo
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Piancavallo is a ski resort in the Dolomites of northern Italy. It is a frazione of the comune of Aviano, in the province of Pordenone in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, piancavallo is situated at 1,280 metres above sea level, at the foot of Monte Cavallo. The nearest railway station is that of Aviano, to which it is connected by bus services. Piancavallo was created in the late 1960s, and was the first Italian ski resort with snowmaking facilities, since the 1980s it has hosted several womens alpine skiing events in the World Cup, and a stage of the Giro dItalia cycling race. There are 24 km of ski runs and 26 km of cross-country ski trails,1.2 km of which are illuminated. There is an Ice Palace, sled dog trails, a park for children
21.
Mammoth Mountain
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Mammoth Mountain is a lava dome complex west of the town of Mammoth Lakes, California, in the Inyo National Forest of Madera and Mono Counties. It is home to a ski area on the Mono County side. Mammoth Mountain was formed in a series of eruptions that ended 57,000 years ago, however, Mammoth still produces hazardous volcanic gases that kill trees and caused ski patroller fatalities in 2006. Mammoth Mountain is a lava dome complex in Mono County, California and it lies in the southwestern corner of the Long Valley Caldera and consists of about 12 rhyodacite and dacite overlapping domes. These domes formed in a series of eruptions from 110,000 to 57,000 years ago. During this time, massive eruptions occurred roughly every 5000 years. The volcano is active with minor eruptions, the largest of which was a minor phreatic eruption 700 years ago. Mammoth Mountain also lies on the end of the Mono-Inyo chain of volcanic craters. The magma source for Mammoth Mountain is distinct from those of both the Long Valley Caldera and the Inyo Craters, Mammoth Mountain is composed primarily of dacite and rhyolite, part of which has been altered by hydrothermal activity from fumaroles. Mammoth is outgassing large amounts of carbon dioxide out of its south flank, near Horseshoe Lake, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the ground ranges from 20 to 90 percent CO2. Measurements of the discharge of carbon dioxide gas at the Horseshoe Lake tree-kill area range from 50 to 150 short tons per day. This high concentration causes trees to die in six regions that total about 170 acres in size, the tree-kills originally were attributed to a severe drought that affected California in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Another idea was that the kills were the result of a pathogen or other biological infestation, however, neither idea explained why all trees in the affected areas were killed regardless of age or health. Then, in March 1990, a U. S. Forest Service Ranger became ill with suffocation symptoms after being in a cabin near Horseshoe Lake. Measurements around the lake found that restrooms and tents had a greater than 1% CO2 concentration, CO2 concentrations of less than 1% are typical and healthy in most soils, however, soil concentrations of CO2 in the tree-kill areas ranged from 20% to 90%. This overabundance of CO2 was found to be the cause of the tree-kills because tree roots need to absorb O2 directly, researchers also determined that Mammoth releases about 1,300 short tons of CO2 every day. The most likely sources of the CO2 are degassing of intruded magma, measurements of helium emissions support the theory that the gases emitted in the tree kill area have the same source as those discharged from Mammoth Mountain Fumarole. There is evidence that the rate of CO2 discharge has been declining, in April 2006, three members of the Mammoth Mountain Ski Area ski patrol died while on duty
22.
Australian Olympic Committee
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The Australian Olympic Committee is the National Olympic Committee responsible for developing, promoting and protecting the Olympic Movement in Australia. The AOC has the responsibility for the representation of Australia at the Olympic Games. All National Olympic Committees are constituents of the International Olympic Committee, the Australian Olympic Committee is composed of 35 member National Sport Federations representing each sport on the Olympic program for the Summer Olympic Games and the Olympic Winter Games. The AOC is responsible for selecting the Team that represents Australia at the Olympic Games, john Coates and James Tomkins are current IOC members. John Coates has been a member since 2001, served on the Executive Board from 2009 –2013 and was elected Vice-president in 2013, James Tomkins has been a member since 2013. Patron in Chief is the Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia, General Sir Peter Cosgrove, the AOC has an Athletes Commission, responsible for advising the AOC Executive on all matters pertaining to the Olympic Movement from an athletes perspective. The Commission is made up of 11 members, all Olympians who have been elected by their Olympic team-mates during a Summer and Winter Olympic Games, the Chairperson is Kimberley Crow who also has a seat on the AOC Executive. Deputy Chairperson is Ramone Cooper and remaining members are Alana Boyd, Cate Campbell, Steven Hooker, Lydia Lassila, Anna Meares, Lauren Mitchell, James Tomkins, Ken Wallace, Australia was represented by Edwin Flack at the 1896 Athens Olympics. In 1905, Richard Coombes became Australias first International Olympic Committee member when he replaced New Zealander Leonard Cuff who represented Australasia, in 1914, the Olympic Federation of Australia and New Zealand was established. In 1920, New Zealand leaves the OFANZ and the Australian Olympic Council was established with James Taylor being its first president, in 1923, Australian Olympic Council changed its name to the Australian Olympic Federation. In 1990, the AOF rescinded its constitution and became the Australian Olympic Committee, Australia has hosted two Summer Olympics,1956 Melbourne Olympics and 2000 Sydney Olympics. Brisbane, Queensland made at bid for the 1992 Summer Olympics and Melbourne, the AOC is not government funded. The AOC sources its revenues primarily through Sponsorship, Licensing, Fundraising activities, through the organisation of the State Olympic Councils, Team Appeal Committees across Australia plan corporate events to achieve a national fundraising target. The AOC also receives income distributions from the Australian Olympic Foundation, the AOC neither seeks or derives any funding from the Australian Government. The Commonwealth Government, through the Australian Sports Commission and the Australian Institute of Sport, is the funding source for high performance sport in Australia. In the period 2013–2016, the total AOC quadrennial funding of its Olympic programs is budgeted for in excess of $42 million and this funding includes sports on the program of the 2016 Olympic Games, sports on the programs for the 2014 and 2018 Olympic Winter Games and Olympic Education. Rev. ed. Sydney, ABC Books for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation,2000, the compendium, official Australian Olympic statistics, 1896–2002 / compiled by the Australian Olympic Committee. University of Queensland Press, c2003 Gordon, Harry, from Athens with pride, the official history of the Australian Olympic movement,1894 to 2014
23.
Australian Institute of Sport
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The Australian Institute of Sport is a sports training institution in Australia. The Institutes headquarters were opened in 1981 and are situated in Canberra, the 66-hectare site campus is in the northern suburb of Bruce. The AIS is a division of the Australian Sports Commission, the need of the AIS was compounded in 1976 when the Australian Olympic team failed to win an Olympic gold medal in Montreal, which was regarded as a national embarrassment for Australia. The Institutes well-funded programs have been regarded as a reason for Australias recent success in international sporting competitions. There are a number of sculptures located throughout the Bruce Campus, such as Acrobats, Gymnast, Pole Vaulter and Soccer Players by John Robinson and the Swimmer by Guy Boyd. After the Sydney 2000 Olympics, two of the three sculptures - Gymnast and Wheelchair Basketballer - that were located on the Sydney Tower Eye prior to the Olympics were installed at the AIS. The AIS Arena is a 5,200 capacity indoor stadium which has used for sports such as basketball, gymnastics. Directly adjacent to, but not strictly part of the Institute is the 25,000 capacity outdoor Canberra Stadium which has hosted matches of all the forms of football played in Australia. In 2005,2009 and 2010 the Institute won awards at the prestigious Canberra and these awards were given in recognition of the daily public tours that are available. Each tour, which takes in several different buildings of the Institute as well as the arena, shortly after its inception in 1981, the AIS held a competition for a symbol that would depict the AIS aim of achieving supremacy in sport. The winner was a student from Bendigo in Victoria, Rose-Marie Derrico. Her design showed an athlete with hands clasped above the head in recognition of victory, the colours of the logo were red, white and blue, which are the same colours as the Australian flag. On 3 February 2014, the AIS launched a new logo in line with its new direction as outlined in its Winning Edge program that was launched in 2012, landor Associates designed the new brand and logo. The gold in the brand representing Australias pursuit of gold, from 2014, as a result of Australias Winning Edge 2012-2022 strategy, the AIS no longer directly offered scholarships to athletes. As a result of the strategy, many sporting organisations are utilizing the AIS facilities and services on an ongoing or regular basis. Several national sports organisations have located their national centres for excellence at the AIS, the AIS does continue to support other athletes in other sports however they are self funded and not under the National Training Centre banner. Many prominent Australian athletes have taken up AIS scholarships, in 2001, the AIS established the Best of the Best Award to recognise highly performed AIS athletes. In August 2013, Stuart OGrady was indefinitely suspended from the Best of the Best due to his admission to doping in 1998, the Australian Institute of Sport Alumni highlights the many prominent Australian athletes that the AIS has assisted
24.
Vail, Colorado
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The Town of Vail is a Home Rule Municipality in Eagle County, Colorado, United States. The population of the town was 5,305 in 2010, the town was established and built as the base village to Vail Ski Resort, with which it was originally conceived. Vail Ski Resorts first season was in December 1962, it is the largest ski mountain in Colorado, Vail was incorporated in 1966, four years after the opening of Vail Ski Resort. The ski area was founded by Pete Seibert and local rancher Earl Eaton in 1962, the pass was named after Charles Vail, the highway engineer who routed U. S. Highway 6 through the Eagle Valley in 1940, which eventually became Interstate 70. Seibert, a New England native, served in the U. S. Armys 10th Mountain Division during World War II and he was wounded in Italy at the Battle of Riva Ridge but went on to become a professional skier after he recovered. Seibert, with former members of the 10th Mountain Division. During training for ski troopers at Camp Hale, he bivouacked on Vail Mountain, as plans continued for a new ski resort, Seibert hired Morrie Shepard as Vails first ski school director. Shortly after, Shepard recruited Rod Slifer from Aspen to be assistant ski school director, in December 1962 Vail officially opened for its first season. It operated a gondola lift and two ski lifts on the owned by the United States Forest Service. The village was established at the base of the mountain for local residents and it quickly grew throughout the valley with housing added first in East Vail and then West Vail, and additional lodging added in Lionshead in the late 1960s. Within the first years the village had a ski shop operated by John Houserman, a hotel and restaurant operated by Pepi Gramshammer, by 1969 Vail was the most popular ski resort in the state. In 1988 Vail opened China Bowl, making Vail the largest ski area in North America, Vails average elevation is 8,150 feet above sea level. The town has an area of 4.5 square miles. Gore Creek flows from east to west through the center of town, the town is surrounded by the White River National Forest and the Vail Ski Resort is leased from the United States Forest Service. Mount of the Holy Cross is visible from Vail Mountain, Vail Mountain rises from 8,120 feet to 11,570 feet, giving a vertical rise of 3,450 feet. It has a 5,289 acres skiable area,33 ski lifts,193 marked skiing trails on three faces, the front side, the bowls, and Blue Sky Basin. The seven back bowls are Sun Down Bowl, Sun Up Bowl, Teacup Bowl, China Bowl, Siberia Bowl, Inner Mongolia Bowl, Blue Sky Basin includes Petes Bowl and Earls Bowl—to commemorate Pete Seibert and Earl Eaton. Vail has warm summers and cold winters because of its elevation, minimum temperatures rarely rise above freezing point from late September to late May
25.
Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
26.
Aare
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The Aare or Aar is a tributary of the High Rhine and the longest river that both rises and ends entirely within Switzerland. There are more than 40 hydroelectric plants along the course of the Aare River, the rivers name dates to at least the La Tène period, and it is attested as Nantaror Aare valley in the Berne zinc tablet. The name was Latinized as Arula/Arola/Araris, the Aare rises in the great Aargletschers of the Bernese Alps, in the canton of Bern and west of the Grimsel Pass. The Finsteraargletscher and Lauteraargletscher come together to form the Unteraargletscher, which is the source of water for the Grimselsee. The Oberaargletscher feeds the Oberaarsee, which flows into the Grimselsee. Right after Innertkirchen it is joined by its first major tributary, less than 1 kilometre later the river carves through a limestone ridge in the Aare Gorge. It is here that the Aare proves itself to be more than just a river, a little past Meiringen, near Brienz, the river expands into Lake Brienz. Near the west end of the lake it receives its first important tributary. It then runs across the plain of the Bödeli between Interlaken and Unterseen before flowing into Lake Thun. Near the west end of Lake Thun, the river receives the waters of the Kander. Lake Thun marks the head of navigation, on flowing out of the lake it passes through Thun, and then flows through the city of Bern, passing beneath eighteen bridges and around the steeply-flanked peninsula on which the Old City is located. The river soon changes its flow for a due westerly direction. From the upper end of the lake, at Nidau, the river issues through the Nidau-Büren Channel, also called the Aare Canal, and then runs east to Büren. A short distance further, below Brugg it receives first the Reuss, its major tributary, and shortly afterwards the Limmat, its second strongest tributary. It now turns to north, and soon becomes itself a tributary of the Rhine, the Rhine, in turn, empties into the North Sea after crossing into the Netherlands. New York, NY, Columbia University Press, the Columbia Gazetteer of the World. New York, NY, Columbia University Press, leipzig, Germany, Veriag von Gustav Mayer. Gresswell, R. Kay, Huxley, Anthony, eds, standard Encyclopedia of the Worlds Rivers and Lakes
27.
2002 Winter Olympics
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Approximately 2,400 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines, held throughout 165 sporting sessions. The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee, Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games, and the 2002 Winter Olympics are the most recent games to be held in the United States. These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge, the opening ceremony was held on February 8,2002, and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24,2002. Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen, and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters, Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics, although the two subsequent host cities populations were larger. Following a trend, the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games, with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. The Salt Lake Games faced a scandal and some local opposition during the bid. Nevertheless, from sporting and business standpoints, this was one of the most successful Winter Olympiads in history, over 2 billion viewers watched more than 13 billion viewer-hours. The Games were also financially successful raising more money with fewer sponsors than any prior Olympic Games, the surplus was used to create the Utah Athletic Foundation, which maintains and operates many of the remaining Olympic venues. U. S. Federal subsidies amounted to $1.3 billion, Salt Lake City was chosen over Québec City, Canada, Sion, Switzerland, and Östersund, Sweden, on June 16,1995, at the 104th IOC Session in Budapest, Hungary. The 1976 Winter Olympics were ultimately awarded to Innsbruck, Austria, 1Because of the no-commercialization policy of the Olympics, the Delta Center, now the Vivint Smart Home Arena, was labeled as the Salt Lake Ice Center, causing some confusion for visitors. The Oxford Olympics Study established the outturn cost of the Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics at USD2.5 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 24% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, average cost for Winter Games since 1960 is USD3.1 billion, average cost overrun is 142%. A total 78 National Olympic Committees sent athletes to the Salt Lake City games, cameroon, Hong Kong, Nepal, Tajikistan, and Thailand participated in their first Winter Olympic Games. There were 78 events contested in 7 sports, in the following calendar for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games, each blue box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day. The yellow boxes represent days during which medal-awarding finals for a sport are held, the number in each box represents the number of finals that were contested on that day. All dates are in Mountain Standard Time Host country To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, several medals records were set and/or tied. They included, Norway tied the Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics for most gold medals at a Winter Olympics, germany set a record for most total medals at a Winter Olympics, with 36
28.
Barrister
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A barrister is a type of lawyer in common law jurisdictions. Barristers mostly specialise in courtroom advocacy and litigation and their tasks include taking cases in superior courts and tribunals, drafting legal pleadings, researching the philosophy, hypothesis and history of law, and giving expert legal opinions. Often, barristers are also recognised as legal scholars, Barristers are distinguished from solicitors, who have more direct access to clients, and may do transactional-type legal work. It is mainly barristers who are appointed as judges, and they are hired by clients directly. In England and Wales, barristers may seek authorisation from the Bar Standards Board to conduct litigation and this allows a barrister to practise in a dual capacity, fulfilling the role of both barrister and solicitor. A barrister, who can be considered as a jurist, is a lawyer who represents a litigant as advocate before a court of appropriate jurisdiction, a barrister speaks in court and presents the case before a judge or jury. In some jurisdictions, a barrister receives additional training in law, ethics. In contrast, a solicitor generally meets with clients, does preparatory and administrative work, in this role, he or she may draft and review legal documents, interact with the client as necessary, prepare evidence, and generally manage the day-to-day administration of a lawsuit. Barristers usually have particular knowledge of law, precedent. When a solicitor in general practice is confronted with a point of law. In most countries, barristers operate as sole practitioners, and are prohibited from forming partnerships or from working as a barrister as part of a corporation, however, barristers normally band together into chambers to share clerks and operating expenses. Some chambers grow to be large and sophisticated, and have a corporate feel. In some jurisdictions, they may be employed by firms of solicitors, banks, in contrast, solicitors and attorneys work directly with the clients and are responsible for engaging a barrister with the appropriate expertise for the case. Barristers generally have little or no contact with their lay clients. All correspondence, inquiries, invoices, and so on, will be addressed to the solicitor, in court, barristers are often visibly distinguished from solicitors by their apparel. For example, in Ireland, England, and Wales, a barrister usually wears a wig, stiff collar, bands. Since January 2008, solicitor advocates have also been entitled to wear wigs, in many countries the traditional divisions between barristers and solicitors are breaking down. Barristers once enjoyed a monopoly on appearances before the courts, but in Great Britain this has now been abolished
29.
1996 Summer Olympics
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A record 197 nations, all current IOC member nations, took part in the Games, comprising 10,318 athletes. The 1996 Summer Games were the first to be staged in a different year from the Winter Games, Atlanta became the fifth American city to host the Olympic Games and the third to hold a Summer Olympic Games. Atlanta was selected on September 18,1990, in Tokyo, Japan, over Athens, Belgrade, Manchester, Melbourne, and Toronto at the 96th IOC Session. Atlantas bid to host the Summer Games that began in 1987 was considered a long-shot and this would be Torontos fourth failed attempt since 1960. The Athens bid was based on the fact that 1996 marked 100 years since the first Summer Games in Greece in 1896, though Athens would eventually host the 2004 Summer Olympics. The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics at USD4.1 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 151% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Atlanta 1996 compares with costs of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. The 1996 Olympics was predicated on the model established by the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. The cost to stage the Games was US$1.8 billion, to pay for the games, Atlanta relied on commercial sponsorship and ticket sales, resulting in a profit of $10 million. Events of the 1996 Games were held in a variety of areas, a number were held within the Olympic Ring, a 3 mi circle from the center of Atlanta. Others were held at Stone Mountain, about 20 miles outside of the city, to broaden ticket sales, other events, such as soccer, occurred in various cities in the Southeast. The opening ceremony featured Céline Dion singing The Power of the Dream, the mascot for the Olympiad was an abstract, animated character named Izzy. In contrast to the tradition of mascots of national or regional significance in the city hosting the Olympiad, Izzy was an amorphous. The 1996 Olympics were the first to have two separate opening ceremony events, Savannah, because of its geographical separation from Atlanta, had its own opening ceremonies on July 18,1996. The event featured Worldwide Connection, a composed by Savannah native Jeffrey Reed and a concert by Trisha Yearwood. Atlantas Olympic slogan Come Celebrate Our Dream was written by Jack Arogeti, the slogan was selected from more than 5,000 submitted by the public to the Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau
30.
Australian Sports Medal
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The Australian Sports Medal was an award given during 2000 to recognise achievements in Australian sport. Recipients of the award included competitors, coaches, sports scientists, office holders, the medal is circular and made of nickel-silver with a highly polished finish. The obverse design symbolises Australian sport featuring the stars of the Southern Cross, the reverse features the same lines as the obverse symbolising the athletics track, with the words ‘to commemorate Australian sporting achievement’ appearing in the raised rim of the medal. The reverse is also marked with the year ‘2000’, the medal is suspended from a 32 mm ribbon by a connector piece and ring. The ribbon’s colours are Australia’s national sporting colours green and yellow, the Prime Minister announced the creation of the Australian Sports Medal on 31 December 1998. This commemorative medal was introduced to recognise Australian sporting achievements, the medal acknowledged a range of Australians who, in different ways, contributed to the nation’s sporting success. Recipients included former competitors, coaches, sports scientists, office holders, the Australian Sports Medal was formally established on 23 December 1999 by Letters Patent. The Australian Sports Medal was awarded by the Governor-General, most of the medals were presented to people following their nomination by the sports community. Peak sports bodies recognised or funded by the Australian Sports Commission were given according to a formula based on the number of their registered competitors. All Australian parliamentarians could make nominations, the medals were progressively awarded during the year 2000. The Australian Sports Medal does not carry a post-nominal entitlement, the Australian Sports Medal has been awarded to various notable sportsmen and women and among them are, Gary Ablett, Sr Willie Carne. For contribution to Australias international standing in the sport of rugby league Cathy Freeman Rod Laver Tim Macartney-Snape, Australian Honours Order of Precedence Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal Its an Honour - Australian Government site
31.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986
32.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
33.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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The Australian Broadcasting Corporation is Australias national public broadcaster, owned and funded by the government. The ABC plays a role in the history of broadcasting in Australia. With a total budget of A$1. Founded in 1929 as the Australian Broadcasting Company, it was made a state-owned corporation on 1 July 1932 as the Australian Broadcasting Commission. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 changed the name of the organisation to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although funded and owned by the government, the ABC remains editorially independent as ensured through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983. The ABC is sometimes referred to as Aunty, originally in imitation of the British Broadcasting Corporations nickname. The first public station in Australia opened in Sydney on 23 November 1923 under the call sign 2SB with other stations in Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth. It also nationalised the Australian Broadcasting Company which had created by entertainment interests to supply programs to various radio stations. Over the next four years the stations were reformed into a broadcasting organisation through regular program relays. The Australian broadcast radio spectrum was constituted of the ABC and the commercial sector, in 1942 The Australian Broadcasting Act was passed, giving the ABC the power to decide when, and in what circumstances, political speeches should be broadcast. Directions from the Minister about whether or not to broadcast any matter now had to be made in writing and it was used only once, in 1963. In the same year, Kindergarten of the Air began on ABC Radio in Perth, cater argues that reform was urgently needed in 1945, By the end of World War II, the ABC was a decadent, hollow institution. Its authority had been compromised by a poorly drafted charter and further undermined by timid management, poor governance, in April 1945, Boyer refused to accept the post of chairman until Prime Minister Curtin issued a mandate of independence which Boyer drafted itself. The ABC commenced television broadcasting in 1956, and followed the earlier practice of naming the station after the first letter of the base state. ABN-2 Sydney was inaugurated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 5 November 1956, with the first broadcast presented by Michael Charlton, aBV-2 followed two weeks later, on 18 November 1956. Stations in other cities followed, ABQ-2, ABS-2, ABW-2. ABC-3 Canberra opened in 1961, and ABD-6 started broadcasting in 1971, although radio programs could be distributed nationally by landline, television relay facilities were not in place until the early 1960s. This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually
34.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
35.
University of Queensland
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The University of Queensland is an Australian research university primarily located in Queensland state capital city, Brisbane. UQ is Australias top ranked university for business and life sciences, the main campus occupies much of the riverside inner suburb of St Lucia, southwest of the Brisbane central business district. Other UQ campuses and facilities are located throughout Queensland, the largest of which are the Gatton campus, UQ also has establishments overseas, such as the Brunei Clinical School and the UQ-Ochsner Clinical School in Louisiana, United States. Founded in 1911, UQ is colloquially known as a sandstone university, the University of Queensland is a founding member of online higher education consortium edX, Australias research-intensive Group of Eight, and the global Universitas 21 network. The university offers associate, bachelor, master and doctoral degrees through a college, graduate school, two Nobel laureates have been associated with UQ as alumni and staff. Over recent decades, UQ has produced notable alumni across a range of professions, proposals for a university in Queensland began in the 1870s. A royal commission in 1874, chaired by Sir Charles Lilley and those against a university argued that technical rather than academic education was more important in an economy dominated by primary industry. A second royal commission in 1891 recommended the inclusion of five faculties in a new university, arts, law, medicine, science, the government, despite the findings of the royal commissions, was unwilling to commit funds to the establishment of a university. In 1894,245 students were enrolled in the extension classes, in 1906 the University Extension Movement staged the University Congress, a forum for interested delegates to promote the idea of a university. Opinion was mobilised, a fund was started and a bill for a Queensland university was prepared. Stress was laid on the aspects of university education and its importance for the commerce of Queensland. The proceedings of the congress were forwarded to the Premier of Queensland, in October 1906, sixty acres in Victoria Park were gazetted for university purposes. The University of Queensland was established by an act of parliament on 10 December 1909 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Queenslands separation from the colony of New South Wales. In 1910 the first teaching faculties were created and these included engineering, classics, mathematics and chemistry. In 1911 the first students enrolled, the universitys first classes in the Government House were held in 1911 with 83 commencing students and Sir William MacGregor is the first chancellor. The University of Queensland began to award degrees to its first group of graduating students in 1914, thus, in the early 1920s the growing university had to look for a more spacious campus as its original site in George Street, Brisbane, had limited room for expansion. In the same year, the pitch drop experiment was started by Thomas Parnell, the experiment has been described as the worlds oldest and continues to this day. Lack of finance delayed development of the St Lucia campus, hence, the construction of the universitys first building in St Lucia only began in 1938
36.
Christl Cranz
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Christl Franziska Antonia Cranz-Borchers was a German alpine ski racer. Cranz dominated international competition in the 1930s, winning world championship titles between 1934 and 1939. At the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, she won the combined competition, born in Brussels, Cranz was the older sister of Rudolf Cranz. After the break-out of World War I, Cranz and her family fled from Belgium to Traifelberg near Reutlingen, afterwards the family moved to Grindelwald and Freiburg. Alongside her apprenticeship as trainer and philologist she started a successful ski racing career, in 1934, she won all titles at the German Championship. At the world championship in St. Moritz she won the slalom and she won all titles at the world championships in 1937 and 1939. To this day, Cranz remains the most successful competitor at the World Championships, with twelve gold, in the 1930s, the championships were held annually. At the 1936 Winter Olympics, Cranz won the newly established alpine combined competition in a spectacular race, at the 1941 World Championships in Cortina dAmpezzo, Cranz won three additional titles and then retired. Taking place during World War II with only Germany-friendly athletes, the championship was not acknowledged by the International Ski Federation, in 1943, Cranz married Adolf Borchers. After the end of the war she was arrested because of her collaboration with the Nazis and was forced to do farmwork for eleven months, Cranz fled into the American Occupation Zone in 1947. Later she founded a school with her husband, which she led until 1987. Cranz was inducted into the Hall of Fame of International Womens Sports in New York
37.
Andrea Mead Lawrence
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Andrea Mead Lawrence was an American alpine ski racer. She competed in three Winter Olympics and was the first American alpine skier to win two Olympic gold medals, Mead was born in Rutland County, Vermont, to an alpine skiing family that owned and operated the Pico Peak ski area. At the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway, she was selected as captain of the U. S. womens team at age 19 and she won both the slalom and the giant slalom events. She succeeded Gretchen Fraser, who had won gold in the slalom in 1948 and she also competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics, placing fourth in the giant slalom. From 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics were also the World Championships for alpine skiing, after fighting against development at Mammoth Mountain ski area, she was elected as a Mono County supervisor in 1982, and served for 16 years. In 2003, she founded the Andrea Lawrence Institute for Mountains and Rivers, a resident of the area for over 40 years, she was also a long-time advocate for the preservation of Mono Lake and other environmental concerns. Representative Howard P. “Buck” McKeon announced legislation to rename Peak 12,240 in Mono County “Mt. Andrea Lawrence, ” in memory of Lawrence. On January 10,2013, President Obama signed into law the Mt. Andrea Lawrence Designation Act of 2011, naming peak 12,240 near Donahue Pass on the John Muir Trail, “Mt. Andrea Lawrence”. Lawrence is a member of the Vermont Sports Hall of Fame, on November 8,2013, two Vermont non-profit organizations opened a new multi-use adaptive sports and youth skiing center at Andrea Mead Lawrences home mountain of Pico Peak, Vermont. The Andrea Mead Lawrence Lodge at Pico will serve as the permanent home and base camp for the missions of Vermont Adaptive Ski and Sports. Ski Team member David Lawrence in Switzerland in March 1951 and they moved to a ranch in Parshall, Colorado in 1954 and then to Aspen in the 1960s, where she became a member of the towns planning board. The couple separated and divorced in 1967, with five young children and little money, she moved her family in 1968 to Mammoth Lakes, California, near Mammoth Mountain. Her nephew is current Wyoming Governor Matt Mead, Lawrence was diagnosed with leiomyosarcoma in 2000, from which she died on March 30,2009, several weeks before her 77th birthday
