1.
Carburetor
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A carburetor, or carburettor, or carburator, or carburetter is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine in the proper ratio for combustion. It is sometimes shortened to carb in North America or carby in Australia. To carburate or carburet is to blend the air and fuel or to equip with a carburetor for that purpose, carburetors have largely been supplanted in the automotive and, to a lesser extent, aviation industries by fuel injection. They are still common on engines for lawn mowers, rototillers. The word carburetor comes from the French carbure meaning carbide, carburer means to combine with carbon. In fuel chemistry, the term has the specific meaning of increasing the carbon content of a fluid by mixing it with a volatile hydrocarbon. The first carburetor was invented by Samuel Morey in 1826, a carburetor was invented by an Italian, Luigi De Cristoforis, in 1876. Another carburetor was developed by Enrico Bernardi at the University of Padua in 1882, for his Motrice Pia, a carburetor was among the early patents by Karl Benz as he developed internal combustion engines and their components. Early carburetors were the surface type, in which air is charged with fuel by being passed over the surface of gasoline. In 1885, Wilhelm Maybach and Gottlieb Daimler developed a float carburetor for their engine based on the atomizer nozzle, hungarian engineers János Csonka and Donát Bánki patented a carburetor for a stationary engine in 1893. Frederick William Lanchester of Birmingham, England, experimented with the wick carburetor in cars, in 1896, Frederick and his brother built the first gasoline-driven car in England, a single cylinder 5 hp internal combustion engine with chain drive. Unhappy with the performance and power, they re-built the engine the next year into a horizontally opposed version using his new wick carburetor design. Carburetors were the method of fuel delivery for most US-made gasoline-fueled engines up until the late 1980s. 1991, Jeep Grand Wagoneer with the AMC360 cu in V8 engine, low-cost commercial vans and 4WDs in Australia continued with carburetors even into the 2000s, the last being the Mitsubishi Express van in 2003. Elsewhere, certain Lada cars used carburetors until 2006, many motorcycles still use carburetors for simplicitys sake, since a carburetor does not require an electrical system to function. EEC legislation required all vehicles sold and produced in countries to have a catalytic converter after December 1992. This legislation had been in the pipeline for some time, with cars becoming available with catalytic converters or fuel injection from around 1990. Fords first fuel-injected car was the Ford Capri RS2600 in 1970, general Motors launched its first fuel-injected car around the same time, when began to introduce fuel-injected engines to its Vauxhall Cavalier/Opel Ascona range
2.
Solex
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Solex is a French manufacturer of carburetors and the powered bicycle VéloSoleX. Solex carburetors were used by many top European automobile marques, such as Rolls-Royce, Citroën, Porsche, Volkswagen, SAAB and they were also licensed, with Japanese maker Mikuni supplying them to Toyota, Suzuki, Yamaha, and others. The Solex company was founded by Marcel Mennesson and Maurice Goudard to manufacture vehicle radiators and these were fitted to several makes of early cars including Delaunay-Belleville and buses of the Paris General Omnibus company. After World War I, the business went into decline. The Solex brand is now owned by Magneti Marelli, the original Solex company changed its name in 1994 to Magneti Marelli France and on May 31,2001, Magneti Marelli France partially bought its assets from Magneti Marelli Motopropulsion France S. A. S. Solex manufactured carburetors used by some of the most famous European marques, including Rolls-Royce Motors, Citroën, Volvo, and Volkswagen. They were also employed in performance vehicles by makers such as Porsche, BMW, Alfa Romeo, and Mercedes Benz, domestic automakers and motorcycle manufacturers using Mikuni carburetors include, Toyota Mitsubishi Suzuki Yamaha The Vélosolex has a 49 cc motor mounted above the front wheel. Power is delivered via a small ceramic roller that rotates directly on the front wheel by friction to the tire. The first prototype of a VeloSolex was created in 1941 and used regular bicycle frames such as those under the Alcyon brand and were powered by a 45 cc engine developed by Solex. VELOSOLEX were produced commercially and sold starting in 1946 with a 45 cc engine without clutch and it was also constructed under licence in many countries. Today, the Velosolex is again manufactured in France, the trademark VELOSOLEX is the property of Velosolex America, LLC which markets the Velosolex motorized bicycle worldwide. 1905, The company was created by Maurice Goudard and Marcel Mennesson,1973, the carburetor division is taken over by Matra, and later by Magneti Marelli, then by Renault and Motobécane in 1974. 1983, Motobécane is bought by Yamaha and becomes MBK,1988, production in France, at Saint-Quentin, ends. Circa 2001 production ceased in China and restarted in France, in June 2004, the mark Solex was bought by the French group CIBIÉ In October 2005 CIBIÉ launches the e-Solex, designed by Pininfarina and produced in China In 2009, CIBLE launches the e-Solex 2. Mikuni Velosolex America official web site Magneti Marelli Velosolex collection - technical descriptions Steve McQueen rode a Velosolex SoleXin - a list of SoleX resources
3.
Brass Era car
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The Brass Era is an American term for the early period of automotive manufacturing, named for the prominent brass fittings used during this time for such things as lights and radiators. It is generally considered to encompass 1896 through 1915, a time when vehicles were often referred to as horseless carriages. Within the 20 years that make up this era, the experimental designs. This system specified front-engined, rear-wheel drive internal combustion engined cars with a sliding gear transmission, in the early part of this period steam car development had advanced, and they were among the fastest road vehicles in that period. Electric cars also held a market throughout the era. Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the worlds attention, key developments included the electric ignition system, independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes. Leaf springs were used for suspension, though many other systems were still in use. Safety glass also made its debut, patented by John Wood in England in 1905, angle steel took over from armored wood as the frame material of choice, and in 1912, Hupp pioneered the use of all-steel bodies, joined in 1914 by Dodge. In January,1904, Frank Leslies Popular Monthly magazine catalogued the entire range of available to the mass market in the United States. In both instances, however, the great majority faded out of the once the industry had become firmly established. As late as 1917, there were 127 different makes of American automobiles on the market, a great many more names, including Brush, Duryea, Alco, Speedwell, and Waverly, had already disappeared from the scene by 1917. Sixty Years with Men and Machines, New York and London, McGraw-Hill, available as a reprint from Lindsay Publications. Csere, Csaba,10 Best Engineering Breakthroughs, Car and Driver,33, cars, 1886–1930, New York, Beekman House, distributed by Crown, ISBN 0-517-48073-5
4.
Car
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
5.
Scripps-Booth
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Scripps-Booth was a United States automobile company based in Detroit, Michigan, which produced motor vehicles from 1913 through 1923. The company was founded by artist and engineer James Scripps Booth, Scripps-Booth company produced vehicles intended for the luxury market. In 1916 they consolidated with the Sterling Motor Company to become the Scripps-Booth Corporation, by this time Scripps-Booth had been purchased by Chevrolet whose founder William C. Durant was also the founding president of Sterling Motor Company. General Motors discontinued the name in 1923. It featured a 110 in wheelbase and 30×3½-inch Houk detachable wire wheels, the 1916-17 Model D was powered by an overhead valve V8 engine designed by Alanson Brush. List of automobile manufacturers List of defunct automobile manufacturers Clymer, Floyd, treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925. Bill Cuthbert, The Machines of James Scripps-Booth, HCCA Horseless Carriage Gazette, Sept-Oct 2014, pp
6.
MG Cars
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Best known for its two-seat open sports cars, MG also produced saloons and coupés. Kimber was an employee of William Morris, MG underwent many changes in ownership starting with Morris merging with Austin in The British Motor Corporation Limited in 1952. MG became the MG Division of BMC in 1967 and so a component of the 1968 merger that created British Leyland Motor Corporation. By the start of 2000 MG was part of the MG Rover Group which entered receivership in 2005 and the assets, production restarted in 2007 in China, and later at Longbridge plant in the UK under the current manufacturer MG Motor. The first all-new model from MG in the UK for 16 years, the original MG marque was in continuous use, except for the duration of the Second World War, for 56 years following its inception in 1923. The production of predominantly two-seater sports cars was concentrated at a factory in Abingdon, between 1982 and 1991, the MG marque used to badge-engineer sportier versions of Austin Rovers Metro, Maestro, and Montego ranges. A second revival came in the summer of 1995, when the high-volume MG F two-seater roadster was launched, the MG marque, along with the Rover marque, went to the MG Rover group in May 2000, when BMW broke up the Rover Group. The assets of MG Rover were bought by Chinese carmaker Nanjing Automobile in July 2005, subsequently bought by SAIC in December 2007, kimber had joined the company as its sales manager in 1921. He was promoted to manager in 1922, a position he held until 1941. Kimber died in 1945 in a railway accident, the site of the garages was redeveloped in 1980, retaining the original frontage, and is now used as student accommodation by New College. Others dispute this and believe that MG only properly began trading in 1925, the explanation may lie in the distinction between the MG business and the company of that name which may have come to own it later. The first cars which were rebodied Morris models used coachwork from Carbodies of Coventry and were built in premises in Alfred Lane, demand soon caused a move to larger premises in Bainton Road in September 1925, sharing space with the Morris radiator works. Continuing expansion meant another move in 1927 to a factory in Edmund Road, Cowley, Oxford, near the main Morris factory. In 1928, the company had large enough to warrant an identity separate from the original Morris Garages. Car Company Limited was established in March of that year, the MG Car Club was founded in 1930 for owners and enthusiasts of MG cars. Originally owned personally by William Morris, MG was sold in 1935 to Morris Motors, MG was absorbed with Morris into The British Motor Corporation Limited, created in 1952 to merge Morris Motors Limited and The Austin Motor Company Limited. Long-time service manager John Thornley took over as manager, guiding the company through its best years until his retirement in 1969. Under BMC, several MG models were no more than badge-engineered versions of other marques, BMC took over Jaguar Cars in September 1966 and that December BMC changed its name to British Motor Holdings
7.
Jaguar E-Type
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The Jaguar E-Type, or the Jaguar XK-E for the North American market, is a British sports car, which was manufactured by Jaguar Cars Ltd between 1961 and 1975. Its combination of beauty, high performance and competitive pricing established the model as an icon of the motoring world, on its release in March 1961 Enzo Ferrari called it the most beautiful car ever made. In 2004, Sports Car International magazine placed the E-Type at number one on their list of Top Sports Cars of the 1960s, in March 2008, the Jaguar E-Type ranked first in The Daily Telegraph online list of the worlds 100 most beautiful cars of all time. In popular culture the car features in the Austin Powers film series which parodies the Swinging London fashion scene of the 1960s, the E-Type was initially designed and shown to the public as a rear-wheel drive grand tourer in two-seater coupé form and as a two-seater convertible. A 2+2 four-seater version of the coupé, with a lengthened wheelbase, was released years later. Later model updates of the E-Type were officially designated Series 2 and Series 3, as with other largely hand made cars of the time, changes were incremental and ongoing, which has led to confusion over exactly what is a Series 1 car. This is of more academic interest, as Series 1 E-Types—and particularly Series 1 OTS examples—have values far in excess of Series 2 and 3 models. For example, while Jaguar itself never recognised a Series 1½ or Series 1.5, over time, the pure 4. 2-litre Series 1 was made in model years 1965-1967. The 4. 2-litre Series 1 has serial or VIN numbers 1E10001 - 1E15888, the Series 1.5 left hand drive OTS has serial numbers 1E15889 - 1E18368, with the hardtop version of the Series 1.5 having VIN numbers 1E34250 - 1E35815. Series 1.5 cars were made in model year 1968, the Series 1 cars, which are by far the most valuable, essentially fall into two categories, Those made between 1961 and 1964, which had 3. The 4. 2-litre Series 1 E-Types also replaced the brake servo of the 3. 8-litre with a reliable unit. The 4.2 became the most desirable version of the famous E-Type due to their increased power, as of the end of 2014, the most expensive regular production Jaguar E-Types sold at auction included a 4. Special run racing lightweights go for far more still, being a British made car of the 1960s, there are some rather rare sub-types of Series 1 E-Types, particularly at the beginning and end of the Series 1 production. For example, the first 500 Series 1 cars had flat floors and external bonnet latches. Worldwide, including left and right hand drive examples, a total of 7,8283. 8-litre Series 1 roadsters were built. Of the Series 1 cars, Jaguar manufactured some limited-edition variants, inspired by motor racing, Jaguar planned to produce 18 units but ultimately only a dozen were reportedly built. Of those, two have been converted to low drag form and two others are known to have been wrecked and deemed to be beyond repair, although one has now been rebuilt and these are exceedingly rare and sought after by collectors. *The Low Drag Coupé was a technical exercise which was ultimately sold to a Jaguar racing driver
8.
Saab 99
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The Saab 99 was a compact executive car produced by Saab from 1968 to 1984. It was manufactured both in Sweden and Finland, on 2 April 1964, Gudmunds day in Sweden, after several years of planning, the Saab board started Project Gudmund. This was a project to develop a new and larger car to take the manufacturer beyond the market for the smaller Saab 96 and this new car became the Saab 99, designed by Sixten Sason and unveiled in Stockholm on November 22,1967. The first prototypes of the 99 were built by cutting a Saab 96 lengthwise and widening it by 20 centimetres, this created the so-called Paddan, which was a disguise for the new project. After that phase, also as a disguise, the first 99 body shell was badged daihatsu as that name could be made up out of the badging available for the Saab Sport. Although Saab engineers liked the companys existing two-stroke engine, it was decided that an engine was necessary. This was the same Triumph Slant-4 engine used in the Triumph Dolomite, a run of 48 Saab 99s were equipped with a Triumph Stag V8, but the V8 was later dropped in favour of a turbocharged unit which later powered the 99 Turbo. A three-door estate version was planned from the start, but never made it into production, in 1971 the work on an estate was restarted, this time as a five-door. The first engine used in the original 99 was a four-cylinder in-line engine which was tilted at 45 degrees, the 1709 cc Triumph-sourced engine produced 87 PS SAE gross at 5500 rpm. The engine was conventionally water-cooled, but unlike most cars of the time it had a cooling fan. Triumph soon upgraded the engine to 1. 85L, the appearance in February 1971 of the four-door Saab 99 coincided with the adoption of the new, Saab experienced reliability problems with the Triumph-sourced engines and decided to bring the design in-house. From September 1972 the 1985 cc Saab B engine was used, during the lifetime of the 99 model, several subsequent engine developments took place, including the incorporation of fuel injection for some versions. The 99 was front-wheel-drive, its engine being unconventionally fitted back to front, drive to the under-mounted gearbox was by triplex chain. Front-wheel-drive was still an uncommon configuration at the time of the 99s introduction. The bonnet was front-hinged and the panel extended over the front wheel-arches, the windscreen was wrap-around and very deep for the era. The A-pillar had an angle, providing excellent driver visibility. In 1968, the English test-driver Archie Vicar wrote in Mass Motorist magazine, The little 99 has been given a striking and it gives the flavour of an aeroplane on four wheels. The Cw value was 0.37 while other cars of the time had 0.4 to 0.5, the chassis was also designed for passive safety, with deformation zones front and rear
9.
Saab 90
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Saab 90 is also the name of an aeroplane, the Saab 90 Scandia. The Saab 90 is a executive car from Saab made from September 1984 to 1987. It was manufactured at a facility in Uusikaupunki, Finland, at that time owned by Saab, the 90 was a continuation of the Saab 99 and it was basically a Saab 99 from the B-pillar forward with the rear of a Saab 900 sedan. The 90, while easier to build than the 99, was considerably more labour intensive than the more modern 900. The 900s rear end made the trunk and fuel tank larger than in the 99 and it was only available as a two-door sedan and came with the 2.0 L Saab H engine, giving 100 hp. It was available with four and a five-speed manual transmissions, with the five-speed receiving closer gearing, front and rear spoilers. The valve seats were hardened so it could run on unleaded fuel and it also had a new starter motor, and the steering wheel was more upright than the one in the 99. In 1986 it underwent some cosmetic changes and was fitted with modified shock absorbers. In 1987 the Zenith carburettor was altered to make it easier to start in cold weather, falling sales meant that it was not worth the investment to catalyze the engine and 1987 was the final year for the model, with the last car built on 1 July. In total, only 25,360 Saab 90s were made and it was sold in a limited number of European countries only. A limited edition of ten Saab 90 Lumikko was made for the Finnish market and these models were all white and had extra trim. Lumikko is Finnish for least weasel, known as Snow weasel in Scandinavia, media related to Saab 90 at Wikimedia Commons
