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Zone melting
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Zone melting is a group of similar methods of purifying crystals, in which a narrow region of a crystal is melted, and this molten zone is moved through the crystal. The molten region melts impure sol
A diagram of the vertical zone refining process used to grow single-crystal ice from an initially polycrystalline material. The convection in the melt
A diagram of the vertical zone refining process used to grow single-crystal ice from an initially polycrystalline material. The convection in the melt is a result of water's density maximum at 4 °C.
Silicon crystal in the beginning of the growth process
Silicon crystal in the beginning of the growth process
Growing silicon crystal
Growing silicon crystal
A high-purity (5N) tantalum single crystal, made by the floating-zone process (cylindrical object in the center)
A high-purity (5N) tantalum single crystal, made by the floating-zone process (cylindrical object in the center)
Czochralski method
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The Czochralski method, also Czochralski technique or Czochralski process, is a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors, metals, salts and synthetic gemstones. The me
Zone melting
…is the highest among various manufacturing processes. Float-zone carrier lifetimes are around 1000 microseconds compared to 20–200 microseconds with Czochralski method, and 1–30 microseconds with cast polycrystalline silicon. A longer bulk lifetime increases the efficiency of solar cells significantly. Zone melting…
Crystal of Czochralski-grown silicon
Crystal of Czochralski-grown silicon
Silicon crystal being grown by the Czochralski method at Raytheon, 1956. The induction heating coil is visible, and the end of the crystal is just eme
Silicon crystal being grown by the Czochralski method at Raytheon, 1956. The induction heating coil is visible, and the end of the crystal is just emerging from the melt. The technician is measuring the temperature with an optical pyrometer. The crystals produced by this early apparatus, used in an early Si plant, were only one inch in diameter.
A puller rod with seed crystal for growing single-crystal silicon by the Czochralski method
A puller rod with seed crystal for growing single-crystal silicon by the Czochralski method
Crucibles used in Czochralski method
Crucibles used in Czochralski method