1.
Ben Stiller
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Benjamin Edward Meara Ben Stiller is an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker. He is the son of comedians and actors Jerry Stiller. After beginning his career with a play, Stiller wrote several mockumentaries, and was offered his own show entitled The Ben Stiller Show. Having previously acted in television, he began acting in films, in addition, he has had multiple cameos in music videos, television shows, and films. Stiller is a member of a group of comedic actors colloquially known as the Frat Pack and his films have grossed more than $2.6 billion in Canada and the United States, with an average of $79 million per film. Throughout his career, he has received awards and honors, including an Emmy Award, multiple MTV Movie Awards. Benjamin Edward Meara Stiller was born on November 30,1965 in New York City and his father, comedian and actor Jerry Stiller, is from a Jewish family that emigrated from Poland and Galicia in Eastern Europe. His mother, actress/comedian Anne Meara, who was from an Irish Catholic background, while the family was never very religious, they celebrated both Hanukkah and Christmas, and Stiller had a Bar Mitzvah. His parents frequently took him on the sets of their appearances and he considered his childhood unusual, stating In some ways, it was a show-business upbringing—a lot of traveling, a lot of late nights—not what youd call traditional. His elder sister, Amy, has appeared in many of his productions, including Reality Bites, DodgeBall, A True Underdog Story, Stiller displayed an early interest in filmmaking and made Super 8 movies with his sister and friends. At nine years old, he made his debut as a guest on his mothers short-lived television series. In the late 1970s, he performed with the New York City troupe NYCs First All Childrens Theater, playing roles, including the title role in Clever Jack. After being inspired by the television show Second City Television while in high school, during his high school years, he was also the drummer of the punk band Capital Punishment, which released a studio album named Roadkill in 1982. Stiller attended The Cathedral School of St. John the Divine and he started performing on the cabaret circuit as opening act to the cabaret siren Jadin Wong. Stiller then enrolled as a student at the University of California. After nine months, Stiller left school to move back to New York City and he made his way through acting classes, auditioning and trying to find an agent. When he was approximately 15, Stiller obtained a part with one line on the television soap opera Guiding Light. He was later cast in a role in the 1986 Broadway revival of John Guares The House of Blue Leaves, alongside John Mahoney, during its run, Stiller produced a satirical mockumentary whose principal was fellow actor Mahoney
Ben Stiller
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Stiller at the RTL-Spendenmarathon in 2014
Ben Stiller
Ben Stiller
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Stiller signing autographs before a screening for
Tropic Thunder at
Camp Pendleton on August 3, 2008.
Ben Stiller
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Stiller in 2010
2.
Drake Sather
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Drake Sather was an American stand-up comedian, an Emmy nominated television writer, and a producer, actor, and director. His credits include the film Zoolander, and the TV series Dennis Miller Show, Ed, Mr. Ed, The Larry Sanders Show, NewsRadio, Sather was born in Seattle, Washington on May 24,1959. He died in Los Angeles, California, on March 3,2004, of a wound to the head. He was married to Krystal Sather from 1989–1990 and to Marnie Sather from 1991 until his death and he and Marnie had four children, Ruby, Dallas, Tristan, and Molly. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work on The Larry Sanders Show, Sather wrote for Saturday Night Live during the 1994–1995 season. His last credit was a pilot of a television remake of Mr. Ed. Drake Sather at the Internet Movie Database Drake Sather at AllMovie Cho, Drake Sather at Find a Grave
Drake Sather
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Drake Sather (1987)
3.
John Hamburg
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John Hamburg is an American screenwriter, film director and producer. Hamburg was born in Manhattan, the son of New York City radio personality Joan Hamburg and he graduated from Brown University in 1992 with a degree in history. He then attended the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University, Hamburg is married to actress Christina Kirk. After screening his 1996 short film Tick at the Sundance Film Festival, Hamburg wrote, Hamburg then found greater success co-writing Meet the Parents and Zoolander, and returned to the directors chair with Along Came Polly, which he also wrote. He also co-wrote the sequel Meet the Fockers, in 2009, Hamburg wrote and directed the hit comedy I Love You, Man. He wrote the sequel to Meet the Parents, entitled Little Fockers. In 2016, Hamburg co-wrote the sequel Zoolander 2, which grossed $56 million at the box compared to a $50 million budget. John Hamburg at the Internet Movie Database
John Hamburg
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John Hamburg
4.
Owen Wilson
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Owen Cunningham Wilson is an American actor, producer and screenwriter. His older brother Andrew and younger brother Luke are also actors and he starred with Ben Stiller in numerous films, and is known for his roles in Frat Pack comedies. Wilson was born in Dallas, Texas to photographer Laura Wilson and Robert Andrew Wilson and his parents, originally from Massachusetts, are of Irish descent. Wilson attended New Mexico Military Institute and the University of Texas at Austin, Wilson then landed a role in The Cable Guy, directed by Ben Stiller, an early admirer of Bottle Rocket. Wilson starred in the 2000 comedy action film Shanghai Noon, with Jackie Chan, the film grossed nearly US$100 million worldwide. His fame continued to rise after starring alongside Ben Stiller and Will Ferrell in the 2001 film Zoolander, gene Hackman reportedly took notice of Wilsons performance in Shanghai Noon and recommended the actor to co-star in the 2001 action film Behind Enemy Lines. Also in 2001, Wilson and Anderson collaborated on their film, The Royal Tenenbaums. The film earned the team an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay. Wilson returned to the genre in 2002 with the action comedy I Spy. This big-screen remake of the series did not perform well at the box office. He made a appearance in the Girl Skateboards video Yeah Right. He then reunited with Jackie Chan to make Shanghai Knights, due to his busy schedule as an actor and an ongoing sinus condition, Wilson was unavailable to collaborate on the script for Wes Andersons fourth feature film, The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou. The 2004 film was ultimately co-written by filmmaker Noah Baumbach, however, Wilson did star in the film as Bill Murrays would-be son, Ned Plimpton, a role written specifically for Wilson. In 2004, he and his brother, Luke played the Wright brothers in the 2004 film Around the World in 80 Days, Wilson partnered with Vince Vaughn in the 2005 comedy film Wedding Crashers, which grossed over US$200M in the U. S. alone. Also in 2005, Owen collaborated with his brothers by appearing in The Wendell Baker Story, written by brother Luke, directed by Luke and brother Andrew. In the 2006 Disney/Pixar film Cars, Wilson voiced Lightning McQueen, starred in You, Me and Dupree with Kate Hudson, Wilson next starred in the Judd Apatow comedy, Drillbit Taylor, released in March 2008. He appeared in an adaptation of John Grogans best-selling memoir, Marley & Me. He also starred in The Darjeeling Limited with Adrien Brody and Jason Schwartzman and he provided the voice for the Whackbat Coach Skip in Wes Andersons Fantastic Mr. Fox
Owen Wilson
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Owen Wilson at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival for the premiere of
Midnight in Paris
Owen Wilson
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Wilson at the London premiere of You, Me and Dupree, 2006
Owen Wilson
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Wilson in May 2007
5.
Will Ferrell
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John William Will Ferrell is an American actor, comedian, producer, and writer. The two also founded the comedy website Funny or Die in 2007, Other films roles include Elf, Old School, Blades of Glory, and the animated films Megamind and The Lego Movie. He received an Emmy Award nomination for his work on Saturday Night Live and he was also named the best comedian of 2015 in the British GQ Men of the Year awards. Ferrell received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 26,2015. Ferrell was born in Irvine, California, to Betty Kay, a teacher who taught at Old Mill School elementary school and Santa Ana College and his parents were both natives of Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina, and moved to California in 1964. Ferrells ancestry includes English, German, and Irish and he has a younger brother named Patrick. When he was eight years old, his parents divorced, Ferrell said of the divorce, I was the type of kid who would say, Hey, look at the bright side. The divorce was amicable and both parents were committed to their children, the biggest problem was his fathers line of work. As a person in business, his paychecks were never steady. Growing up in this environment made Ferrell not want to go into show business, will first attended school at Turtle Rock Elementary and later attended Rancho San Joaquin Middle School, both in Irvine. He attended University High School in Irvine, and was a kicker for the varsity football team. He was also on the team and captain of the basketball team. Ferrell called third grade a pivotal year and he realized he could make his classmates laugh if he pretended to smash his head against the wall, or if he tripped and fell on purpose, and said it was a great way to make friends. He said the dullness of Irvine contributed to the growth of his humor, Growing up in suburbia, in safe, master-planned Irvine and my main form of entertainment was cracking my friends up and exploring new ways of being funny. I didnt have to have the survival mode instinct like other comics, for me, I grew up in Mayberry, and the humor broke the boredom. And there was a lot to make fun of, in his senior year of high school, Ferrell and a friend would perform comedy skits over the schools intercom system, with cooperation from the principal, the two had to write their own material. Ferrell also performed comedic skits in the talent shows. He won the Best Personality superlative voted by his classmates and he enrolled at the University of Southern California, where he studied Sports Broadcasting and joined the Delta Tau Delta Fraternity
Will Ferrell
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Ferrell in 2013
Will Ferrell
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Ferrell at the premiere of
Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, December 2007
Will Ferrell
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Will Ferrell dressed as Megamind at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International
Will Ferrell
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Ferrell at the 2010 San Diego Comic Con with Mark Wahlberg
6.
Milla Jovovich
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Milica Bogdanovna Milla Jovovich is an American actress, model, musician, and fashion designer. She has appeared in science fiction and action films, leading the music channel VH1 to deem her the reigning queen of kick-butt in 2006. In 2004, she was the model in the world according to Forbes. Born in Kiev, Jovovich emigrated with her parents to the United States when she was five, in 1987, she began modeling at the age of 12 when Herb Ritts photographed her for the cover of the Italian magazine Lei. Richard Avedon featured her in Revlons Most Unforgettable Women in the World advertisements, in 1988, Jovovich had her first acting role in the television film The Night Train to Kathmandu, and that year also appeared in her first feature film, Two Moon Junction. Jovovich gained attention for her role in the explicit 1991 romance film Return to the Blue Lagoon and she was considered to have a breakthrough with her role in the 1997 French science-fiction film The Fifth Element written and directed by Luc Besson. She and Besson married that year, but soon divorced and she starred as the heroine and martyr in Bessons The Messenger, The Story of Joan of Arc. In 2002, Jovovich starred in the science fiction horror film Resident Evil and it received negative reviews from critics, but was commercially successful. She reprised her role in five sequels, all in the apocalyptic action horror genre. Jovovich released an album, The Divine Comedy, in 1994 and she continues to release demos for other songs on her official website and contributes to film soundtracks. In 2003, she and model Carmen Hawk created the clothing line Jovovich-Hawk, Jovovich has her own production company, Creature Entertainment. Milla Jovovich was born in 1975 in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, the daughter of Galina Loginova, a Russian actress, and Bogich Jovovich and her maternal ancestors were from the city of Tula. She spent most of her childhood in Moscow, Russian SSR. In 1980, when Jovovich was five years old, her left the Soviet Union for political reasons. They subsequently immigrated to Sacramento, California, settling in Los Angeles seven months later, millas parents divorced soon after their arrival in Los Angeles. In 1988, her father had a relationship with an Argentine woman, due to her parents divorce years before, Jovovich saw little of her half brother. In Los Angeles, her mother tried to get acting jobs, but found little success because of language barriers, both parents served as cooks and housekeepers for director Brian De Palma. According to Jovovich, Prison was good for him, hes become a much better person
Milla Jovovich
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Jovovich at the 2014 ASPCA Awards.
Milla Jovovich
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Jovovich at the
2013 Cannes Film Festival
Milla Jovovich
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Jovovich at the
2000 Cannes Film Festival
Milla Jovovich
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Jovovich at the
2002 Cannes Film Festival
7.
Jerry Stiller
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Gerald Isaac Jerry Stiller is an American comedian and actor. He is known for playing Frank Costanza on the NBC sitcom Seinfeld and he spent many years in the comedy team Stiller and Meara with his wife, Anne Meara. They are the parents of actor Ben Stiller, with whom Stiller co-starred in the films Zoolander, Heavyweights, Hot Pursuit, The Heartbreak Kid, Stiller is best known for his unique angry, yelling acting style. The eldest of four children, Stiller was born at Unity Hospital in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Bella and William Stiller and his paternal grandparents immigrated from Galicia, and his mother was born in Poland. He lived in the Williamsburg and East New York neighborhoods before his family moved to the Lower East Side, a drama major at Syracuse University, he earned a bachelors degree in Speech and Drama in 1950. In the 1953 Phoenix Theater production of Coriolanus, Stiller formed the best trio of Shakespearian clowns that had seen on any stage. Their career declined as variety series gradually disappeared, but they subsequently forged a career in radio commercials and they starred in their own syndicated five-minute sketch comedy show, Take Five with Stiller and Meara. From 1979 to 1982, Stiller and Meara hosted HBO Sneak Previews and they also did some comedy sketches between show discussions. The duos own 1986 TV sitcom, The Stiller and Meara Show, in which Stiller played the deputy mayor of New York City and Meara portrayed his wife, Stiller played the short-tempered Frank Costanza, the father of George Costanza in the sitcom Seinfeld from 1993 to 1998. After Seinfelds run ended, Stiller had planned on retiring, James, who played the leading role of Doug Heffernan, had told Stiller that he needed him in order to have a successful show. Stiller obliged, and played the role of Arthur Spooner, the father of Carrie Heffernan, Stiller said this role tested his acting ability more than any others have and that, before being a part of King of Queens, he only saw himself as a decent actor. Stiller played himself in filmed skits, opening and closing Canadian rock band Rushs 30th Anniversary Tour concerts in 2004 and these appearances are seen on the bands DVD R30, 30th Anniversary World Tour, released in 2005. Stiller later appeared in cameos in later films for the bands 2007-2008 Snakes & Arrows Tour. He also appeared on the game show Tattletales with his wife Anne in the Blue rooting section, in the late 1990s, Stiller appeared in a series of Nike television commercials as the ghost of deceased Green Bay Packers head coach Vince Lombardi. Stiller has appeared in motion pictures, most notably Zoolander. On February 9,2007, Stiller and Meara were honored with a joint star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, on October 28,2010, the couple appeared on an episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Stiller voiced the announcer on the educational show Crashbox. Starting in October 2010, Stiller and Meara began starring in a Yahoo web series, Stiller & Meara from Red Hour Digital, each episode was about two minutes long
Jerry Stiller
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Stiller in 2005
Jerry Stiller
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Stiller and Meara
8.
Jon Voight
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Jonathan Vincent Jon Voight is an American actor. He is the winner of one Academy Award, having nominated for four. He has also won four Golden Globe Awards and was nominated for eleven and he is the father of actress Angelina Jolie and actor James Haven. Voight came to prominence in the late 1960s with his performance as Joe Buck, although his output slowed during the 1980s, Voight received critical acclaim for his performance as a ruthless bank robber in Runaway Train. During the 1990s, Voight made somewhat of a comeback, starring in Michael Manns cult classic Heat opposite Robert DeNiro, Roosevelt in Michael Bays Pearl Harbor and as Pope John Paul II in the eponymous miniseries. Voight also appears in Showtimes Ray Donovan TV series as Mickey Donovan, Voight was born on December 29,1938, in Yonkers, New York, the son of Barbara and Elmer Voight, a professional golfer. He has two brothers, Barry Voight, a former volcanologist at Pennsylvania State University, and Wesley Voight, known as Chip Taylor, Voights paternal grandfather and his paternal grandmothers parents were Slovak immigrants, while his maternal grandfather and his maternal grandmothers parents were German immigrants. Following his graduation in 1956, he enrolled at The Catholic University of America in Washington, D. C. where he majored in art, after graduation, Voight moved to New York City, where he pursued an acting career. In 1962, Voight married actress Lauri Peters, who he met when both appeared in the original Broadway production of The Sound of Music. He married actress Marcheline Bertrand in 1971 and they separated in 1976, filed for divorce in 1978, and divorced in 1980. Their children, James Haven and Angelina Jolie, would go on to enter the business as actors and producers. Voight was estranged from his children for years, but they reconciled in 2007 after Bertrands death. His theatre career took off in January 1965, playing Rodolfo in Arthur Millers A View from the Bridge in an Off-Broadway revival, Voights film debut did not come until 1967, when he took a part in Phillip Kaufmans crimefighter spoof, Fearless Frank. Voight also took a role in 1967s western, Hour of the Gun. In 1968 Voight took a role in director Paul Williamss Out of It, in 1969, Voight was cast in the groundbreaking Midnight Cowboy, a film that would make his career. Voight played Joe Buck, a male hustler from Texas. He comes under the tutelage of Dustin Hoffmans Ratso Rizzo, a petty thief. The film explored late 1960s New York and the development of an unlikely, directed by John Schlesinger and based on a novel by James Leo Herlihy, the film struck a chord with critics and audiences
Jon Voight
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Voight in Los Angeles in October 2011
Jon Voight
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Voight at the
Cannes Film Festival in 1993
Jon Voight
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Voight in June 2013
9.
Village Roadshow Pictures
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The films in the Village Roadshow library have achieved 24 number one U. S. box office openings and received 37 Academy Award nominations,17 Academy Awards and four Golden Globe Awards. Village Roadshow Pictures self-distributes its filmed entertainment through affiliates in several territories around the world, including Australia, New Zealand, Greece, Village Roadshow Pictures was formed in 1985. Pictures and Village Roadshow Pictures had extended their co-financing first look deal through 2017, a second agreement was made due to the large amount of available capital
Village Roadshow Pictures
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Village Roadshow Pictures
10.
VH1
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VH1 is an American cable television network based in New York City that is owned by the Viacom Global Entertainment Group, a unit of Viacom Media Networks. The channel was first launched on January 1,1985 in the old space of Turner Broadcasting Systems short-lived Cable Music Channel and it was originally created by Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, at the time a division of Warner Communications and the original owner of MTV. As of February 2015, approximately 92.6 million US households receive VH1, also frequently featured in the networks early years were videos for Motown and other 60s oldies consisting of newsreel and concert footage. It was introduced on January 1,1985 with the performance of The Star-Spangled Banner by Marvin Gaye. From the start, Video Hits One was branded as a version of its sister/parent channel. It played more jazz and R&B artists than MTV and had a rotation of urban-contemporary performers. Its early on-camera personalities were New York radio veterans Don Imus, Frankie Crocker, Scott Shannon, Jon Bauman, Bobby Rivers, later VJs included Tim Byrd of WPIX-FM, a station whose eclectic ballad-and-R&B oriented format mirrored that of VH-1, and Alison Steele. Rosie ODonnell later joined the outlets veejay lineup, ODonnell would also host a comedy show featuring various comedians each episode. The format left room for occasional ad-libs by the VJ, a godsend for emcees such as Imus, in true Imus style, he used a 1985 segment of his VH-1 show to jokingly call smooth-jazz icon Sade Adu a grape for her oval-shaped head. At first many different musicians guest-hosted the program, but eventually musician/songwriter Ben Sidran became the permanent host, new-Age music videos continued to play on the channel into the 1990s. They would be seen on the Sunday morning 2-hour music video block titled Sunday Brunch, once VH1 established itself a few years later, they catered to Top 40, adult contemporary, classic rock, and 1980s mainstream pop. For a time, even music videos aired in a one-hour block during the afternoons. They started out using MTVs famous Kabel typeface font for their music video credit tags and it was later replaced in 1991 by a larger font, with the year the video was made added to the lower column that identified the label on which the album was released. In 1993, the name of the director was included at the bottom of the credits. Every week, the Top 21 Video Countdown usually had a different guest host, occasionally, they had themed countdowns as well, such as Elvira hosting scary videos for Halloween in 1991. Long blocks of videos by a particular artist or band, theme. One popular weekend program was called Video Rewind, in blocks of 1980s videos from one particular year would play for an hour. There was also a short-lived hour-long program called By Request in which viewers could call a 1–900 hotline number to request their videos, also in 1991, a popular morning program was introduced called Hits News & Weather that ran from 7 AM to 9 AM ET
VH1
11.
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only. Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, followed by the Nordisk Film company. It is the last major film studio headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company, hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time. By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success and its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, the Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies, Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor, until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation, in 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one, with only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, the driving force behind Paramounts rise was Zukor. In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg and they purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount Publix Corporation. In 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max, the Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957, Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies, and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris
Paramount Pictures
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Logo used as of 2012
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures logo, based on a design by founder
William Wadsworth Hodkinson, from 1917 to 1967.
Paramount Pictures
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Lasky's original studio, a.k.a.: "The Barn"; as it appeared in the mid-1920s. The Taft building, built in 1923, is visible in the background.
Paramount Pictures
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The original Paramount logo seen on its 1930s films and
Popeye shorts.
12.
Narcissism
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Narcissism is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of ones own attributes. The term originated from Greek mythology, where the young Narcissus fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water, Narcissism is a concept in psychoanalytic theory, which was popularly introduced in Sigmund Freuds essay On Narcissism. Narcissism is also considered a social or cultural problem and it is a factor in trait theory used in various self-report inventories of personality such as the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. It is one of the three dark triadic personality traits, except in the sense of primary narcissism or healthy self-love, narcissism is usually considered a problem in a persons or groups relationships with self and others. Narcissism is not the same as egocentrism, the term narcissism comes from the Greek myth about Narcissus, a handsome Greek youth who, according to Ovid, rejected the desperate advances of the nymph Echo. These advances eventually led Narcissus to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water, unable to consummate his love, Narcissus lay gazing enraptured into the pool, hour after hour, and finally changed into a flower that bears his name, the narcissus. The concept of excessive selfishness has been recognized throughout history, in ancient Greece the concept was understood as hubris. It is only recently that narcissism has been defined in psychological terms. In 1752 Jean-Jacques Rousseaus play Narcissus, or the Self-Admirer was performed in Paris, otto Rank in 1911 published the first psychoanalytical paper specifically concerned with narcissism, linking it to vanity and self-admiration. Sigmund Freud published a paper on narcissism in 1914 called On Narcissism, in 1923, Martin Buber published an essay Ich und Du, in which he pointed out that our narcissism often leads us to relate to others as objects instead of as equals. Four dimensions of narcissism as a personality variable have been delineated, leadership/authority, superiority/arrogance, self-absorption/self-admiration, behavior is observable, but intention is not. Magical thinking, Narcissists see themselves as perfect, using distortion and illusion known as magical thinking and they also use projection to dump shame onto others. Arrogance, A narcissist who is feeling deflated may reinflate their sense of self-importance by diminishing, debasing, envy, A narcissist may secure a sense of superiority in the face of another persons ability by using contempt to minimize the other person or their achievements. Entitlement, Narcissists hold unreasonable expectations of particularly favorable treatment and automatic compliance because they consider themselves special, failure to comply is considered an attack on their superiority, and the perpetrator is considered an awkward or difficult person. Defiance of their will is an injury that can trigger narcissistic rage. Exploitation, Can take many forms but always involves the exploitation of others without regard for their feelings or interests, often the other person is in a subservient position where resistance would be difficult or even impossible. Sometimes the subservience is not so much real as assumed, bad boundaries, Narcissists do not recognize that they have boundaries and that others are separate and are not extensions of themselves. Others either exist to meet their needs or may as well not exist at all and those who provide narcissistic supply to the narcissist are treated as if they are part of the narcissist and are expected to live up to those expectations
Narcissism
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Narcissus (1590s) by
Caravaggio (
Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome)
13.
Model (person)
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A model is a person with a role either to promote, display, or advertise commercial products or to serve as a visual aide for people who are creating works of art or to pose for photography. Modelling is considered to be different from other types of public performance, although the difference between modelling and performing is not always clear, appearing in a film or a play is not generally considered to be modelling. Types of modelling include, fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, body-part, Models are featured in a variety of media formats including, books, magazines, films, newspapers, internet and TV. Fashion models are featured in films, reality TV shows. Celebrities, including actors, singers, sports personalities and reality TV stars, modelling as a profession was first established in 1853 by Charles Frederick Worth, the father of haute couture, when he asked his wife, Marie Vernet Worth, to model the clothes he designed. The term house model was coined to describe this type of work, eventually, this became common practice for Parisian fashion houses. There were no standard physical measurement requirements for a model, with the development of fashion photography, the modelling profession expanded to photo modelling. Models remained fairly anonymous, and relatively poorly paid, until the late 1950s, one of the first well-known models was Lisa Fonssagrives, who was very popular in the 1930s. Fonssagrives appeared on over 200 Vogue covers, and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping the careers of fashion models. In 1946, Ford Models was established by Eileen and Gerard Ford in New York, one of the most popular models during the 1940s was Jinx Falkenburg who was paid $25 per hour, a large sum at the time. During the 1940s and 1950s, Wilhelmina Cooper, Jean Patchett, Dovima, Dorian Leigh, Suzy Parker, Evelyn Tripp, Carmen DellOrefice, dorothea Church was among the first black models in the industry to gain notoriety in Paris. However, these models were unknown outside the fashion community, compared to todays models, the models of the 1950s were more voluptuous. Wilhelmina Coopers measurements were 38-24-36 whereas Chanel Imans measurements are 32-23-33, in the 1960s, the modelling world began to establish modelling agencies. Throughout Europe, secretarial services acted as models agents charging them weekly rates for their messages, for the most part, models were responsible for their own billing. In Germany, agents were not allowed to work for a percentage of a persons earnings, with the exception of a few models travelling to Paris or New York, travelling was relatively unheard of for a model. Most models only worked in one market due to different labor laws governing modelling in various countries, in the 1960s, Italy had many fashion houses and fashion magazines but was in dire need of models. Italian agencies would often coerce models to return to Italy without work visas by withholding their pay and they would also pay their models in cash, which models would have to hide from customs agents. It was not uncommon for models staying in such as La Louisiana in Paris or the Arena in Milan to have their hotel rooms raided by the police looking for their work visas
Model (person)
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Model Posing on a Typical Studio Shooting Set
Model (person)
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Fashion models on the
runway in 2008
Model (person)
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Jean Shrimpton in 1965
Model (person)
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Wilhelmina Cooper, founder of her agency
Wilhelmina Models, photographed by
Edgar de Evia in 1965.
14.
Mahathir Mohamad
–
Mahathir bin Mohamad is a Malaysian politician who was the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia from 1981 to 2003, making him longest-serving holder of that office. His political career spanned more than 70 years since he first joined a newly-formed UMNO in 1946, born and raised in Alor Setar, Kedah, Mahathir excelled at school and became a medical doctor. He became active in the United Malays National Organisation, Malaysias largest political party and he served one term before losing his seat, subsequently falling out with Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman and being expelled from UMNO. When Abdul Rahman resigned, Mahathir re-entered UMNO and Parliament, and was promoted to the Cabinet, by 1976 he had risen to Deputy Prime Minister, and in 1981 was sworn in as Prime Minister after the resignation of his predecessor, Hussein Onn. During Mahathirs tenure as Prime Minister, Malaysia experienced a period of modernisation and economic growth. Mahathir was a dominant political figure, winning five consecutive general elections, however, his accumulation of power came at the expense of the independence of the judiciary and the traditional powers and privileges of Malaysias royalty. He deployed the controversial Internal Security Act to detain activists, non-mainstream religious figures, as Prime Minister, he was an advocate of third-world development and a prominent international activist. He remains a political figure after his retirement. He became a strident critic of his hand-picked successor Abdullah Badawi in 2006 and later and his son Mukhriz Mahathir was the Chief Minister of Kedah until early 2016. On 29 February 2016, Mahathir Mohamad quit UMNO in light of UMNOs support for the actions of Prime Minister Najib Razak, among the other reasons are the RM2. 6bil and 1Malaysia Development Berhad issues. On 9 September 2016, the Registrar of Societies gave his stamp of approval for Mahathir Mohamad’s new Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia. Mahathir is currently the chairman of the party, Mahathir was born at his parents home in a poor neighbourhood of Alor Setar, the capital of the state of Kedah, British Malaya, on 10 July 1925. Mahathirs birth certificate gives his date of birth as 20 December and he was actually born on 10 July, his biographer Barry Wain explains that 20 December was an arbitrary date. An aspect of Mahathirs birth set him apart, he was not born into the aristocracy or a prominent religious or political family, both parents had been married previously, Mahathir had six half-siblings and two full-siblings. Discipline imposed by his father motivated him to study, and he showed little interest in sports and he won a position in a selective English medium secondary school, having become fluent in English well ahead of his primary school peers. With schools closed during the Japanese occupation of Malaya during World War II, he went into business, first selling coffee and later pisang goreng and other snacks. After the war, he graduated from school with high marks. There he met his wife, Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali
Mahathir Mohamad
–
Mahathir at
National Day celebrations in August 2007
Mahathir Mohamad
–
The Literary and Debating Society of Sultan Abdul Hamid College in 1946. Seated from left: Ahmad Nordin, Mohammad Khir Johari, Tiddemand (the Headmaster), Mahathir Mohamad, Zulkifli Hashim.
Mahathir Mohamad
–
The former Government English School in Alor Setar, the secondary school attended by Mahathir and founded by his father, now the
Sultan Abdul Hamid College
Mahathir Mohamad
–
The 2012
Proton Prevé Sapphire concept. Mahathir considered that an
automotive industry was essential to Malaysia becoming a
industrial nation. His government used tariffs to support the development of the
Proton as a Malaysian-made car and to limit the
capital outflow of
Malaysian Ringgit to foreign countries.
15.
Calvin Klein
–
Calvin Klein Inc. is an American fashion house founded by the fashion designer Calvin Klein. The company is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City and is owned by PVH. In 1968, Klein founded Calvin Klein Limited, a shop in the York Hotel in New York City. The first Calvin Klein collection was a line of youthful, understated coats, in September 1969, Klein appeared on the cover of Vogue magazine. By 1971, Klein had added sportswear, classic blazers, in 1973, he received his first Coty American Fashion Critics Award for his 74-piece womenswear collection - the youngest recipient at that time. Klein won the award again in 1974 and 1975, by 1977, annual revenues had increased to $30 million, and Klein had licenses for scarves, shoes, belts, furs, sunglasses, and sheets. Klein and Schwartz were making $4 million each, after the company signed licenses for cosmetics, jeans, and menswear, Kleins annual retail volume was estimated at $100 million. In 1978, Klein claimed sales of 200,000 pairs of his famous jeans the first week they were on the market, by 1981, Fortune figured Kleins annual income at $8.5 million a year. In the mid-1970s, he had created a designer-jeans craze by putting his name on the back pocket. The gift was assumed by Schwartz to be part of the upcoming line, in the late 1970s, the company also made attempts to set up its own fragrance and cosmetics lines, but soon withdrew from the market with big financial losses. The stunning growth continued through the early eighties, the licensing program, which brought in $24,000 when it was initiated in 1974, had royalty income of $7.3 million ten years later. That year, worldwide sales were estimated at more than $600 million. His annual income passed $12 million, and indeed, in late 1987, it was said that the sale of the company to Triangle Industries, a container manufacturer, had only failed because of the crashing stock market. During his 1990-1995 stint as Calvin Kleins head of design, John Varvatos pioneered a type of mens underwear called boxer briefs. Made famous by a series of 1992 print ads featuring Mark Marky Mark Wahlberg, Klein was named Americas Best Designer for his minimalist all-American designs in 1993, and it came as a surprise in 1999 when it was announced that CKI was again up for sale. Planning to expand its business, the company had been approached by two luxury goods companies, LVMH and Pinault Printemps Redoute, to join Calvin Klein, but nothing resulted. Other potentials like Tommy Hilfiger Corp. and Italys Holding di Partecipazioni proved to be similar disappointments because of CKIs steep price tag of supposedly $1 billion, after seven months and no potential buyer, Klein announced that his empire was not on the market anymore. The company would never manage to go public, which had supposedly been Kleins plan once, in mid-December 2002, Calvin Klein Inc
Calvin Klein
–
A Calvin Klein store in
Fairview Mall
Calvin Klein
–
Calvin Klein models
16.
Dutch people
–
The Dutch, occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, Nederlanders—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a culture and speak the Dutch language. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at an early date. During the Republic the first series of large scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place, despite the small size of the Netherlands, the Dutch left behind a legacy in excess of their mere numbers. The traditional art and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of music, dances, architectural styles and clothing. Internationally, Dutch painters such as Rembrandt, Vermeer and Van Gogh are held in high regard, the dominant religion of the Dutch is Christianity, although in modern times the majority is no longer religious. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of humanism, agnosticism, atheism or individual spirituality, as with all ethnic groups the ethnogenesis of the Dutch has been a lengthy and complex process. The text below hence focuses on the history of the Dutch ethnic group, for Dutch national history, for Dutch colonial history, see the article on the Dutch Empire. Following the end of the period in the West around 500, with large federations settling the decaying Roman Empire. In the Low Countries, this began when the Franks, themselves a union of multiple smaller tribes. Eventually, in 358, the Salian Franks, one of the three main subdivisions among the Frankish alliance settled the areas Southern lands as foederati, Roman allies in charge of border defense. On a political level, the Frankish warlords abandoned tribalism and founded a number of kingdoms, however, the population make-up of the Frankish Empire, or even early Frankish kingdoms such as Neustria and Austrasia, was not dominated by Franks. Though the Frankish leaders controlled most of Western Europe, the Franks themselves were confined to the Northwestern part of the Empire, the current Dutch-French language border has remained virtually identical ever since, and could be seen as marking the furthest pale of gallicization among the Franks. The medieval cities of the Low Countries, which experienced major growth during the 11th and 12th century, were instrumental in breaking down the already relatively loose local form of feudalism, as they became increasingly powerful, they used their economical strength to influence the politics of their nobility. While the cities were of political importance, they also formed catalysts for medieval Dutch culture. The various city guilds as well as the necessity of water boards in the Dutch delta and it is also around this time, that ethnonyms such as Diets and Nederlands emerge. This process marked a new episode in the development of the Dutch ethnic group, as now political unity started to emerge, consolidating the strengthened cultural, despite their linguistic and cultural unity, and economic similarities, there was still little sense of political unity among the Dutch people. However, the centralist policies of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, at first violently opposed by the cities of the Low Countries, had a profound impact and changed this
Dutch people
Dutch people
–
The conversion of the Frankish king
Clovis to Christianity would have great significance in helping shape the identity of the future Dutch people.
Dutch people
–
The
Act of Abjuration, signed on July 26, 1581, was the formal declaration of independence of the Dutch Low Countries.
Dutch people
–
A typical November scene in the Dutch town
Middelburg,
Netherlands
17.
American people
–
Americans are citizens of the United States of America. The country is home to people of different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, although citizens make up the majority of Americans, non-citizen residents, dual citizens, and expatriates may also claim an American identity. See Names for United States citizens. S, virgin Islands and Northern Mariana Islands in the 20th century. It also includes influences of African-American culture, westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements, immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics, in addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, the United States of America is a diverse country, racially, and ethnically. Some other race is also an option in the census and other surveys, people of European descent, or White Americans, constitute the majority of the 308 million people living in the United States, with 72. 4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census. They are considered people who trace their ancestry to the peoples of Europe, the Middle East. Of those reporting to be White American,7,487,133 reported to be Multiracial, with largest combination being white, additionally, there are 29,184,290 White Hispanics or Latinos. Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in 46 states, there are four minority-majority states, California, Texas, New Mexico, and Hawaii. In addition, the District of Columbia has a non-white majority, the state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine. The largest continental ancestral group of Americans are that of Europeans who have origins in any of the peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European diaspora, the Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents. 8% of the total population, Hispanic or Latino Americans constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States. They form the second largest group after non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, hispanic/Latino Americans are very racially diverse, and as a result form an ethnic category, rather than a race
American people
–
John F. Kennedy (Irish)
American people
–
Flag of the United States
American people
–
George Washington (English)
American people
–
Frank Sinatra (Italian)
18.
Fashion industry
–
Fashion is a popular style or practice, especially in clothing, footwear, accessories, makeup, body, or furniture. Fashion is a distinctive and often constant trend in the style in which a person dresses and it is the prevailing styles in behaviour and the newest creations of textile designers. Although aspects of fashion can be feminine or masculine, some trends are androgynous, early Western travelers, traveling whether to Persia, Turkey, India, or China, would frequently remark on the absence of change in fashion in the respective places. The Japanese Shoguns secretary bragged to a Spanish visitor in 1609 that Japanese clothing had not changed in over a thousand years, however, there is considerable evidence in Ming China of rapidly changing fashions in Chinese clothing. Changes in costume took place at times of economic or social change, as occurred in ancient Rome. In 8th-century Moorish Spain, the musician Ziryab introduced to Córdoba sophisticated clothing-styles based on seasonal and daily fashions from his native Baghdad, modified by his own inspiration. Similar changes in fashion occurred in the 11th century in the Middle East following the arrival of the Turks, who introduced clothing styles from Central Asia, the beginning in Europe of continual and increasingly rapid change in clothing styles can be fairly reliably dated. This created the distinctive Western outline of a tailored top worn over leggings or trousers, the pace of change accelerated considerably in the following century, and women and mens fashion, especially in the dressing and adorning of the hair, became equally complex. Art historians are able to use fashion with confidence and precision to date images, often to within five years. These national styles remained very different until a counter-movement in the 17th to 18th centuries imposed similar styles once again, in the 16th century, national differences were at their most pronounced. Ten 16th century portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats, albrecht Dürer illustrated the differences in his actual contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century. Though textile colors and patterns changed from year to year, the cut of a gentlemans coat, by 1800, all Western Europeans were dressing alike, local variation became first a sign of provincial culture and later a badge of the conservative peasant. The Haute house was the established by government for the fashion houses that met the standards of industry. Since then, the idea of the designer as a celebrity in his or her own right has become increasingly dominant. The impact of unisex expands more broadly to various themes in fashion including androgyny, mass-market retail. Fashion weeks are held in cities, where designers exhibit their new clothing collections to audiences. Modern Westerners have a number of choices available in the selection of their clothes. What a person chooses to wear can reflect his or her personality or interests, when people who have high cultural status start to wear new or different clothes, a fashion trend may start
Fashion industry
–
In Following the Fashion (1794),
James Gillray caricatured a figure flattered by the short-
bodiced gowns then in fashion, contrasting it with an imitator whose figure is not flattered.
Fashion industry
–
Albrecht Dürer 's drawing contrasts a well turned out bourgeoise from
Nuremberg (left) with her counterpart from
Venice. The Venetian lady's high
chopines make her look taller.
Fashion industry
–
Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI, was a leader of fashion. Her choices, such as this 1783 white
muslin dress called a chemise a la Reine, were highly influential and widely worn.
Fashion industry
–
For other uses, see
Fashion (disambiguation).
19.
Vince Vaughn
–
Vincent Anthony Vince Vaughn is an American actor, producer, screenwriter, activist, and comedian. Vaughn began acting in the late 1980s, appearing in television roles before attaining wider recognition with the 1996 comedy-drama film Swingers. He has appeared in a number of films in the 1990s, including the sports film Rudy, the sci-fi adventure dinosaur film The Lost World, Jurassic Park, and the drama-thriller Return to Paradise. In the 2000s, he acted in comedies, including Old School, Dodgeball, A True Underdog Story, Wedding Crashers, The Break-Up. He continued his comedic roles in the 2010s with The Dilemma, The Watch, in 2015, he starred as Frank Semyon in the second season of the HBO anthology crime drama television series True Detective alongside Colin Farrell, Taylor Kitsch and Rachel McAdams. Vaughn was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota and his mother, Sharon Eileen, is a real estate agent and stockbroker who was once ranked as one of the United States top money managers by Bloomberg Wealth Manager magazine. His father, Vernon Lindsay Vaughn, worked as a salesman for a toy company and he has two older sisters, Victoria and Valerie. His surname comes from Ulster-Scots immigrants who first settled in Kentucky and his paternal grandmother was of Syrian Lebanese descent, and his maternal grandfather was of Italian descent, his other roots are Canadian, Dutch, English, German, Irish, Scottish, and Swiss. As a child, he was raised both Protestant and Catholic by his Catholic mother and Protestant father, Vaughn grew up in Buffalo Grove, Illinois, where he played football and baseball and wrestled, although he has called himself unathletic and very average at high school sports. He then moved to Lake Forest, where he graduated from Lake Forest High School in 1988 and he was introduced to musical theater at a young age and decided to become an actor in 1987. He has credited his mother as the inspiration behind his career, saying that I saw her overcome stuff, in 1988, Vaughn was cast in a Chevrolet television commercial and subsequently moved to Hollywood. He appeared in the 1989 season of the television series China Beach and his first film role was 1993s Rudy playing Jamie OHare, where he also struck up a friendship with featured Jon Favreau. Two years later, he was cast in a role in a proposed revival of 77 Sunset Strip that was to air on the fledgling WB Television Network. Vaughn did not receive wider success until his role in 1996s Swingers with Jon Favreau, Swingers was released in July 1996 and became a successful independent film. Vinces father Vernon also did a cameo in this film, afterwards, director Steven Spielberg cast Vaughn in the blockbuster The Lost World, Jurassic Park which gave him increased exposure. In 1998, he starred in the acclaimed drama Return to Paradise with Anne Heche. In 2000, he starred in The Cell with Jennifer Lopez and in 2001, appeared in Made, Vaughn also appeared in Dwight Yoakams directorial debut movie South of Heaven, West of Hell. Vaughns role in the successful 2003 comedy Old School skyrocketed his popularity, in 2004, Vaughn appeared alongside Ben Stiller in the hit films Starsky & Hutch and Dodgeball
Vince Vaughn
–
Vaughn in 2011
Vince Vaughn
–
Vaughn in 2006.
20.
Judah Friedlander
–
Judah Friedlander is an American actor and comedian, known for playing the role of writer Frank Rossitano on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock. Earlier in his career he was recognized as the hug guy from the video for the 2001 Dave Matthews Band single Everyday. Friedlander is known for his look, which includes oversized glasses, shaggy hair, a T-shirt and trucker hat. It is a look he maintains as a comedian, during most of his public appearances. Friedlander was born in Gaithersburg, Maryland, the son of Shirley and his father was of Russian Jewish descent and his mother, a native of Pittsburgh, is Croatian American. As a child, Friedlander drew political cartoons and made animated films and he first tried stand-up comedy in 1989 at the age of 19 while attending New York University. Friedlander has performed stand-up comedy regularly throughout his entertainment career and he continued to perform stand-up several nights a week in New York City while working on the sitcom 30 Rock. Friedlander has stated that he is most relaxed when doing stand-up and he stated in 2012 that stand-up comedy is still the most important thing I do from an artistic standpoint. Friedlander has cited comedians Steven Wright, Sam Kinison and John Mulrooney as influences and he also says that Dave Attell is one of his favorite comics. Friedlanders comedic performances often feature him making outrageous and bombastic claims about himself with a deadpan delivery, many of these claims are reflected in slogans displayed on the many trucker hats he wears — the most common being World Champion, a slogan he has worn in various languages. One of his claims include being an expert in karate, having achieved a black belt in the sport. In 2010, he authored the humor book How to Beat Up Anybody, Friedlanders claims provide comedic irony when contrasted against his nonchalant attitude and physical appearance. Friedlander wears large, thick-rimmed glasses, is often unshaven and is generally unkempt and his physique has also been described as doughy. The look that Friedlander employs during his stand-up has also carried over some of his television and film roles. Frank is however much lazier than Friedlanders World Champion persona, in 2007, Heeb magazine included Friedlander in their list of 100 people you need to know about. Friedlander played the role of a techie on the Al Franken sitcom LateLine in 1999, Friedlander made regular appearances on the entertainment and pop-culture program Best Week Ever. He appeared as the online co-host of the 2009 TV Land Awards, Friedlander was a regular cast member of the sitcom 30 Rock throughout its entire run, from October 11,2006, to January 31,2013. His character, Frank Rossitano, is a sarcastic and wisecracking writer on the fictional show TGS with Tracy Jordan Frank is lazy, slovenly and he is also sex-obsessed, which he often reveals by way of vulgar and sexually suggestive comments
Judah Friedlander
–
Friedlander in October 2010
21.
Brainwashing
–
Mind control is a theory that human subjects can be indoctrinated in a way that causes an impairment of autonomy, an inability to think independently, and a disruption of beliefs and affiliations. In this context, brainwashing refers to the involuntary reeducation of basic beliefs and these theories were later expanded and modified by psychologists including Margaret Singer and Philip Zimbardo to explain conversions to some new religious movements. This resulted in scientific and legal debate, with Eileen Barker, James Richardson, other theories have been proposed by scholars including, Robert Cialdini, Stanley A. Deetz, Robert Jay Lifton, Michael J. Freeman, Daniel Romanovsky, Kathleen Taylor, and Benjamin Zablocki. However, in the view of most scholars, the theory of control is not accepted as scientific fact. The Oxford English Dictionary records the earliest known English-language usage of brainwashing in an article by newspaperman Edward Hunter, in Miami News, the term punned on the Taoist custom of cleansing/washing the heart/mind before conducting certain ceremonies or entering certain holy places. British radio operator Robert W. Ford and British army Colonel James Carne also claimed that the Chinese subjected them to brainwashing techniques during their war-era imprisonment. The U. S. military and government laid charges of brainwashing in an effort to undermine detailed confessions made by military personnel to war crimes, if they did, however, too familiar are the mind-annihilating methods of these Communists in extorting whatever words they want. The men themselves are not to blame, and they have my deepest sympathy for having been used in this abominable way, the report states exhaustive research of several government agencies failed to reveal even one conclusively documented case of brainwashing of an American prisoner of war in Korea. In contrast American POWs in the custody of North Koreas Chinese Communist allies did face a concerted interrogation and indoctrination program, however, systematic, physical torture was not employed in connection with interrogation or indoctrination, the report states. The enemy introduced himself as a friend of the workers of America, in many instances the Chinese did not search the American captives, but frequently offered them American cigarettes. This display of friendship caught most Americans totally off-guard and they never recovered from the impression made by the Chinese. Fter the initial contact with the enemy, some Americans seemed to believe that the enemy was sincere and they relaxed and permitted themselves to be lulled into a well-disguised trap the cunning enemy. Two academic studies of the repatriation of American prisoners of war by Robert Jay Lifton and by Edgar Schein concluded that brainwashing, in 1961, they both published books expanding on these findings. Schein published Coercive Persuasion and Lifton published Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism and he argued that the books of Edward Hunter pushed the CIA brainwashing theory onto the general public. CIA experiments using various drugs such as LSD and Mescaline drew from Nazi scientist research during World War II. In the 1970s, the movement applied mind control theories to explain seemingly sudden. The media was quick to follow suit, and social scientists sympathetic to the anti-cult movement, while some psychologists were receptive to these theories, sociologists were for the most part skeptical of their ability to explain conversion to NRMs. On the contrary, the theories and the fear surrounding them was used as a tool for the western anti-cult movement to rationalize the persecution of minority religious groups, most adherents participate for only a short time, and the success in retaining members is limited
Brainwashing
–
Hong Kong, 2012 protests against
Moral and national education
22.
Prime Minister of Malaysia
–
It is in practice, the most powerful political position in Malaysia. The Prime Minister has always been from the United Malays National Organisation part of Barisan Nasional since independence, Tunku Abdul Rahman was the Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya, restyled to Prime Minister of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 after the formation of Malaysia. Federation of Malaya became independent on 31 August 1957, the 6th and current prime minister is Najib Razak, who took office on 3 April 2009. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the Prime Ministers advice shall appoint other Ministers from either Dewan Rakyat or Dewan Negara, the Cabinet shall be collectively responsible to Parliament of Malaysia. The members of the Cabinet shall not hold any office of profit and engage in any trade, the Prime Ministers Department is the body and ministry in which the Prime Minister exercises its functions and powers. The Yang di-Pertuan Agongs choice of replacement prime minister will be dictated by the circumstances, the power of the prime minister is subject to a number of limitations. Conventionally, between the dissolution of one Parliament and the convening of the next, the prime minister, from time to time prime ministers are required to leave the country on business and a deputy is appointed to take their place during that time. In the days before jet aeroplanes, such absences could be for extended periods, ismail Abdul Rahman occasionally acted as Acting Prime Minister when Tunku Abdul Rahman and Abdul Razak Hussein was on leave for going abroad. In 1988, when UMNO as the member of the Barisan Nasional coalition was declared unlawful and illegal political party. Ling Liong Sik became the new Chairman of the Barisan Nasional and served as an Acting Prime Minister for a couple of days until the new party, anwar Ibrahim acted as an Acting Prime Minister for two months started from 19 May 1997 as Mahathir Mohamad was on vacation. Colour key, Alliance Party Barisan Nasional Note Prime ministers are granted certain privileges after leaving office at government expense. Former prime ministers continue to be important national figures, the most recently deceased prime minister was Tunku Abdul Rahman, who died on 6 December 1990. Air transports of heads of state and government Official state car Spouse of the Prime Minister of Malaysia Leader of the Opposition Chief Ministers in Malaysia
Prime Minister of Malaysia
–
Incumbent
Najib Razak since 3 April 2009
Prime Minister of Malaysia
Prime Minister of Malaysia
Prime Minister of Malaysia
23.
Child labor
–
This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour, Child labour has existed to varying extents, through most of history. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, many children aged 5–14 from poorer families still worked in Europe and these children mainly worked in agriculture, home-based assembly operations, factories, mining and in services such as news boys. Some worked night shifts lasting 12 hours, with the rise of household income, availability of schools and passage of child labour laws, the incidence rates of child labour fell. In developing countries, with poverty and poor schooling opportunities. In 2010, sub-saharan Africa had the highest incidence rates of child labour, worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. Vast majority of labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy, children are predominantly employed by their parents. Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the cause of child labour. Globally the incidence of child labour decreased from 25% to 10% between 1960 and 2003, according to the World Bank. Nevertheless, the number of child labourers remains high, with UNICEF. Child labour forms a part of pre-industrial economies. In pre-industrial societies, there is rarely a concept of childhood in the modern sense, Children often begin to actively participate in activities such as child rearing, hunting and farming as soon as they are competent. In many societies, children as young as 13 are seen as adults, the work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group. In pre-industrial societies, there was little need for children to attend school and this is especially the case in non literate societies. Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults, with the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain in the late 18th century, there was a rapid increase in the industrial exploitation of labour, including child labour. Industrial cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool rapidly grew from small villages into large cities and these cities drew in the population that was rapidly growing due to increased agricultural output. This process was replicated in other industrialising counties, the Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed. Children as young as four were employed in factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal
Child labor
–
Early 20th century witnessed many home-based enterprises involving child labour. An example is shown above from New York, USA (1912).
Child labor
–
A succession of laws on child labour, the so-called
Factory Acts, were passed in Britain in the 19th century. Children younger than nine were not allowed to work, those aged 9–16 could work 16 hours per day per
Cotton Mills Act. In 1856, the law permitted child labour past age 9, for 60 hours per week, night or day. In 1901, the permissible child labour age was raised to 12.
Child labor
–
Child labourers,
Macon, Georgia, 1909
Child labor
–
Children going to a 12-hour night shift in the United States (1908).
24.
Fashion show
–
A fashion show is an event put on by a fashion designer to showcase their upcoming line of clothing during Fashion Week. Fashion shows debut season, particularly the Spring/Summer and Fall/Winter seasons. This is where the latest fashion trends are made, the two most influential fashion weeks are Paris Fashion Week and New York Fashion Week, which are both semiannual events. Also, the Milan, London, Sibiu and Berlin are of global importance, in a typical fashion show, models walk the catwalk dressed in the clothing created by the designer. The clothing is illuminated on the runway by the lighting, the order in which each model walks out wearing a specific outfit is usually planned in accordance to the statement that the designer wants to make about their collection. Occasionally, fashion shows take the form of installations, where the models are static, because the topic of fashion shows remains to find its historian, the earliest history of fashion shows remains obscure. In the 1800s, fashion parades periodically took place in Paris couture salons, American retailers imported the concept of the fashion show in the early 1900s. The first American fashion show took place in 1903 in the New York City store of the Ehrlich Brothers. By 1910, large department stores such as Wanamakers in New York City and these events showed couture gowns from Paris or the stores copies of them, they aimed to demonstrate the owners good taste and capture the attention of female shoppers. By the 1920s, retailers across the United States held fashion shows, often, these shows were theatrical, presented with narratives, and organized around a theme. These shows enjoyed huge popularity through mid-century, sometimes attracting thousands of customers and gawkers, in the 1970s and 1980s, American designers began to hold their own fashion shows in private spaces apart from such retailers. In the early 1990s, however, many in the world began to rethink this strategy. In response to these shows, the New York shows were centralized in Bryant Park during fashion week in late 1993, lately from the 2000s to today, fashion shows are usually also filmed and appear on specially assigned television channels or even in documentaries. In recent years, fashion shows have become increasingly elaborate for many of the top labels, during New York Fashion Week in 2014, designer Ralph Lauren presented his new Polo line for Spring 2015 in a water-screen projection in Manhattan’s Central Park. Technological progress has allowed a broader portion of the fashion industrys followers to experience shows. In 2010, London Fashion Week was the first fashion week to allow viewing of its shows through live streaming, live streaming of runway shows and mediated shows has now become commonplace. Tom Ford created a video with Lady Gaga for his Spring/Summer 2016 womens collection. Fashion Fashion week List of fashion events Fashion show lighting
Fashion show
–
Nataliya Gotsiy modeling for
Cynthia Rowley, Spring 2007 New York Fashion Week
Fashion show
–
Models wearing
Slava Zaitsev fashions in
Moscow, January 2007.
Fashion show
–
Men's fashions for 1948, shown in Los Angeles
25.
Pavlovian reflex
–
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. From his childhood days Pavlov demonstrated intellectual curiosity along with an energy which he referred to as the instinct for research. Inspired by the ideas which D. I. In 1870 he enrolled in the physics and mathematics department at the University of Saint Petersburg in order to study natural science, Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904, becoming the first Russian Nobel laureate. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Pavlov as the 24th most cited psychologist of the 20th century, Pavlovs principles of classical conditioning have been found to operate across a variety of experimental and clinical settings, including educational classrooms. Ivan Pavlov, the eldest of eleven children, was born in Ryazan, Russian Empire and his father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, was a village Russian orthodox priest. His mother, Varvara Ivanovna Uspenskaya, was a devoted homemaker, as a child, Pavlov willingly participated in house duties such as doing the dishes and taking care of his siblings. He loved to garden, ride his bicycle, row, swim, Pavlov attended and graduated from the Ryazan church school before entering the local theological seminary. However, in 1870, he left the seminary without graduating to attend the university at St. Petersburg where he enrolled in the physics and math department and took natural science courses. In his fourth year, his first research project on the physiology of the nerves of the pancreas won him a university award. In 1875, Pavlov completed his course with an outstanding record, however, impelled by his overwhelming interest in physiology, he decided to continue his studies and proceeded to the Imperial Academy of Medical Surgery. While at the Academy of Medical Surgery, Pavlov became an assistant to his teacher, Tyson. After some time, Pavlov obtained a position as an assistant to Professor Ustimovich at the physiological department of the Veterinary Institute. For two years, Pavlov investigated the system for his medical dissertation. In 1878, Professor S. P. Botkin, a famous Russian clinician, in 1879, Pavlov graduated from the Medical Military Academy with a gold medal award for his research work. After a competitive examination, Pavlov won a fellowship at the Academy for postgraduate work, the fellowship and his position as director of the Physiological Laboratory at Botkins clinic enabled Pavlov to continue his research work. In 1883, he presented his doctors thesis on the subject of The centrifugal nerves of the heart and posited the idea of nervism, additionally, his collaboration with the Botkin clinic produced evidence of a basic pattern in the regulation of reflexes in the activity of circulatory organs. He was inspired to forsake his Orthodox Christian background and pursue a career by D. I
Pavlovian reflex
–
Ivan Pavlov Иван Петрович Павлов
Pavlovian reflex
–
The Pavlov Memorial Museum,
Ryazan: Pavlov's former home, built in the early 19th century
Pavlovian reflex
–
One of Pavlov's dogs,
preserved at The Pavlov Museum,
Ryazan, Russia
26.
Relax (song)
–
Relax is the debut single by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, released in the United Kingdom by ZTT Records in 1983. The song was included on the album Welcome to the Pleasuredome. The single eventually sold a reported 2 million copies in the UK alone, upon release in the United States in late 1984, Relax repeated its slow UK progress, reaching number 67 upon initial release, but eventually reaching number 10 in March 1985. The song won Best British Single at the 1985 Brit Awards, once the band was signed, ZTT co-founder Paul Morley mapped out the marketing campaign fashioned as a strategic assault on pop. Horn dominated the recording of Relax in his effort for perfectionism, the band were overawed and intimidated by Horns reputation, and thus were too nervous to make suggestions. Johnson said in his autobiography, Whatever he said we went along with, when attempts to record with the full band proved unsatisfactory, Horn hired former Ian Dury backing band the Blockheads for the sessions, with Norman Watt-Roy providing the original bass line. Those sessions were deemed to be not modern sounding enough. Horn then constructed a more electronic-based version of the song with keyboards by session musician Andy Richards, Horn developed this version of the recording in his west London studio while the band remained in their hometown of Liverpool. Horn had made 3 versions of Relax prior to Richards and guitarist Stephen Lipson joining his ZTT Production Theam in late 1983, Horn explained years later, I was just. Look, Relax had to be a hit, despite the bands absence from the record, Horn said, I could never have done these records in isolation. There was no actual playing by the band, but the feeling came from the band. Horn completed the recording having spent £70,000 in studio time, Morley intentionally courted scandal with the promotion of Relax. ZTT initiated the ad campaign for Relax with two quarter-page ads in the British music press, the first ad featured images of Rutherford in a sailor cap and a leather vest, and Johnson with a shaved head and rubber gloves. The images were accompanied by the phrase ALL THE NICE BOYS LOVE SEA MEN, making Duran Duran lick the shit off their shoes. Nineteen inches that must be taken always, the second ad promised theories of bliss, a history of Liverpool from 1963 to 1983, a guide to Amsterdam bars. When first released in November 1983, the progress of Relax on the UK Top 75 was sluggish. First charting at number 67, by its seventh week on the chart it had progressed only to number 35, but then on Thursday 5 January 1984, Frankie Goes to Hollywood performed Relax on the BBC flagship television chart show, Top of the Pops. The following week it soared to number 6 and he announced his refusal to play the record, not knowing that the BBC had just decided that the song was not to be played on the BBC anyway
Relax (song)
–
"Relax"
Relax (song)
–
Relax "The Last Seven Inches"
Relax (song)
–
Relax picture 12" disk
27.
Frankie Goes to Hollywood
–
Frankie Goes to Hollywood, formed in 1980, were a British band popular in the mid-1980s. The group was fronted by Holly Johnson, with Paul Rutherford, Peter Gill, Mark OToole and it also won the 1985 Brit Award for Best British Single. This record remained unbeaten until the Spice Girls achieved a streak in 1996-1997. In 1985, Frankie Goes to Hollywood won the Brit Award for Best British Newcomer, songwriters Johnson, Gill and OToole received the 1984 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for Two Tribes. In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nations 14th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV, the original group named Frankie Goes to Hollywood dates from 1980. The nucleus of the group emerged from the late 1970s Liverpool punk scene, lead singer Johnson had played bass with Big in Japan and had also released two solo singles. Local musicians Peter Gill, Jed OToole, and OTooles cousin Brian Nash initially joined Johnson and this line-up secured a number of small local gigs before disbanding. The group was reprised when Johnson joined Mark OToole and Peter Ped Gill to form FGTH, in October 1982, the group recorded a John Peel Session for BBC Radio 1, comprising the originals Krisco Kisses, Two Tribes, Disneyland, and The World Is My Oyster. Around this time Jed OToole left the group, to be replaced by the returning Brian Nash, in February 1983, the group was invited to record a video for Relax by the Channel 4 show The Tube at the Liverpool State Ballroom. After the broadcast, the Peel session was repeated on radio, and these performances, along with a repeat of the Tube video, convinced Trevor Horn to sign the group for his new label, ZTT Records, in May 1983. Relax was released by ZTT in October 1983 and got a modicum of airplay, following a debut on the BBCs Top of the Pops on 5 January 1984 while at number 35, the single rose to number six the following week. On 11 January 1984, BBC Radio 1 disc jockey Mike Read was playing the record on his show when he noticed the front cover design. Relax immediately shot to Number One in the UK charts and stayed there for five weeks, during which time the BBC could not feature the nations best-selling single on Top of the Pops. The video featured a scene one of the band members wrestled a live tiger, to the admiration of the clubgoers. The BBC lifted its ban on Relax at the end of 1984 to allow the band to perform it on the Christmas edition of Top of the Pops, Relax remained in the charts when the follow-up, Two Tribes, was released in May 1984. The anti-conflict song was given an aggressively topical nuclear war slant.5 million copies, ultimately, the audience – consisting of other world leaders – were brought into the fight, and eventually Earth was seen to explode. Two Tribes was a single in its own right. The release of Two Tribes also coincided with an extensive and iconic T-shirt marketing campaign during the British summer of 1984, hide Yourself and Frankie Say Relax Dont Do It
Frankie Goes to Hollywood
–
Frankie Goes to Hollywood in London
Frankie Goes to Hollywood
–
Twelve inch picture disk of "Two Tribes" with video image
Frankie Goes to Hollywood
–
"Frankie Say War! Hide Yourself" T-shirt.
28.
David Bowie
–
David Robert Jones, known professionally as David Bowie, was an English singer, songwriter and actor. He was a figure in music for over five decades, regarded by critics and musicians as an innovator. His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation, his music, during his lifetime, his record sales, estimated at 140 million worldwide, made him one of the worlds best-selling music artists. In the UK, he was awarded nine platinum album certifications, eleven gold and eight silver, in the US, he received five platinum and seven gold certifications. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996, born in Brixton, South London, Bowie developed an interest in music as a child, eventually studying art, music and design before embarking on a professional career as a musician in 1963. Space Oddity became his first top-five entry on the UK Singles Chart after its release in July 1969, after a period of experimentation, he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with his flamboyant and androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust. The character was spearheaded by the success of his single Starman and album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, in 1976, Bowie starred in the cult film The Man Who Fell to Earth and released Station to Station. Heroes and Lodger followed, each reached the UK top five. He then reached his peak in 1983 with Lets Dance. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Bowie continued to experiment with styles, including industrial. He stopped concert touring after 2004, and his last live performance was at a charity event in 2006, in 2013, Bowie returned from a decade-long recording hiatus with the release of The Next Day. He remained musically active until he died of cancer two days after the release of his final album, Blackstar. David Robert Jones was born on 8 January 1947, in Brixton, south London and his mother, Margaret Mary Peggy, was born in Kent, and had Irish ancestry, she worked as a waitress. His father, Haywood Stenton John Jones, from Yorkshire, was an officer for the childrens charity Barnardos. The family lived at 40 Stansfield Road, near the border of the south London areas of Brixton, Bowie attended Stockwell Infants School until he was six years old, acquiring a reputation as a gifted and single-minded child—and a defiant brawler. In 1953, Bowie moved with his family to the suburb of Bromley and his voice was considered adequate by the school choir, and he demonstrated above-average abilities in playing the recorder. Upon listening to Little Richards song Tutti Frutti, Bowie would later say, presleys impact on him was likewise emphatic, I saw a cousin of mine dance to. Hound Dog and I had never seen her get up and be moved so much by anything and it really impressed me, the power of the music
David Bowie
–
Bowie during the
Heathen Tour in 2002
David Bowie
–
David Bowie during the
Ziggy Stardust Tour
David Bowie
–
Bowie performing with
Cher on the
Cher show, 1975
David Bowie
–
Bowie as the Thin White Duke at Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto 1976
29.
David Duchovny
–
David William Duchovny is an American actor, writer, producer, director, novelist, and singer-songwriter. He is known for playing FBI Agent Fox Mulder on the television series The X-Files and writer Hank Moody on the television series Californication, both of which have earned him Golden Globe awards. Duchovny appeared in both of the two X-Files films, the 1998 science fiction-thriller of the name and the supernatural-thriller The X-Files. He executive produced and starred in the historically based cop drama Aquarius, Duchovny was born in New York, New York, in 1960. He is the son of Margaret Meg, an administrator and teacher, and Amram Ami Duchovny. Duchovnys mother is a Lutheran emigrant from Aberdeen, Scotland and his father was Jewish, Duchovnys paternal grandfather was a Jewish immigrant from Berdychiv, Russian Empire, and Duchovnys paternal grandmother was a Jewish immigrant from Russian Poland. His father dropped the h in his last name to avoid the sort of mispronunciations he encountered while serving in the Army, Duchovny attended Grace Church School and The Collegiate School For Boys, both are in Manhattan. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Princeton University in 1982 with an A. B. in English literature and he was a member of Charter Club, one of the universitys eating clubs. In 1982, his poetry received a mention for a college prize from the Academy of American Poets. The title of his thesis was The Schizophrenic Critique of Pure Reason in Becketts Early Novels. He played junior varsity basketball at Princeton and he received a Master of Arts in English Literature from Yale University and subsequently began work on a Ph. D. that remains unfinished. The title of his doctoral thesis was Magic and Technology in Contemporary Fiction. Duchovny appeared in an advertisement for Löwenbräu beer in 1987, the next year he appeared in two scenes in Working Girl. He had a role as a transvestite DEA agent on the series Twin Peaks and played the narrator. In 1992, he played the role of Rollie Totheroh, in the biographic film Chaplin, directed by Richard Attenborough and based on the life of Charlie Chaplin. In 1993, Duchovny began starring in the science fiction series The X-Files, as FBI Special Agent Fox Mulder, the show evolved into a cult hit and quickly became one of The Fox Networks first major television hits. According to X-Files creator Chris Carter, Duchovny turned out to be one of the people he knew. After getting the role, Duchovny thought the show would not last for long or that it would not make as much impact as it did, executive producer Frank Spotnitz called Duchovny amazingly smart
David Duchovny
–
Duchovny at the 2013
San Diego Comic-Con
David Duchovny
–
Duchovny and
Gillian Anderson at
The X-Files: I Want to Believe premiere in July 2008
David Duchovny
–
Duchovny at the
Tribeca Film Festival in April 2011
30.
Abraham Lincoln
–
Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
Abraham Lincoln
–
Lincoln in 1863, aged 54
Abraham Lincoln
–
The young Lincoln in sculpture at Senn Park, Chicago.
Abraham Lincoln
–
1864 photo of President Lincoln with youngest son,
Tad
Abraham Lincoln
–
Lincoln depicted protecting a Native American from his own men in a scene often related about Lincoln's service during the
Black Hawk War.
31.
John F. Kennedy
–
Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
John F. Kennedy
–
John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
–
The Kennedy family at
Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in 1931 with Jack at top left in white shirt. Ted was born the following year.
John F. Kennedy
–
Lieutenant (junior grade) John F. Kennedy (standing at right) with his PT-109 crew, 1943.
John F. Kennedy
–
Kennedy on his navy patrol boat, the
PT-109, 1943.
32.
Disc jockey
–
A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
Disc jockey
–
A DJ performing at an event
Disc jockey
–
Technics 1200 MK2, Technics 1210 MK2, and Pioneer DJM-500 shown in a common DJ configuration
Disc jockey
–
A DJ at Sundance Film Festival 2003
Disc jockey
–
A young woman plays a gramophone in an air raid shelter in north London (1940).
33.
Herbie Hancock
–
Herbert Jeffrey Herbie Hancock is an American pianist, keyboardist, bandleader, composer and actor. He was one of the first jazz musicians to embrace synthesizers, Hancocks music is often melodic and accessible, he has had many songs cross over and achieved success among pop audiences. Hancocks best-known compositions include Cantaloupe Island, Watermelon Man, Maiden Voyage, Chameleon, and his 2007 tribute album River, The Joni Letters won the 2008 Grammy Award for Album of the Year, only the second jazz album ever to win the award, after Getz/Gilberto in 1965. Hancock was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Winnie Belle, a secretary, and Wayman Edward Hancock and his parents named him after the singer and actor Herb Jeffries. He attended the Hyde Park Academy, like many jazz pianists, Hancock started with a classical music education. He studied from age seven, and his talent was recognized early, through his teens, Hancock never had a jazz teacher, but developed his ear and sense of harmony. He was also influenced by records of the group the Hi-Los. He reported that. by the time I actually heard the Hi-Los, I started picking that stuff out, my ear was happening. I could hear stuff and thats when I really learned some much farther-out voicings – like the harmonies I used on Speak Like a Child – just being able to do that, I really got that from Clare Fischers arrangements for the Hi-Los. Clare Fischer was an influence on my harmonic concept. he and Bill Evans. You know, thats where it came from, in 1960, he heard Chris Anderson play just once, and begged him to accept him as a student. Hancock often mentions Anderson as his harmonic guru, Hancock left Grinnell College, moved to Chicago and began working with Donald Byrd and Coleman Hawkins, during which period he also took courses at Roosevelt University. Byrd was attending the Manhattan School of Music in New York at the time and suggested that Hancock study composition with Vittorio Giannini, the pianist quickly earned a reputation, and played subsequent sessions with Oliver Nelson and Phil Woods. He recorded his first solo album Takin Off for Blue Note Records in 1962, Watermelon Man was to provide Mongo Santamaría with a hit single, but more importantly for Hancock, Takin Off caught the attention of Miles Davis, who was at that time assembling a new band. Hancock was introduced to Davis by the young drummer Tony Williams, Hancock received considerable attention when, in May 1963, he joined Daviss Second Great Quintet. Davis personally sought out Hancock, whom he saw as one of the most promising talents in jazz, the rhythm section Davis organized was young but effective, comprising bassist Ron Carter, 17-year-old drummer Williams, and Hancock on piano. After George Coleman and Sam Rivers each took a turn at the saxophone spot and this quintet is often regarded as one of the finest jazz ensembles, and the rhythm section has been especially praised for its innovation and flexibility. The second great quintet was where Hancock found his own voice as a pianist, not only did he find new ways to use common chords, but he also popularized chords that had not previously been used in jazz
Herbie Hancock
–
Hancock in December 2013
Herbie Hancock
–
Hancock live in concert
34.
Rockit (song)
–
Rockit is a composition recorded by jazz pianist Herbie Hancock and produced by Bill Laswell. Hancock released it as a single from his 1983 album Future Shock, the selection was composed by Hancock, producer Laswell, and synthesizer/drum machine programmer Michael Beinhorn. Constructed and composed during the process at various studios, including RPM. Some years later, turntablists such as DJ Qbert and Mix Master Mike cited the composition as revelatory in the documentary film Scratch, the single was a major radio hit in the United Kingdom and a popular dance club record in the United States. Hancock himself appears, and plays keyboard, only as an image on a television receiver, rockit was sampled in the 2006 Janet Jackson song So Excited. Rockit was studied for the music and art portion of the 1990-1991 Academic Decathlon competition, the musical focus for that year was Music of the Post-World War II era. Rockit was performed at the 1985 Grammy Awards Ceremony in Los Angeles, California, in the famous synthesizer jam with other contemporaries Howard Jones, Thomas Dolby, rockit appears in the film Zoolander, where it is used to break Dereks hypnotism during the finale catwalk scene. Rockit was used for the radio program Showboat on Soccer AM, rockit was featured when Chris Skelton danced in Episode 5 of Series 3 on the BBC TV show Ashes to Ashes. Rockit was featured on Season 3, episode 4 of 30 Rock during a moment when NBC page Kenneth is shown street-dancing for side cash. Rockit was featured on The Simpsons episode Treehouse of Horror XVI and it shows a robot playing it on a synthesizer whilst a pair of robotic legs are dancing in time to the music, parodying the music video. A similar tune is heard in the sketch episode The Extras, a group of senior citizens dance to the tune
Rockit (song)
–
"Rockit"
35.
Breakdance
–
B-boying or breaking, also called breakdancing, is a style of street dance that originated primarily among Puerto Rican and African American youths during the mid-1970s in the Bronx. The dance spread worldwide due to popularity in the media, especially in such as Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, South Korea. While diverse in the amount of variation available in the dance, b-boying consists of four kinds of movement, toprock, downrock, power moves, and freezes. B-boying is typically danced to hip-hop, funk music, and especially breakbeats, although modern trends allow for much wider varieties of music along certain ranges of tempo, a practitioner of this dance is called a b-boy, b-girl, or breaker. Although the term breakdance is frequently used to refer to the dance in culture and in the mainstream entertainment industry. These terms are preferred by the majority of the pioneers and most notable practitioners, instead of the term b-boying, the mainstream media promoted the artform as breakdancing, causing many to only know it as such. Enthusiasts consider breakdancing an ignorant and derogatory term due to the exploitation of the artform. The media displayed a simplified version of the dance, making it seem like the so-called “tricks” were everything, ultimately trading the culture for money and promotion. The dance itself is properly called breaking according to such as KRS-One, Talib Kweli, Mos Def. The terms b-boy, b-girl, and breaker are the terms used to describe the dancers who performed to DJ Kool Hercs breakbeats. DJ Kool Herc is a Jamaican-American DJ who is responsible for developing the foundational aspects of hip-hop music, the obvious connection of the term breaking is to the word breakbeat. DJ Kool Herc has commented that the term breaking was 1970s slang for getting excited, most breaking pioneers and practitioners prefer the terms b-boy, b-girl, and/or breaker when referring to these dancers. For those immersed in culture, the term breakdancer may be used to disparage those who learn the dance for personal gain rather than for commitment to the culture. B-boy London of the New York City Breakers and filmmaker Michael Holman refer to these dancers as breakers, frosty Freeze of the Rock Steady Crew says, we were known as b-boys, and hip-hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa says, b-boys, what you call break boys. Or b-girls, what you call break girls, many elements of b-boying can be seen in other antecedent cultures prior to the 1970s. B-boy pioneers Richard Crazy Legs Colon and Kenneth Ken Swift Gabbert, many of b-boyings acrobatic moves, such as the flare, show clear connections to gymnastics. The engraving shows a man apparently B-boying. The dance was called the Giesse Harad Polska or salmon district dance, a young street dancer performing acrobatic headspins was recorded by Thomas Edison in 1898
Breakdance
–
A b-boy performing outside
Faneuil Hall, Boston, MA, United States
Breakdance
–
A b-boy practicing
downrock at a
studio in Moscow.
Breakdance
–
B-boys performing on San Francisco's Powell Street in 2008.
Breakdance
–
B-Boy performing hand hops in Washington D.C.
36.
Shuriken
–
A shuriken is a traditional Japanese concealed weapon that was generally used for throwing. Contrary to common misconception these weapons were not designed to stick in your skin and they were designed to have blades coated in poison and would be thrown to nick and cut, allowing the poison to enter the bloodstream. They are sharpened hand-held blades made from a variety of items, such as needles, nails and knives, as well as coins, washers. Shuriken is the given to any small-bladed object, while shaken is traditionally used to indicate the well-known throwing star. Shuriken are commonly known in the West as throwing stars or ninja stars although they were designed in many different shapes. The major varieties of shuriken are the bō shuriken and the hira shuriken or shaken, Shuriken were supplementary weapons to the sword or various other weapons in a samurais arsenal, although they often had an important tactical effect in battle. Bo-shuriken are throwing weapons consisting of an iron or steel spike, usually four-sided. Some examples have points on both ends, the length ranges from 12 to 21 cm and the average weight from 35 to 150 grams. They should not confused with the kunai, which is a thrusting and stabbing implement that is sometimes thrown, bo-shuriken were constructed from a wide variety of everyday items, hence there were many shapes and sizes. The major throwing methods are the jiki da-ho, and the han-ten da-ho and these two are technically different, in that the former does not allow the blade to spin before it hits the target, while the latter requires that the blade should spin. Other items such as hairpins, kogata, and chopsticks were thrown in the way as bo-shuriken although they are not associated with any particular school of shurikenjutsu. The origins of the bo-shuriken in Japan are still unclear despite continuing research, the earliest-known reference to a school teaching shurikenjutsu is to Ganritsu Ryu, active during the 17th century. This school utilized a long, thin implement with a bulbous head, surviving examples of blades used by this school appear to combine an arrows shape with that of a needle traditionally used in Japanese leatherwork and armor manufacture. There are earlier mentions in records, such as the Osaka Gunki, of the standard knife. Miyamoto Musashi is said to have won a duel by throwing his sword at his opponent. Hira-shuriken generally resemble the popular conception of shuriken and they are constructed from thin, flat plates of metal derived from a variety of sources including hishi-gane, kugi-nuki, spools and senban. They often have a hole in the center and possess a thin blade sharpened mainly at the tip. The holes derive from their source in items that had holes – old coins, washers, there is a wide variety of forms of hira-shuriken and they are now usually identified by the number of points the blades possess
Shuriken
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Edo period shuriken in
Odawara Castle Museum, Japan
Shuriken
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Four antique forged Japanese bo shuriken (iron throwing darts with linen flights)
Shuriken
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Various types of shuriken at the
Iga-ryū Ninja Museum
37.
Nathan Lee Graham
–
Nathan Lee Graham is an American cabaret artist, stage, television and film actor, singer, writer and director. His roles in film include Todd in Zoolander, Frederick Montana in Sweet Home Alabama. He has appeared in independent films like Confessions of an Action Star, Bad Actress, on the small screen he originated the role of Peter in The Comeback, and had guest starring roles on Scrubs, Absolutely Fabulous and Law & Order, Special Victims Unit. More recently, he has appeared in the role of Carson in Hit the Wall at The Barrow Street Theatre and he earned a 2005 Best Classical Album Grammy Award for Songs of Innocence and of Experience as a soloist. Nathan Lee Graham is a graduate of Webster University in St. Louis, nathan Lee Graham at the Internet Movie Database
Nathan Lee Graham
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Nathan Lee Graham (far left) with fellow Priscilla Queen of the Desert castmate, Kyle Brown and AC & LT - THE KIKI TWINS attending the Michael Musto 25th Anniversary Party in NYC.
38.
Justin Theroux
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Justin Paul Theroux is an American actor, director, and screenwriter. He is best known for his work with film director David Lynch and he appeared in Mulholland Drive and Inland Empire. He is also known as a screenwriter for such as Tropic Thunder, Iron Man 2, Rock of Ages. Since 2014, he has starred in the HBO series The Leftovers, Theroux was born in Washington, D. C. His mother, Phyllis Grissim-Theroux, is a journalist and author who worked for The Washington Post and his father is of half French-Canadian and half Italian descent. Through his mother, Theroux is a great-great-grandson of financier, banker, hollins, and of music critic and author Gustav Kobbé. Theroux attended Lafayette Elementary School, Annunciation School, and the Field School and he first started acting while in high school at the Buxton School, in Williamstown, Massachusetts. He graduated from Bennington College in 1993 with a B. A. in visual arts, Theroux made his film debut in 1996 in Mary Harrons I Shot Andy Warhol. He has also performed in more films such as American Psycho. He appeared in the versions of the cult television shows Strangers With Candy. He starred in David Lynchs films Mulholland Drive and Inland Empire, in 2003, he was featured in a music video for the British band Muse for their song Hysteria. Theroux also has appeared on television, having starred in The District and appeared on episodes of such as Alias, Ally McBeal, Sex and the City. In 2006, he directed his first film, Dedication, which premiered at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival, a fan of the band Deerhoof, Theroux chose them to score Dedication. Theroux also had roles in two films at the festival, Broken English and The Ten, in which he played Jesus Christ alongside Gretchen Mol. Theroux co-wrote the Ben Stiller-directed Oscar-nominated film Tropic Thunder, and also appeared in the behind-the-scenes mockumentary Tropic Thunder, in 2008, Theroux played John Hancock in the HBO miniseries John Adams. In 2009, Theroux made up part of the voice cast for Call of Duty and he also played Justin in Parks and Recreation. Theroux wrote the screenplay for the 2010 film Iron Man 2, following Therouxs work on Tropic Thunder, actor Robert Downey Jr. recommended Theroux as a screenwriter to the films director, Jon Favreau. Theroux returned to acting in the film Your Highness, as Leezar and he starred in the 2012 comedy Wanderlust, playing the leader of a hippie commune
Justin Theroux
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Theroux at the 2008
Tribeca Film Festival
Justin Theroux
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The stars and director of the film
Mulholland Drive at the 2001
Cannes Film Festival. Left to right: actor
Naomi Watts, director
David Lynch, and actors
Laura Harring and Justin Theroux
39.
Jennifer Coolidge
–
She is also a regular actor in Christopher Guests mockumentary films. Coolidge is an alumna of The Groundlings, an improv and sketch comedy troupe based in Los Angeles, Coolidge was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Gretchen and Paul Constant Coolidge, a plastics manufacturer. She was raised in Norwell, Massachusetts, and is one of four children with a brother, Andrew, Coolidge attended Norwell High School, the Cambridge School of Weston, Emerson College in Boston and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City. Her charitable work has included a history of supporting AIDS assistance, Coolidge is known for her supporting roles in several comedy movies and guest roles on television. She made her first appearance on TV in the Seinfeld episode The Masseuse, before gaining recognition, she received small roles, appearing in such films as A Bucket of Blood, Plump Fiction, and A Night at the Roxbury. She also voiced Luannes beauty school teacher Miss Kremzer in a role on King of the Hill. In 1999, Coolidge got her big break playing Jeanine Stifler, the film was a box-office hit and took in a gross worldwide revenue of $235,483,004. In 2001, she reprised her role in American Pie 2, later in that same year, she had a supporting role in Legally Blonde as Paulette Bonafonté the manicurist. Legally Blonde was a hit, grossing US$96 million domestically. In 2003, she again played Jeanine Stifler in American Wedding, in 2003, she played the protagonists agent Luise in Testosterone filmed in Argentina starring David Sutcliffe as Dean Seagrave and Antonio Sabato Jr as Pablo. In 2004, she had a role in the romantic comedy A Cinderella Story playing Hilary Duffs characters vain. The film went on to become a box office hit despite negative critical reviews. Coolidge nearly received the role of Lynette Scavo on Desperate Housewives, from 2004 to 2006, Coolidge had a role in the NBC comedy series Joey as Joeys oversexed agent Roberta Bobbie Morganstern. During its second season, she went from a character to a more prominent role. NBC officially canceled the series in May 2006 citing low ratings and she originally starred in an episode of Friends in its final season as Amanda, a tactless and uninhibited wannabe whom Phoebe and Monica try to shake off. Prior to her Friends appearance she was a regular on She TV, a very short-lived sketch comedy that also featured Nick Bakay, Elon Gold, Simbi Khali, and Linda Kash. She also has appeared on According to Jim, playing Jims sister and in an episode of Sex and the City, Coolidge also appeared in the kiddie comedy Slappy and the Stinkers, and as the voice of Aunt Fanny in the animated feature Robots. The film was accompanied by a short animated film based on Robots, titled Aunt Fannys Tour of Booty
Jennifer Coolidge
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Coolidge at the American Reunion premiere, Paris, France, March 2012
40.
Tony Kanal
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Tony Ashwin Kanal is a British-American musician, record producer and songwriter. Kanal is the bassist for the American rock band No Doubt and his musical work outside of the band includes producing and songwriting with artists such as reggae singer Elan Atias and No Doubt bandmate Gwen Stefani, among others. Kanals father Gulab and his mother Lajwanti Lajju are from India and are Hindus and his parents emigrated from India to London, England, where Kanal was born. While most of his years were spent in London, Kanal and his family also spent brief periods living in Toronto, Canada. At age eleven, he was taken by his once again to the United States. There, his parents opened a store named Kanals Gifts and Fashion, Kanals father suggested that Kanal learn to play the saxophone since it was the formers favorite instrument, so he bought one for Kanal. Kanal later learned how to play the bass from his schoolmate Dave Carpenter, after seeing one of third wave ska band No Doubts early shows, he joined the band as its bassist. Kanal enrolled at California State University, Fullerton to major in psychology, in October 1991, No Doubt began recording with producer Dito Godwin. When Interscope Records began turning songs down, No Doubt did it on their own, over two years they recorded ten songs and released it independently. When No Doubt went on hiatus, Kanal began a career behind the mixing console, in 2004, Kanal produced three songs for the soundtrack to 50 First Dates. Also in 2004, Kanal produced and co-wrote three tracks on Gwen Stefanis first solo album Love, Kanal then produced Elan Atiass debut album, Together as One, which was released in June 2006. Kanal again worked with Gwen Stefani for her solo album The Sweet Escape. He has created several remixes, including ones of Stefanis Hollaback Girl, Kanal produced the song Rent for the ska punk band Peppers 2006 album No Shame. In 2008, he collaborated on two songs titled Sober and Funhouse with Pink for her album Funhouse and also sang back-up on Crystal Ball, in late 2009, Kanal co-wrote and played bass for a song of former Pussycat Doll Kimberly Wyatts debut solo album. Kanal also contributed on track seven of Weezers 2010 album Hurley and he received co-writing credit for the song Smart Girls. In 2010, Kanal co-wrote, produced, and performed bass on the track Kiss You Up, recorded by Barbadian artist Shontelle for her second album, No Gravity. With Stefani promoting her solo album, No Doubt began initial work on a new album without her. In March 2008, the band started making posts concerning the progression of the album on their official fan forum
Tony Kanal
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Tony Kanal
Tony Kanal
–
Kanal during No Doubt's 2009 summer reunion tour.
41.
Patton Oswalt
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Oswalt has won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special and a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album for his Netflix stand-up special Patton Oswalt, Talking for Clapping. Oswalt was born January 27,1969, in Portsmouth, Virginia, the son of Carla and Larry J. Oswalt and he was named after General George S. Patton. He has one brother, Matt Oswalt, a comedy writer best known for the YouTube web series Puddin. While he was a brat, his family later lived in Ohio and Tustin, California, before settling in Sterling. Oswalt first began performing comedy in the late 1980s or early 1990s. After writing for MADtv and starring in his own 1996 comedy special for HBO, he went on to notable roles in films. His most prominent and long-running role was as Spence Olchin on The King of Queens and his first starring film role was as the voice of Remy, the lead character in the 2007 Pixar film Ratatouille. He has also appeared in roles in such films as Magnolia and 22 Jump Street. Oswalt wrote the book story JLA, Welcome to the Working Week, a backup story in Batman #600, a story for Dwight T. Albatrosss The Goon Noir #01. Expanding his voice artist repertoire, he began voicing the villainous character Tobey on PBS Kids GO. series WordGirl in 2007 and he also appeared on the Comedy Central Roast of William Shatner. In August 2007, he appeared on the Comedy Central Roast of Flavor Flav, in 2007, he appeared on an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants, The Original Fry Cook, as Jim. In 2008 Oswalt moderated a panel of the Mystery Science Theater 3000 cast at the San Diego Comic-Con International. In 2009, Oswalt played Paul Aufiero, the role in Robert D. Siegels 2009 directorial debut. He was to star in a 2010 Broadway revival of Lips Together and he starred in the Showtime drama The United States of Tara as Neil, an employee of Four Winds Landscaping. He also provided the voice of Thrasher, a robot protagonist from the Cartoon Network show Robotomy, in 2011, Oswalt released the book Zombie Spaceship Wasteland. In November 2011, Oswalt played the role of Hurlan Heartshe in the surrealist comedy miniseries The Heart, She Holler on Cartoon Networks late-night programming block, Adult Swim. Also in November 2011, Oswalt was depicted blowing the second-ever puff of 3D pot smoke in A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas, in December 2011, Oswalt played Matt Freehauf in Jason Reitmans black comedy Young Adult. In 2012, he originated the role of Billy Stanhope on Two, as of September 2013, Oswalt narrates the TV series The Goldbergs
Patton Oswalt
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Oswalt at the 2010
San Diego Comic-Con
42.
Mason Webb
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Mason Webb is an American former professional soccer player. He currently plays for Surrey United Firefighters, upon playing midfield in his youth career, Mason has moved to an outside fullback position where he has been regarded as one of the top defenders in the VMSL. Earning the top point scorer as a defender, netting two goals, and getting nine assists for a total of 13 points, during the 2011 season VMSL season. His accuracy in passing and crossing, his speed going forward and closing down attackers and he played one year with Snohomish United and served as the team captain in four of his five years with WFC Rangers. As a midfielder, Mason also played four years on the Washington state, in 2004, Mason received a full scholarship to Oregon State University alongside current soccer players, Ryan Johnson, Robbie Findley, Bryan Jordan, Daniel Leach. He has played alongside twin brother, and former American professional soccer player, Mason played for the USL-1 League Champions Vancouver Whitecaps in 2008. He took one year off of soccer to finish his study at Oregon State while he still had a scholarship. Upon graduation, Mason moved back to Bellingham WA, and has played for 2-time VMSL League and Imperial Cup Champions, the Surrey United Firefighters He is the twin brother of Nick Webb
Mason Webb
–
Mason Webb
43.
John Galliano
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John Charles Galliano CBE, RDI is a Gibraltar-born British fashion designer who was the head designer of French fashion companies Givenchy, Christian Dior, and his own label John Galliano. At present, Galliano is the director of Paris-based fashion house Maison Margiela. Galliano has been named British Designer of the Year four times, in a 2004 poll for the BBC, he was named the fifth most influential person in British culture. He was born in Gibraltar to a Gibraltarian father, Juan Galliano, and a Spanish mother, Anita and his family moved to England in pursuit of work when Galliano was six, and settled in Streatham, South London, before moving to Dulwich and later to Brockley. He was raised in a strict Roman Catholic family, Galliano, who was shy and diffident, often spoke of his struggle to fit in. Recalling his early days, he admitted, I dont think people here understood where I was coming from. His mother, a teacher, would dress him in his smartest outfit even for a trip to the local shops. His attire, combined with his creative sensibilities, caused him frequent persecution at the London boys grammar school he attended and his first collection was inspired by the French Revolution and entitled Les Incroyables. The collection received positive reviews and was bought in its entirety for resale in the London fashion boutique Browns, Galliano then started his own fashion label alongside long-term collaborators Amanda Harlech, at that time stylist with Harpers and Queen, and Stephen Jones, a milliner. On the back of this success, Galliano rented studio space in London, moreover, he would take his enjoyment of Londons nightlife to extremes. Galliano secured the backing of Paris-based Moroccan designer Faycal Amor who invited him to set up his base in Paris at the Plein Sud headquarters and his first show was in 1989 as part of Paris Fashion Week. Media fashion celebrity Susannah Constantine has worked for Galliano, and he has aided the future success of other designers including shoe designer Patrick Cox. In 1991, he collaborated with Kylie Minogue, designing the costumes for her Lets Get to It Tour, in 1993, Gallianos financial agreement with Amor ended and he did not have a showing in October, missing the season. It was through this partnership that Galliano received the financial backing and this collection was important in the development of Galliano as a fashion house, and is regarded as a fashion moment in high fashion circles. In July 1995, he was appointed as the designer of Givenchy by Bernard Arnault, owner of luxury goods conglomerate LVMH, on 21 January 1996, Galliano presented his first couture show at the helm of Givenchy at the Stade de France. The collection received high praise within the fashion media, some of Gallianos designs for Givenchy were licensed to Vogue Patterns. He was later replaced by Alexander McQueen, in October 1996, LVMH moved Galliano to Christian Dior, replacing Italian designer Gianfranco Ferré. At Dior, Galliano received critical acclaim for his Haute Couture, in 2010, Galliano identified his love of theatre and femininity as central to his creations, he said my role is to seduce, and credited Standard Oil heiress Millicent Rogers as an influence
John Galliano
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John Galliano ensemble.
Dress of the Year for 1987
John Galliano
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Galliano ballgowns designed for Dior as exhibited in Moscow, 2011
John Galliano
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Galliano dior newspaper dress at the ROM. Donated by Kara Alloway.
44.
Sweatshop
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Sweatshop is a pejorative term for a workplace that has poor, socially unacceptable working conditions. The work may be difficult, dangerous, or underpaid, Workers in sweatshops may work long hours with low pay, regardless of laws mandating overtime pay or a minimum wage, child labor laws may also be violated. A sweatshop is a factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, the workplaces created for the sweating system, a system of subcontracting in the tailoring trade were called sweatshops and might contain only a few workers or as many as 100 and more. In the 1890s, a group calling itself the National Anti-Sweating League was formed in Melbourne, a group with the same name campaigned from 1906 in the UK, resulting in the Trade Boards Act 1909. In 1910, the International Ladies Garment Workers Union was founded to try to improve the condition of these workers, criticism of garment sweatshops became a major force behind workplace safety regulation and labor laws. As some journalists strove to change working conditions, the term came to refer to a broader set of workplaces whose conditions were considered inferior. In the United States, investigative journalists, known as muckrakers, wrote exposés of business practices, notable exposés of sweatshop conditions include Jacob Riis photo documentary How the Other Half Lives and Upton Sinclairs book, The Jungle, about the meat packing industry. In 1911, negative perceptions of sweatshops were galvanized by the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire in New York City. The pivotal role of time and place is chronicled at the Lower East Side Tenement Museum. This recent definition eliminates any historical distinction about the role of a middleman or the items produced, sometimes penal labor facilities are grouped under the sweatshop label. Sweatshops conditions resemble prison labor in many cases, especially from a commonly found Western perspective, in 2014 Apple was caught failing to protect its workers in one of its Pegatron factories. Overwhelmed workers were caught falling asleep during their 12-hour shifts and a reporter had to work 18 days in a row. Sweatshops in question carry characteristics such as pregnancy tests for female laborers. Workers then go into a state of forced labor, if one day of work is not accounted for. These working conditions have been the source of suicidal unrest within factories in the past, chinese sweatshops known to have increased numbers of suicidal employees have suicide nets covering the whole site, in place to stop over-worked and stressed employees leaping to their deaths. Sweatshops have proved an issue to resolve because their roots lie in the conceptual foundations of the world economy. Developing countries like India, China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Honduras encourage the outsourcing of work from the world to provide work for their people. Outsourced work can, at times, bring some form of wealth to impoverished countries, regardless of Western labor concerns, people living in poor conditions prefer low wages to none at all
Sweatshop
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A sweatshop c.1890
Sweatshop
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Members of United Students Against Sweatshops marching in protest.
45.
Film Censorship Board of Malaysia
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The Film Censorship Board of Malaysia is a Malaysian government ministry that vets films. It is under the control of the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Board was established under the Film Censorship Act, and its role was revised in 2002 under an updated version of the Act. Any film that is to be screened in Malaysia must be certified by the Board, under the provisions of the Act, no one is allowed to view any film that has not been licensed by the Board. The same Act also bans the possession and/or screening of pornography or provocative materials, films that contain sex and nude scenes are strictly censored/prohibited. Screening of such films in public even in good faith can subject the screener to fines/imprisonment, the Board watches the uncensored film or programme and decides whether its content is acceptable for a Malaysian audience. The film receives approval only after the Board is satisfied that the film satisfies the rules under which the Board operates, any film passed with compulsory cuts must have the cuts made by the distributor before the film is released/screened. This is accomplished either by having the studio produce a version or by physically removing the offending section on the film itself. Screening films with compulsory cuts in its form can make the distributor
Film Censorship Board of Malaysia
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One of the official logos are displayed before TV programs aired on local stations and cinematic films in Malaysia to indicate its rating.
46.
Singapore
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Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, sometimes referred to as the Lion City or the Little Red Dot, is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia. It lies one degree north of the equator, at the tip of peninsular Malaysia. Singapores territory consists of one island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its size by 23%. During the Second World War, Singapore was occupied by Japan, after early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its workforce. Singapore is a global commerce, finance and transport hub, the country has also been identified as a tax haven. Singapore ranks 5th internationally and first in Asia on the UN Human Development Index and it is ranked highly in education, healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, and housing, but does not fare well on the Democracy index. Although income inequality is high, 90% of homes are owner-occupied, 38% of Singapores 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals. There are four languages on the island, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil. English is its language, most Singaporeans are bilingual. Singapore is a multiparty parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The Peoples Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959, however, it is unlikely that lions ever lived on the island, Sang Nila Utama, the Srivijayan prince said to have founded and named the island Singapura, perhaps saw a Malayan tiger. There are however other suggestions for the origin of the name, the central island has also been called Pulau Ujong as far back as the third century CE, literally island at the end in Malay. In 1299, according to the Malay Annals, the Kingdom of Singapura was founded on the island by Sang Nila Utama and these Indianized Kingdoms, a term coined by George Cœdès were characterized by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability. In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement, which by then was part of the Johor Sultanate. The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period, in 1824 the entire island, as well as the Temenggong, became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan. In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, prior to Raffles arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese. By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations
Singapore
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Raffles Square around 1900.
Singapore
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Flag
Singapore
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Victorious Japanese troops marching through Singapore City after the British capitulation at the
Battle of Singapore in 1942.
Singapore
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A cheering crowd welcome the return of British forces, 1945
47.
Malaysia-Singapore relations
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Malaysia–Singapore relations refers to the bilateral foreign relations between the two countries Malaysia and Singapore, after the separation of Singapore from the Federation of Malaysia in 1965. Singapore has a commission in Kuala Lumpur and a consulate general in Johor Bahru. Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and ASEAN. Singapore and Malaysia are part of the Five Power Defence Arrangements, along with New Zealand, Australia, both sides, along with Indonesia, help each other respond to threats by Jemaah Islamiah. Malaysia is Singapores biggest trading partner, with trade totaling roughly 91 billion US dollars in 2012. The two countries are connected by the Johor–Singapore Causeway and the Tuas Second Link, the Second Link is a bridge connecting Singapore and Johor, Malaysia. In Singapore, it is known as the Tuas Second Link. The bridge was built to reduce congestion at the Johor–Singapore Causeway. It opened on 2 January 1998, the twin-deck bridge supports a dual-three lane carriageway linking Kampong Ladang at Tanjung Kupang in Johor to Jalan Ahmad Ibrahim at Tuas in Singapore. The span over water is 1,920 metres, in Singapore, the bridge connects to the Ayer Rajah Expressway. The Rapid Transit System Link, a rail line between Malaysia and Singapore, under development, is scheduled to open in 2018. This long-delayed project required the resolution of a dispute between the two countries over transportation links and Singaporean investment in Iskandar Malaysia in 2010, malaysian and Singaporean counterparts thereby agreed to modify the Points of Agreement signed in 1990. The two countries agreed to co-located Customs, Immigration and Quarantine facilities so that travelers pass through only one immigration checkpoint when using the service. Singapore and Malaysia also agreed to build the Kuala Lumpur-Singapore High Speed Rail in 2013, the project is expected to be completed by 2026, and would connect Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru to Singapore. Malaysia–Singapore border Pedra Branca dispute Peoples Action Party–United Malays National Organisation relations, the ruling parties of Singapore and Malaysia
Malaysia-Singapore relations
–
Malaysia–Singapore relations
48.
Micronesia
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Micronesia is a subregion of Oceania, comprising thousands of small islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It has a cultural history with two other island regions, Polynesia to the east and Melanesia to the south. The region has a marine climate, and is part of the Oceania ecozone. There are four main archipelagos along with numerous outlying islands, Micronesia is divided politically among several sovereign countries. One of these is the Federated States of Micronesia, which is often called Micronesia for short and is not to be confused with the overall region, Micronesia began to be settled several millennia ago, although there are competing theories about the origin and arrival of the first settlers. The earliest known contact with Europeans occurred in 1521, when Ferdinand Magellan reached the Marianas, the coinage of the term Micronesia is usually attributed to Jules Dumont dUrvilles usage in 1832, however Domeny de Rienzi had used the term a year previously. Micronesia is a region that includes approximately 2100 islands, with a land area of 2,700 km2, the largest of which is Guam. The total ocean area within the perimeter of the islands is 7,400,000 km2, there are four main island groups in Micronesia, the Caroline Islands the Gilbert Islands the Mariana Islands the Marshall Islands Plus the island country of Nauru. The Caroline Islands are a widely scattered archipelago consisting of about 500 small coral islands, north of New Guinea, the Gilbert Islands are a chain of sixteen atolls and coral islands, arranged in an approximate north-to-south line. In a geographical sense, the equator serves as the line between the northern Gilbert Islands and the southern Gilbert Islands. The Republic of Kiribati contains all of the Gilberts, as well as the island of Tarawa, the Mariana Islands are an arc-shaped archipelago made up by the summits of fifteen volcanic mountains. Guam and the Northern Marianas are two of the five remaining U. S, the Marshall Islands is an island country, located north of Nauru and Kiribati, east of the Federated States of Micronesia, and south of the U. S. territory of Wake Island. The country consists of 29 low-lying atolls and 5 isolated islands, comprising 1,156 individual islands, the atolls and islands form two groups, the Ratak Chain and the Ralik Chain. All the islands in the chain are part of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, having few natural resources, the islands wealth is based on a service economy, as well as some fishing and agriculture. Of the 29 atolls,24 of them are inhabited, Bikini Atoll is an atoll in the Marshall Islands. There are 23 islands in the Bikini Atoll, the islands of Bokonijien, Aerokojlol, and Nam were vaporized during nuclear tests that occurred there. The islands are composed of low coral limestone аnd sand, the average elevation is only about 2.1 metres above low tide level. Nauru is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean,42 km south of the Equator, listed as the worlds smallest republic
Micronesia
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Micronesia is one of three major cultural areas in the
Pacific Ocean, along with
Polynesia and
Melanesia.
Micronesia
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Map of Micronesia (shown in dark magenta)
Micronesia
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Beach scenery at
Laura,
Majuro, Marshall Islands
Micronesia
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Image of the
Castle Bravo nuclear test, detonated on March 1, 1954, at Bikini Atoll
49.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
September 11 attacks
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Top row: The Twin Towers of the
World Trade Center burning
September 11 attacks
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1997 picture of Osama bin Laden
September 11 attacks
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Khalid Sheikh Mohammed after his capture in 2003
September 11 attacks
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Flight paths of the four planes used on September 11
50.
Frankie Goes To Hollywood
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Frankie Goes to Hollywood, formed in 1980, were a British band popular in the mid-1980s. The group was fronted by Holly Johnson, with Paul Rutherford, Peter Gill, Mark OToole and it also won the 1985 Brit Award for Best British Single. This record remained unbeaten until the Spice Girls achieved a streak in 1996-1997. In 1985, Frankie Goes to Hollywood won the Brit Award for Best British Newcomer, songwriters Johnson, Gill and OToole received the 1984 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for Two Tribes. In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nations 14th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV, the original group named Frankie Goes to Hollywood dates from 1980. The nucleus of the group emerged from the late 1970s Liverpool punk scene, lead singer Johnson had played bass with Big in Japan and had also released two solo singles. Local musicians Peter Gill, Jed OToole, and OTooles cousin Brian Nash initially joined Johnson and this line-up secured a number of small local gigs before disbanding. The group was reprised when Johnson joined Mark OToole and Peter Ped Gill to form FGTH, in October 1982, the group recorded a John Peel Session for BBC Radio 1, comprising the originals Krisco Kisses, Two Tribes, Disneyland, and The World Is My Oyster. Around this time Jed OToole left the group, to be replaced by the returning Brian Nash, in February 1983, the group was invited to record a video for Relax by the Channel 4 show The Tube at the Liverpool State Ballroom. After the broadcast, the Peel session was repeated on radio, and these performances, along with a repeat of the Tube video, convinced Trevor Horn to sign the group for his new label, ZTT Records, in May 1983. Relax was released by ZTT in October 1983 and got a modicum of airplay, following a debut on the BBCs Top of the Pops on 5 January 1984 while at number 35, the single rose to number six the following week. On 11 January 1984, BBC Radio 1 disc jockey Mike Read was playing the record on his show when he noticed the front cover design. Relax immediately shot to Number One in the UK charts and stayed there for five weeks, during which time the BBC could not feature the nations best-selling single on Top of the Pops. The video featured a scene one of the band members wrestled a live tiger, to the admiration of the clubgoers. The BBC lifted its ban on Relax at the end of 1984 to allow the band to perform it on the Christmas edition of Top of the Pops, Relax remained in the charts when the follow-up, Two Tribes, was released in May 1984. The anti-conflict song was given an aggressively topical nuclear war slant.5 million copies, ultimately, the audience – consisting of other world leaders – were brought into the fight, and eventually Earth was seen to explode. Two Tribes was a single in its own right. The release of Two Tribes also coincided with an extensive and iconic T-shirt marketing campaign during the British summer of 1984, hide Yourself and Frankie Say Relax Dont Do It
Frankie Goes To Hollywood
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Frankie Goes to Hollywood in London
Frankie Goes To Hollywood
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Twelve inch picture disk of "Two Tribes" with video image
Frankie Goes To Hollywood
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"Frankie Say War! Hide Yourself" T-shirt.
