1.
Order of the British Empire
–
There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
2.
Spouse of the Prime Minister of Australia
–
The Spouse also assists the Prime Minister in welcoming foreign dignitaries to Parliament House and the official residences. Lucy Turnbull is the spouse of the incumbent Prime Minister of Australia, the current spouse of the Prime Minister of Australia is Lucy Turnbull, who assumed the role when her husband became the Prime Minister of Australia on 15 September 2015. The Prime Ministers spouse has no official duties, some earlier spouses stayed mainly at home and took little part in public life. However, most recent Prime Ministers spouses have been involved in charities or community organisations, working to raise awareness, funds. Others were initially preoccupied with rearing children, most notably Dame Enid Lyons, in 1943, four years after her husbands death in office, she was the first woman to be elected to the House of Representatives. She was a minister in the Menzies Government from 1949 to 1951. Lucy Turnbull was appointed an Officer before her husband became Prime Minister, tamie Fraser was the first spouse of a Prime Minister to be provided with an official secretary for dealing with her correspondence. First Lady Spouse of the Governor-General of Australia Langmore, Diane, Prime Ministers Wives, The Public and Private Lives of Ten Australian Women. Mrs Prime Minister—Public Image, Private Lives
3.
Pattie Menzies
–
Dame Pattie Maie Menzies GBE was the wife of Australias longest-serving Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies. He won the seat of Indi in 1917. Pattie usually accompanied her father on electorate tours until he lost his seat in 1919, Pattie Leckie attended Fintona Girls School in Melbourne, and during this time saw Robert Menzies, but they were not formally introduced until 1919. After they met, Menzies became a visitor at her fathers home. On 27 September 1920 they were married at Kew Presbyterian Church in Melbourne, soon after their marriage, the Menzies bought the house in Howard Street, Kew, which would become their family home for 25 years. They had three surviving children, two sons and a daughter and her father was elected to the Senate in 1934, serving until 1947. In 1940 he was appointed Minister without portfolio in his son-in-laws ministry, in the 1954 New Years Honours, Pattie Menzies was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire. Her husband was knighted in 1963, but she continued to be known as Dame Pattie Menzies, in the 1967 Americas Cup challenge, the Australian syndicate headed by Sir Frank Packer raced an International 12-metre class racing yacht which was named Dame Pattie in her honour. Sir Robert Menzies died in 1978, in 1992 Dame Pattie moved back to Melbourne from Canberra to live with her daughter, Heather Henderson. She was a member and first patron of the Australian Monarchist League. Dame Pattie Menzies died on 30 August 1995, aged 96 and her ashes were interred alongside her husband within the Prime Ministers Garden at Melbourne General Cemetery. She was survived by her daughter, Heather Henderson, having outlived not only her husband, Dame Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire 1954. Miss Pattie Leckie Mrs Robert Menzies Dame Pattie Menzies GBE Australias Prime Ministers - National Archives of Australia Prentis, archived from the original on 2006-12-11
4.
Bettina Gorton
–
Bettina Gorton was the American-born wife of John Gorton, Prime Minister of Australia 1968-71. Gorton was born Bettina Edith Brown in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, USA, in 1915 to Arthur A. Brown, the president of an American bank in Cuba and her father died when she was two years old and her mother returned to her home state of Maine. She attended Bangor High School and the University of Maine and she married Gorton on 15 February 1935 at St Giles Church, Oxford, and after his studies were finished they returned to his fathers orchard near Kerang, Victoria. They had a daughter, Joanna in 1937, and two sons, Michael in 1938 and Robin in 1941, during Johns war service, Bettina ran the farm and raised the children. He entered Federal Parliament in 1950, as a Senator for Victoria and they moved to Canberra in 1958 when he was appointed a minister in the government of Robert Menzies. In 1958, in a widely publicised case, the novelist Jean Campbell sued Bettina for shares in the family company. Campbell alleged that Gorton senior had given the shares to her, the judge ruled in favour of Bettina Gorton. In 1960, she accompanied her husband on a visit to Sarawak. This led to her enrolling for a degree, at the Australian National University. She graduated with honours in Oriental Studies, and worked as a research assistant on an English-Malay dictionary. Confusion long existed over her nationality and eligibility to vote in Australian elections and she had believed herself to be ineligible to vote, as an American citizen. However the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs clarified in 1968 that as the wife of an Australian citizen she was an Australian citizen, the convoluted chain of events resulting in her holding dual citizenship is detailed in the Australian National Archives. In 1968, John Gorton became Prime Minister and they moved into The Lodge, Bettina Gorton was generally a low-profile prime ministerial spouse, but there were some significant exceptions. Gough Whitlam later praised her for making a lasting and valuable contribution to Australias relations with Indonesia, in 1969 she came to her husbands defence over an incident sparked by his Liberal colleague Edward St John, a member of the House of Representatives. Gorton had attended a dinner at the American Embassy in Canberra, accompanied not by his wife, but by Geraldine Willesee, St John criticised this, claiming Gorton had offended the embassy and embarrassed his party. Edward St John was forced to resign from the Liberal Party, Bettina Gortons other activities including officially opening Melbournes Tullamarine Airport on 9 July 1970. After John Gorton left the prime ministership in 1971, Bettina resumed her work on the English-Malay dictionary and he was knighted in 1977, and Bettina became Lady Gorton. She died, aged 68, on 2 October 1983, sir John Gorton remarried in 1993, dying in 2002
5.
Kew, Victoria
–
Kew is an inner suburb of Melbourne, Australia,6 km east from Melbournes Central Business District. Its local government area is the City of Boroondara, at the 2011 Census, Kew had a population of 23,876. Kew used to be a city in its own right, but in 1994 the cities of Kew, Hawthorn and Camberwell were amalgamated to form the City of Boroondara. The suburb borders the Yarra River to the west and north, with Hawthorn to its south, prior to the establishment of Melbourne, the area was inhabited by the Wurundjeri peoples. In the 1840s European settlers named it the Parish of Boroondara – meaning a place of shade in the Woiwurrung language. In 1838 Dight travelled down the Yarra from Heidelberg and decided to locate a mill on a site adjacent to the falls. John Hodgson established a run at Studley Park, on the eastern bank of the Yarra River. Studley House, also known as Burke Hall, built in 1857, was named after Hodgsons birthplace of Studley, Yorkshire, the house was built in the Victorian Period Italianate Revival style. Modifications were made to the house in 1875 and 1919, the house was also owned by former bookmaker, ALP lobbyist, influential Irish-Catholic and millionaire, John Wren and was donated to Xavier College by the land developer T. M. Burke. It illustrates the importance of a residence in indicating success and status in nineteenth, the nearby Villa Alba, built before 1863, is open to the public. In 1851, Crown land sales occurred in the area, one of the purchasers, Nicholas Fenwick, subdivided his land and named the region Kew, based on the thought that Kew in England was near Richmond. He also notably named its streets after British statesmen, the area quickly became a sought-after suburb for the well-to-do in Melbourne. The commercial precinct known as Kew Junction began to shape in the 1850s. The Kew Hotel opened in 1855, the Prospect Hill Hotel in 1857, the Council Hotel about 1860, the Clifton in 1869, in 1856 a site was reserved for a mental asylum next to the river. By 1871 Kew Lunatic Asylum, now known as Willsmere Estate, was completed, the Kew Cottages for children were added in 1887. The hospital was built despite objections by residents and the Kew Borough Council, Kew Cottages and Willsmere Hospital are listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. Various churches opened in the 1850s, with the first school opened by the Anglican Church in 1856, in 1875 Sacred Heart Primary School was opened. More private schools were opened in 1878, including Ruyton Girls School, other private schools soon followed, including Methodist Ladies College in 1882, Genazzano FCJ College in 1889, Trinity Grammar School in 1903, and Carey Baptist Grammar School in 1923
6.
Victoria (Australia)
–
Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
7.
Gold Coast, Queensland
–
Gold Coast is a coastal city in the Australian state of Queensland, approximately 66 kilometres south-southeast of the state capital Brisbane and immediately north of the border with New South Wales. With a census-estimated 2016 population of 638,090, The Gold Coast is the sixth-largest city in Australia, making it the largest non-capital city, the first settlement in what is now South East Queensland was as a penal colony at Redcliffe. The Gold Coast region remained uninhabited by Europeans until 1823 when explorer John Oxley landed at Mermaid Beach. The hinterlands red cedar supply attracted people to the area in the mid-19th century, later in 1875, Southport was surveyed and established and grew a reputation as a secluded holiday destination for wealthy Brisbane residents. The Gold Coast region grew significantly after the establishment of the Surfers Paradise hotel in the late 1920s and it is also the major film production hub for Queensland. Gold Coast will host the 2018 Commonwealth Games, lieutenant James Cook became the first European to note the region when he sailed along the coast on 16 May 1770 in the HM Bark Endeavour. Captain Matthew Flinders, an explorer charting the continent north from the colony of New South Wales, escaped convicts from the Moreton Bay penal settlement hid in the region. The region remained uninhabited by Europeans until 1823 when explorer John Oxley landed at Mermaid Beach. The hinterlands red cedar supply attracted people to the area in the mid-19th century, a number of small townships developed along coast and in the hinterland. The western suburb of Nerang was surveyed and established as a base for the industry, by 1873, the town reserve of Burleigh Heads had also been surveyed and successful land sales had taken place. Southport quickly grew a reputation as a holiday destination for wealthy Brisbane residents. Gold Coast was originally known as the South Coast, however, inflated prices for real estate and other goods and services led to the nickname of Gold Coast from 1950. South Coast locals initially considered the name Gold Coast derogatory, however, soon the Gold Coast simply became a convenient way to refer to the holiday strip from Southport to Coolangatta. As the tourism grew into the 1950s, local businesses began to adopt the term in their names. The area was proclaimed a city less than one year later, in 2007, Gold Coast overtook the population of Newcastle, New South Wales to become the sixth largest city in Australia and the largest non-capital city. The Gold Coast is approximately covered by forests of various types. This includes small patches of near-pristine ancient rainforest, mangrove-covered islands, of the plantation pine forests that were planted in the 1950s and 1960s, when commercial forest planting for tax minimisation was encouraged by the Commonwealth government, tiny remnants remain. Gold Coast City lies in the southeast corner of Queensland, to the south of Brisbane, the Albert River separates Gold Coast from Logan City, a suburban area of Brisbane
8.
Queensland
–
Queensland is the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Situated in the north-east of the country, it is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west, to the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. Queensland has a population of 4,750,500, concentrated along the coast, the state is the worlds sixth largest sub-national entity, with an area of 1,852,642 km2. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australias third largest city, often referred to as the Sunshine State, Queensland is home to 10 of Australias 30 largest cities and is the nations third largest economy. Tourism in the state, fuelled largely by its tropical climate, is a major industry. Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, the first European to land in Queensland was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606, who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa. In 1770, Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 by Governor Arthur Phillip at Sydney, New South Wales at that time included all of what is now Queensland, Queensland was explored in subsequent decades until the establishment of a penal colony at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. Penal transportation ceased in 1839 and free settlement was allowed from 1842, the state was named in honour of Queen Victoria, who on 6 June 1859 signed Letters Patent separating the colony from New South Wales. The 6th of June is now celebrated statewide as Queensland Day. Queensland achieved statehood with the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, the history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. The north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Spanish and French navigators before being encountered by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, the Australian Labor Party has its origin as a formal organisation in Queensland and the town of Barcaldine is the symbolic birthplace of the party. June 2009 marked the 150th anniversary of its creation as a colony from New South Wales. The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, during the last ice age Queenslands landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. This led to the worlds first seed-grinding technology, warming again made the land hospitable, which brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the states tropical rainforests. In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa and this was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people. The region was explored by French and Spanish explorers prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the United Kingdom on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia, including Queensland, the Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century
9.
Sorrento, Victoria
–
Sorrento is a township in Victoria, Australia, located on the shores of Port Phillip on the Mornington Peninsula, about one and a half hours by car south of Melbourne. It is a largely upper-class, seaside resort area, but is also a seaside township in the off-peak months of the year. It was named by the Italian founders after the southern Italian town, in 1803,30 years before the founding of Melbourne, Sullivan Bay in Sorrento became the site of Victorias first mainland European settlement. Due to a lack of water the settlement was short lived. Victorias first magistrates court, public hospital, postal service and government printing office were established in Sorrento, the first Victorian wedding, christening and funeral services were held at Sullivan Bay. The first settlement site overlooking Sullivan Bay includes graves believed to be of first settlers, Sorrento Post Office opened on 10 January 1871. A horse and steam powered tram which ran between the foreshore and the beach opened in 1890 and closed in 1920. The town has a number of historic homes and hotels which date back to the 1860s. The Australia ICOMOS charter for the conservation of places of significance in the practice of local heritage protection has listed 30 properties. Mechanics Institute, Sorrento was built in 1877 using local limestone and the building, other notable limestone buildings still standing include, Sorrento Hotel, Anglican Church, Athenaeum Theatre, Continental Hotel, Whitehall Guest House. The sandstone Presbyterian Church was built around 1880, ophir House, opposite the Masonic Lodge, a miniature Whitehall, was replaced by contemporary units. Stringers Store and Sorrento has regular bus routes and a ferry, Peninsula Searoad Transport. The Sorrento Park, established in 1870, contains a variety of trees, troy played with Sorrento in about 9 matches during 2012 when not required in the AFL, and the finals series. Ben McCormack took over the captaincy from Dave Lawson when Dave was appointed coach at Crib Point 3 years ago and its first and only Provincial First XI premiership was 1971/72 under ex-Northcote and Collingwood player Graham Burt. Forty years on, the seniors had their opportunity in a Provincial Grand Final losing to rivals Baxter in 2011/12. Sadly, a second grand final appearance failed. In 2010/2011 Ryan OConnor became the first player to win the W. B. Wedgwood medal for Sorrento, the original Macfarlan Reserve pavilion was erected in 1935 with a terraced grandstand upstairs. It was demolished and completely rebuilt in 1984 and re-opened as the Robert Keegan pavilion in 1985, several balconies have been added since
10.
Harold Holt
–
Harold Edward Holt, CH, was an Australian politician and the 17th Prime Minister of Australia from 1966 to 1967. He was born in Stanmore, New South Wales and won a scholarship to law at the University of Melbourne. Holt went into business as a solicitor, during which time he joined the United Australia Party, in 1935, aged just 27, he was elected for Fawkner. As Minister for Immigration, Holt was responsible for the relaxation of the White Australia policy and he controversially expanded Australias involvement in the Vietnam War, with the slogan All the way with LBJ. Born in Stanmore, New South Wales on 5 August 1908, Holt was the son of Thomas. He and his brother Cliff, spent their life in Sydney. In 1918, Thomas Holt divorced Olive and went to work with the Hugh D. McIntosh and he became the Tivoli-J C Williamson representative in London and New York. Meanwhile, he enrolled his sons as boarders at Wesley College in Melbourne, in 1924, when Holt was sixteen, his mother died and he did not attend her funeral. A formative event was his performance at his schools annual Speech Night in December 1926. None of his family were present, and he never forgot the loneliness he felt that night, Holt won a scholarship to Queens College at the University of Melbourne and began his law degree in 1927. He excelled in areas of university life – he won College Blues for cricket and Australian rules football, as well as the College Oratory. A member of the Melbourne Inter-University Debating team and the United Australia Organisation A Grade debating team, Holt graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1930. His father, based in London at the time, wanted him to further his studies in Britain, instead, in 1933, Holt went into sole practice as a solicitor. He later entered into a partnership, which became the firm of Holt, Graham & Newman, while at university, Holt had met Zara Kate Dickins. In 1934 they were contemplating marriage, but, after a quarrel, Zara travelled overseas, meeting Captain James Fell, a British Army officer stationed in India, whom she married in March 1935. Her first son Nicholas was born in 1937, followed by twin boys Sam and Andrew, author Tom Frame has suggested that Holt was the father of the twins. Zara and Fell subsequently divorced, and she married Holt in 1946, although they remained married until Holts death in 1967, Zara later commented that Holt had had a number of extramarital affairs. Meanwhile, Thomas Holt married Lola Thring, the daughter of his business partner F. W. Thring, while developing his legal practice, Holt was drawn to politics and joined the Prahran branch of the United Australia Party in 1933
11.
Jeff Bate
–
Henry Jefferson Percival Jeff Bate was an Australian politician, representing the United Australia Party and the Liberal Party of Australia for most of his career, but ended as an independent. Jeff Bate was born in Tilba, New South Wales, a son of Henry John Bate, a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, and his wife Lily Percival and he was educated at Newington College, The Kings School, Parramatta and the University of Sydney. He became a farmer at Bodalla, Wallaga Lake and Tilba Tilba and he won prizes for dairy fodder conservation at the Royal Agricultural Society show. He became director of the Bodalla Co-operative Dairy Company from 1927 and he was a Councillor of the Eurobodalla Shire Council 1929–37, and its President 1936–37. During World War II he served in the 2nd Australian Imperial Forces as a Lieutenant and he was a member of the Armoured Corps in 1940–45, and saw service in Egypt, Cyprus, the Middle East, New Guinea and New Britain. He followed his fathers footsteps into the NSW Legislative Assembly, where he represented the district of Wollondilly from 1938 to 1949. He represented the United Australia Party until 1945, then joined the newly founded Liberal Party of Australia and he moved to federal politics, and in 1949 he was elected as the House of Representatives member for the seat of Macarthur. Bate lost Liberal Party preselection in 1972 and he contested the December 1972 election as an independent Liberal, but finished third behind Labors John Kerin and his replacement as official Liberal candidate, Max Dunbier. He died in Canberra on 15 April 1984, aged 77
12.
Given name
–
A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
13.
Prime Minister of Australia
–
The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
14.
Melbourne
–
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
15.
Ruyton Girls' School
–
Ruyton was established in 1878 by its first principal, Charlotte Anderson. Its motto is Recte et Fideliter, meaning Upright and Faithful, Ruyton caters for approximately 850 students from three-year-old Kindergarten and Pre-Prep, to Year 12, with boys being enrolled in Kindergarten and Pre-Prep. Ruyton Girls’ School is consistently placed in the top 10 academic performing schools in Melbourne, in 2012 there were 10 perfect scores and 12% achieved an ATAR over 99. In 2011, four received the Premier’s Award and another was one of only 500 students nationwide to be recognised with an Australian Student Award. In 2008, Ruyton was ranked second in the state of Victoria based on its VCE results, Ruyton offers students the Victorian Certificate of Education program, as well as the Vocational Education and Training course. The school also offers activities such as sport, music, drama. In Years 11 and 12, students of Ruyton may study their courses with students from the nearby boys’ school. These classes are shared between Ruyton and Trinity, the two schools also collaborate in the annual Trinity-Ruyton musical. Ruyton also performs plays with Scotch College, Melbourne, an Expanding Horizons Programme is run for each year level from Year Three to Year Eleven. The program consists of an educational and challenging camp, which visits parts of Australia. Camps such as ski camp, surf camp, a journey to Australias capital Canberra. Exchange runs from Years 10 and 11 for girls who want to go overseas, sometimes girls from other schools around the world have a couple of girls come and visit Ruyton on their exchange. Girls from Years 3 to 11 are all taken on a camp, while other camps available include music camps. As with most Australian schools, Ruyton utilises a house system, Girls from Prep to Year 12 are divided into four houses, each named after a former Principal of Ruyton - Anderson, Bromby, Daniell, and Lascelles. The houses are primarily sporting houses, competing annually in athletics, swimming and they are also involved in inter-house debating and performing arts festivals. Ruytons brother school is Trinity Grammar in Kew, at VCE level, they conduct co-educational classes. Girls also may go to Trinity for classes and vice versa, from years 9-12 students from both schools are able to take part in the senior musical. Middle school plays are held in conjunction with Scotch College
16.
Toorak College, Mount Eliza
–
Toorak College is an independent, inter-denominational, day and boarding school for girls years 5 -12 and co-educational from pre school to year four. The school is located above Port Phillip Bay in Mount Eliza, the school began in 1874 as a boys school in Toorak, a suburb of Melbourne, and moved to its current location at Mount Eliza in 1928, as an independent school for girls. The college currently caters to approximately 925 students from kindergarten to year 12, including 70 boarders from years 7 to 12, Toorak College also offers co-curricular activities including a wide range of visual and performing arts and sports. Tooraks co-educational ELC and junior school has been an IB World School since November 2007, Toorak College takes its name from the township of Toorak, where it opened as a boys school on Wednesday,21 January 1874. At first, classes were held in the hall of St Johns Presbyterian Church on Jackson Street, Toorak. The founding principal was John Stevens Miller, a Scot, who had involved in several schools since his arrival in Victoria. His successor, John Thomas Craig, was also a Scot, during his years at Toorak College, Craig built the school into one of the largest privately owned schools in Melbourne, and he had a reputation as a fine educationist. After the prosperity of the 1880s, the difficulties of the next decade reduced enrolments dramatically. Craig, whose health had never been strong, leased his school to Margaret Oliver Tripp, Margaret Tripp was a lady of many educational interests and long teaching experience. Assisted by two of her sisters, she took over Toorak College on 4 February 1895 and she figures prominently in the schools history, because, in 1897, she changed Toorak College from a boys school to a school for girls. Toorak College was a small school when its next principal, Ellen Blundell Pye. She encouraged the playing of a range of such as tennis, basketball, athletics, cricket. Slowly, the number of pupils increased and a school spirit developed, expressed in the Games Song written during this period. The original building and the Red House, built by Pye to house junior boarders, still stand on Douglas Street as part of Glamorgan School, now the Toorak campus of Geelong Grammar School. Ill health forced Ellen Pye to retire at the end of 1907, and they remained for nearly thirty years. Isabella and Robina were co-principals and Barbara had charge of the boarding house, although new buildings were erected, the site at Douglas Street was no longer adequate. In 1919, the moved to Mayfield Avenue off Glenferrie Road. A severe influenza epidemic delayed the opening of classes that year until 10 March, the 230 students found their new school a very paradise of model classrooms, a playing field such as we never dreamt of, and a real chapel with stone walls and stained glass windows
17.
Liberal Party of Australia
–
The Liberal Party of Australia is a major political party in Australia. Founded in 1945 to replace the United Australia Party, the Liberal Party is one of the two parties in Australian politics, along with the Australian Labor Party. Except for a few periods, the Liberal Party and its predecessors have operated in similar coalitions since the 1920s. Internationally, the Liberal Party is affiliated to the International Democrat Union, the partys leader is Malcolm Turnbull and its deputy leader is Julie Bishop. Now the Turnbull Government, the party had been elected at the 2013 federal election as the Abbott Government which took office on 18 September 2013. At state and territory level, the Liberal Party is in office in two states, Will Hodgman Premier of Tasmania since 2014 and Gladys Berejiklian Premier of New South Wales since 2017. The party is in opposition in the states of Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, the partys ideology has been referred to as liberal, conservative, liberal-conservative, and classically liberal. The Liberal Party tends to promote economic liberalism and cultural liberalism, two past leaders of the party, Sir Robert Menzies and John Howard, are Australias two longest-serving Prime Ministers. The Liberal Party has spent more time in government than any other federal Australian political party, the contemporary Liberal Party generally advocates economic liberalism. Historically, the party has supported a higher degree of protectionism and interventionism than it has in recent decades. However, from its foundation the party has identified itself as an anti-socialist grouping of liberals, strong opposition to socialism and communism in Australia and abroad was one of its founding principles. The partys founder and longest-serving leader Robert Menzies envisaged that Australias middle class would form its main constituency, in the 1970s a left-wing middle class emerged that no longer voted Liberal. In country areas they either compete with or have a truce with the Nationals, Menzies was an ardent constitutional monarchist, who supported the Monarchy in Australia and links to the Commonwealth of Nations. Today the party is divided on the question of republicanism, with some being republicans, the Menzies Government formalised Australias alliance with America in 1951, and the party has remained a strong supporter of the mutual defence treaty. Liberal leaders from Menzies to Malcolm Fraser generally maintained Australias high tariff levels, at that time the Liberals coalition partner, the Country Party, the older of the two in the coalition, had considerable influence over the governments economic policies. Socially, while liberty and freedom of form the basis of its beliefs. A West Australian Liberal, Ken Wyatt, became the first Indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives in 2010, the party has two factions, the conservative right and the moderate left. Both factions support the market and differ mainly over their level of social conservatism
18.
Roy Grounds
–
Sir Roy Burman Grounds was one of Australias leading architects of the modern movement. Born in Melbourne, Grounds was educated at Scotch College and then the University of Melbourne, on his return to Australia, Grounds went into partnership with Geoffrey Mewton, and they introduced the international style to Melbourne. Grounds ended this partnership in 1936 and travelled in England until 1939, Grounds practised by himself between 1939 and 1942 and designed a series of houses and flats which established his reputation. After the war, Grounds was involved in setting up the curriculum for the School of Architecture at Melbourne University and he resumed his architectural practice and became interested in formal, geometrically based designs. When Grounds, Frederick Romberg and Robin Boyd formed their partnership in 1953 all were established in Victoria. Each brought substantial work to the practice and the firm became very successful, Grounds first large commission was for the Australian Academy of Science in Canberra. The construction of its reinforced concrete dome was a technical achievement. Opened in 1959, it won the Meritorious Architecture Award of the Canberra Area Committee of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, the Academy building also led to other work in Canberra, initially for the firm and later Grounds himself. Grounds opened a Canberra office in the Forrest Townhouses, which he partly financed, in 1959 the firm was awarded the commission to design the National Gallery of Victoria and Arts Centre, with Grounds named in the contract as the architect in charge. When Boyd and Romberg were mildly critical of the geometric designs that Grounds showed them. In 1962 Grounds left the partnership, taking the commission with him, under a building committee chaired by the philanthropist Ken Myer, he devoted the next twenty years of his life to the completion of the Arts Centre. His longest-serving architectural associates throughout this period, which included Monash Universitys Robert Blackwood Hall, were Alan Nelson, Fritz Suendermann, Lou Gerhardt and Allan Stillman. While the Gallery was brought in on time and budget, the complicated Yarra River site for the Concert Hall and Theatre Complex resulted in building delays, Grounds showed Queen Elizabeth II the massive excavations shortly before his death. Much of the interior designs were completed by John Truscott. Grounds was awarded the RAIA Gold Medal in 1968 and knighted in 1969, in 1969 he was elected a life fellow of the RAIA. One of his last great design successes was Hobarts iconic 18-story octagonal tower that is the part of the Wrest Point Hotel Casino complex. He died in Melbourne in 1981, in 2010, an original Grounds plan for a library was completed at the Moorilla Estate and entrance for the Museum of Old and New Art in Hobart, Tasmania
19.
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
–
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majestys Government in the United Kingdom. The prime minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party, the office is one of the Great Offices of State. The current prime minister, Theresa May, leader of the Conservative Party, was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016. The position of Prime Minister was not created, it evolved slowly and erratically over three hundred years due to acts of Parliament, political developments, and accidents of history. The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective, the origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament. The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of political parties, the introduction of mass communication. By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged, prior to 1902, the prime minister sometimes came from the House of Lords, provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons. However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the Prime Minister should always sit in the lower house. As leader of the House of Commons, the Prime Ministers authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act of 1911 which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law-making process. The Prime Minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury, certain privileges, such as residency of 10 Downing Street, are accorded to Prime Ministers by virtue of their position as First Lord of the Treasury. As the Head of Her Majestys Government the modern Prime Minister leads the Cabinet, in addition the Prime Minister leads a major political party and generally commands a majority in the House of Commons. As such the incumbent wields both legislative and executive powers, under the British system there is a unity of powers rather than separation. In the House of Commons, the Prime Minister guides the process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party. The Prime Minister also acts as the face and voice of Her Majestys Government. The British system of government is based on an uncodified constitution, in 1928, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith described this characteristic of the British constitution in his memoirs, In this country we live. Our constitutional practices do not derive their validity and sanction from any Bill which has received the assent of the King, Lords. They rest on usage, custom, convention, often of slow growth in their early stages, not always uniform, the relationships between the Prime Minister and the Sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet are defined largely by these unwritten conventions of the constitution. Many of the Prime Ministers executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still vested in the Sovereign
20.
Harold Wilson
–
James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, PC, FRS, FSS was a British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1976. Wilson narrowly won the 1964 election, going on to win an increased majority in a snap 1966 election. Wilsons first period as Prime Minister coincided with a period of low unemployment and relative economic prosperity, in 1969 Wilson sent British troops to Northern Ireland. After losing the 1970 general election to Edward Heath, he spent four years as Leader of the Opposition before the February 1974 general election resulted in a hung parliament. A period of crisis was now beginning to hit most Western countries. He took little action to pursue the Labour Party constitutions stated dedication to such nationalisation, Labour Party historians see his years in office as lost opportunities for major reforms. However, in keeping with the mood of the 1960s his government sponsored liberal changes in a number of social areas and his stated ambition of substantially improving Britains long-term economic performance remained largely unfulfilled. He lost his energy and drive in his second government 1974–76 and accomplished little as the split over Europe. Wilson was born at 4 Warneford Road, Huddersfield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England and he came from a political family, his father James Herbert Wilson was a works chemist who had been active in the Liberal Party and then joined the Labour Party. His mother Ethel was a schoolteacher before her marriage, and her brother, when Wilson was eight, he visited London and a later-to-be-famous photograph was taken of him standing on the doorstep of 10 Downing Street. He was a supporter of his football club, Huddersfield Town. Wilson won a scholarship to attend Royds Hall Grammar School, his grammar school in Huddersfield in Yorkshire. In December 1930, his father, working as an industrial chemist, was made redundant and he moved to Spital on the Wirral, Cheshire in order to do so. Wilson was educated in the Sixth Form at the Wirral Grammar School for Boys, at Oxford, Wilson was moderately active in politics as a member of the Liberal Party but was strongly influenced by G. D. H. Cole. He graduated in PPE with an outstanding first class Bachelor of Arts degree, with alphas on every paper in the examinations. Biographer Roy Jenkins says, Academically his results put him among prime ministers in the category of Peel, Gladstone, Asquith, and no one else. What he was superb at was the assimilation of knowledge, combined with an ability to keep it ordered in his mind. He continued in academia, becoming one of the youngest Oxford dons of the century at the age of 21 and he was a lecturer in Economic History at New College from 1937, and a Research Fellow at University College
21.
Robert Menzies
–
Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, KT, AK, CH, PC, QC, FAA, FRS, was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1949 to 1966. He is Australias longest-serving prime minister, serving over 18 years in total, Menzies studied law at the University of Melbourne and became one of Melbournes leading lawyers. He was Deputy Premier of Victoria from 1932 to 1934, and then transferred to federal parliament, subsequently becoming Attorney-General, in April 1939, following Lyons death, Menzies was elected leader of the United Australia Party and sworn in as prime minister. He authorised Australias entry into World War II in September 1939, on his return to Australia in August 1941, Menzies found that he had lost the support of his party and consequently resigned as prime minister. He subsequently helped to create the new Liberal Party, and was elected its leader in August 1945. At the 1949 federal election, Menzies led the Liberal–Country coalition to victory, after 1955, his government also received support from the Democratic Labor Party, a breakaway group from the Labor Party. Menzies won seven consecutive elections during his term, eventually retiring as prime minister in January 1966. Robert Gordon Menzies was born to James Menzies and Kate in Jeparit and he was the fourth of six children, with one sister and three brothers. His maternal grandfather, John Sampson, was a Cornish miner from Penzance who also came to seek his fortune on the goldfields and his father was elected to the Victorian State Parliament for the seat of Lowan in 1911 and moved with the family to Melbourne after selling the farm. His middle name, Gordon, was given to him in honour and memory of Charles George Gordon, Menziess formal education began at Humffray Street State School in Bakery Hill, Ballarat, then later at private school in Ballarat. He attended Wesley College in Melbourne and studied law at the University of Melbourne, when World War I began, Menzies was 19 years old and held a commission in the universitys militia unit. He resigned his commission at the very time others of his age and it was later stated that, since the family had made enough of a sacrifice to the war with the enlistment of two of three eligible brothers, Menzies should stay to finish his studies. Menzies himself never explained the reason why he chose not to enlist and it should be noted that the two brothers, James and Frank, who did enlist did not do so until 1915 after the landings at Anzac which belies the alleged reason. Subsequently, he was prominent in undergraduate activities and won prizes and declared himself to be a patriotic supporter of the war. In 1916 he became the editor of the Melbourne University Magazine, establishing a reputation as an unusually bright and articulate member of the undergraduate community. After graduating from the University of Melbourne in 1916 with First Class Honours in Law, Menzies was admitted to the Victorian Bar and to the High Court of Australia in 1918. Establishing his own practice in Melbourne, Menzies specialised chiefly in Constitutional law which he had read with the leading Victorian jurist and future High Court judge, Sir Owen Dixon. In 1920 Menzies served as an advocate for the Amalgamated Society of Engineers which eventually took its appeal to the High Court of Australia, the case became a landmark authority for the positive reinterpretation of Commonwealth powers over those of the States
22.
Treasurer of Australia
–
The Treasurer of Australia is the minister in the Government of Australia responsible for government expenditure and revenue raising. The Treasurer plays a key role in the policy of the government. By strong Constitutional convention, the Treasurer is always a member of the Parliament of Australia with a seat in the House of Representatives, the current Treasurer is The Hon Scott Morrison MP, whose term began on 21 September 2015. The current Minister for Revenue and Financial Services is The Hon. Kelly ODwyer MP, the Treasurer administers his functions through the Department of the Treasury and a range of other government agencies. The office is equivalent to the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the United Kingdom or the Secretary of the Treasury in the United States or, in other countries. The Treasurer is the minister in charge of government revenue and expenditure, the Treasurer also oversees financial regulation. Each year in May, the Treasurer presents the Federal Budget to the Parliament, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Service as Treasurer is seen as an important qualification for serving as Prime Minister, to date, wayne Swan and Paul Keating are currently the only two to have been named The worlds best Treasurer. Along with the Treasurer, other ministers have responsibility for the Department of the Treasury, the Treasurer together with these other ministers are known as the Treasury Ministers
23.
Portsea, Victoria
–
Portsea is a resort town suburb of Melbourne, Australia, located across Port Phillip from the Melbourne CBD. Its local government area is the Shire of Mornington Peninsula, Portsea is a popular vacation spot, located near the end of the Mornington Peninsula, between the calm waters of Port Phillip and the wild surf of Bass Strait. Portsea Post Office opened on 10 February 1877 and closed in 1987, OCS Portsea, an army establishment, was located just outside the town. Portsea is named after Portsea Island which is an island incorporated by Portsmouth, England, Portsmouth is where the first settlers to Australia set sail from. Portsea is considered by many to be the hub of Melbournes recreational scuba diving activities, no less than four scuba-related shops operate from its otherwise modest main street. Dive boats travel to both inside Port Phillip and outside Port Phillip Heads, also known as The Rip. The Portsea Pier is the home to the weedy sea dragon, as well as many other fish species. Boating traffic is frequent, and divers should be careful to avoid main boating routes, Portsea Back Beach is a big attraction in Portsea, due to its great surfing conditions and long stretch of sand. Portsea Surf Life Saving Club patrols the popular beach, as patrols are always needed during the summer period given the large waves. Corsair Rock, just at the entrance to Port Philip, is a surf spot to locals. However, it is not advised to surf there unless you are an experienced surfer and and it is considered a very dangerous location. The rip can run out as fast as 8-10 knots, golfers play at the revered Portsea Golf Club on Relph Avenue. According to the 2011 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census, Portsea had 446 residents, prominent residents include trucking magnate Lindsay Fox, Kate Baillieu and Rupert Murdochs grandson businessman David Calvert Jones, other well known residents are Eddie McGuire and Ron Walker. Several properties in Portsea have broken the Victorian price record and this occurred as recently as last year. The Australian Crawl song Hoochie Gucci Fiorucci Mama was written about Portsea, officer Cadet School, Portsea Portsea Island, Portsmouth, England, United Kingdom Portsea, a district of Portsmouth, England, United Kingdom Point Nepean
24.
Tilba, New South Wales
–
Central Tilba and Tilba Tilba are two villages near the Princes Highway in Eurobodalla Shire, New South Wales, Australia. At the 2011 census, the suburb of Central Tilba had a population of 391 people. It is the site for the series, River Cottage Australia. The area was inhabited by the Yuin Aboriginal tribe. Tilba Tilba is the name of the district, and is said to be a Thawa Aboriginal term for many waters. The town was settled during the Australian gold rushes of the nineteenth century and it was the home town of the Bate family of political renown. Central Tilba is located around 10 kilometres south south west of Narooma and is 60 kilometres north of Bega, the entire village is classified by the National Trust as the Central Tilba Conservation Area. The ABC Cheese Factory in Central Tilba was in operation from September 1891 until 2006, the Tilba Factory was purchased in 2012 by two local dairy farmers who installed new cheese making and milk bottling equipment, bringing back the tradition of dairy manufacture to the Tilba area. The milk bottled and cheese made on site are two local dairy farms, one in Tilba one in Cobargo. There are 19 locals employed at the Tilba Factory where they produce award-winning cheese, yoghurt, milk and cream, list of reduplicated Australian place names Collection of photographs including some taken by William Henry Corkhill 1846-1936 held in Pictures Collection National Library Australia
25.
Maxwell House
–
Maxwell House is a brand of coffee manufactured by a like-named division of Kraft Foods. Introduced in 1892 by wholesale grocer Joel Owsley Cheek, it was named in honor of the Maxwell House Hotel in Nashville, for many years, until the late 1980s, it was the largest-selling coffee in the United States. The companys slogan is Good to the last drop, which is incorporated into their logo and is printed on their labels. In 1884 Joel Cheek moved to Nashville and met Roger Nolley Smith, a British coffee broker who could reportedly tell the origin of a coffee simply by smelling the green beans. Over the next few years, the two worked on finding the perfect blend, and in 1892 Cheek approached the food buyer for the Maxwell House Hotel, later, the Nashville Coffee and Manufacturing Company was renamed the Cheek-Neal Coffee Company. Over the next years, the Maxwell House Coffee brand became a well-respected name that set it apart from the competition. In 1915 Cheek-Neal began using a Good to the last drop slogan to advertise their Maxwell House Coffee, for several years, the ads made no mention of Theodore Roosevelt as the phrases originator. During this time, Coca-Cola also used the slogan Good to the last drop, the phrase remains a registered trademark of the product and appears on its logo. The veracity of the Roosevelt connection to the phrase has never been historically established, in the local press coverage of Roosevelts October 21 visit, a story concerning Roosevelt and the cup of coffee he drank features a quote which does not resemble the slogan. The Maxwell House Company claimed in its own advertising that the Roosevelt story was true, in 2009, Maxwell House ran a commercial with Roosevelt repriser Joe Wiegand, who tells the Last Drop story. In 1942 General Foods Corporation, successor to the Postum Company began supplying instant coffee to the U. S. armed forces. Beginning in the fall of 1945, this product, now branded as Maxwell House Instant Coffee, entered test markets in the eastern U. S. in 1966 the company introduced Maxwell House ElectraPerk, developed specifically for electric percolators. In 1969 General Foods in the UK launched granulated coffee, using a pantomime stage format in the London Hilton for a show called Once Upon a Coffee Time, in this story, the weak Prince of Powdah and his mentor Reschem travel the world in search of blends. Meeting and falling in love with Princess Purity, and fighting the dragon Old Hat and this show was written by Michael Ingrams, produced by the Mitchell Monkhouse Agency, and designed by Malcolm Lewis and Chris Miles of Media. In 1976 the product was joined by Maxwell House A. D. C, Coffee, the name reflecting its intended use in automatic drip coffee makers such as Mr. Coffee, which were in the process of pushing aside traditional coffee-preparation methods. In 1972, the company had introduced Max-Pax ground coffee filter rings, although this method, too, has been eclipsed, the Max-Pax concept was subsequently adapted as Maxwell House Filter Packs, first so called in 1989, for use in automatic coffee makers. By the 1990s, the company had quietly discontinued formulations for specific preparation methods, the brand is now marketed in ground and measured forms, as well as in whole-bean, flavored, and varietal blends. A higher-yield ground coffee, Maxwell House Master Blend, was introduced in 1981 and Rich French Roast, Colombian Supreme, and 1892, in 1992, the company added cappuccino products to its line with Cappio Iced Cappuccino in that year and Maxwell House Cappuccino in 1993
26.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
