1.
George V
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George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. He was the son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. From the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his own brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, on the death of his grandmother in 1901, Georges father became King-Emperor of the British Empire, and George was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in 1910 and he was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, the Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, in 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. He had health problems throughout much of his reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son. George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House and he was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and he was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley. As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871, neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. For three years from 1879, the brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, after Lausanne, the brothers were separated, Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire, during his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his rank was largely honorary
2.
Joseph Ward
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Sir Joseph George Ward, 1st Baronet, GCMG, PC was the 17th Prime Minister of New Zealand on two occasions in the early 20th century. Ward was born in Melbourne on 26 April 1856 to a Roman Catholic family of Irish descent and his father, who is believed to have been an alcoholic, died in 1860, aged 31 – Ward was raised by his mother, Hannah. In 1863, the moved to Bluff, in New Zealands Southland region, seeking better financial security – Hannah Ward established a shop. Ward received his education at primary schools in Melbourne and Bluff. He did not go to secondary school and he did, however, read extensively, and also picked up a good understanding of business from his mother. In 1869, Ward found a job at the Post Office, later, with the help of a loan from his mother, Ward began to work as a freelance trader, selling supplies to the newly established Southland farming community. Ward became involved in local politics very quickly and he was elected to the Campbelltown Borough Council in 1878, despite being only 21 years old – at age 25 he became Mayor, the youngest in New Zealand. He also served on the Bluff Harbour Board, eventually becoming its chairman, in 1887, Ward stood for Parliament, winning the seat of Awarua. Politically, Ward was a supporter of such as Julius Vogel and Robert Stout. Ward became known as a strong debater on economic matters, in 1891, when the newly founded Liberal Party came to power, the new Prime Minister, John Ballance, appointed Ward as Postmaster General. Later, when Richard Seddon became Prime Minister after Ballances death, Wards basic political outlook was that the state existed to support and promote private enterprise, and his conduct as Treasurer reflects this. Wards increasing occupation with government affairs led to neglect of his own interests, however. In 1896, a judge declared Ward hopelessly insolvent and this placed Ward, as Treasurer, in a politically difficult situation, and he was forced to resign his portfolios on 16 June. In 1897, he was forced to file for bankruptcy, which legally obligated him to resign his seat in Parliament, a loophole meant that there was nothing to stop him contesting it again, however. In the resulting by-election he was elected with an increased majority, gradually, Ward rebuilt his businesses, and paid off his creditors. Seddon, still Prime Minister, quickly reappointed him to Cabinet where he served as Minister of Railways, Ward gradually emerged as the most prominent of Seddons supporters, and was seen as a possible successor. As Seddons long tenure as Prime Minister continued, some suggested that Ward should challenge Seddon for the leadership, Ward was in London at the time. It was generally agreed in the party that Ward would succeed him, Ward was sworn in on 6 August 1906
3.
George Forbes (New Zealand politician)
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George William Forbes served as the 22nd Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1930 to 1935. Few expected him to become Prime Minister when he did, and some believed him unsuitable for the post and he nevertheless remained in power for five years. Often referred to as Honest George, Forbes had a reputation for probity, rare debating skill and his courteous and friendly attitude earned him the liking and respect of parliamentarians from all sides of the House. Forbes headed the government that eventually became the modern National Party. Forbes was born in Lyttelton, just outside the city of Christchurch and he gained his education at Christchurch Boys High School in Christchurch, and did not attend university. He became known for his ability at sport, particularly in athletics, rowing, after finishing school he briefly worked in his fathers ships chandlery business in Lyttelton, but later established himself as a successful farmer near Cheviot, to the north of Christchurch. He quickly became active in the politics of the region, particularly with regard to the Cheviot County Council. At the 1902 election, Forbes made his first attempt to enter national politics and he stood as an independent, having failed to gain the Liberal Party nomination. At the 1908 election, however, he became the Liberal Partys official Hurunui candidate and he would hold this seat for thirty-five years. Forbes remained a backbencher for some time, but became the Liberal Partys Whip when party leader Thomas Mackenzie became Prime Minister in March 1912 and he retained this position when his party went into Opposition on 10 July 1912. However, he had considerably higher status within the party than his official responsibilities indicated, by the early 1920s, the Liberal Party faced a decision as to its political future. Many members of the Liberal Party believed an alliance with the Reform Party inevitable, when Massey died in 1925, Liberal leader Thomas Wilford decided to approach Masseys successor with a merger-proposal, suggesting that the new party could use the name the National Party. The Liberal Party chose Forbes to represent them at a joint conference, the new Reform Party leader, Gordon Coates, rejected the proposal, although Wilford declared that Liberal would adopt the name National regardless. Shortly after the proposal was rejected, Wilford resigned as leader. In the election later that year, however, the party did very badly, the partys poor fortune did not last long, however. The former Liberal Party absorbed Davys new United New Zealand Political Organization, Forbes and Veitch both vied as candidates for the leadership of the United Party, but the position eventually went to a former Liberal Party Prime Minister, Joseph Ward. Forbes became one of two deputy leaders, having responsibility for the South Island. Under the United banner, bolstered by Reform Party dissidents, the remnants of the old Liberal Party once again gained traction, in the 1928 elections, United formed a government with backing from the Labour Party
4.
Gordon Coates
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Joseph Gordon Coates, MC and bar served as the 21st Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1925 to 1928. He was the third successive Reform prime minister since 1912, later, serving as Minister of Public Works and of Finance, he instituted rigorous policies to combat the economic depression of the 1930s. He received an education at a local school, and his well-educated mother also tutored him. He became an accomplished horseman, although an accident left him with a bad leg for the rest of his life, the large Māori population of the area meant that Coates grew up proficient in the Māori language. Gossip suggests that before his marriage, Coates had two children by a Māori woman and he allegedly became engaged to Eva Ingall, a teacher, but her father forbade marriage on the grounds that the illness of Coates father might prove hereditary. Eventually, in 1914, he married Marjorie Grace Coles, by whom he had five daughters, Coates first became involved in politics through the Otamatea County Council, to which he won election in 1905. Later, from 1913 to 1916, he served as the Councils chairman and he had previously distinguished himself as commander of the Otamatea Mounted Rifle Volunteers, and had a good local reputation. In the 1911 elections, Coates won the Kaipara seat, having stood as an independent candidate aligned with the Liberal Party, in Parliament he generally voted with the Liberals, and formed part of the group that allowed Joseph Ward to keep his position as Prime Minister. When Ward resigned and Thomas Mackenzie replaced him, Coates declined the offer of a ministerial position, gradually, however, Coates distanced himself from the Liberal Party — primarily because of his strong belief in freehold for farmers, which the Liberals generally opposed. Coates had developed this belief due to his own experience with leasehold on his familys farm, when a vote of no confidence took place in 1912, Coates voted against the Liberals, helping the opposition Reform Party come to power. By 1914, Coates had formally joined Reform and he did not, however, act as a particularly partisan member, and made friends with politicians of many different political shades. His political activities focused primarily on improving services for the Far North. At the outbreak of World War I, Coates attempted to enlist for active service, in November 1916, however, Coates finally gained permission to join up — he served with considerable distinction, winning a Military Cross and bar. When he returned to New Zealand, many saw him as a hero, and on 2 September 1919 Massey appointed him to Cabinet as Minister of Justice, Postmaster-General and he later became Minister of Public Works and Minister of Railways. From March 1921, Coates served as Minister of Native Affairs and he became a friend of Āpirana Ngata, and worked with him to help address Māori concerns. Coates prominence gradually increased to the point where people saw him as a successor to Massey. When Massey died on 10 May 1925, Francis Bell became Prime Minister on a basis while the Party debated its leadership. On 30 May 1925 Coates became Prime Minister, having defeated William Nosworthy in a caucus ballot, Coates premiership was marked by an intention to develop the rural economy of New Zealand, from which he stemmed
5.
New Zealand Parliament
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The New Zealand Parliament is the legislative branch of New Zealand, consisting of the Queen of New Zealand and the New Zealand House of Representatives. Before 1951, there was a chamber, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The Parliament was established in 1854 and is one of the oldest continuously functioning parliaments in the world, the House of Representatives is a democratically elected body whose members are known as Members of Parliament. It usually consists of 120 MPs, though sometimes due to overhang seats. 70 MPs are elected directly in electorate seats and the remainder are filled by list MPs based on each partys share of the party vote, Māori were represented in Parliament from 1867, and in 1893 women gained the vote. New Zealand does not allow sentenced prisoners to vote, the Parliament is closely linked to the executive branch. The House of Representatives has met in the Parliament Buildings located in Wellington, Parliament funds the broadcast of its proceedings through Parliament TV, AM Network and Parliament Today. It was based on the Westminster model and had a house, called the House of Representatives. The members of the House of Representatives were elected under the first-past-the-post voting system, originally Councillors were appointed for life, but later their terms were fixed at seven years. In 1951, the Council was abolished altogether, making the New Zealand legislature unicameral, under the Constitution Act, legislative power was also conferred on New Zealands provinces, each of which had its own elected Legislative Council. These provincial legislatures were able to legislate for their provinces on most subjects, over a twenty-year period, political power was progressively centralised, and the provinces were abolished altogether in 1876. Four Māori electorates were created in 1867 during the term of the 4th Parliament, originally the New Zealand Parliament remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire. One historical speciality of the New Zealand Parliament was the country quota, from 1889 on, districts were weighted according to their urban/rural split. The country quota was in effect until it was abolished in 1945 by a mostly urban-elected Labour government, the New Zealand Parliament is sovereign with no institution able to over-ride its decisions. The ability of Parliament to act is, legally, unimpeded, for example, the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 is a normal piece of legislation, it is not superior law as codified constitutions are in some other countries. The only thing Parliament is limited in its power are on some entrenched issues relating to elections and these issues require either 75% of all MPs to support the bill or a referendum on the issue. The Queen of New Zealand is one of the components of Parliament—formally called the Queen-in-Parliament and this results from the role of the monarch to sign into law the bills that have been passed by the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives was established as a house and has been the Parliaments sole chamber since 1951
6.
New Zealand general election, 1905
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A total number of 412,702 voters turned out, with 396,657 voting in the European electorates. It was also the year absentee voting was introduced for all electors unable to be in their own electorate on election day, the first Chief Electoral Officer was appointed. Wellington Central, Wellington North, and Dunedin North were established for the first time, in 1905 a progressive faction within the Liberal Party started to form in opposition to Liberal leader Richard Seddons policies. The freshly created Independent Political Labour League also contested the election as a faction from the Liberals. It was the first of many steps of a move by urban labourers shifting allegiance to an independent working-class political party. Previously, most workers had supported the Liberal Party, which since the 1890s had attempted to gain Trade Union support by appointing union representatives to the governing body. The IPLL did not perform well, gaining only 3,478 votes nationwide with no candidates elected, the Rev Frank Isitt was the Prohibition candidate for several South Island electorates, and came second in two. The following table gives party strengths and vote distribution, the following are the results of the 1905 general election, Key Liberal Conservative New Liberal Liberal-Labour Independent Liberal Independent McRobie, Alan. Wellington, NZ Working Printing & Publishing
7.
New Zealand general election, 1943
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The 1943 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 27th term. With the onset of World War II, elections were initially postponed, the election saw the governing Labour Party re-elected by a comfortable margin, although the party nevertheless lost considerable ground to the expanding National Party. The Labour Party had formed its first government after its victory in the 1935 elections and had been re-elected by a substantial margin in the 1938 elections. Michael Joseph Savage, the first Labour Prime Minister, died in 1940, he was replaced by Peter Fraser, as World War II continued, the issues surrounding it naturally came to dominate political debate. Shortages appeared, prompting a certain amount of dissatisfaction with the government, the matter of conscription was also contentious — although both Labour and National supported it, many traditional followers of Labour were angry at their partys stance. A faction of Labour, dissatisfied with the partys economic and conscription policies. The date for the main 1943 elections was 25 September, a Saturday, elections to the four Maori electorates were held the day before. Among the civilian population, there was a turnout of 82. 8%, the number of seats in Parliament was 80, a number that had been fixed since 1902. There were three minor movements participating with 45 candidates, the Peoples Movement or Independent Peoples Group, the Real Democracy Movement and the Fighting Forces League. However these groups got only 12,867 votes (provisional count, PM or IPG7,389, RDM4,421, two of the three Fighting Forces League candidates were also supported by the Real Democracy Movement, which had been formed by the Social Credit Association. Two seats were uncontested, Awarua and Matarura, both seats were held for the National Party by serving officers, James Hargest was interned in Switzerland, and Tom Macdonald had just been invalided home. Labour did not contest those two electorates or Nelson where Harry Atmore stood, National did not contest three electorates, Kaipara and Palmerston North where Independent Nationalists stood, or Buller. 1943 was the last general election when some candidates were elected unopposed, the 1943 election saw the governing Labour Party retain office by a ten-seat margin, winning forty-five seats to the National Partys thirty-four, with one independent. The popular vote was considerably closer — Labour won 47. 6%, holland was stunned by the result, and called for a Commission of Inquiry to look at the servicemens’ vote, but was answered by a report from the Chief Electoral Officer. The Labour vote dropped, particularly in areas where the now more prosperous farmers returned to their normal political allegiance. There were strikes by the miners, and resentment at wartime restrictions, lee’s Democratic Soldier Labour party took votes in closely contested seats, and there was a vast and weird variety of miscellaneous candidates under strange labels. However the forces vote favoured both Labour and Democratic Soldier Labour, see table below, and 22 seats were won on a minority vote. By 10.30 pm only 35 of the 80 seats were certain for Labour, with Barclay defeated, but with 73,000 servicemens’ votes that came in during the day, Lowry, Hodgens and Roberts scraped in
8.
Tiaki Omana
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Tiaki Omana, also known by the English name Jack Ormond, was a New Zealand rugby union player and politician. He won the Rātana Movements fourth Maori electorate of Eastern Maori in 1943 from Āpirana Ngata who had held it since 1905 and he was of aristocratic Ngāti Rongomaiwahine descent and was also a grandson of John Davies Ormond, first Superintendent of Hawkes Bay. A keen rugby player, Tiaki Omana played Ranfurly Shield matches for his province, Hawkes Bay, even after joining the New Zealand Maori Battalion and fighting in France during World War I, he was still able to play on the wing for the Pioneer Battalion team. Omana was a sheepfarmer on the isolated Mahia Peninsula before becoming a Member of Parliament, a koata of the second cut, Omana first contested the Tairawhiti electorate of Eastern Maori in 1928, finally winning the electorate in 1943. As a Rātana/Labour member, he raised the issue of land claims, housing and health for Māori, Omana held the electorate until his retirement in 1963, when he returned to farming and to his original Church of England faith. Tiaki Omana was also referred to as Hamuera after Tahupōtiki Wiremu Rātanas son Hamuera Ratana, Ratana The Man, The Church, The Movement A. H & A. W
9.
Gisborne, New Zealand
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Gisborne is a city in northeastern New Zealand and the largest settlement in the Gisborne District. It has a population of 36,100, the district council has its headquarters in Whataupoko, in the central city. The settlement was known as Turanga and renamed Gisborne in 1870 in honour of New Zealand Colonial Secretary William Gisborne. The Gisborne region has been settled for over 700 years, for centuries the region has been inhabited by the tribes of Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki, Rongowhakaata, Ngāi Tāmanuhiri and Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti. Their people descend from the voyagers of the Te Ikaroa-a-Rauru, Horouta, East Coast oral traditions offer differing versions of Gisbornes establishment by Māori. According to one legend, Kiwa waited so long for the Horouta canoe to arrive that he called its final landing place Tūranganui-a-Kiwa, however, a more popular version of events is that Horouta preceded Takitimu. In 1931, Sir Āpirana Ngata stated that Horouta was the canoe that brought the people to the East Coast. Māori historian Rongowhakaata Halbert affirmed this account, stating that Paoas crew on the Horouta were the first inhabitants of the East Coast after migrating from Ahuahu or Great Mercury Island, paoa gave his name to various places across the region, most notably the Waipāoa River. During the 14th century, Māori tribes built fishing villages close to the sea, Gisbornes Kaiti Beach is the place where British navigator Captain James Cook made his first landing in New Zealand upon the Endeavour. Cook had earlier set off from Plymouth, England in August 1768 on a bound for Tahiti. Once he had concluded his duties in Tahiti, Cook continued south to look for a large landmass or continent. Young Nicks Head was thought to be the first piece of New Zealand land sighted by Cooks party, on 9 October, Cook came ashore on the eastern bank of the Tūranganui River, accompanied by a party of men. Their arrival was marred by misunderstanding and resulted in the death and it was also on the banks of the Tūranganui River that first the township of Tūranga, then the city of Gisborne, grew as European traders and whalers began to settle in the river and port area. The landing site was commemorated by a monument in 1906, on the 137th anniversary of Cooks arrival. Starting in the early 1830s, traders such as Captain John Harris, over the next 30 years, many more European traders and missionaries migrated to the region. In 1868 the government bought 300 hectares of land for a town site, the town was laid out in 1870 and the name changed from Tūranga to Gisborne, after the then colonial secretary, and to avoid confusion with Tauranga. In 1872, Gisbornes first public school was opened and its first newspaper, a town council was formed in 1877. Gisborne is a city located on the east cape of New Zealands North Island
10.
New Zealand Liberal Party
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The New Zealand Liberal Party was the first real political party in New Zealand. It governed from 1891 until 1912, the Liberal strategy was to create a large class of small land-owning farmers who supported Liberal ideals, by buying large tracts of Maori land and selling it to small farmers on credit. In 1893 it extended voting rights to women, making New Zealand the first country in the world to enact universal female suffrage, New Zealand gained international attention for the Liberal reforms, especially how the state regulated labour relations. Of special note were innovations in the areas of maximum hour regulations, minimum wage laws, the goal was to encourage unions but discourage strikes and class conflict. The impact was strong on the reform movement in the United States. Coleman argues that the Liberals in 1891 lacked a clearcut ideology to guide them, instead they approached the nations problems pragmatically, keeping in mind the constraints imposed by democratic public opinion. To deal with the issue of distribution, they worked out innovative solutions to access, tenure. Out of office after 1912, the Liberals gradually found themselves pressed between the conservative Reform Party and the growing Labour Party, the Liberals fragmented in the 1920s, and the remnants of the Liberal Party eventually merged with Reform in 1936 to establish the modern National Party. Prior to the establishment of the Liberal Party, MPs were all independent, some of these factions were occasionally referred to as parties, but were vague and ill-defined. Towards the 1880s, however, factions had gradually become stabilised along lines of liberalism and conservatism, the key figure in the establishment of the Liberal Party was John Ballance. Ballance, an MP, had served in a number of liberal-orientated governments, and had held office in posts such as Treasurer, Minister of Defence and he had a well-established reputation as a liberal, and was known for supporting land reform, womens suffrage, and Māori rights. In the 1890 elections, Ballance led his faction to victory. Ballance and his allies, recognising the benefit that they had gained from their unity, the Liberal Party, with common policies and a well-defined leadership, was proclaimed. The Liberal Party drew its support from two basic sources — the cities, and small farmers, in the cities, the Liberals were supported particularly strongly by workers and labourers, but also by the more socially progressive members of the middle class. In the countryside, the Liberals won support from farmers who lacked the ability to compete with the large runholders. Both groups saw themselves as being mistreated and oppressed by what had been described as New Zealands early colonial gentry — the well-educated and aristocratic land-owners and commercial magnates. It was this group that most strongly opposed the Liberal Party, in power, the Liberals enacted a large number of reforms. This was made possible by their unity — previously, reforms had stalled due to the need for long, among the changes introduced were land reforms, progressive taxes on land and income, and legislation to improve the working conditions of urban labourers
11.
United Party (New Zealand)
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Note that United Party members of parliament are included in the Category, New Zealand Liberal Party MPs. The United Party represented a resurgence of the Liberals. The United Party emerged from a faction of the decaying Liberal Party known as the National Party, George Forbes, a Liberal Party leader, led the faction. In 1927 Forbes joined with Bill Veitch and with Albert Davy, the new organisation adopted the name the United Party. This reflected in shortened form the name of the United New Zealand Political Organisation, Forbes and Veitch both contested the leadership, but eventually, Joseph Ward won the position. Although Ward, a former Liberal Prime Minister in 1906 -1912, did not enjoy the best of health, so 42,000 votes and five seats went to United, compared with 8,800 votes and no seats in the previous election. In the 1928 elections, the new United Party performed surprisingly well, the Reform Party also had twenty-seven seats, the Labour Party had nineteen, the Country Party had one, and independents held six. The United Party formed a government with the backing of the Labour Party, the United Party administration did not run particularly smoothly, however. Wards ill health persisted, and by the time he resigned in 1930. Wards deputy, George Forbes became Prime Minister after Wards departure, in 1931 the United government passed a number of economic measures which appeared unfavourable to workers, and the Labour Party withdrew its support. The United Party continued in office with reluctant support from the Reform Party, later the same year, formal coalition talks took place between United, Reform, and Labour, with a unity government proposed to counter the depression. Labour eventually walked out of the talks, but Reform leader Gordon Coates eventually agreed to form a coalition between United and Reform. Forbes, backed by dissident members of Reform, managed to win the leadership of the coalition government, in the 1931 elections, the coalition worked in close co-operation, and won fifty-one out of the eighty seats. United and Reform between them had held a few more seats before, but their combined tally exceeded what many had anticipated in light of the economic conditions. The government did not exhibit great stability, however — particularly strong tensions arose between Coates and Downie Stewart, who clashed over the best response to the economic problems. Coates eventually won, and Stewart resigned, in the 1935 elections, the coalition of United and Reform once again worked together. Anger at the ongoing economic problems remained high, however. In addition, Albert Davy had founded a new anti-socialist party, the Democrats, Forbes, still the nominal leader of the coalition, appeared tired and apathetic
12.
New Zealand National Party
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The New Zealand National Party is a centre-right political party in New Zealand. It is one of two parties in contemporary New Zealand politics, alongside its historic rival, the New Zealand Labour Party. The party originated in 1936 with the merger of the United and Reform parties, National is the nations second-oldest extant political party. National governed for four periods in the course of the 20th century and it has favoured economic liberal policies since the 1990s. Since November 2008, National has been the largest party in minority governments with support from the centrist United Future, the liberal ACT Party, Bill English has been the party leader and Prime Minister of New Zealand since 12 December 2016. The New Zealand National Party has been characterised as conservative and liberal, with outlying populist, the partys principles, last revised in 2003, seek a safe, prosperous and successful New Zealand that creates opportunities for all New Zealanders to reach their personal goals and dreams. It supports a limited welfare state but says that work, merit, innovation and personal initiative must be encouraged to reduce unemployment, historically, the party has supported a higher degree of protectionism and interventionism than it has in recent decades. The last major interventionist policy was Prime Minister Robert Muldoons massive infrastructure projects designed to ensure New Zealands energy independence after the 1973 oil shock, Think Big. The Fourth National Government mostly carried on the sweeping reforms of the Fourth Labour Government known as Rogernomics. Following a moderate Fifth Labour Government, the Fifth National Government of New Zealand took power in 2008 under John Key. For instance they extended free general practitioner visits to children under 13 as part of their 2014 election package, in the most recent general election, in 2014, the National Party ran a campaign focusing on stability. They promised to limit new spending every year, to not introduce any new taxes and they also campaigned on the possibility of moderate tax cuts within the next few years and are generally in favour of free-trade agreements such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The National Party was formed in May 1936, but its roots go further back. The party came about as the result of a merger between the United Party and the Reform Party, historically, the Liberal and Reform parties had competed against each other, but from 1931 until 1935 a United-Reform Coalition held power in New Zealand. The coalition went into the 1935 election under the title of the National Political Federation, the two parties were cut down to 19 seats between them. Another factor was a party, the Democrat Party formed by Albert Davy. The new party split the vote and aided Labours victory. In hopes of countering Labours rise, United and Reform decided to turn their alliance into a single party and this party, the New Zealand National Party, was formed at a meeting held in Wellington on 13 and 14 May 1936
13.
Folklore
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Folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. These include oral traditions such as tales, proverbs and jokes and they include material culture, ranging from traditional building styles to handmade toys common to the group. Folklore also includes customary lore, the forms and rituals of celebrations like Christmas and weddings, folk dances, each one of these, either singly or in combination, is considered a folklore artifact. Just as essential as the form, folklore also encompasses the transmission of these artifacts from one region to another or from one generation to the next, for folklore is not taught in a formal school curriculum or studied in the fine arts. Instead these traditions are passed along informally from one individual to another either through verbal instruction or demonstration, the academic study of folklore is called folkloristics. To fully understand folklore, it is helpful to clarify its component parts and it is well-documented that the term was coined in 1846 by the Englishman William Thoms. He fabricated it to replace the contemporary terminology of popular antiquities or popular literature, the second half of the compound word, lore, proves easier to define as its meaning has stayed relatively stable over the last two centuries. Coming from Old English lār instruction, and with German and Dutch cognates, it is the knowledge and traditions of a particular group, the concept of folk proves somewhat more elusive. When Thoms first created this term, folk applied only to rural, frequently poor, a more modern definition of folk is a social group which includes two or more persons with common traits, who express their shared identity through distinctive traditions. Folk is a concept which can refer to a nation as in American folklore or to a single family. This expanded social definition of folk supports a view of the material, i. e. the lore. These now include all things people make with words, things they make with their hands, Folklore is no longer circumscribed as being chronologically old or obsolete. The folklorist studies the traditional artifacts of a group and how they are transmitted. Transmission is a part of the folklore process. Without communicating these beliefs and customs within the group over space and time, for folklore is also a verb. These folk artifacts continue to be passed along informally, as a rule anonymously, the folk group is not individualistic, it is community-based and nurtures its lore in community. As new groups emerge, new folklore is created… surfers, motorcyclists, in direct contrast to high culture, where any single work of a named artist is protected by copyright law, folklore is a function of shared identity within the social group. Having identified folk artifacts, the professional folklorist strives to understand the significance of these beliefs, customs, for these cultural units would not be passed along unless they had some continued relevance within the group
14.
Ropata Wahawaha
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Ropata Wahawaha was a Ngāti Porou war chief who rose to prominence during New Zealands East Cape War and to senior command during Te Kootis War. Rapata Wahawaha was born about 1820 into the Te Aowera sub-tribe of the Ngati Porou, while still a child he was captured and became the slave of Rapata Whakapuhia whose name he perforce adopted. By 1839 he was back with his own people, in 1849 he married Harata Te Ihi. Haratas nephew Paratene Ngata was raised in their household, during the Invasion of the Waikato a large party of Ngati Porou tried to join the King Movement but were prevented by Te Arawa in the Battle of the Lake. It is not clear where Ropatas sympathies lay at that time, however, when in 1865 the Pai Mārire or Hauhau Movement came to the East Cape, Ropata was firmly on the Governments side. One influence in his decision might have been his Christianity, he was a member of the Anglican diocese of Waiapu. When the Hauhau tried to take over the Waiapu Valley, Ropata led a war party against them, shortly afterwards the war chief of the Te Aowera was killed in battle and Ropata succeeded him as the War leader of his hapū. This was the beginning of the Ngati Porou civil war, the Hauhau had all the advantages, numbers, arms and ammunition. The loyal Ngati Porou appealed to the government for support, donald McLean, the superintendent for Hawkes Bay sent up the need supplies along with one hundred militia. Ropata played a role in the fighting that followed establishing himself as a leading warrior. At one point he found eleven men from his own hapu, Te Aowera, among a group of Hauhau prisoners and he personally shot each one. As the fighting in his own area died down Ropata and his Ngati Porou war band were called upon by the government to fight in other areas, there followed a brief interval of peace until spring of 1868 when Ropata was called upon once again by the New Zealand Government. This time the enemy was Te Kooti, recently escaped from prison in the Chatham Islands, Te Kooti had retreated to a strong defensive Pa at Ngatapa. The first assault, led by Ropata, Porourangi, and Lt Preece, was unsuccessful, despite which Ropata was awarded the New Zealand Cross for bravery, returning to the scene three weeks later Major Ropata and Captain Tom Porter succeeded in separating the defenders from their water supply. An assault on 4 January 1869 forced Te Kooti to evacuate the Pa, in the ensuing flight several hundred Hauhau prisoners were captured and, largely at Ropatas insistence, one hundred and twenty of them—all male combatants—were shot and thrown over a cliff. This would not have been according to the customary rules of Maori warfare. However, it was most inappropriate for soldiers of the Crown, Te Kooti fled into the Urewera Mountains, he was driven from there by the Government forces including Ropata and the Ngati Porou. From there he trekked into the regions of the North Island
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