Zircon

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Not to be confused with Zirconia, Cubic zirconia, or Zirconium.
This article is about the mineral. For other uses, see Zircon (disambiguation).
Zircon
Zircon-dtn1a.jpg
A lustrous crystal of zircon perched on a tan matrix of calcite from the Gilgit District of Pakistan
General
CategoryNesosilicates
Formula
(repeating unit)		zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4)
Strunz classification9.AD.30
Crystal systemTetragonal
Crystal classDitetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm)
H-M symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m)
Space groupI41/amd
Unit cella = 6.607(1), c = 5.982(1) [Å]; Z = 4
Identification
ColorReddish brown, yellow, green, blue, gray, colorless; in thin section, colorless to pale brown
Crystal habittabular to prismatic crystals, irregular grains, massive
TwinningOn {101}. Crystals shocked by meteorite impact show polysynthetic twins on {112}
Cleavage{110} and {111}
FractureConchoidal to uneven
TenacityBrittle
Mohs scale hardness7.5
LusterVitreous to adamantine; greasy when metamict.
StreakWhite
DiaphaneityTransparent to opaque
Specific gravity4.6–4.7
Optical propertiesUniaxial (+)
Refractive indexnω = 1.925–1.961
nε = 1.980–2.015, 1.75 when metamict
Birefringenceδ = 0.047–0.055
PleochroismWeak
Fusibilityclose to 2,550 °C depend on Hf,Th,U,H,etc... concentrations.
SolubilityInsoluble
Other characteristicsFluorescent and radioactive,
May form pleochroic halos,
Relief: high
References[1][2][3][4][5]

Zircon ( /ˈzɜːrkɒn/[6][7] or /ˈzɜːrkən/[8]) is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates. Its chemical name is zirconium silicate, and its corresponding chemical formula is ZrSiO4. A common empirical formula showing some of the range of substitution in zircon is (Zr1–y, REEy)(SiO4)1–x(OH)4x–y. Zircon forms in silicate melts with large proportions of high field strength incompatible elements. For example, hafnium is almost always present in quantities ranging from 1 to 4%; the crystal structure of zircon is tetragonal crystal system. The natural colour of zircon varies between colourless, yellow-golden, red, brown, blue and green. Colourless specimens that show gem quality are a popular substitute for diamond and are also known as "Matura diamond".

The name derives from the Persian zargun, meaning "gold-hued";[9] this word is corrupted into "jargoon", a term applied to light-colored zircons. The English word "zircon" is derived from Zirkon, which is the German adaptation of this word.[10] Yellow, orange and red zircon is also known as "hyacinth",[11] from the flower hyacinthus, whose name is of Ancient Greek origin.

Properties[edit]

Optical microscope photograph; the length of the crystal is about 250 µm

Zircon is ubiquitous in the crust of Earth, it occurs as a common accessory mineral in igneous rocks (as primary crystallization products), in metamorphic rocks and as detrital grains in sedimentary rocks.[1] Large zircon crystals are rare, their average size in granite rocks is about 0.1–0.3 mm, but they can also grow to sizes of several centimeters, especially in mafic pegmatites and carbonatites.[1] Zircon is also very resistant to heat and corrosion.

Because of their uranium and thorium content, some zircons undergo metamictization. Connected to internal radiation damage, these processes partially disrupt the crystal structure and partly explain the highly variable properties of zircon; as zircon becomes more and more modified by internal radiation damage, the density decreases, the crystal structure is compromised, and the color changes.

Zircon occurs in many colors, including reddish brown, yellow, green, blue, gray and colorless;[1] the color of zircons can sometimes be changed by heat treatment. Common brown zircons can be transformed into colorless and blue zircons by heating to 800 to 1000 °C.[12] In geological settings, the development of pink, red, and purple zircon occurs after hundreds of millions of years, if the crystal has sufficient trace elements to produce color centers. Color in this red or pink series is annealed in geological conditions above temperatures of around 400 °C.[13]

Applications[edit]

Sand-sized grains of zircon

Zircon is mainly consumed as an opacifier, and has been known to be used in the decorative ceramics industry,[14] it is also the principal precursor not only to metallic zirconium, although this application is small, but also to all compounds of zirconium including zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), one of the most refractory materials known.

Other applications include use in refractories and foundry casting and a growing array of specialty applications as zirconia and zirconium chemicals, including in nuclear fuel rods, catalytic fuel converters and in water and air purification systems.[15]

Zircon is one of the key minerals used by geologists for geochronology.

Zircon is a part of the ZTR index to classify highly-weathered sediments.

Occurrence[edit]

World production trend of zirconium mineral concentrates

Zircon is a common accessory to trace mineral constituent of most granite and felsic igneous rocks. Due to its hardness, durability and chemical inertness, zircon persists in sedimentary deposits and is a common constituent of most sands. Zircon is rare within mafic rocks and very rare within ultramafic rocks aside from a group of ultrapotassic intrusive rocks such as kimberlites, carbonatites, and lamprophyre, where zircon can occasionally be found as a trace mineral owing to the unusual magma genesis of these rocks.

Zircon forms economic concentrations within heavy mineral sands ore deposits, within certain pegmatites, and within some rare alkaline volcanic rocks, for example the Toongi Trachyte, Dubbo, New South Wales Australia[16] in association with the zirconium-hafnium minerals eudialyte and armstrongite.

Australia leads the world in zircon mining, producing 37% of the world total and accounting for 40% of world EDR (economic demonstrated resources) for the mineral.[17] South Africa is Africa's main producer, with 30% of world production, second after Australia.[18]

Radiometric dating[edit]

SEM-CL image of Zircon grain showing zonations and poly-cycles (core-rim structure)

Zircon has played an important role during the evolution of radiometric dating. Zircons contain trace amounts of uranium and thorium (from 10 ppm up to 1 wt%) and can be dated using several modern analytical techniques; because zircons can survive geologic processes like erosion, transport, even high-grade metamorphism, they contain a rich and varied record of geological processes. Currently, zircons are typically dated by uranium-lead (U-Pb), fission-track, cathodoluminescence, and U+Th/He techniques. For instance, imaging the cathodoluminescence emission from fast electrons can be used as a prescreening tool for high-resolution secondary-ion-mass spectrometry (SIMS) to image the zonation pattern and identify regions of interest for isotope analysis; this is done using an integrated cathodoluminescence and scanning electron microscope.[19] Zircons in sedimentary rock can identify the sediment source.

Zircons from Jack Hills in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, have yielded U-Pb ages up to 4.404 billion years,[20] interpreted to be the age of crystallization, making them the oldest minerals so far dated on Earth. In addition, the oxygen isotopic compositions of some of these zircons have been interpreted to indicate that more than 4.4 billion years ago there was already water on the surface of the Earth.[20][21] This interpretation is supported by additional trace element data,[22][23] but is also the subject of debate.[24][25] In 2015, "remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in the Jack Hills of Western Australia.[26][27] According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe."[26]

Gallery[edit]

  • Crystal structure of zircon

  • A unit cell

  • SEM image of zircon

  • Unusual olive-green zircon

  • Cluster of three compound crystals of zircon

Similar minerals[edit]

Hafnon (HfSiO4), xenotime (YPO4), béhierite, schiavinatoite ((Ta,Nb)BO4), thorite (ThSiO4), and coffinite (USiO4) all share the same crystal structure (VIIIX IVY O4) as zircon.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (1995). "Zircon" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. II (Silica, Silicates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 978-0962209710.
  2. ^ Zircon. Mindat
  3. ^ Zircon. Webmineral
  4. ^ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7
  5. ^ http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/TOC/Abstracts/2013_Abstracts/Jan13_Abstracts/Erickson_p53_13.pdf
  6. ^ "Zircon definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  7. ^ "zircon". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014.
  8. ^ "Definition of ZIRCON". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  9. ^ Stwertka, Albert (1996). A Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 117–119. ISBN 978-0-19-508083-4.
  10. ^ Harper, Douglas. "zircon". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  11. ^ "Hyacinth (gem)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  12. ^ "Zircon gemstone information". www.gemdat.org. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  13. ^ Garver, John I.; Kamp, Peter J.J. (2002). "Integration of zircon color and zircon fission-track zonation patterns in orogenic belts: Application to the Southern Alps, New Zealand". Tectonophysics. 349 (1–4): 203–219. Bibcode:2002Tectp.349..203G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.570.3912. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00054-9.
  14. ^ Nielsen, Ralph (2000). "Zirconium and Zirconium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a28_543. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  15. ^ "Products". Mineral Commodities Ltd. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
  16. ^ Staff (June 2007). "Dubbo Zirconia Project Fact Sheet June 2014" (PDF). Alkane Resources Limited. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
  17. ^ "The Mineral Sands Industry Factbook" (PDF).
  18. ^ "Heavy Minerals Mining in Africa - Titanium And Zirconium". Retrieved August 8, 2016.
  19. ^ BV, DELMIC. "Zircons - Application Note | DELMIC". request.delmic.com. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  20. ^ a b Wilde, Simon A.; Valley, John W.; Peck, William H.; Graham, Colin M. (2001). "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago". Nature. 409 (6817): 175–178. doi:10.1038/35051550. PMID 11196637.
  21. ^ Mojzsis, Stephen J.; Harrison, T. Mark; Pidgeon, Robert T. (2001). "Oxygen-isotope evidence from ancient zircons for liquid water at the Earth's surface 4,300 Myr ago". Nature. 409 (6817): 178–181. doi:10.1038/35051557. PMID 11196638.
  22. ^ Ushikubo, Takayuki; Kita, Noriko T.; Cavosie, Aaron J.; Wilde, Simon A.; Rudnick, Roberta L.; Valley, John W. (2008). "Lithium in Jack Hills zircons: Evidence for extensive weathering of Earth's earliest crust". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 272 (3–4): 666–676. Bibcode:2008E&PSL.272..666U. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.032.
  23. ^ "Ancient mineral shows early Earth climate tough on continents". Physorg.com. June 13, 2008.
  24. ^ Nemchin, A.; Pidgeon, R.; Whitehouse, M. (2006). "Re-evaluation of the origin and evolution of >4.2 Ga zircons from the Jack Hills metasedimentary rocks". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 244 (1–2): 218–233. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.054.
  25. ^ Cavosie, A.J.; Valley, J.W.; Wilde, S.A.; e.i.m.f (2005). "Magmatic δ18O in 4400–3900 Ma detrital zircons: A record of the alteration and recycling of crust in the Early Archean". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 235 (3–4): 663–681. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.028.
  26. ^ a b Borenstein, Seth (October 19, 2015). "Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth". Excite. Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  27. ^ Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnke, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; Mao, Wendy L. (2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (47): 14518–14521. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214518B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517557112. PMC 4664351. PMID 26483481.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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