1.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
2.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
3.
Paul Coverdell
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Paul Douglas Coverdell was a United States Senator from Georgia, elected for the first time in 1992 and re-elected in 1998, and director of the Peace Corps from 1989 until 1991. Coverdell died from a hemorrhage in Atlanta, Georgia in 2000 while serving in the United States Senate. Coverdell was born in Des Moines, Iowa in 1939 and lived much of his childhood in the Midwest, Coverdell graduated from Lees Summit High School in Lees Summit, Missouri. And went on to graduate from the University of Missouri in 1961 with a degree in journalism, while in college, Coverdell was a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. Coverdell joined the Army in 1962 and served as a captain in Okinawa, Taiwan, after completing his service Coverdell settled in Atlanta with his wife, Nancy. Coverdell began a career in insurance, founding the firm Coverdell & Co. Inc. with his father, Coverdell was unsuccessful in his first attempt to win election to the state senate in 1968 but he ran again and won in 1970 representing north Fulton County. Coverdell began serving as Senate Minority Leader in 1974, a position he held until he left the Georgia Senate in 1989, Coverdell worked with Democrats to accomplish his goals. Roy Barnes, a Democrat who would later be elected Governor of Georgia, said that when he joined the Georgia State Senate and he showed that people of different parties could discuss their personal strengths and weaknesses, Barnes said. I never worried that Paul would disclose anything I said, during Coverdells time as Minority Leader he worked for pension reform, supported DUI legislation, and raising the legal drinking age in Georgia. In 1977 Coverdell lost an election for Andrew Young’s congressional seat to Wyche Fowler. After Coverdells loss in 1977, he began working to develop a base for national Republican candidates, in 1985 Coverdell was elected Chairman of the Georgia GOP. In 1978, Coverdell was vacationing in Maine and decided to look up former Chairman of the Republican National Committee George H. W. Bush. Coverdell found Bushs address in a book, went to his home, knocked on the door. Bush and Coverdell became close friends and over the next fourteen years Bush, in 1980, Coverdell was finance chairman in Georgia when Bush first ran for the Republican nomination for president. In 1988, Coverdell was the Southern steering committee chairman for the Bush campaign, Coverdells efforts paid off in 1988 when Bush carried Georgias twelve electoral votes. When Bush was elected president, Coverdell sent a letter, if I can help, Id like to help, Coverdell wrote. Bush appointed Coverdell to head the Peace Corps, Coverdell was sworn in as Director of the Peace Corps on May 2,1989 in a ceremony in the Oval Office. At the same time Coverdell stepped down from the Georgia State Senate, Inc to devote his time to the Peace Corps
4.
Johnny Isakson
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John Hardy Johnny Isakson is the senior United States Senator from Georgia, in office since 2005, and a member of the Republican Party. Previously, he represented Georgias 6th Congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005, born in Atlanta, Georgia, Isakson served in the Georgia Air National Guard and graduated from the University of Georgia. He opened a real estate branch for Northside Realty and later served 22 years as the companys president, after a failed bid for the Georgia House of Representatives in 1974, he was elected in 1976. He served seven terms, including four as minority leader, Isakson was the Republican candidate for governor of Georgia in 1990, but lost. Two years later, he was elected to the Georgia Senate and he unsuccessfully ran in the Republican primary in the 1996 U. S. Senate elections. After 6th District Congressman and Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich resigned, Isakson ran in the February 1999 special election to succeed him and he ran for the U. S. Senate in November 2004 after conservative Democratic incumbent Zell Miller opted not to run for re-election. With the backing of much of Georgias Republican establishment, he won both the primary and general elections by large margins and he is serving his third term after re-election to the Senate in 2016. He became the senior Senator when Saxby Chambliss retired in 2015, Isakson was born on December 28,1944 in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Julia and Edwin Andrew Isakson, a Greyhound bus driver, who later established an Atlanta real estate firm. His paternal grandparents were of Swedish descent, and his grandfather was born in Östersund. His mother is of mostly British ancestry, and her family has been in the American South since the colonial era and he received an honorary degree in Doctor of Laws from Oglethorpe University in 2009. He currently lives in the suburb of Marietta. He served in the Georgia Air National Guard from 1966 to 1972, Isakson enrolled at the University of Georgia, where he became a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon social fraternity. Shortly after graduating from UGA, he opened the first Cobb County office of Northside Realty, a prominent Atlanta-area real estate firm that his father, Ed, helped to establish. Isakson became company president in 1979, a post he held for 22 years, during which Northside became the biggest independent real estate company in the Southeast, in 1974, Isakson first ran for the Georgia House of Representatives in an eastern Cobb County district and lost. He ran again in 1976 and won and he served seven terms in the House. He won re-election unopposed in 1984 and 1988, in the last four terms he was the Republican Minority leader. In 1988, he was Co-Chair for U. S, Senator Bob Doles presidential primary campaign. He was the Republican candidate for Governor of Georgia in 1990 and he won the Republican primary with 74% of the vote in a four candidate field
5.
Pierre Howard
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Pierre DuVinage Howard, Jr. is an American attorney and politician. He served as ninth Lieutenant Governor of the US state of Georgia, Howard was born into a political family, the son of Pierre DuVinage Howard, Sr. and Caroline Ridley Howard. His great-grandfather, Thomas Coke Howard, was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives and his grandfather, William S. Howard served in the Georgia House, as well as the U. S. House of Representatives. Howard attended the University of Georgia, where he was captain of the tennis team and he graduated Phi Beta Kappa and went on to receive a law degree from the University of Georgia. In 1974, Howard married Nancy Barnes and they have two children, Christopher and Caroline. Howards pronunciation of his first name is identical to the word pier and he was elected to the Georgia State Senate, representing DeKalb Countys 42nd district. He was subsequently re-elected eight times, serving a total of 18 years, during his tenure in the Senate, Howard served eight years as assistant floor leader for Governor George Busbee and 16 years as chairman of the Senate Human Resources Committee. In 1990, Howard ran for the office of Lieutenant Governor, in that race he defeated the Republican nominee Matt Towery. Later, in March 2000 the two former political rivals formed InsiderAdvantage. com, Howard was elected to a four-year term and was re-elected in 1994. Howard focused on issues concerning Georgia families throughout his political career. In 1997, Howard announced his intention to run for governor and he was considered by many to be the front-runner for the Democratic nomination. The metro Atlanta attorney targeted rural voters, with a campaign that reimaged the candidate with humor, however, prior to the primary election, after having raised over $1 million in campaign contributions, Howard abruptly exited the race, citing family concerns. Campaign funds were returned to contributors, the Interstate 285 and Interstate 20 interchange in DeKalb County, Georgia is named in his honor
6.
Joe Frank Harris
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Joe Frank Harris is an American Democratic politician who served as the 78th Governor of the U. S. state of Georgia from 1983 to 1991. Harris was born in the Atco Mill Village of Cartersville, Georgia to Frank, Harris was the second of three children that also included brother, Fred Harris and sister, Glenda Harris Gambill. Harris went on to graduate from the University of Georgia in 1958 with a degree in business administration, while attending Georgia, he also became a member of Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity. Upon graduation Harris returned to his native Cartersville, Georgia to join his father Frank, Harris Cement Products, Inc. Harris was persuaded to run for the Georgia House of Representatives in 1964 and served nine terms. Harris became the chairman of the Appropriations Committee in 1974. When he ran for governor in 1982, Harris was seen as a long shot candidate, memphis, Tenn. -based consultant Deloss Walker played a key role in Harris successful 1982 campaign. Gov. Joe Frank Harris called himself the governor. He gave the teachers raises and took care of them, Harris is also credited with building more libraries during his term than any other governor in Georgias history. Also during his term, Harris created the Growth Strategies Commission chaired by Cartersville native, after two terms as governor, Harris was appointed to the Board of Regents for the University System of Georgia serving for seven years, two years as chairman. From 1995 through 2009 Harris served at Georgia State University as a distinguished executive fellow and he is chairman of the board of Harris Georgia Corporation, an industrial development firm that was established in 1980 in Cartersville, Georgia. He also currently serves on the Board of Directors for Aflac
7.
Roy Barnes
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Roy Eugene Barnes is an American attorney, politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 80th Governor of Georgia from 1999 to 2003. A member of the Georgia Senate from 1974 to 1990, Barnes ran unsuccessfully for Governor in 1990, Barnes then served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1992 to 1998. He ran for Governor again in 1998, handily winning the primary and it is widely believed that his support of the flag change significantly contributed to his re-election defeat in 2002. After his defeat, he resumed the practice of law and co-chaired the Aspen Institute Commission on No Child Left Behind Act and he returned to politics when he ran for Governor again in 2010, losing to Republican Nathan Deal. Roy Barnes was born on March 11,1948 in Mableton and his family owned a general store, which gave him his first exposure to politics as he listened to the conversations of the store patrons. Upon his graduation from South Cobb High School, Barnes enrolled at the University of Georgia and he was active on the debate team, and spent his summers returning home to work in the family store. He graduated with a degree in history in 1969, and one year later married Marie Dobbs of Marietta, Georgia, after college, Barnes enrolled in the University of Georgia School of Law. While there, he was elected president of the student bar association and he graduated from law school in 1972 with honors, and returned to Cobb County to work as a prosecutor in the Cobb County District Attorneys Office after serving four months in the Army. Barnes’ political career began in 1974, when he was elected by the citizens of Mableton to the Georgia State Senate, upon his election, Barnes became the youngest member of the Georgia Senate at age 26. Barnes went on to serve eight terms in the Georgia Senate, after his second term, he was named floor leader to Governor Joe Frank Harris, and was appointed chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee. After eight terms in the Georgia Senate, Barnes entered the 1990 gubernatorial election and he faced Atlanta Mayor Andrew Young and Lt. Governor Zell Miller in the Democratic Primary, Barnes was defeated by Miller, who later won the election and became an ally of Barnes. Barnes returned to politics in 1992, when he was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives and he was appointed vice chair of the Judiciary Committee, and chair of the Subcommittee on General Law. During his tenure in the Georgia House, he served on the Rules and Banks. In 1998, Barnes ran for governor again, this time defeating Secretary of State Lewis A. Massey to win the Democratic primary, the Democrats retained control of both houses of the legislature and retained all but two state level offices. Barnes also took action to change the flag of the state of Georgia. The state flag had featured the Confederate battle emblem since 1956, Barnes education reform measures included eliminating tenure for newly hired teachers and ending social promotion by requiring students to pass a test before advancing to the next grade. Teachers did not support his proposals for ending tenure and other protections for new teachers, Barnes signed the Terrell Peterson Act to protect children at risk of death due to abuse, also as a result of Terrells death
8.
Lieutenant Governor of Georgia
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The Lieutenant Governor of Georgia is a constitutional officer of the state, elected to a 4-year term by popular vote. Unlike in some states, the Lieutenant Governor is elected on a ticket from the state Governor. Constitutionally, the Lieutenant Governors primary job is to serve as President of the Senate, in the case of incapacity of the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor assumes the powers of the Governor. Should the Governor die or otherwise leave office, the Lieutenant Governor becomes Governor for the remainder of the term of office, the office of Lieutenant Governor was created by a state constitutional revision in 1945. Prior to that time, Georgia did not have such an office, elected in 1946 to be Georgias first Lieutenant Governor, Melvin Thompson became involved in the infamous Three Governors Controversy. The current Lieutenant Governor of Georgia is Casey Cagle, article V, Paragraph IV of the Georgia State Constitution details the qualifications for the office of Georgias Lieutenant Governor. In order to be eligible for the office a person must have lived in the United States for 15 years and in Georgia for six years, the Lieutenant Governor of Georgia has no restrictions on the number of times he or she can hold the office. He also began the custom of asking the Governors approval of these appointments, in November 2010, the Republican majority voted to change the senate rules, stripping the Lieutenant Governors ability to appoint the membership of senate committees. As President of the Senate the Lieutenant Governor presides over debate in the Senate, however, the Lieutenant Governor is barred from sponsoring legislation. Additionally, the President is a member of and appoints three members to the Committee on Administrative Affairs. Under the supervision of the State Senate, the President shall as a matter of course and without debate, parties Democratic Republican There are three former living U. S lieutenant governors of Georgia, the oldest U. S. lieutenant governor of Georgia being Zell Miller. Georgia Senate Georgia House of Representatives Georgia General Assembly Official Website of the Lieutenant Governor of Georgia
9.
George Busbee
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George Dekle Busbee, Sr. was an American politician who served as the 77th Governor of the U. S. state of Georgia from 1975 to 1983, and a senior partner at King & Spalding thereafter. Busbee was born in Vienna, Georgia, and attended Georgia Military College, establishing a law practice in Albany, Busbee served nine terms in the Georgia House of Representatives and was floor leader for Governor Carl Sanders. The legislature, acting under the 1824 Georgia Constitution, upheld by the United States Supreme Court, in 1974, Busbee won the Democratic nomination for governor in Jimmy Carters final year in that office. In the fall of 1974, Busbee handily defeated Ronnie Thompson, in 1976, voters approved a wholesale revision of the Georgia Constitution, which included a provision that allowed Busbee to become the states first governor to serve two consecutive four-year terms. Lt. Gov. Zell Miller opposed the amendment to allow a governor to serve two consecutive four-year terms. Busbee won election to his term in 1978 with an easy victory over moderate Republican Rodney Cook of Atlanta. After his service as governor, Busbee joined the Atlanta law firm King & Spalding, Busbee was married to the former Mary Elizabeth Mary Beth Talbot, originally from Ruston in north Louisiana. She moved to Georgia to work as a technician at Athens General Hospital in Athens. In 1952, they relocated to Albany, where remained until his inauguration as governor in January 1975. As First Lady of Georgia, Mrs. Busbee was known for her emphasis on volunteerism, in 1985, she co-authored a cookbook, Guess Whos Coming to Dinner, about favorite recipes and guests served at the governors mansion during her eight years there. Mrs. Busbee was a 40-year cancer survivor, the Busbees had four children, Beth Kindt and husband John, Jan Curtis and husband Carlton, George D. Busbee, Jr. and wife Tammy, and Jeff Busbee and wife Kelly. After the governorship, the Busbees started a church in their home while they resided in Duluth and that congregation is now the Parkway Baptist Church. Busbee died of an attack at the Savannah International Airport in Savannah. George Busbee Parkway and Busbee Drive in the Town Center Mall area of Cobb County are named in his honor, new Georgia Encyclopedia profile of George Busbee
10.
Lester Maddox
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Lester Garfield Maddox, Sr. was an American politician who served as the 75th Governor of the U. S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. A populist Democrat, Maddox came to prominence as a staunch segregationist, later he served as Lieutenant Governor during the time that Jimmy Carter was Governor. Maddox was born in Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, the second of seven born to Dean Garfield Maddox, a steelworker, and his wife. Maddox left school shortly before graduation to help support the family by taking odd jobs, including real estate and he received his high school diploma through correspondence courses. Maddox worked at the Bell Bomber factory in Marietta, Georgia during World War II, in 1944, Maddox, along with his wife, Hattie Virginia, used $400 in savings to open a combination grocery store and restaurant called Lesters Grill. Building on that success, the couple bought property on Hemphill Avenue off the Georgia Tech campus to open up the Pickrick Restaurant. Maddox made the Pickrick a family affair, with his wife, known for its simple, inexpensive Southern cuisine, including its specialty, skillet-fried chicken, the Pickrick soon became a thriving business. The restaurant also provided Maddox with his first political forum and he placed advertising which featured cartoon chickens in the Atlanta newspapers. Following the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision of the United States Supreme Court, however, Maddoxs refusal to adjust to changes following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 manifested itself when he filed a lawsuit to continue his segregationist policies. Maddox said that he would close his restaurant rather than serve African Americans, an initial group of black demonstrators came to the restaurant but did not enter when Maddox informed them that he had a large number of black employees. In April 1964, more African Americans attempted to enter the restaurant, Maddox confronted the group with a bare ax handle. The invasion Maddox referred to above were three black Georgia Tech students who had asked to be seated, Maddox became a martyr to segregationist advocates by leasing and then selling the restaurant to employees rather than agreeing to serve black customers. He claimed that the issue was not hostility to blacks but constitutional property rights and he even built a monument to private property rights near the restaurant. During a trial for contempt of court on September 29, Maddox argued against the charges because he was no longer offering service to out-of-state travelers or integrationists. Maddox ultimately closed his restaurant on February 7,1965 rather than integrate it, he claimed that President Lyndon Johnson, the building was purchased by Georgia Tech in 1965 and was used for many years as the placement center and was later known as the Ajax building. It was demolished on May 14 and 15,2009, during his ownership of the Pickrick, Maddox, a Democrat, failed in two bids for mayor of Atlanta. In 1957, he lost to incumbent William B, hartsfield, for whom the large airport is named. Hartsfield had pursued a moderate approach to racial matters
11.
Young Harris, Georgia
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Young Harris is a city in Towns County, Georgia, United States. The population was 604 at the 2000 census, Young Harris is home to Young Harris College, after which it was named. Young Harris is located at 34°56′3″N 83°50′52″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.0 square mile, all land. These are cities within an approximate 15 mile radius of Young Harris, as of the 2010 United States Census, there were 899 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 9% White,2. 6% Black,0. 4% Native American,1. 2% Asian,0. 1% from some other race and 0. 8% from two or more races. 4. 0% were Hispanic or Latino of any race, as of the census of 2000, there were 604 people,112 households, and 74 families residing in the city. The population density was 591.2 people per square mile, there were 134 housing units at an average density of 131.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 52% White,1. 66% African American,0. 33% Native American,0. 50% Asian, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 83% of the population. 32. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.74. In the city the population was out with 8. 6% under the age of 18,62. 6% from 18 to 24,8. 9% from 25 to 44,11. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 20 years, for every 100 females there were 69.69 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 67.3 males, the median income for a household in the city was $38,250, and the median income for a family was $46,071. Males had an income of $35,313 versus $40,625 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,533, about 6. 3% of families and 10. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 5% of those under age 18 and 18. 8% of those age 65 or over. Young Harris was originally named McTyeire, after Bishop Holland McTyeire and it was later renamed to honor Judge Young L. G. Harris, the benefactor of McTyeire Institute. Senator Zell Miller was born in and continues to live in Young Harris and he was mayor of the small town from 1959-1960
12.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
13.
Young Harris College
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Young Harris College is a private, four-year Methodist-affiliated liberal arts college located in the mountains of northeast Georgia. The current president is Cathy Cox, former Georgia Secretary of State, the school was founded in 1886 by Reverend Artemas Lester, a circuit-riding Methodist minister who wanted to provide the residents of the Appalachian Mountains with an education. Originally known as McTyeire Institute for the village where the school was located. Harris, donated money to keep the school open. The school was later renamed Young Harris College in honor of its benefactor, a fire destroyed the colleges main classroom building in 1911, but it was rebuilt by local townspeople and named Sharp Hall in honor of the college president at the time. The Young Harris Academy was founded in the late 19th century, margaret Adger Pitts, who died in 1998, left an estate valued at $192 million, mostly in Coca-Cola stock acquired by her father in the 1920s. YHC was one of four Georgia entities named to receive the dividends and trust proceeds. The college announced that the money would be used for scholarships, improvements to the campus, since the early 1910s, YHC was a two-year school, granting associates degrees. In February 2010, Young Harris accreditation was expanded to include studies, history, outdoor leadership, theatre. Young Harris College serves a student body population of over 1,100 students, the college has stated its intent to increase enrollment to 1,200 over the next few years. To support this growth, Young Harris has begun to hire significant new faculty, enotah Hall, a new residence facility for 200 students, opened in August 2009 between Manget Hall and Rollins Hall. Its suites are arranged with two-bedrooms and two baths for four students, and include computer study spaces, rooms for music practice and it was designed to be energy efficient and received a LEED Silver certification. Construction began on April 24,2009 on a new, $15 million,57,000 sq ft Recreation and Fitness Center. In addition to the center, there is an elevated track. The complex contains a 1,100 seat arena for competition in basketball and volleyball. The lower level houses locker rooms and offices for coaches and staff and it opened in late July,2010 with a tour by college president Cathy Cox. The Rec center also received LEED certification, the last of three projects approved for construction in 2008 was the largest ever built at Young Harris. The design of the Rollins Campus Center was finalized with 125,000 sq ft of space with a projected cost of $41 million
14.
University of Georgia
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Its primary location is a 762-acre campus adjacent to the college town of Athens, Georgia, approximately an hours drive from the global city of Atlanta. The university has been labeled one of the Public Ivies, a publicly funded university considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League. The university was founded in 1785 as the United States first state-chartered university and its historic North Campus is on the U. S. National Register of Historic Places as a designated historic district. The contiguous campus areas include rolling hills, gardens, and extensive green space including nature walks, fields, shrubbery, and large and varied arboreta. Close to the campus is the universitys 58-acre Health Sciences Campus that also has an extensive landscaped green space, more than 400 trees. The university offers over 140 degree programs in an array of disciplines. Consisting of thirteen separate libraries, the UGA Libraries rank among the nation’s largest and best research libraries containing 5.7 million volumes, the University of Georgia is one of 126 member institutions that comprise the Association of Research Libraries. The university is organized into seventeen schools and colleges, the university has three primary campuses. The largest one is the campus in Athens that has 460 buildings. The university has two campuses located in Atlanta and Lawrenceville, Georgia. The university operates several service and outreach stations spread across the state, the total acreage of the university in 30 Georgia counties is 41,539 acres. Varsity and intramural student athletics are a part of student life. UGA served as a member of the SEC in 1932. In their 121-year history, the varsity sports teams have won 39 national championships and 130 conference championships. The Georgia Redcoat Marching Band, the marching band of the university, plays at sports. The Senatus Academicus was composed of the Board of Visitors and the Board of Trustees with the Georgia Senate presiding over those two boards, the first meeting of the universitys board of trustees was held in Augusta, Georgia on February 13,1786. The meeting installed its first president, Abraham Baldwin, a native of Connecticut, Baldwin was a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional Convention, and one of two Georgia delegates to sign the final document. Many features on the University of Georgia campus resemble the campus of Yale, on July 2,1799, the Senatus Academicus met again in Louisville, Georgia and decided that the time was right to open the university
15.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
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United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
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Sergeant
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Sergeant is a rank in many uniformed organizations, principally military and policing forces. Its origin is the Latin serviens, one who serves, through the French term sergent, the term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant. In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad, in Commonwealth armies, it is a more senior rank, corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command. In the United States Army, sergeant is a junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader. More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant, for example staff sergeant, many countries use sergeant rank, whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language. The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqeeb, meaning overseer or watcher, in medieval European usage, a sergeant was simply any attendant or officer with a protective duty. Any medieval knight or military order of knighthood might have sergeants-at-arms, the etymology of the term is from Anglo-French sergant, serjant servant, valet, court official, soldier, from Middle Latin servientem servant, vassal, soldier. Later, a sergeant was a man of what would now be thought of as the middle class. Sergeants could fight either as heavy to light cavalry, or as well trained professional infantry, most notable medieval mercenaries fell into the sergeant class, such as Flemish crossbowmen and spearmen, who were seen as reliable quality troops. The sergeant class was deemed to be half of a knight in military value. A specific kind of military sergeant was the serjeant-at-arms, one of a body of armed men retained by English lords, the title is now given to an officer in modern legislative bodies who is charged with keeping order during meetings and, if necessary, forcibly removing disruptive members. The responsibilities of a sergeant differ from army to army, there are usually several ranks of sergeant, each corresponding to greater experience and responsibility for the daily lives of the soldiers of larger units. Sergeant is a rank in both the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force, the ranks are equivalent to each other and the Royal Australian Navy rank of petty officer. The Australian Army rank of sergeant is now redundant and is no longer awarded, due to being outside the rank equivalencies. Chief petty officers and flight sergeants are not required to call a warrant officer class two sir in accordance with Australian Defence Force Regulations 1952. The rank of sergeant exists in all Australian police forces and is more senior than a constable or senior constable, New South Wales Police Force, for example, has the additional rank of incremental sergeant. This is a progression, following appointment as a sergeant for seven years. An incremental sergeant rank is less senior than a senior sergeant but is more senior than a sergeant, upon appointment as a sergeant or senior sergeant, the sergeant is given a warrant of appointment under the commissioners hand and seal
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U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
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Conservative Democrat
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In American politics, a conservative Democrat is a member of the Democratic Party with conservative political views, or with views relatively conservative with respect to those of the national party. During this period, conservative Democrats formed the Democratic half of the conservative coalition, after 1964, the conservative wing assumed a greater presence in the Republican Party, although it did not become the mainstay of the party until the nomination of Ronald Reagan in 1980. The Democratic Party retained its conservative wing through the 1970s with the help of machine politics. This political realignment was complete by 1980. In 2008, the Democrats nominated Barack Obama for President, he was the first nominee since 1988 that was not a member of the moderate Democratic Leadership Council, in 2005, Georgia Senator Zell Miller, arguably the last traditional conservative Southern Democrat, retired. Since 1994, conservative and moderate Democrats have been organized in the House of Representatives as the Blue Dog Democrats and New Democrats, respectively. The modern view of a conservative Democrat is a Democrat who is conservative, with a moderate or conservative foreign policy. Some members of the wing of the Democratic Party apply the term Democrat in name only to conservative Democrats. According to a 2015 poll from the Pew Research Center, it found that in 54% of conservative and moderate Democrats support same-sex marriage in 2015, a 2015 Gallup poll found that 19% of Democrats identity themselves as conservative, a decline of 6% from 2000. The 1828 presidential election marked the beginning of the Democratic Party as a modern, jacksons supporters dropped the Republican part of the name and became known as the Democratic Party. Andrew Jackson is notable as the first U. S. President to be elected from the rather than from the East Coast. The Democratic Party split along regional lines for the first time in 1860 over slavery and this split between southern and northern factions led to a brand new party in 1854, the Republican Party and its candidate Abraham Lincoln being elected in 1860. The Civil War followed shortly thereafter, in 1865, the 13th Amendment—abolishing slavery—became part of the Constitution when it was ratified by three-quarters of the states. Despite protests from the Democrats, the Republican Party made banning slavery part of its platform in 1864. Senator Lyman Trumbull wrote the version of the text, combining the proposed wordings of several other Republican congressmen. The Solid South describes the reliable support of the U. S. Southern states for Democratic Party candidates for almost a century after the Reconstruction era, except for 1928, when Catholic candidate Al Smith ran on the Democratic ticket, Democrats won heavily in the South in every Presidential election from 1876 until 1964. The Democratic dominance originated in many Southerners animosity towards the Republican Partys role in the Civil War, the United States Populist Party, United States Greenback Party, and the Agrarianism movement are often cited as the first truly left-wing political movements within the United States
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Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
22.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
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George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
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John Kerry
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John Forbes Kerry is an American politician who served as the 68th United States Secretary of State from 2013 to 2017. A Democrat, he previously served Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1985 to 2013 and he was the Democratic nominee in the 2004 presidential election, losing narrowly to Republican incumbent George W. Bush. Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and he graduated from Yale University in 1966 with a major in political science. Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966, and between 1968 and 1969, he served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge of a Swift Boat. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal and he appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of war crimes. After receiving a J. D. from Boston College Law School and he served as Lieutenant Governor under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran–Contra affair, Kerry was re-elected to additional terms in 1990,1996,2002, and 2008. In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War and he and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U. S. Senate, John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11,1943, in Aurora, Colorado, at Fitzsimons Army Hospital. He is the second of four born to Richard John Kerry, a Foreign Service officer and lawyer, and Rosemary Isabel Forbes. His father was raised Catholic and his mother was Episcopalian and he was raised with an elder sister named Margaret, a younger sister named Diana and a younger brother named Cameron. The children were raised in their fathers faith, John Kerry served as an altar boy, Kerry grew up a military brat until his father was discharged from the Army Air Corps, causing the family to settle in Washington, D. C. in 1949. While in Washington, Richard took a spot in the Department of the Navys Office of General Counsel and his extended maternal family enjoyed great wealth as members of the Forbes and Dudley–Winthrop families. Kerrys parents themselves were upper-middle class, and a great aunt paid for him to attend elite boarding schools. In 1957, his father was stationed at the U. S. Embassy in Oslo, Norway, and Kerry was sent back to the United States to attend boarding school. He first attended the Fessenden School in Newton, Massachusetts, and later St. Pauls, Concord, New Hampshire, Kerry founded the John Winant Society at St. Pauls to debate the issues of the day, the Society still exists there. In 1962, Kerry entered Yale University, majoring in political science and he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1966
25.
United States presidential election, 2004
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The United States presidential election of 2004, the 55th quadrennial presidential election, was held on Tuesday, November 2,2004. Republican Party candidate and incumbent President George W. Bush won re-election, defeating Democratic Party candidate John Kerry, Senator from Massachusetts and eventual United States Secretary of State. Bush and incumbent Vice President Dick Cheney were renominated by their party with no difficulty, Howard Dean, former Governor of Vermont, was initially the frontrunner for the Democratic Partys nomination, but Kerry won nearly all of the primaries and caucuses. Kerry chose Senator John Edwards of North Carolina, who had himself sought that partys 2004 presidential nomination, foreign policy was the dominant theme throughout the election campaign, particularly Bushs conduct of the War on Terrorism and the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Domestic issues were debated as well, including the economy and jobs, health care, as of 2016, this was also the most recent election in which the Republican candidate won the popular vote. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 votes to Kerrys 251, as of 2016, this marks the last election in which Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico and Virginia voted for the Republican candidate. Just eight months into his presidency, the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001, Bushs approval ratings surged to near 90%. Within a month, the forces of a coalition led by the United States entered Afghanistan, by December, the Taliban had been removed, although a long and ongoing reconstruction would follow. The Bush administration then turned its attention to Iraq, and argued the need to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq had become urgent. Among the stated reasons were that Saddams regime had tried to acquire nuclear material and had not properly accounted for biological and chemical material it was known to have previously possessed. Both the possession of weapons of mass destruction, and the failure to account for them. The United States invaded Iraq on March 20,2003, along with a coalition of the willing that consisted of troops from the United Kingdom. Within about three weeks, the invasion caused the collapse of both the Iraqi government and its forces, however, the U. S. Bushs approval rating in May was at 66%, according to a CNN–USA Today–Gallup poll, however, Bushs high approval ratings did not last. Bushs popularity rose as a president, and he was able to ward off any serious challenge to the Republican nomination. Senator Lincoln Chafee from Rhode Island considered challenging Bush on a platform in New Hampshire. On March 10,2004, Bush officially clinched the number of delegates needed to be nominated at the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City and he accepted the nomination on September 2,2004, and retained Vice President Dick Cheney as his running mate. During the convention and throughout the campaign, Bush focused on two themes, defending America against terrorism and building an ownership society, Senator from North Carolina Howard Dean, former Governor of Vermont Wesley Clark, retired U. S
26.
McKenna Long & Aldridge
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McKenna Long & Aldridge LLP was a United States-based international law and public policy firm with more than 575 attorneys and public policy advisors in 15 offices and 13 markets. In 2012, the government contracts practice marked its 54th year making it the oldest government contracts practice in the U. S. The firm merged with Dentons, a large US law firm, McKenna Long & Aldridge was formed by the 2002 merger of two firms—the Washington, DC-based McKenna & Cuneo and the Atlanta-based Long Aldridge & Norman. The firm that would become McKenna & Cuneo was founded in 1939 by Franklin D. Roosevelts former attorney general, Homer Stille Cummings. In a December 1999 profile of McKenna & Cuneo, the Legal Times noted that early lawyers at the firm, Gilbert Cuneo, the firm that would become Long Aldridge & Norman was founded in 1974 by Clay Long, John Aldridge and Bill Stevens. The firm focused on corporate and business law through its Atlanta and Washington, in 2012, MLA and San Diego-based law firm Luce, Forward, Hamilton & Scripps LLP combined practices. The merged firms operate under the name McKenna Long & Aldridge LLP, in April 2015, it was agreed that the firm would merge with the law firm Dentons, which was completed in June 2015. The firm represented the government of Canada in connection with the record-breaking reorganizations of Chrysler, the firm served as lead counsel in both transactions for the government of Canada. The firm advised the government of Canada on the sale of Chrysler that resulted in an alliance with Italian car maker Fiat. The firm’s assisted the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation in what is believed to be the first contested union election conducted under a tribal labor statute. The tribe owns and operates Foxwoods Resort Casino and hired the firm when the United Food and Commercial Workers Union sought to unionize Foxwoods’ bartenders, luis A. Aguilar, Democratic commissioner of the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission in 2008. Phillip Carter, Iraq War veteran and former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Detainee Affairs, Homer Stille Cummings, U. S. Attorney General and McKenna & Cuneo co-founder. Paul McHale, former Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense, william F. McKenna, Chair of The President’s Commission on Housing, Chair of the Federal Savings and Loan Advisory Council, and McKenna, Conner, & Cuneo co-founder. Relations and a political appointee in the Clinton Administration Josh Hochberg, court appointed Examiner in the Washington Mutual. Senator Paul Coverdell Anthony A. Williams, fifth mayor of the District of Columbia, the firm maintains 15 offices in 13 markets in the United States, Europe, and Asia. The National Law Journal NLJ250, 101st largest firm in the United States in 2011, the American Lawyer AmLaw 200, 100th largest firm in the United States, by gross revenue, in 2011. The Chambers USA Guide,12 practice groups and 30 lawyers ranked,2010 edition, Legal Times’ “Influence 50”, Survey ranked MLA 10th on its law firm list and 14th on its overall list based on 2008 revenues. Legal 500, Recommends MLA as a “tier one” firm for mergers, official website Chambers and Partners profile Government Contracts, Nationwide, Chambers and Partners
27.
Fox News
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Fox News, officially known as the Fox News Channel, is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. As of February 2015, approximately 94,700,000 American households receive the Fox News Channel, the channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York City, New York. The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch, who hired former Republican Party media consultant and it launched on October 7,1996, to 17 million cable subscribers. It grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become a dominant cable news network in the United States, Rupert Murdoch is the current chairman and acting CEO of Fox News. Fox News Channel has been accused of biased reporting and promoting the Republican Party, critics have cited the channel as detrimental to the integrity of news overall. Fox News Channel employees have responded that news reporting operates independently of its opinion and commentary programming, in July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced that Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50 percent of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. A year later, 20th Century Fox earned $5.6 million in its third period ended May 31,1986. Prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporations BSkyB subsidiary began Europes first 24-hour news channel in the United Kingdom in 1989, in February 1996, after former U. S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive Roger Ailes left cable television channel Americas Talking, Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before its launch on October 7,1996. At its debut 17 million households were able to watch FNC, however, it was absent from the markets of New York City. Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics, interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneiders fast-paced delivery of the news, during the evening, Fox featured opinion shows, The OReilly Report, The Crier Report and Hannity & Colmes. From the beginning, FNC has placed emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and attention-getting, this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, Fox News also created the Fox News Alert, which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking news story occurred. To accelerate its adoption by cable providers, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel and this contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed that this violated an agreement, citing its agreement to keep its U. S. City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warners cable franchises in the city, during the September 11,2001 attacks, Fox News was the first news organization to run a news ticker on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day
28.
Atlanta
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
29.
Emory University
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Emory University is a private research university in metropolitan Atlanta, located in the Druid Hills section of DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. The university was founded as Emory College in 1836 in Oxford, in 1915, the college relocated to metropolitan Atlanta and was rechartered as Emory University. The university is the second-oldest private institution of education in Georgia. Emory University, the Georgia Institute of Technology, and Peking University in Beijing, the university operates the Confucius Institute in Atlanta in partnership with Nanjing University. Emory has a faculty research partnership with the Korea Advanced Institute of Science. Emory University students come from all 50 states,6 territories of the United States, the university operates the Winship Cancer Institute, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and many disease and vaccine research centers. Emory University is the coordinator of both the NIAIDs Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center and the U. S. Health Departments National Ebola Training and Education Center, the university is one of four institutions involved in the NIAIDs Tuberculosis Research Units Program. The university is partnered with the Carter Center, the National Science Foundation ranked the university 36th among academic institutions in the United States for research and development expenditures. Emory University research is funded primarily by government agencies, namely the National Institutes of Health. In 1995 Emory University was elected to the Association of American Universities, Emory College was founded in 1836 in Oxford, Georgia by the Methodist Episcopal Church. The college was named in honor of the departed Methodist bishop John Emory, ignatius Alphonso Few was the colleges first president. In 1854, the Atlanta Medical College, a forerunner of Emory University School of Medicine, was founded, on April 12,1861, the American Civil War began. Emory College was closed in November 1861 and all of its students enlisted on the Confederate side, in late 1863 the war came to Georgia and the college was used as hospital and later a headquarters for the Union Army. The university produced many officers who served in the war, including General George Thomas Anderson who fought in every major battle in the eastern theater. Thirty five Emory students lost their lives and much of the campus was destroyed during the war, Emory College, as with the entire Southeastern United States, struggled to overcome financial devastation during the Reconstruction Era. In 1880, Atticus Greene Haygood, Emory College President, delivered a speech expressing gratitude for the end of slavery in the United States, which captured the attention of George I. Seney gave Emory College $5,000 to repay its debts, $50,000 for construction, in the 1880s, the technology department was launched by Isaac Stiles Hopkins, a polymath professor at Emory College
30.
Armistice
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An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, since it may constitute only a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace and it is derived from the Latin arma, meaning arms and -stitium, meaning a stopping. The United Nations Security Council often imposes, or tries to impose, armistices are always negotiated between the parties themselves and are thus generally seen as more binding than non-mandatory UN cease-fire resolutions in modern international law. An armistice is a modus vivendi and is not the same as a peace treaty, the 1953 Korean War Armistice Agreement is a major example of an armistice which has not been followed by a peace treaty. Armistice is also different from a truce or ceasefire, which refer to a cessation of hostilities for an agreed limited time or within a limited area. A truce may be needed in order to negotiate an armistice, under international law an armistice is a legal agreement which ends fighting between the belligerent parties of a war or conflict. The Hague II Treaty, says If duration is not fixed, the parties can resume fighting as they choose and this is in comparison to a fixed duration armistice, where the parties can renew fighting only at the end of the particular fixed duration. Most countries changed the name of the holiday after World War II, to veterans of that. Most member states of the Commonwealth of Nations adopted the name Remembrance Day, archived from the original on 2 February 2007. The Expanded Cease-Fires Data Set Code Book
31.
Public intoxication
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Public intoxication, also known as drunk and disorderly and drunk in public, is a summary offense in some countries rated to public cases or displays of drunkenness. While it is illegal in most states and territories of Australia to be drunk and disorderly. This includes transporting the IP to his or her residence or temporary detention at a station or other welfare establishment until the intoxicated person is sober. This particular approach is not unique to Australia in any real capacity as the attitude is effectively adopted in most nations where alcohol consumption is common. In Victoria being drunk in a place and drunk and disorderly in a public place are separate offences contained in the Summary Offences Act 1966 which have their own power of arrest. Recent changes to allow police to issue an infringement notice for these offences in addition to the traditional method of charging and bailing the offender to the Magistrates Court. The current fine attached to the infringement notice is $590.00 for a first offence, a person arrested for being drunk or drunk and disorderly is held at the Melbourne Custody Centre or the cells at a police station or placed in the care of a friend or relative. In New South Wales police have the discretion to issue on the fines or infringement notices for drunk in public. Community Legal Centres across the state complain about these fines and the impact it has had on various members of the community, including young people. Prosecution is generally only considered if the person is violent or other offenses have been committed, as an example, a Drunk and Disorderly Fine in the State of New South Wales starts at $550. In Canada, liquor laws are made by the provinces and not the federal government, in British Columbia, drinking in public and public intoxication are offenses. If an event is to place in public with alcohol it must have a permit. In Ontario, drinking in public and public intoxication are offenses, having an open container in public garners an $125 fine. Public drunkenness garners a $65 fine and detainment until sober, if an event is to take place in public with alcohol it must have a permit. While liquor laws are similar from province to province, the laws in the Territories tend to be substantially different, for instance, in the Northwest Territories public intoxication can result in imprisonment or detention in a medical facility for up to 24 hours. In the United Kingdom, there are a number of offences dealing with intoxication, the police will only get involved if the person is so drunk they are unable to act in a reasonable manner, such as passing out on the street. In that case typically the police will, depending on the circumstances, once fit to be dealt with the detained person will normally either be cautioned, be issued with a Penalty Notice for Disorder or bailed to appear at the local court. The court in turn may issue a fine, there are also many more specific offences, including driving a motor vehicle while drunk and riding a cycle while unfit through drink
32.
United States Marine Corps Recruit Training
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United States Marine Corps Recruit Training is a 13-week program of initial training that each recruit must successfully complete in order to serve in the United States Marine Corps. Male recruits from the 8th, 9th and 12th recruiting districts are sent to MCRD San Diego, all recruits from the 1st, 4th and 6th recruiting districts and all female recruits are sent to Parris Island. Those desiring to become officers attend training at Officer Candidates School at Marine Corps Base Quantico in Virginia, for a maximum score, male recruits must complete the run in 18 minutes, perform 100 crunches in 2 minutes, and do 20 pull ups. All recruits must fit the strictest height and weight standards, in Helmet for My Pillow, his World War II memoir, journalist Robert Leckie wrote of Marine Corps Recruit Training that It is a process of surrender. At every turn, at every hour, it seemed, a habit or a preference had to be given up, even in the mess hall we learned that nothing mattered so little as a mans own likes or dislikes. Worst in this process of surrender was the refusal to permit a man the slightest privacy. Leckie added that If you are undone in Parris Island, taken apart in those first few weeks, an average day typically begins at 0400. Reveille is sounded and all recruits present themselves for accountability, after personal hygiene and morning clean-up, recruits will perform physical training. After the morning meal, the recruits begin the days scheduled training, on Sundays, recruits are offered the morning to attend various religious services and personal time. After the noon meal, the days training continues until the evening meal, after this time, recruits will have hygiene time to shower, clean their weapons, and clean their barracks. Recruits are not free from their Drill Instructors or allowed to leave the bay during this time. In preparation to sleep, recruits may hydrate, pray together for five minutes, ensure footlockers and rifles are locked, lights-out can range from 2000 to 2200, depending on the next days activities. Recruits are organized by regiment, battalion, company, platoon, squad, a Recruit Training Regiment is composed of three recruit training battalions. All three of the battalions are made up of four companies, while the female battalion comprises three. Each company is much like a class at an education institution, each company begins. Thus, each of the companies will be at a different stage in the thirteen week training cycle, each series is broken down into a number of platoons, usually from two to four in each. These platoons will be the unit for recruit training, assigned a four digit number as identification. Drill instructors are assigned to each platoon, and will usually stay from the beginning to the end of training, the Senior Drill Instructor of each platoon will select recruits to billets of responsibility, to mimic command and staff positions of a Marine unit
33.
Georgia State Senate
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The Georgia State Senate is the upper house of the Georgia General Assembly. According to the constitution of 1983, this body is to be composed of no more than 56 members elected for two-year terms. Current state law provides for 56 members, elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years. Senators must be at least 25 years old, a citizen of the United States, the highest position in the Senate is the President of the Senate, a position currently held by Lieutenant Governor Casey Cagle. The second highest position is that of President Pro Tempore, currently held by Senator David Shafer, the presiding officer of the Senate is the President of the Senate. A President Pro Tempore, usually a member of the majority party. In case of the death, resignation, or permanent disability of the President or in the event of the succession of the President to the executive power, the Senate also has as an officer the Secretary of the Senate
34.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
35.
Racial segregation
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SMPTE color bars is a television test pattern used where the NTSC video standard is utilized, including countries in North America. The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers refers to this test pattern as Engineering Guideline EG 1-1990, the components of this pattern are a known standard. The pattern is used for setting a television monitor or receiver to reproduce NTSC chrominance and luminance information correctly. The color bar test pattern was originally conceived by Norbert D. Larky of RCA Laboratories, U. S. patent 2,742,525 Color Test Pattern Generator was awarded on April 17,1956 to Norbert D. Larky and David D. Holmes. Previously categorized by SMPTE as ECR 1-1978, the development of this test pattern was awarded an Engineering Emmy in 2001-2002, the Color bar signal is generated with unconventionally slow rise and fall time value to facilitate video level control and monitor color adjustments of HDTV and SDTV equipment. In a survey of the top standards of the organizations first 100 years, in a SMPTE color bar image, the top two-thirds of the television picture contain seven vertical bars of 75% intensity. In order from left to right, the colors are white, yellow, cyan, green, magenta, red, and blue. The graticule of a vectorscope is etched with boxes showing the regions where the traces from these seven bars are supposed to fall if the signal is properly adjusted. Below the main set of seven bars is a strip of blue, magenta, cyan, the bottom section of the test pattern contains a square of 100% intensity white and a rectangle of 7. 5% intensity black, for use in setting the luminance range. More modern versions of the feature a pluge pulse. The white square lines up so that it is below the green and cyan bars, on a waveform monitor this will show up with the white bar overlapping the peak of the yellow, the pluge pulse is positioned within the black rectangle, below the red bar. It comprises three vertical bars, a rightmost one with intensity 4% above black level, a middle one with intensity exactly equal to black. When a monitor is properly adjusted, the rightmost pluge bar should be just barely visible, while the two should appear indistinuishable from each other and completely black. On a vectorscope, they appear as two short lines ninety degrees apart and these are used to ensure that the television receiver is properly demodulating the 3.58 MHz color subcarrier portion of the signal. The vectors for the -I and +Q blocks should fall exactly on the I and Q axes on the vectorscope if the signal is demodulated properly. These bars give rise to the portion of the casual term, bars. Likewise, producers of television programs typically record bars and tone at the beginning of a videotape or other recording medium so that the equipment can be calibrated. Often, the name or callsign of the TV station, other such as a real-time clock
36.
Democratic Party of Georgia
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The Democratic Party of Georgia is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U. S. state of Georgia. It is one of the two political parties in the state. For over a century, the Democratic Party dominated Georgia state, from 1872 to 2002, the Democratic Party controlled the Governors Mansion, both houses of the state legislature and most statewide offices. After switching to the Republican Party in 1998, Sonny Perdue went on to defeat Democrat Roy Barnes in the 2002 gubernatorial election, perdues unexpected victory marked the beginning of a decline for the Democratic Party of Georgia. Georgia House Speaker Tom Murphy, the longest serving Speaker in any state legislature, four Democrats in the Georgia State Senate changed their political affiliation, handing the upper house to the GOP. And in 2004, the Democratic Party lost control of the Georgia House of Representatives, the Democratic Party of Georgia entered the 2010 elections with hopes that former Governor Roy Barnes could win back the Governors Mansion. Polls showed a tight race between Barnes and Republican gubernatorial nominee Nathan Deal, with some predicting a runoff election, however, on election day, Republicans won every statewide office. The Chairman of the Democratic Party of Georgia is DuBose Porter, Porter was elected in August 2013 via special election and was reelected in January 2015 to serve a full four-year term. State Representative Stacey Abrams serves as Minority Leader in the Georgia House of Representatives, State Senator Steve Henson serves as Minority Leader in the Georgia Senate. Officers of the Democratic Party of Georgia are elected by the state Democratic committee at a January meeting following each regular gubernatorial election. Democratic Party of Georgia officers serve four-year terms, and there is no limit on the number of terms an individual can serve as a Democratic Party of Georgia officer, the Democrats do not hold either of the two United State Senate seats. To date, the last Democratic senator from Georgia was Zell Miller, members of United States Congress U. S. The Democrats control 20 of the 56 senatorial seats and 63 of 180 state house seats, two-year terms of office apply to both houses, and the entire membership of each body is elected at the same time in even-numbered years. Since 1948, the Democrats have secured the state of Georgia 7 times, however, during the past 6 presidential elections, the Democrats won the state of Georgia only once, in 1992. Bill Clinton won 43. 47% of the vote while incumbent President George H. W. Bush carried 42. 88%, while losing his quest for a 2nd term
37.
Walter Mondale
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He was the Democratic Partys presidential nominee in the United States presidential election of 1984, but lost to Ronald Reagan in a landslide. Reagan won 49 states while Mondale carried his home state of Minnesota and Washington, D. C. Mondale was born in Ceylon, Minnesota and he then served in the U. S. Army during the Korean War before earning a law degree in 1956. He married Joan Adams in 1955 and he was appointed to the U. S. Senate by Governor Karl Rolvaag upon the resignation of Senator Hubert Humphrey following Humphreys election as vice president under President Lyndon Johnson. Mondale was subsequently elected to a full Senate term in 1966 and again in 1972, while in the Senate, he supported consumer protection, fair housing, tax reform, and the desegregation of schools. Importantly, he served as a member of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, in 1976, Carter, the Democratic presidential nominee, chose Mondale as his vice presidential running mate in the forthcoming election. The Carter/Mondale ticket defeated incumbent president Gerald Ford and his presidential running mate. In 1984, Mondale won the Democratic presidential nomination and campaigned for a freeze, the Equal Rights Amendment, an increase in taxes. After his defeat by Reagan, Mondale joined the Minnesota-based law firm of Dorsey & Whitney, President Bill Clinton appointed Mondale United States Ambassador to Japan in 1993, he retired in 1996. However, Mondale narrowly lost that race and he then returned to working at Dorsey & Whitney and remained active in the Democratic Party. Mondale later took up a teaching position at the University of Minnesotas Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs. Walter Frederick Mondale was born in Ceylon, Minnesota, the son of Claribel Hope, a music teacher, and Theodore Sigvaard Mondale. Walters half-brother Lester Mondale became a Unitarian minister and his paternal grandparents were Norwegian immigrants, and his mother, the daughter of an immigrant from Ontario, was of Scottish and English descent. The surname Mondale comes from Mundal, a valley and town in the Fjærland region of Norway, Mondale attended public schools and Macalester College in St. Paul before transferring to the University of Minnesota, where he earned a B. A. in political science in 1951. As Mondale did not have money to attend law school, he enlisted in the U. S. Army. He married Joan Adams in 1955, through the support of the G. I. Bill, he graduated from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1956, while at law school, he served on the Minnesota Law Review and as a law clerk in the Minnesota Supreme Court under Justice Thomas F. Gallagher. He then practiced law in Minneapolis, and continued to do so for four years before entering the political arena, Mondale became involved in national politics in the 1940s. At the age of 20, he was visible in Minnesota politics by helping organize Hubert Humphreys successful Senate campaign in 1948, Humphreys campaign assigned Mondale to cover the staunchly Republican 2nd district
38.
Herman Talmadge
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Herman Eugene Talmadge, was an attorney and a Democratic American politician from the state of Georgia, the son of former governor Eugene Talmadge. He ran his fathers campaign for re-election in 1946 but his father died before taking office. Talmadge was elected as governor in an election in 1948. After leaving office, Talmadge was elected in 1956 to the U. S. Senate and he gained considerable power over the decades. He gained chairmanship by seniority of the powerful Senate Agriculture Committee and it was a reversal of party affiliation from the 19th century. Talmadge was born in 1913 in McRae in Telfair County in south central Georgia and his father served as Governor of Georgia during much of the 1930s and the 1940s. Herman Talmadge earned a degree from the University of Georgia School of Law in 1936 and he returned to McRae to set up a law practice. When World War II broke out, Talmadge joined the United States Navy and he reached the rank of lieutenant commander. After returning from the war, Talmadge became active in Democratic Party politics and he ran his fathers successful 1946 campaign for governor. Eugene Talmadge had been ill, and his supporters were worried about his surviving long enough to be sworn in, the elder Talmadge ran unopposed among Democrats, so the party officials arranged for write-in votes for Herman Talmadge as insurance. In December 1946, the elder Talmadge died before taking office, melvin E. Arnall relinquished his claim in favor of Thompson. Ultimately, Thompson was supported by the Supreme Court of Georgia, Talmadge soon yielded to the state supreme court ruling. He prepared to run for the gubernatorial election in 1948. Two years later, Talmadge was elected to a term in the 1950 election. During his terms, Talmadge attracted new industries to Georgia and he remained a staunch supporter of racial segregation, even as the Civil Rights Movement gained momentum in the postwar years. Many African-American veterans began to seek social justice, Talmadge was barred by law from seeking another full term as Governor in 1954. That year the United States Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregated schools were unconstitutional. Talmadge was elected to the United States Senate in 1956, most blacks in Georgia were still disenfranchised under state laws passed by conservative white Democrats and discriminatory practices they had conducted since the turn of the 20th century
39.
Andrew Young
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Andrew Jackson Young, Jr. is an American politician, diplomat, and activist. Young later became active in politics, serving first as a U. S, congressman from Georgia, then United States Ambassador to the United Nations, and finally Mayor of Atlanta. Since leaving political office, Young has founded or served in a number of organizations working on issues of public policy. Andrew Young was born on March 12,1932 in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Daisy Fuller Young, a school teacher, Youngs father hired a professional boxer to teach Andrew and his brother how to fight, so they could defend themselves. In an 1964 interview with author Robert Penn Warren for his book, Young recalls the tensions of segregation in New Orleans, especially growing up in a fairly well-to-do household. He recalls his parents trying to compensate for segregation by providing for their children but were reluctant to help less wealthy black communities in the area, Young graduated from Howard University and earned a divinity degree from Hartford Seminary in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1955. He is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, Young was appointed to serve as pastor of a church in Marion, Alabama. It was there in Marion that he met Jean Childs, who became his wife. Young became interested in Mohandas Gandhis concept of nonviolent resistance as a tactic for social change and he encouraged African Americans to register to vote in Alabama, and sometimes faced death threats while doing so. It was at time that he became a friend and ally of Martin Luther King Jr. In 1955 he accepted a pastorate at Bethany Congregational Church in Thomasville, in 1957, Young and Jean moved to New York City when he accepted a job with the Youth Division of the National Council of Churches. Young served as a pastor of the Evergreen Congregational Church in Beachton, in 1960, he joined the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. No longer satisfied with his work in New York, Young moved to Atlanta, Georgia in 1961 upon the invitation of Bernard Lafayette and again worked on drives to register black voters. Young played a key role in the 1963 events in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1964, Young was named executive director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, becoming, in that capacity, one of Kings principal lieutenants. As a colleague and friend of Martin Luther King Jr. he was a strategist and negotiator during the Civil Rights Campaigns in Birmingham, St. Augustine, Selma, and Atlanta. He was jailed for his participation in civil rights demonstrations, both in Selma, Alabama, and in St. Augustine, Florida, the movement gained congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. Young was with King in Memphis, Tennessee, when King was assassinated in 1968, in 1970, Andrew Young ran as a Democrat for Congress from Georgia, but was unsuccessful. After his defeat, Rev. Fred C, bennette, Jr. introduced him to Murray M. Silver, an Atlanta attorney, who served as his campaign finance chairman
40.
James Carville
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Chester James Carville Jr. is an American political commentator and media personality who is a prominent figure in the Democratic Party. Carville gained national attention for his work as the lead strategist of the presidential campaign of then-Arkansas governor Bill Clinton. Carville was a co-host of CNNs Crossfire until its final broadcast in June 2005, since its cancellation, he has appeared on CNNs news program The Situation Room. As of 2009, he hosts a program on XM Radio titled 60/20 Sports with Luke Russert. He is married to Libertarian political consultant Mary Matalin, in 2009, he began teaching political science at Tulane University. In 2014, Carville joined Fox News Channel as a contributor, the town of Carville was named after his paternal grandfather, Louis Arthur Carville, the postmaster. Carville attended Ascension Catholic High School in Donaldsonville, Louisiana and he was born in Ireland in 1847 and his father, Alexander Carville, in 1810. He received his undergraduate and Juris Doctor degrees from Louisiana State University, during his undergraduate years at LSU, Carville was a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity. Carville spent two years serving in the United States Marine Corps, achieving the rank of Corporal, before entering politics, Carville worked as a litigator at a Baton Rouge law firm from 1973 to 1979. Carville was trained in consulting by Gus Weill, who in 1958 had opened the first advertising firm which specialized in political campaigns in the capital in Baton Rouge. It was during Woffords campaign that the its the economy, stupid strategy used by Bill Clinton in 1992 was first implemented, in 1992, Carville helped lead Bill Clinton to a win against George H. W. Bush in the presidential election. In 1993, Carville was honored as Campaign District Manager of the Year by the American Association of Political Consultants and his role in the Clinton campaign was documented in the feature-length Academy Award-nominated film The War Room. After 1992 Carville stopped working on campaigns, stating that he would bring unneeded publicity. In 2002, Carville helped Bolivian Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada win the presidency in Bolivia and this was portrayed in the documentary Our Brand Is Crisis. In 2004, he was brought in for last-minute consulting on John Kerrys presidential campaign, in 2005, Carville taught a semester of the course Topics in American Politics at Northern Virginia Community College. In 2006, Carville switched gears from politics to sports and became a host on a show called 60/20 Sports on XM Satellite Radio with Luke Russert. The show is a look at the culture of sports based on the ages of the two hosts. In late November 2006, Carville proposed a truce of sorts, Carville is the executive producer of the 2006 film All the Kings Men, starring Sean Penn and Anthony Hopkins, which is loosely based on the life of Louisiana Governor Huey Long
41.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
42.
Arkansas
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Arkansas is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Its name is of Siouan derivation from the language of the Osage denoting their related kin, the states diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U. S. Interior Highlands, to the forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States, the capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state, a hub for transportation, business, culture, and government. The northwestern corner of the state, such as the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area, is a population, education, the largest city in the eastern part of the state is Jonesboro. The largest city in the part of the state is Pine Bluff. The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15,1836, in 1861 Arkansas withdrew from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. Upon returning to the Union in 1868, the state would continue to suffer due to its reliance on slavery. White rural interests continued to dominate the politics until the Civil Rights Movement. Arkansas began to diversify its economy following World War II and relies on its service industry, aircraft, poultry, steel, tourism, cotton, and rice. The culture of Arkansas is observable in museums, theaters, novels, television shows, restaurants, wright, and physicist William L. McMillan, who was a pioneer in superconductor research, have all lived in Arkansas. The name Arkansas derives from the root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains, the word Arkansas itself is a French pronunciation of a Quapaw word, akakaze, meaning land of downriver people or the Sioux word akakaze meaning people of the south wind. In 2007, the legislature passed a non-binding resolution declaring the possessive form of the states name to be Arkansass which has been followed increasingly by the state government. Arkansas borders Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north, as well as Tennessee, the United States Census Bureau classifies Arkansas as a southern state, sub-categorized among the West South Central States. The state line along the Mississippi River is indeterminate along much of the border with Mississippi due to these changes. Arkansas can generally be split into two halves, the highlands in the northwest half and the lowlands of the southeastern half, the highlands are part of the Southern Interior Highlands, including The Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains. The southern lowlands include the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Arkansas Delta and this dual split can yield to general regions named northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast, or central Arkansas
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Keynote
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A keynote in public speaking is a talk that establishes a main underlying theme. In corporate or commercial settings, greater importance is attached to the delivery of a speech or keynote address. The keynote establishes the framework for the programme of events or convention agenda. It will also flag up a larger idea – a literary story, some of the more famous keynote speeches in the United States are those made at the party conventions during Democratic and Republican presidential campaigns. Keynote speakers at events have often gained nationwide fame, for example, Barack Obama at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. In the commercial arena, Steve Jobs delivered influential keynote speeches at Apple product, system, increasingly the word keynote is being used as a synonym for plenary session or invited talk, with some conferences having an opening keynote, a closing keynote, and many other keynotes. A keynote speaker may work independently, be represented by a speakers bureau, the term key note comes from the practice of a cappella, such as doo-wop or barbershop singers, playing a note before singing. The note played determines the key in which the song will be performed
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Democratic National Convention
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The Democratic National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party. They have been administered by the Democratic National Committee since the 1852 national convention, the primary goal of the Democratic National Convention is to nominate and confirm a candidate for president and vice president, adopt a comprehensive party platform and unify the party. Pledged delegates from all fifty U. S, like the Republican National Convention, the Democratic National Convention marks the formal end of the primary election period and the start of the general election season. The partys presidential nominee is chosen in a series of state caucuses. Superdelegates, delegates whose votes are not bound to the outcome of a caucus or primary. To secure the nomination for the Democratic party in 2016, a candidate must secure 2,383 delegates and this number includes both pledged delegates and superdelegates. Prior to 1936, nomination for president was required, not merely by a majority, unless there was a popular incumbent, something that only happened three times between the Civil War and World War II, getting that many votes on the first ballot was implausible. The choice was a contentious debate that riled the passions of party leaders. Delegates were forced to vote for a nominee repeatedly until someone could capture a number of delegates needed. In 1912,1920 and most notoriously in 1924, the voting went on for dozens and dozens of ballots, backroom deals by party bosses were normal and often resulted in compromise nominees that became known as dark horse candidates. Dark horse candidates were people who never imagined they would run for president until the last moments of the convention, dark horse candidates were chosen in order to break deadlocks between more popular and powerful prospective nominees that blocked each other from gaining enough delegates to be nominated. The rules were changed to a majority in 1936. Since then only one multi-ballot convention has taken place, before about 1970, the partys choice of the vice-presidential nominee was usually not known until the last evening of the convention. This was because the nominee had little to do with the process. In order to prevent such things happening in the future, the presumptive nominee has, since 1984, announced his choice before the convention even opened. By 1824, the nominating caucus had fallen into disrepute and collapsed as a method of nominating presidential. A national convention idea had been brought up but nothing occurred until the next decade, state conventions and state legislatures emerged as the nomination apparatus until they were supplanted by the national convention method of nominating candidates. The first national convention of the Democratic Party began in Baltimore on May 21,1832, in that year the 2/3 rule was created, requiring a 2/3 vote to nominate a candidate, in order to show the partys unanimous support of Martin Van Buren for vice president
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Madison Square Garden
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Madison Square Garden, often called MSG or simply The Garden, is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Located in Midtown Manhattan between 7th and 8th Avenues from 31st to 33rd Streets, it is situated atop Pennsylvania Station. The Garden is used for basketball and ice hockey, as well as boxing, concerts, ice shows, circuses, professional wrestling and other forms of sports. It is close to other midtown Manhattan landmarks, including the Empire State Building, Koreatown and it is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League, the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association, and residency to singer-songwriter Billy Joel. The Garden opened on February 11,1968, and is the oldest major sporting facility in the New York metropolitan area and it is the oldest arena in the National Hockey League and the second-oldest arena in the National Basketball Association. MSG is the fourth-busiest music arena in the world in terms of sales, behind The O2 Arena. At a total construction cost of approximately $1.1 billion and it is part of the Pennsylvania Plaza office and retail complex. Several other operating entities related to the Garden share its name, Madison Square is formed by the intersection of 5th Avenue and Broadway at 23rd Street in Manhattan. It was named after James Madison, fourth President of the United States, two venues called Madison Square Garden were located just northeast of the square, the first from 1879 to 1890, and the second from 1890 to 1925. The first Garden, leased to P. T. Barnum, had no roof and was inconvenient to use during inclement weather, Madison Square Garden II was designed by noted architect Stanford White. The new building was built by a syndicate which included J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, P. T. Barnum, Darius Mills, James Stillman and W. W. Astor. It was 200 feet by 485 feet, and the main hall and it had a 1, 200-seat theatre, a concert hall with a capacity of 1,500, the largest restaurant in the city and a roof garden cabaret. A third Madison Square Garden opened in a new location, on 8th Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, from 1925 to 1968, groundbreaking on the third Madison Square Garden took place on January 9,1925. Designed by the theater architect Thomas W. Lamb, it was built at the cost of $4.75 million in 249 days by boxing promoter Tex Rickard. The arena was 200 feet by 375 feet, with seating on three levels, and a capacity of 18,496 spectators for boxing. Demolition commenced in 1968 after the opening of the current Garden and it finished up in early 1969, and the site is now where One Worldwide Plaza is located. The new structure was one of the first of its kind to be built above the platforms of a railroad station. It was an engineering feat constructed by Robert E. McKee of El Paso, public outcry over the demolition of the Pennsylvania Station structure—an outstanding example of Beaux-Arts architecture—led to the creation of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
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George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima
United States
United States Marine Corps
Sergeant
