1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
3.
Federal subjects of Russia
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Since March 18,2014, the Russian Federation constitutionally consists of 85 federal subjects, although the two most recently added subjects are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. Three Russian cities of importance have a status of both city and separate federal subject which comprises other cities and towns within federal city keeping old structure of postal address. In 1993, there were 89 federal subjects listed, by 2008, the number of federal subjects had been decreased to 83 because of several mergers. In 2014, Sevastopol and the Republic of Crimea became the 84th and 85th federal subjects of Russia, every federal subject has its own head, a parliament, and a constitutional court. Federal subjects have their own constitution and legislation, subjects have equal rights in relations with federal government bodies. The federal subjects have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council and they do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy. Composition of post-Soviet Russia was formed during the history of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic within the USSR, the Federation Treaty was included in the text of the 1978 Constitution of the Russian SFSR. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the system became de jure closer to other modern federal states with a republican form of government in the world. There are several groupings of Russian regions, Federal subjects should not be confused with the eight Federal districts which are not subdivisions of Russia, are much larger and each encompass many federal subjects. Federal districts were created by Executive Order of the President of Russia specially for presidential envoys, an official government translation of the Constitution of Russia in Article 5 states,1. Another translation of the Constitution of Russia gives for article 65, each federal subject belongs to one of the following types, b. ^ According to Article 13 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast, however, St. Petersburg is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast. ^ According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, however, Moscow is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast. ^ Not recognized internationally as a part of Russia, the merging process was finished on March 1,2008. No new mergers have been planned since March 2008, Федерального конституционного закона №7-ФКЗ от30 декабря2008 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Российская газета, №237,25 декабря1993 г
4.
Rostov Oblast
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Rostov Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, located in the Southern Federal District. The oblast has an area of 100,800 square kilometers and its administrative center is the city of Rostov-on-Don, which also became the administrative center of the Southern Federal District in 2002. Rostov Oblast borders Ukraine and also Volgograd and Voronezh Oblasts in the north, Krasnodar and Stavropol Krais in the south, and it is within the Russian Southern Federal District. The Don River, one of Europes largest rivers, flows through the oblast for part of its course, lakes cover only 0. 4% of the oblasts area. The most important ethnicities are the 3,795,607 ethnic Russians, the 77,802 ethnic Ukrainians, the 110,727 ethnic Armenians. Other important groups are the 35,902 Turks,16,493 Belarusians ),13,948 Tatars,17,961 Azeris,11,449 Chechens,16,657 Roma,11,597 Koreans, and 8,296 Georgians. There were also 76,498 people belonging to other ethno-cultural groupings,76,735 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group, according to a 2012 official survey 49. In addition, 26% of the population declares to be spiritual but not religious, 12% is atheist, major industries of Rostov Oblast are agriculture, agricultural industry, food processing, heavy industry, coal and automobile manufacture. Областной закон №19-ЗС от29 мая1996 г, Областного закона №442-ЗС от23 ноября2015 г. «О поправках к Уставу Ростовской области», Вступил в силу6 июня1996 г. Опубликован, Наше время, №98–99,6 июня1996 г, Областной Закон №30-ЗС от10 октября1996 г. Вступил в силу с момента опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №196,31 октября1996 г. Official website of Rostov Oblast Russian South
5.
Zernograd
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Zernograd is a town and the administrative center of Zernogradsky District in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located 71 kilometers southeast of Rostov-on-Don, the administrative center of the oblast. It was founded in 1915 as the halt of Verblyud due to the construction of the Rostov–Torgovaya railway, by 1933, it became a settlement and was renamed Zernovoy. It was granted town status in 1951 and renamed Zernograd in 1960, within the framework of administrative divisions, Zernograd serves as the administrative center of Zernogradsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with ten rural localities, as a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Zernogradsky Municipal District. From 1969 to 1995, Zernograd was home to the 106th Training Aviation Regiment, Yeysk Higher Military School of Pilots, the regiment was equipped with the L-29 and L-39 jet trainer aircraft. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №203-ЗС от25 ноября2004 г, «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Зерноградский район и муниципальных образований в его составе». Вступил в силу с1 января2005 г, Опубликован, Наше время, №293–295,30 ноября2004 г
6.
Subdivisions of Russia
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Russia is divided into several types and levels of subdivisions. Since March 18,2014, the Russian Federation consisted of eighty-five federal subjects that are constituent members of the Federation, however, two of these federal subjects—the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol—are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. All federal subjects are of equal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council. They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy, there are 6 types of federal subjects—22 republics,9 krais,46 oblasts,3 federal cities,1 autonomous oblast, and 4 autonomous okrugs. According to the Treaty, the Republic of Crimea is accepted as a subject with the status of a republic while the City of Sevastopol has received federal city status. Neither the Republic of Crimea nor the city of Sevastopol are politically recognized as parts of Russia by most countries and this was interpreted by the governments of the federal subjects as a sign that the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions became solely the responsibility of the federal subjects. As a result, the modern structures of the federal subjects vary significantly from one federal subject to another. Autonomous okrugs, while being under the jurisdiction of federal subject, are still constitutionally recognized as federal subjects on their own right. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is an exception in that it is not administratively subordinated to any federal subject of Russia. Okrugs are usually former autonomous okrugs that lost their federal subject status due to a merger with another federal subject. According to the law, the units of the division are as follows, Municipal district. In practice, municipal districts are formed within the boundaries of existing administrative districts. In practice, urban okrugs are usually formed within the boundaries of existing cities of federal subject significance, intra-urban territory of a federal city, a part of a federal citys territory. In Moscow, these are called municipal formations, in St. Petersburg—municipal okrugs, towns, in Sevastopol, they are known as municipal okrugs and a town. Territories not included as a part of municipal formations are known as inter-settlement territories and this municipal formation type would typically be established within the borders of existing city districts. In June 2014, Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug became the first urban okrug to implement intra-urban divisions, all of the federal subjects are grouped into nine federal districts, each administered by an envoy appointed by the President of Russia. For economic and statistical purposes the federal subjects are grouped into twelve economic regions, economic regions and their parts sharing common economic trends are in turn grouped into economic zones and macrozones. In order for the Armed Forces to provide an efficient management of units, their training, and other operational activities
7.
Area
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Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape, or planar lamina, in the plane. Surface area is its analog on the surface of a three-dimensional object. It is the analog of the length of a curve or the volume of a solid. The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size, in the International System of Units, the standard unit of area is the square metre, which is the area of a square whose sides are one metre long. A shape with an area of three square metres would have the area as three such squares. In mathematics, the square is defined to have area one. There are several formulas for the areas of simple shapes such as triangles, rectangles. Using these formulas, the area of any polygon can be found by dividing the polygon into triangles, for shapes with curved boundary, calculus is usually required to compute the area. Indeed, the problem of determining the area of plane figures was a motivation for the historical development of calculus. For a solid such as a sphere, cone, or cylinder. Formulas for the areas of simple shapes were computed by the ancient Greeks. Area plays an important role in modern mathematics, in addition to its obvious importance in geometry and calculus, area is related to the definition of determinants in linear algebra, and is a basic property of surfaces in differential geometry. In analysis, the area of a subset of the plane is defined using Lebesgue measure, in general, area in higher mathematics is seen as a special case of volume for two-dimensional regions. Area can be defined through the use of axioms, defining it as a function of a collection of certain plane figures to the set of real numbers and it can be proved that such a function exists. An approach to defining what is meant by area is through axioms, area can be defined as a function from a collection M of special kind of plane figures to the set of real numbers which satisfies the following properties, For all S in M, a ≥0. If S and T are in M then so are S ∪ T and S ∩ T, if S and T are in M with S ⊆ T then T − S is in M and a = a − a. If a set S is in M and S is congruent to T then T is also in M, every rectangle R is in M. If the rectangle has length h and breadth k then a = hk, let Q be a set enclosed between two step regions S and T
8.
Russian Census (2010)
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The Russian Census of 2010 is the first census of the Russian Federation population since 2002 and the second after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Preparations for the census began in 2007 and it took place between October 14 and October 25, the census was originally scheduled for October 2010, but was moved to 2013 allegedly for financial reasons, although it was also speculated that political motives were influential in the decision. However, in late 2009 Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that the Government of Russia allocated 10.5 billion rubles in order to conduct the census as originally scheduled, Results showed the population to stand at 142.9 million. Since the previous 2002 census, population has decreased by 2.3 million, according to the 2010 census, urban population is 105.3 million, rural population is 37.5 million. The urbanisation rate is currently 73. 7%, the median age is 38 years. The ethnic composition is dominated by Russians, demographics of Russia Russian Census 2010 final results Results of 2010 All-Russia population census Official website of the 2010 Census
9.
Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
10.
Time in Russia
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There are eleven time zones in Russia, which currently observe times ranging from UTC+02,00 to UTC+12,00. Daylight saving time is not used in Russia, since 4 December 2016, the time zones are as follows, Daylight saving time in Russia was originally introduced on 30 June 1917 by a decree of the Russian Provisional Government. However, it was abandoned by a Decree of the Soviet government five months later, Daylight saving time was re-introduced in the USSR on 1 April 1981, by a decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The usage of daylight saving time continued after the Soviet collapse but ended in 2011, on 27 March 2011, clocks were advanced as usual, but they did not go back on 30 October 2011, effectively making Moscow Time UTC+4 permanently. In the Russian Empire, most of the observed solar time. During the late 19th century, Moscow Mean Time was introduced on 1 January 1880,2,30,17 corresponds to 37. 6166667°, the longitude of Moscow. Other parts of Russia kept solar time for several years. At this time, Russia had the Julian calendar with 12 or 13 days less date compared to Western Europe, so it is possible to say the Moscow actually had GMT-285,29,43, GMT-309,29,43 and GMT-309,28,41. Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar on Thursday,14 February 1918, after the Soviet Union was created, Moscow Time became UTC+2 and the various other time zones were introduced throughout Russia and the rest of the Soviet Union, for example Irkutsk Time GMT+7. Between 1917-1922 the time was ordered, with daylight savings time some of those years. On 21 June 1930, the Soviet Union advanced all clocks by one hour, Moscow Time was now GMT+3 and Irkutsk Time GMT+8. On 1 April 1981, daylight saving time was re-introduced, clocks were moved one hour forward on 1 April, on 1 April 1981,00,00,00, Oymyakonsky District changed its time zone from MSK+6 to MSK+8. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+9 to UTC+12, on 1 April 1982,00,00,00, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug changed its time zone from MSK+10 to MSK+9, thus eliminating Anadyr Time. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+14 to UTC+13, on 27 March 1988,02,00,00, Saratov and Volgograd oblasts changed its time zone from MSK+1 to MSK. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+5 to UTC+4, on 23 May 1993,00,00,00, Novosibirsk Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+8 to UTC+7, on 28 May 1995,00,00,00, Altai Krai and Altai Republic changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3. On 30 March 1997,02,00,00, Sakhalin Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+8 to MSK+7, on 1 May 2002,03,00,00, Tomsk Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3. On 1 January 2004,00,00,00, New Siberian Islands, Tomponsky District, the following time zone changes occurred on 28 March 2010, which, in particular, led to abolition of two of the eleven time zones
11.
Wikimedia Commons
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Wikimedia Commons is an online repository of free-use images, sound, and other media files. It is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, the repository contains over 38 million media files. In July 2013, the number of edits on Commons reached 100,000,000, the project was proposed by Erik Möller in March 2004 and launched on September 7,2004. The expression educational is to be according to its broad meaning of providing knowledge. Wikimedia Commons itself does not allow fair use or uploads under non-free licenses, for this reason, Wikimedia Commons always hosts freely licensed media and deletes copyright violations. The default language for Commons is English, but registered users can customize their interface to use any other user interface translations. Many content pages, in particular policy pages and portals, have also translated into various languages. Files on Wikimedia Commons are categorized using MediaWikis category system, in addition, they are often collected on individual topical gallery pages. While the project was proposed to also contain free text files. In 2012, BuzzFeed described Wikimedia Commons as littered with dicks, in 2010, Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger reported Wikimedia Commons to the FBI for hosting sexualized images of children known as lolicon. Wales responded to the backlash from the Commons community by voluntarily relinquishing some site privileges, over time, additional functionality has been developed to interface Wikimedia Commons with the other Wikimedia projects. Specialized uploading tools and scripts such as Commonist have been created to simplify the process of uploading large numbers of files. In order to free content photos uploaded to Flickr, users can participate in a defunct collaborative external review process. The site has three mechanisms for recognizing quality works, one is known as Featured pictures, where works are nominated and other community members vote to accept or reject the nomination. This process began in November 2004, another process known as Quality images began in June 2006, and has a simpler nomination process comparable to Featured pictures. Quality images only accepts works created by Wikimedia users, whereas Featured pictures additionally accepts nominations of works by third parties such as NASA, the three mentioned processes select a slight part from the total number of files. However, Commons collects files of all quality levels, from the most professional level across simple documental, files with specific defects can be tagged for improvement and warning or even proposed for deletion but there exists no process of systematic rating of all files. The site held its inaugural Picture of the Year competition, for 2006, all images that were made a Featured picture during 2006 were eligible, and voted on by eligible Wikimedia users during two rounds of voting
12.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
13.
Russian Census (2002)
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Russian Census of 2002 was the first census of the Russian Federation since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, carried out on October 9 through October 16,2002. It was carried out by the Russian Federal Service of State Statistics, the census data were collected as of midnight October 9,2002. The census was intended to collect statistical information about the resident population of Russian Federation. All detailed census tables are for the resident population, a sample of the participants were also asked more detailed questions about their economic and housing situation. Also, the census also counted two more groups of people, Russian citizens currently living abroad for more one year in connection with the employment with the federal government. Persons permanently residing abroad, but temporarily present in Russia, Foreign citizens present in Russia as employees of foreign diplomatic missions or international organizations, and members of their household, were excluded from the census altogether. The Census recorded the resident population of 145,166,731 persons and that included urban population of 106,429,000 and rural population of 38,738,000. The non-resident populations included, Russian citizens living abroad in connection with the government service,107,288. Census participants were asked what country they were citizens of,142,442,000 respondents reported being Russian citizens, among them,44,000 also had citizenship of another country. Among Russias resident population,1,025,413 foreign citizens and 429,881 stateless persons were counted,1,269,023 persons did not report their citizenship. Among the questions asked were Are you competent in the Russian language, and What other languages are you competent in. As the census manual explained, competence meant either the ability to speak, read and write a language, the questions did not distinguish native and non-native speakers, nor did they try to measure the degree of language competence. For small children, presumably, the answer was based on the language spoken by the parents. 142.6 million of the responders claimed competence in Russian, other widely reported languages are listed in the table below. 1.42 million responders did not provide language information, for a more detailed list, see List of languages of Russia. Demographics of Russia Russian Empire Census Soviet Census Official census home page Population of Chechnya, was the Census correct
14.
Soviet Census (1989)
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The census found the total population to be 286,730,819 inhabitants. In 1989, the Soviet Union ranked as the third most populous in the world, above the United States, although it was well behind China and India. In 1989, about half of the Soviet Unions total population lived in the Russian SFSR, almost two-thirds of the population was urban, leaving the rural population with some 34. 3%. In this way, its gradual increase continued, as shown by the represented by 47. 9%,56. 3% and 62. 3% of 1959,1970 and 1979 respectively. The previous postwar censuses, conducted in 1959,1970 and 1979, had enumerated 208,826,650,241,720,134, and 262,436,227 inhabitants respectively. In 1990, the Soviet Union was more populated than both the United States and Canada together, having some 40 million more inhabitants than the U. S. alone. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991, the next census was possibly planned for 1999. Research Guide to Russian and Soviet Censuses, Ithaca, Cornell University Press,1986, dewdney, Population change in the Soviet Union, 1979-1989, Geography, Vol.75, Pt.3, No. Subjects of Russia, on the www. statoids. com website
15.
Russian Federal State Statistics Service
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Russian Federal State Statistics Service is the governmental statistics agency in Russia. Goskomstat was the centralised agency dealing with statistics in the Soviet Union and this renaming amounted to a formal demotion of the status of the agency. In addition to overseeing the collection and evaluation of state statistics, Goskomstat was responsible for planning and carrying out the population and it carried out seven such censuses, in 1926,1937,1939,1959,1970,1980, and 1989. 39, on Ulitsa Myasnitskaya, Tsentrosoyuz building, home to Goskomstat, was designed by the Swiss-born architect, Federal State Statistics - Soviet period of activity Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation
16.
Government of Russia
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The Government of the Russian Federation exercises executive power in the Russian Federation, also known as the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. The members of the government are the Prime Minister, the deputy ministers. It has its basis in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to the 1991 amendment to the 1978 Russian Constitution, the President of Russia was the head of the executive branch, according to the current 1993 Constitution of Russia, the President is not a part of the Government of Russia, which exercises executive power. But, the President does appoint the Prime Minister, after the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Council of Ministers had become the main executive body. At some points it contained over 69 state committees, 16–17 ministers,5 federal services, after the 2004 reform, government duties were split between 17 ministries,5 federal services, and over 30 governmental agencies. The Russian Federation practices asymmetrical federalism and this means that not all regions are treated fairly and that some regions have been given more autonomy than others. There are 7 super regions with a governor that answers to the President. Those super regions include the South, Central, North-West, Far East, Siberia, Ural, Volga and they were established in May of 2000. The prime minister, currently Dmitry Medvedev, is appointed by the president and he or she succeeds to the presidency if the current president dies, is incapacitated, or resigns. Corruption is common and widespread in the government, according to 2016 results of Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International, Russia ranked 131th place out of 176 countries with score 29. Multiple anti-corruption campaigns have launched to try to curb corruption. One of the biggest stances taken against corruption is the formation of the Anti-Corruption Council in 2008, the large body was preceded by Government of the Soviet Union. Since the Russian Federation emerged in 1991 to 1992, the structure has undergone several major changes. In the initial years, an amount of government bodies, primarily the different ministries. On 28 November 1991, President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin signed presidential decree No.242 On reorganization of the government bodies of the RSFSR, Yeltsin officially declared the end of the Soviet Union and became the President of the Russian Federation. Yeltsin was a reformer and promised Western-styled democracy, in 1993 the new Russian Constitution was adopted. The new Constitution gained legitimacy through its legislature, independent judiciary, the position of the president and the prime minister
17.
Rostov-on-Don
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Rostov-on-Don is a port city and the administrative center of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the part of the East European Plain on the Don River,32 kilometers from the Sea of Azov. The southwestern suburbs of the city abut the Don River delta, from ancient times, the area around the mouth of the Don River has held cultural and commercial importance. Ancient indigenous inhabitants included the Scythian, Sarmat, and Savromat tribes and it was the site of Tanais, an ancient Greek colony, Fort Tana, under the Genoese and Fort Azak in the time of the Ottoman Empire. In 1749, a house was established on the Temernik River, a tributary of the Don, by edict of Empress Elizabeth. It was co-located with a named for Dimitry of Rostov. Azov, a closer to the Sea of Azov on the Don. In 1756, the Russian commercial and trading company of Constantinople was founded at the settlement on the high bank of the Don. In 1796, the settlement was chartered and in 1797, it became the seat of Rostovsky Uyezd within Novorossiysk Governorate, in 1806, it was officially renamed Rostov-on-Don. During the 19th century, due to its connections with Russias interior, Rostov developed into a major trade center. A railway connection with Kharkiv was completed in 1870, with further links following in 1871 to Voronezh, concurrent with improvements in communications, heavy industry developed. Coal from the Donets Basin and iron ore from Krivoy Rog supported the establishment of a foundry in 1846. In 1859, the production of pumps and steam boilers began, the harbor was one of the largest trade hubs in southern Russia, especially for the export of wheat, timber, and iron ore. In 1779, Rostov-on-Don became associated with a settlement of Armenian refugees from the Crimea at Nakhichevan-on-Don, the two settlements were separated by a field of wheat. In 1928, the two towns were merged, the former town border lies beneath the Teatralnaya Square of central Rostov-on-Don. By 1928, following the incorporation of the neighboring city of Nakhichevan-on-Don. In the early 20th century, epidemics of cholera during the months were not uncommon. During the Russian Civil War, the Whites and the Reds contested Rostov-on-Don, by 1928, the regional government had moved from the old Cossack capital of Novocherkassk to Rostov-on-Don
18.
Aksay, Rostov Oblast
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It was first mentioned in 1569 as a Cossack settlement. Until 1791, it was known as Ust-Aksayskaya, from 1791, it was known as the stanitsa of Aksayskaya. In November 21–29,1941, Aksayskaya was occupied by German troops, in 1957, it was granted town status and renamed Aksay. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Aksay serves as the center of Aksaysky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Aksaysky District as Aksayskoye Urban Settlement, as a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Aksaysky Municipal District. Aksay serves as a satellite of Rostov-on-Don. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №240-ЗС от27 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Аксайский район и муниципальных образований в его составе», в ред. Закона №409-ЗС от4 мая2010 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Аксайский район и муниципальных образований в его составе». Вступил в силу с1 января2005 г, Опубликован, Наше время, №339,29 декабря2004 г
19.
Azov
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Azov, formerly known as Azoff, is a town in Rostov Oblast, Russia, situated on the Don River just 16 kilometers from the Sea of Azov, which derives its name from the town. The mouth of the Don River has always been an important commercial center, at the start of the 3rd century BCE, the Greeks from the Bosporan Kingdom founded a colony here, which they called Tanais. Several centuries later, in the last third of 1st century BCE, the introduction of Greek colonists restored its prosperity, but the Goths practically annihilated it in the 3rd century. The site of ancient Tanais, now occupied by the khutor of Nedvigovka, has been excavated since the mid-19th century, the Kutrigur Hun inhabitants of Patria Onoguria became known as the Utigur Bulgars when it became part of the Western Turkic Kaghanate under Sandilch. Then in the 7th century Khan Kubrat ruler of the Unogundurs established Old Great Bolgary there before his heir Batbayan surrendered it to the Khazars, in the 10th century, as the Khazar state disintegrated, the area passed under control of the Slavic princedom of Tmutarakan. The Kipchaks, seizing the area in 1067, renamed it Azaq, in autumn 2000, Thor Heyerdahl wanted to further investigate his idea that Scandinavians may have migrated from the south via waterways. He was on the trail of Odin, the Germanic and Nordic god of the mythologies of the early Norse Eddas and Sagas, Heyerdahl was particularly interested in Snorris reference to the land of origin of the Æsir people. Heyerdahl wanted to test the veracity of Snorri and, consequently, organized the Joint Archaeological Excavation in Azov, Russia and he had wanted to undertake a second excavation the following year, but it never happened due to his death in April 2002. In 1471, the Ottoman Empire gained control of the area, the fort blocked the Don Cossacks from raiding and trading into the Black Sea. The Cossacks had attacked Azov in 1574,1593,1620, in April 1637, three thousand Don Cossacks and four thousand Zaporozhian Cossacks besieged Azov. The fort fell on June 21 and the Cossacks sent a request to the Tsar for re-enforcements, a commission recommended against this because of the danger of war with Turkey and poor state of the fortifications. In June 1641, Hussein Deli, Pasha of Silistria invested the fort with 70, in September, they had to withdraw because of disease and provisioning shortfalls. A second Russian commission reported that the siege had left little of the walls. In March 1642, Sultan Ibrahim issued an ultimatum and Tsar Mikhail ordered the Cossacks to evacuate, the Turks reoccupied Azov in September 1642. In 1693, the garrison of the fortress was 3,656 of whom 2,272 were Janissaries, the fortress, however, had yet to pass through many vicissitudes. During the Azov campaigns of 1696, Peter the Great, who desired naval access to the Black Sea, Azov was granted town status in 1708, but the disastrous Pruth River Campaign constrained him to hand it back to the Turks in 1711. A humorous description of the events is featured in Voltaires Candide, during the Great Russo-Turkish War, it was taken by the army under Count Rumyantsev and finally ceded to Russia under the terms of Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji. For seven years Azov was a seat of its own governorate and it was occupied by the Germans between July 1942 and February 1943 during World War II
20.
Bataysk
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Bataysk is a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located 15 kilometers southwest of Rostov-on-Don. It was founded in 1769, and was granted town status in 1938, within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Bataysk Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, this unit also has urban okrug status. Bataysk has gained attention since unveiling a monument that shows a mans hand gripping a nubile female breast. Sremski Karlovci, Serbia Законодательное Собрание Ростовской области, Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред, Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г. «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г, Закон №235-ЗС от27 декабря2004 г. «Об установлении границы и наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования Город Батайск», Вступил в силу1 января2005 г. Опубликован, Наше время, №339,29 декабря2004 г
21.
Belaya Kalitva
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Belaya Kalitva is a town and the administrative center of Belokalitvinsky District in Rostov Oblast, Russia. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Belaya Kalitva serves as the center of Belokalitvinsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with three rural localities, incorporated within Belokalitvinsky District as Belokalitvinskoye Urban Settlement, as a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Belokalitvinsky Municipal District. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №218-ЗС от14 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Белокалитвинский район и муниципальных образований в его составе», в ред. Закона №607-ЗС от10 мая2011 г, Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Наше время, №№325–338,28 декабря2004 г, pictures of Belaya Kalitva Photos at Panaramio. com
22.
Donetsk, Russia
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Donetsk is a town in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the Seversky Donets River on the border with Ukraine. By road it is located 388 kilometres west of Volgograd, the settlement was founded in 1681 by the Don Cossacks. It was known as Gundorovka until 1955, within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Donetsk Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, this unit also has urban okrug status. Shelling of Donetsk, Russia Законодательное Собрание Ростовской области, Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред, Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г. «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г, Закон №215-ЗС от14 декабря2004 г. «Об установлении границы и наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования Город Донецк», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Наше время, №319–320,22 декабря2004 г
23.
Gukovo
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Gukovo is a mining town in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located close to the border with Ukraine. At 250 meters, Gukovo is the highest elevated town in Rostov Oblast, within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Gukovo Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, this unit also has urban okrug status. Gukovo is home to one of the few rally-racing clubs in the south of Russia, Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред, Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г. «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г, Закон №229-ЗС от27 декабря2004 г. «Об установлении границы и наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования Город Гуково», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Наше время, №325–338,28 декабря2004 г, official website of Gukovo Unofficial website of Gukovo
24.
Kamensk-Shakhtinsky
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Kamensk-Shakhtinsky is a town in Rostov Oblast, located on the Seversky Donets River. It was founded by Cossack settlers in 1686 and was granted town status in 1927, within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Kamensk-Shakhtinsky Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, this unit also has urban okrug status. Once a major coal-mining center of the eastern Donets coal basin, it now an important producer of artificial fibers, european route E40 passes through Kamensk-Shakhtinsky. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №236-ЗС от27 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границы и наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования Город Каменск-Шахтинский». Вступил в силу1 января2005 г, Опубликован, Наше время, №339,29 декабря2004 г
25.
Konstantinovsk
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Konstantinovsk is a town and the administrative center of Konstantinovsky District in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the Don River near the Seversky Donets. Town status was granted to Konstantinovsk in 1967, within the framework of administrative divisions, Konstantinovsk serves as the administrative center of Konstantinovsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with five rural localities, as a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Konstantinovsky Municipal District. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №245-ЗС от27 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Константиновский район и муниципальных образований в его составе». Вступил в силу с1 января2005 г, Опубликован, Наше время, №339,29 декабря2004 г
26.
Krasny Sulin
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Krasny Sulin is a town and the administrative center of Krasnosulinsky District in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located in the Donets Basin region. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Krasny Sulin serves as the center of Krasnosulinsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Krasnosulinsky District as Krasnosulinskoye Urban Settlement, as a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Krasnosulinsky Municipal District. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №232-ЗС от27 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Красносулинский район и муниципальных образований в его составе», в ред. Закона №656-ЗС от8 августа2011 г, Вступил в силу с1 января2005 г. Опубликован, Наше время, №№325–338,28 декабря2004 г
27.
Millerovo, Millerovsky District, Rostov Oblast
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Millerovo is a town and the administrative center of Millerovsky District in Rostov Oblast, Russia. At the end of the 19th century, it became an important railway hub, facilities were built to process a large part of agricultural products coming from the areas of the upper Don and Ukraine to send to the central provinces of Russia. It was granted town status in 1926, during World War II, in July 1942, an encirclement of Soviet troops by German forces occurred around the town, resulting in the Soviet troops being captured. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Millerovo serves as the center of Millerovsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Millerovsky District as Millerovskoye Urban Settlement, as a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Millerovsky Municipal District. The basis of the economy is food grain. The Millerovo military airfield is located 5 kilometers northwest of the town, at the airfield was stationed the headquarters of the 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Division after its withdrawal from Germany in 1993 until 1998. Also until 2009, the 19th Nikopol Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment —a part of the 51st Air Defense Corps of the 4th Army of Air Force, the regiment was reorganized in 2009 as the 6969th Air Base, a part of the 7th Brigade of Military-Space Defense. MiG-29 fighters of both the former 19th GvIAP and the 31st Fighter Air Regiment, previously disbanded in Zernograd, are located at the airfield, mira Żelechower-Aleksiun, Polish painter Denis Glushakov, footballer Законодательное Собрание Ростовской области. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №171-ЗС от22 октября2004 г, «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Миллеровский район и муниципальных образований в его составе», в ред. Закона №981-ЗС от25 октября2012 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Миллеровский район и муниципальных образований в его составе». Вступил в силу с1 января2005 г, Опубликован, Наше время, №№259–260,28 октября2004 г
28.
Morozovsk
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The khutor of Morozov was founded in the 1880s. In 1900, Morozovskaya railway station, named after it, was opened nearby, in 1910, the stanitsa of Taubeyevskaya was established near the railway station. It was renamed Morozovskaya on April 24,1917, later, these two rural localities grew and merged, and the resulting settlement was granted town status in 1941. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Morozovsk serves as the center of Morozovsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Morozovsky District as Morozovskoye Urban Settlement, as a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Morozovsky Municipal District. There is an airbase located 3.1 miles southwest of the town, Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред, Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г. «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г, Закон №247-ЗС от27 декабря2004 г. «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Морозовский район и муниципальных образований в его составе», Вступил в силу с1 января2005 г. Опубликован, Наше время, №339,29 декабря2004 г
29.
Novocherkassk
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Novocherkassk is a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Tuzlov River and on the Aksay River. Population,168,746,170,822,187, during the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922, Novocherkassk lay the heart of the Don counter-revolution and came under the command of General Alexey Kaledin. The Red Army finally ousted the Whites from Novocherkassk on January 7,1920, during World War II the German Wehrmacht occupied Novocherkassk between July 24,1942 and February 13,1943. In 1962 Soviet armed functionaries brutally suppressed local food riots in the event known as the Novocherkassk massacre, within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Novocherkassk Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, this unit also has urban okrug status. During the bicentenary celebrations in September 2005 another monument, dedicated to the reconciliation of White, Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред, Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г. «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г, Закон №237-ЗС от27 декабря2004 г. «Об установлении границы и наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования Город Новочеркасск», Закона №272-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г. Вступил в силу1 января2005 г, Опубликован, Наше время, №339,29 декабря2004 г
30.
Novoshakhtinsk
–
Novoshakhtinsk is a mining city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the border with Ukraine. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Novoshakhtinsk Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, this unit also has urban okrug status. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №216-ЗС от14 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границы и наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования Город Новошахтинск», в ред. Вступил в силу1 января2005 г, Опубликован, Наше время, №319–320,22 декабря2004 г
31.
Proletarsk, Rostov Oblast
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Proletarsk is a town and the administrative center of Proletarsky District in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the Manych River, on the Rostov-on-Don–Baku railway. It was formerly the Cossack stanitsa of Velikoknyazheskaya, within the framework of administrative divisions, Proletarsk serves as the administrative center of Proletarsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with three rural localities, incorporated within Proletarsky District as Proletarskoye Urban Settlement, as a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Proletarsky Municipal District. Soviet science fiction writer Petrony Gay Amatuni was born there in 1916, Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред, Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г. «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г, Закон №183-ЗС от22 октября2004 г. «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Пролетарский район и муниципальных образований в его составе», Вступил в силу с1 января2005 г. Опубликован, Наше время, №№266–269,3 ноября2004 г
32.
Salsk
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It was established as a settlement serving Torgovaya railway station, which opened in 1899. It was granted town status and renamed Salsk in 1926, Salsk was occupied by Nazi Germany from July 31,1942 as a part of the operation known as Case Blue. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Salsk serves as the center of Salsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Salsky District as Salskoye Urban Settlement, as a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Salsky Municipal District. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №233-ЗС от27 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Сальский район и муниципальных образований в его составе». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №№325–338,28 декабря2004 г
33.
Semikarakorsk
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The stanitsa of Semikarakorskaya, which was founded by the Don Cossacks, was known since 1672. The stanitsa changed its location due to Dons flooding and finally was moved to its present location in 1845. It was granted urban-type settlement status in 1958 and town status in 1972, within the framework of administrative divisions, Semikarakorsk serves as the administrative center of Semikarakorsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Semikarakorsky District as Semikarakorskoye Urban Settlement, as a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Semikarakorsky Municipal District. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №227-ЗС от14 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Семикаракорский район и муниципальных образований в его составе». Вступил в силу с1 января2005 г, Опубликован, Наше время, №№319–320,22 декабря2004 г
34.
Shakhty
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Shakhty is a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the southeastern spur of the Donetsk mountain ridge,75 kilometers northeast of Rostov-on-Don. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 239,987, in the beginning of the 19th century sergeant-major Popov founded on the Grushevka River a Cossack stanitsa of Alexandro-Grushevskaya. While the exact reasoning behind this name is unclear, it is possible that the name was given in honor of Emperor Alexander I, twelve Cossacks and fourteen peasant serfs lived in the stanitsa at that time. By the mid-19th century, fifty-seven coal mines operated in this area, in 1867, it was granted town status and renamed Gornoye Grushevskoye Poseleniye. The name was changed to Alexandrovsk-Grushevsky in 1881, by 1914, the population had reached 54,000. The main source of income was coal mining, which had carried out in that region since the end of the 18th century. The population was poor, but the town had rail, telegraph and telephone networks, electricity and plumbing as well as libraries, hospitals and a post office. 1917 saw the city change hands three times, until it was taken on April 28,1919, by the Don Army, for twenty months it was independent of the Bolsheviks, but was ravaged by typhoid. In 1920, the city was given its present name, the name, which literally means mines in Russian, was chosen due to the strong association with coal mining. During the 1920s, many of the churches and the archives were destroyed, in 1928, the city was the location of the Shakhty Trial, a precursor of the show trials of the 1930s. In 1941, an independent Cossack republic had been declared in Shakhty although this was suppressed by the NKVD before the Russian invasion. In July 1942, during the Great Patriotic War, the city was occupied by the Germans, many coal pits, twenty-nine of the townsmen were awarded the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union. In 1948, production levels in the mines reached what they had been before the war. During the Leonid Brezhnev years, the city was at the height of its development, with a population of over 250,000, in the 1970s and 1980s, the city was the scene of many of Andrei Chikatilos murders. Perestroika proved devastating for the city, as mines were privatized and shut down, causing massive unemployment, todays Shakhty is the main industrial center of the Eastern Donbass. The city is one of the main producers and exporters of tile in Eastern Europe. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Shakhty Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, this unit also has urban okrug status
35.
Taganrog
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Taganrog is a port city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the north shore of the Taganrog Bay in the Sea of Azov, several kilometers west of the mouth of the Don River. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 257,681, Taganrog was officially founded by Peter the Great on September 12,1698. The first Russian Navy base, it hosted the Azov Flotilla of Catherine the Great, Taganrog was granted city status in 1775. By the end of the 18th century, Taganrog had lost its importance as a base after Crimea. In 1802, Tsar Alexander I granted the city special status, in 1825, the Alexander I Palace in Taganrog was used as the Tsars summer residence, where he died in November 1825. Taganrog became an important as a port, used for the import and export of grain by the end of the 19th century until the early 20th century. Industrialization increased in the city when Belgian and German investors founded a factory, an iron and steel foundry, a leather factory. By 1911, fifteen foreign consulates had opened in the city, during World War I, Taganrog was occupied by the troops of the German Army from May 1918 until August. In 1919, General Anton Denikin established his headquarters at the Avgerino mansion in the city while commanding White Russian troops fighting in South Russia during the Russian Civil War. When the White Russians were defeated and Bolshevik power was established in the city on December 25,1919, Denikins remaining troops and the British Consulate were evacuated by HMS Montrose. The occuption led to the government system being replaced by German-style Bürgermeisteramt. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Taganrog Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, this unit also has urban okrug status. The climate of Taganrog is temperate, Taganrog experiences moderately cold winters and hot summers. Taganrog is the industrial center of Rostov Oblast. The biggest company currently operating in Taganrog is Taganrog Metallurgical Plant which manufactures steel, steel pipe for oil and gas industry, the other major employer is Taganrog Auto Factory which originated from Taganrog Combine Harvester Factory. The plant manufactures automobiles licensed by Hyundai, the production line includes Hyundai Accent compact sedan, mid-size Hyundai Sonata, sport utility vehicle Santa Fe and Hyundai Porter pickup truck. Taganrog is also home to the design bureau Beriev
36.
Tsimlyansk
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It was founded in 1672 by the Don Cossacks as Ust-Tsimla. Until 1950, it was known as the stanitsa of Tsimlyanskaya, in 1950–1952, the stanitsa was resettled in the new location due to the construction of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir and the Tsimlyansk Hydroelectric Station. It was granted town status in 1961, within the framework of administrative divisions, Tsimlyansk serves as the administrative center of Tsimlyansky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Tsimlyansky District as Tsimlyanskoye Urban Settlement, as a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Tsimlyansky Municipal District. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №254-ЗС от27 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Цимлянский район и муниципальных образований в его составе». Вступил в силу с1 января2005 г, Опубликован, Наше время, №339,29 декабря2004 г
37.
Volgodonsk
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Volgodonsk is a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located in the east of the oblast on the west bank of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir. Volgodonsk was founded on July 27,1950 as a settlement for the Tsimlyansk hydroelectric dam maintenance personnel. It grew in size due to the construction of the Volga–Don Canal, town status was granted to it in 1956. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Volgodonsk Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, this unit also has urban okrug status. Volgodonsk is one of the leaders of Rostov Oblast. The city became the largest energy center of southern Russia with the launch of the Volgodonsk Nuclear Power Plant in March 2001, the power plant, along with the two thermal power stations, are the citys main employers. Atommash, Russias biggest nuclear engineering enterprise, is located in the city, the city is a regional transport hub on the Volga–Don Canal. A railway and M4 highway pass nearby, bus routes were launched in 1954. There are presently thirty bus routes, trolleybuses have been running since 1977. There are currently six routes in the city. Volgodonsk port has an importance as access to major ports of different countries. Volgodonsk is one of the cultural centers of Rostov Oblast. There are six art schools, two museums, seventeen historical and cultural sites, and three buildings recognized as architectural monuments of regional importance, Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред, Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г. «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г, Закон №186-ЗС от9 ноября2004 г. «Об установлении границы и наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования Город Волгодонск», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования
38.
Zverevo
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Zverevo is a town in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located 140 kilometers northeast of Rostov-on-Don. Zverevo grew from a settlement, which was founded in the beginning of the 20th century. It was granted urban-type settlement status in 1929 and town status in 1989, within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, along with one rural locality, incorporated as Zverevo Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, this unit also has urban okrug status. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №230-ЗС от27 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границы и наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования Город Зверево». Вступил в силу1 января2005 г, Опубликован, Наше время, №325–338,28 декабря2004 г
39.
Aksaysky District
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Aksaysky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the forty-three in Rostov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,170 square kilometers and its administrative center is the town of Aksay. The population of Aksay accounts for 41. 0% of the total population. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №240-ЗС от27 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Аксайский район и муниципальных образований в его составе», в ред. Закона №409-ЗС от4 мая2010 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Аксайский район и муниципальных образований в его составе». Вступил в силу с1 января2005 г, Опубликован, Наше время, №339,29 декабря2004 г
40.
Azovsky District
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Azovsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the forty-three in Rostov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast, the area of the district is 2,966 square kilometers. Its administrative center is the town of Azov, within the framework of administrative divisions, Azovsky District is one of the forty-three in the oblast. The town of Azov serves as its center, despite being incorporated separately as an urban okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Azovsky Municipal District, Azov Urban Okrug is incorporated separately from the district. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №239-ЗС от27 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Азовский район и муниципальных образований в его составе». Вступил в силу с1 января2005 г, Опубликован, Наше время, №339,29 декабря2004 г. Закон №234-ЗС от27 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границы и наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования Город Азов». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №339,29 декабря2004 г
41.
Bagayevsky District
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Bagayevsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the forty-three in Rostov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 950.6 square kilometers and its administrative center is the rural locality of Bagayevskaya. The population of Bagayevskaya accounts for 44. 4% of the total population. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №217-ЗС от14 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Багаевский район и муниципальных образований в его составе». Вступил в силу с1 января2005 г, Опубликован, Наше время, №№325–338,28 декабря2004 г
42.
Belokalitvinsky District
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Belokalitvinsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the forty-three in Rostov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast, the area of the district is 2,649.8 square kilometers. Its administrative center is the town of Belaya Kalitva, the population of Belaya Kalitva accounts for 42. 8% of the districts total population. Закон №340-ЗС от25 июля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от27 ноября2014 г, «О внесении изменений в областной Закон Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Наше время, №187–190,28 июля2005 г. Закон №218-ЗС от14 декабря2004 г, «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Белокалитвинский район и муниципальных образований в его составе», в ред. Закона №607-ЗС от10 мая2011 г, Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Наше время, №№325–338,28 декабря2004 г
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