1.
Cartridge (firearms)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
2.
.221 Fireball
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The.221 Remington Fireball is a centerfire cartridge created by Remington Arms Company in 1963 as a special round for use in their experimental single-shot bolt-action pistol, the XP-100. A shortened version of the.222 Remington, it is popular as a varmint and it has application as both a pistol round and as a rifle round. In the early 1960s Remington was working on an experimental bolt-action pistol based on their model 600 action, the goal was a highly accurate pistol that would be well suited for competition. After working with the.222 Remington they determined that it contained more powder capacity than was necessary to work efficiently in the barrels of pistols. While rifle barrels commonly range in length from 14.5 to 26 in, pistol barrels are typically much shorter, as a result, Remington decided to develop a shorter version of the.222 Remington cartridge, optimized for use in the XP-100. Rifles chambered for the.221 Fireball include the Remington 700, despite its smaller size, the.221 Fireball is capable of velocities nearly equal to that of the.222 Remington largely due to its higher SAAMI pressure. The maximum SAAMI pressure level for the.221 Fireball is 52,000 C. U. P. as compared to 46,000 C. U. P. for the.222 Remington. The purpose of the pressure was to allow it to perform more effectively in the shorter barrel of the XP-100. The.221 Fireball produces the highest velocity of any commercial pistol cartridge, the.221 Fireball has been used by wildcatters to create a small efficient.17 caliber cartridge. The most common is the.17 Mach IV which is essentially the.221 necked down to the smaller caliber and this cartridge is reported to have a very flat trajectory and to be relatively quiet with low recoil. It has been so popular as a wildcat that in 2007 Remington legitimized it by introducing their own version only slightly different from the Mach IV and calling it the.17 Remington Fireball. A.20 caliber version is also gaining popularity called the.20 VarTarg, vartarg being the combination of the words varmint and target. The.221 Fireball has also used as the base for the.300 Whisper. List of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges 5 mm caliber
3.
.223 Remington
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The.223 Remington is a rifle cartridge. The name is pronounced either two-twenty-three or two-two-three Remington. It is commercially loaded with 0.224 inch diameter jacketed bullets, with weights ranging from 40 to 85 grains, a 90 gr Sierra Matchking bullet is available for reloaders. The.223 Rem was first offered to the sporting market in December 1963 in the Remington 760 rifle. In 1964 the.223 Rem cartridge was adopted for use in the Colt M16 rifle which became a standard rifle of the U. S. Army. The military version of the uses a 55 gr full metal jacket boattail design and was designated M193. In 1980 NATO modified the.223 Remington into a new design which is designated 5. 56×45mm NATO type SS109, the cartridge and rifle were developed as one unit by Fairchild Industries, Remington Arms, and several engineers working toward a goal developed by U. S. Early development work begins in 1957, a project to create a Small Caliber High Velocity firearm is created. Eugene Stoner of Armalite is invited to scale down the AR-10 design, Winchester is also invited to participate. It was then known as the.224 Springfield, concurrently with the SCHV project Springfield armory is developing a 7.62 mm rifle. Harvey is ordered to cease all work on the SCHV to avoid any competition of resources, eugene Stoner of Armalite had been advised to produce a scaled down version of the 7.62 mm AR-10 design. In May 1957 Stoner gives a live demonstration of the prototype of the AR-15 for General Wyman. As a result, CONARC orders rifles to test, Stoner and Sierra Bullets Frank Snow begin work on the.222 Remington cartridge. Using a ballistic calculator they determine that a 55 grain bullet would have to be fired at 3, robert Hutton starts development of a powder load to reach the 3,300 fps goal. He uses DuPont IMR4198, IMR3031 and an Olin Powder to work up loads, testing is done with a Remington 722 rifle with a 22 Apex Barrel. During a public demonstration the round penetrates the US steel helmet as required. But testing shows chamber pressures to be excessively high, Stoner contacts both Winchester and Remington about increasing the case capacity. Remington creates a larger cartridge which is called the.222 Special which is loaded with DuPont IMR4475 powder,1958, During parallel testing of the T44E4 and the AR-15 the T44E4 experiences 16 failures per 1,000 rounds fired compared to 6.1 for the AR-15
4.
Bullet
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The word bullet is a firearm term. A bullet is a projectile expelled from the barrel of a firearm, the term is from Middle French and originated as the diminutive of the word boulle which means small ball. Bullets are made of a variety of materials and they are available singly as they would be used in muzzle loading and cap and ball firearms, as part of a paper cartridge, and much more commonly as a component of metallic cartridges. Bullets are made in a numbers of styles and constructions depending on how they will be used. Many bullets have specialized functions, such as hunting, target shooting, training, defense, a bullet is not a cartridge. In paper and metallic cartridges a bullet is one component of the cartridge, bullet sizes are expressed by their weight and diameter in both English and Metric measurement systems. For example.22 caliber 55 grain bullets or 5. 56mm 55 grain bullets are the same caliber, the word bullet is often used colloquially to refer to a cartridge, which is a combination of the bullet, paper or metallic case/shell, powder, and primer. This use of bullet, when cartridge is intended, leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended, the bullets used in many cartridges are fired at a muzzle velocity faster than the speed of sound. Meaning they are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance, bullet speed through air depends on a number of factors such as barometric pressure, humidity, air temperature, and wind speed. Subsonic cartridges fire bullets slower than the speed of sound and so there is no sonic crack and this means that a subsonic cartridge such as.45 ACP can be effectively suppressed to be substantially quieter than a supersonic cartridge such as the.223 Remington. Bullets do not normally contain explosives, but damage the target by impact. The first use of gunpowder in Europe was recorded in 1247 and it had been used in China for hundreds of years. Later in 1364 hand cannon appeared, early projectiles were made of stone. Stone was used in cannon and hand cannon, in cannon it was eventually found that stone would not penetrate stone fortifications which gave rise to the use of heavier metals for the round projectiles. Hand cannon projectiles developed in a similar following the failure of stone from siege cannon. The first recorded instance of a ball from a hand cannon penetrating armor occurred in 1425. In this photograph of shot retrieved from the wreck of the Mary Rose which was sunk in 1545, the round shot are clearly of different sizes and some are stone while others are cast iron. The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles, bullet is derived from the French word boulette, which roughly means little ball
5.
Rifling
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In firearms, rifling consists of helical grooves in the internal surface of a guns barrel, which impart a spin to a projectile around its long axis. This spin serves to stabilize the projectile, improving its aerodynamic stability. Rifling is often described by its twist rate, which indicates the distance the rifling takes to complete one revolution, such as 1 turn in 10 inches. A shorter distance indicates a faster twist, meaning that for a given velocity the projectile will be rotating at a spin rate. Barrels intended for long, small-diameter bullets, such as the ultra-low-drag, 80-grain 0.223 inch bullets, extremely long projectiles such as flechettes may require high twist rates, these projectiles must be inherently stable, and are often fired from a smoothbore barrel. Muskets were smoothbore, large caliber weapons using ball-shaped ammunition fired at low velocity. Due to the high cost and great difficulty of manufacturing, and the need to load readily from the muzzle. Consequently, on firing the ball bounced off the sides of the barrel when fired, barrel rifling was invented in Augsburg, Germany in 1498. In 1520 August Kotter, an armourer of Nuremberg, Germany improved upon this work, though true rifling dates from the mid-16th century, it did not become commonplace until the nineteenth century. The most successful weapons using rifling with black powder were breech loaders such as the Queen Anne pistol, the grooves most commonly used in modern rifling have fairly sharp edges. More recently, polygonal rifling, a throwback to the earliest types of rifling, has become popular, polygonal barrels tend to have longer service lives because the reduction of the sharp edges of the land reduces erosion of the barrel. Supporters of polygonal rifling also claim higher velocities and greater accuracy, polygonal rifling is currently seen on pistols from CZ, Heckler & Koch, Glock, Tanfoglio, and Kahr Arms, as well as the Desert Eagle. Such guns have achieved significant increases in velocity and range. Examples include the South African G5 and the German PzH2000, gain-twist rifling begins with very little change in the projectiles angular momentum during the first few inches of bullet travel after ignition during the transition from chamber to throat. This enables the bullet to remain undisturbed and trued to the case mouth. After engaging the rifling the bullet is progressively subjected to accelerated angular momentum as burning powder propels it down the barrel. By only gradually increasing the rate, torque is spread along a much longer section of barrel. Gain-twist rifling was used as early as the American Civil War, colt Army and Navy revolvers both employed gain-twist rifling
6.
Primer (firearms)
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In firearm ballistics, the primer is a component of pistol, rifle, and shotgun rounds. Early primers were simply the same black powder used to fire the weapon and this external powder was connected though a tube in the barrel that led to the main charge. As powder wont burn when wet, this led to difficulty, or even the inability, modern primers are shock sensitive chemicals. In smaller weapons the primer is usually integrated into the rear of a cartridge, in larger weapons like cannon the primer is a separate component placed inside the barrel to the rear of the main propellant charge. The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is igniting the propellant, the earliest firearms were cannons, which were simple closed tubes. There was an aperture, the touchhole, drilled in the closed end of the tube. This hole was filled with finely ground powder, which was ignited with a hot ember or torch. With the advent of firearms, this became an undesirable way of firing a gun. The first attempt to make the process of firing a small arm easier was the matchlock, the matchlock incorporated a lock that was actuated by a trigger, originally called a tricker. The lock was a lever which pivoted when pulled. The match was a burning fuse made of plant fibers that were soaked in a solution of nitrates, charcoal, and sulfur. This slow-match was ignited before the gun was needed, and it would slowly burn, after the gun was loaded and the touchhole primed with powder, the burning tip of the match was positioned so that the lock would bring it into contact with the touchhole. To fire the gun, it was aimed and the trigger pulled and this brought the match down to the touchhole, igniting the powder. With careful attention the slow-burning match could be burning for long periods of time. The next revolution in technology was the wheel-lock. It used a spring-loaded, serrated steel wheel which rubbed against a piece of iron pyrite, a key was used to wind the wheel and put the spring under tension. Once tensioned, the wheel was held in place by a trigger, when the trigger was pulled, the serrated edge of the steel rubbed against the pyrite, generating sparks. These sparks were directed into a pan, called the flash pan, the flashpan usually was protected by a spring-loaded cover that would slide out of the way when the trigger was pulled, exposing the powder to the sparks
7.
Supersonic speed
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Supersonic travel is a rate of travel of an object that exceeds the speed of sound. For objects traveling in dry air of a temperature of 20 °C at sea level, speeds greater than five times the speed of sound are often referred to as hypersonic. Flights during which some parts of the air surrounding an object, such as the ends of rotor blades. This occurs typically somewhere between Mach 0.8 and Mach 1.23, sounds are traveling vibrations in the form of pressure waves in an elastic medium. In gases, sound travels longitudinally at different speeds, mostly depending on the mass and temperature of the gas. Since air temperature and composition varies significantly with altitude, Mach numbers for aircraft may change despite a constant travel speed, in water at room temperature supersonic speed can be considered as any speed greater than 1,440 m/s. In solids, sound waves can be polarized longitudinally or transversely and have higher velocities. Supersonic fracture is crack motion faster than the speed of sound in a brittle material, at the beginning of the 20th century, the term supersonic was used as an adjective to describe sound whose frequency is above the range of normal human hearing. The modern term for this meaning is ultrasonic, the tip of a bullwhip is thought to be the first man-made object to break the sound barrier, resulting in the telltale crack. The wave motion traveling through the bullwhip is what makes it capable of achieving supersonic speeds, most modern fighter aircraft are supersonic aircraft, but there have been supersonic passenger aircraft, namely Concorde and the Tupolev Tu-144. Both these passenger aircraft and some modern fighters are also capable of supercruise, since Concordes final retirement flight on November 26,2003, there are no supersonic passenger aircraft left in service. Some large bombers, such as the Tupolev Tu-160 and Rockwell B-1 Lancer are also supersonic-capable, most modern firearm bullets are supersonic, with rifle projectiles often travelling at speeds approaching and in some cases well exceeding Mach 3. Most spacecraft, most notably the Space Shuttle are supersonic at least during portions of their reentry, during ascent, launch vehicles generally avoid going supersonic below 30 km to reduce air drag. Note that the speed of sound decreases somewhat with altitude, due to lower temperatures found there, at even higher altitudes the temperature starts increasing, with the corresponding increase in the speed of sound. When an inflated balloon is burst, the pieces of latex contracts at a supersonic speed. Supersonic aerodynamics is simpler than subsonic aerodynamics because the airsheets at different points along the plane often cant affect each other, Supersonic jets and rocket vehicles require several times greater thrust to push through the extra aerodynamic drag experienced within the transonic region. Designers use the Supersonic area rule and the Whitcomb area rule to minimize changes in size. However, in applications, a supersonic aircraft will have to operate stably in both subsonic and supersonic profiles, hence aerodynamic design is more complex
8.
Speed of sound
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The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium. In dry air at 20 °C, the speed of sound is 343 metres per second, the speed of sound in an ideal gas depends only on its temperature and composition. The speed has a dependence on frequency and pressure in ordinary air. In common everyday speech, speed of sound refers to the speed of waves in air. However, the speed of sound varies from substance to substance, sound travels most slowly in gases, it travels faster in liquids, and faster still in solids. For example, sound travels at 343 m/s in air, it travels at 1,484 m/s in water, in an exceptionally stiff material such as diamond, sound travels at 12,000 m/s, which is around the maximum speed that sound will travel under normal conditions. Sound waves in solids are composed of waves, and a different type of sound wave called a shear wave. Shear waves in solids usually travel at different speeds, as exhibited in seismology, the speed of compression waves in solids is determined by the mediums compressibility, shear modulus and density. The speed of waves is determined only by the solid materials shear modulus. In fluid dynamics, the speed of sound in a medium is used as a relative measure for the speed of an object moving through the medium. The ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound in the fluid is called the objects Mach number, objects moving at speeds greater than Mach1 are said to be traveling at supersonic speeds. During the 17th century, there were attempts to measure the speed of sound accurately, including attempts by Marin Mersenne in 1630, Pierre Gassendi in 1635. In 1709, the Reverend William Derham, Rector of Upminster, published an accurate measure of the speed of sound. Measurements were made of gunshots from a number of local landmarks, the distance was known by triangulation, and thus the speed that the sound had travelled was calculated. The transmission of sound can be illustrated by using a model consisting of an array of balls interconnected by springs, for real material the balls represent molecules and the springs represent the bonds between them. Sound passes through the model by compressing and expanding the springs, transmitting energy to neighbouring balls, which transmit energy to their springs, the speed of sound through the model depends on the stiffness of the springs, and the mass of the balls. As long as the spacing of the balls remains constant, stiffer springs transmit energy more quickly, effects like dispersion and reflection can also be understood using this model. In a real material, the stiffness of the springs is called the modulus
9.
Gun barrel
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A gun barrel is a part of firearms and artillery pieces. The hollow interior of the barrel is called the bore, a gun barrel must be able to hold in the expanding gas produced by the propellants to ensure that optimum muzzle velocity is attained by the projectile as it is being pushed out by the expanding gas. Modern small arms barrels are made of known and tested to withstand the pressures involved. Artillery pieces are made by various techniques providing reliably sufficient strength, early firearms were muzzle-loading, with powder, and then shot loaded from the muzzle, capable of only a low rate of fire. During the 19th century effective mechanical locks were invented that sealed a breech-loading weapon against the escape of propellant gases, the early Chinese, the inventors of gunpowder, used bamboo, a naturally tubular stalk, as the first barrels in gunpowder projectile weapons. Early European guns were made of iron, usually with several strengthening bands of the metal wrapped around circular wrought iron rings. The Chinese were the first to master cast-iron cannon barrels, early cannon barrels were very thick for their caliber. Bore evacuator Bore snake Cannon Muzzle Polygonal rifling Rifling Slug barrel Smoothbore
10.
.30-30 Winchester
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The. 30-30 Winchester/.30 Winchester Center Fire cartridge was first marketed in early 1895 for the Winchester Model 1894 lever-action rifle. The. 30-30, as it is most commonly known, was the USAs first small-bore, the.30 Winchester Smokeless first appeared in Winchesters catalog No. As chambered in the Winchester Model 1894 carbine and rifle, it was known as.30 Winchester Center Fire or.30 WCF. When the cartridge was chambered in the Marlin Model 1893 rifle, the added -30 stands for the standard load of 30 grains of early smokeless powder, according to late-19th century American naming conventions for black powder-filled cartridges. Both Marlin and Union Metallic Cartridge Co. also dropped the Winchester appellation and this designation also probably serves to avoid consumer confusion with the different, yet similarly shaped. 30-40 Krag, which has been referred to as.30 US and.30 Army. As originally produced by Winchester Repeating Arms and Union Metallic Cartridge Company, one year later, UMC produced a 170-gr bullet offering, which is still the most popular loading for the cartridge. Jacketed bullets for the. 30-30 are.308 inches in nominal diameter, cast lead bullets for the. 30-30 are also popular, and usually are dimensioned to.309 inches in diameter for use in the. 30-30. The cartridge is loaded with bullets weighing between 150 and 170 gr, but lighter loads are possible. Bullets of up to 180 gr can be used, but the length restrictions of the lever-action rifles most commonly chambered for this round limit their usefulness. In Canada and the U. S. the cartridge has also used on moose, caribou. Modern opinions in Canada on its suitability for moose are mixed, paul Robertson, a Canadian hunting firearms columnist, says, Too many moose have been taken with the to rule it out as good for this purpose, as well. In both Canada and the U. S. it has a history of use on moose. It is generally agreed that the. 30-30 is not a choice for hunters who wish to shoot animals at longer ranges. The cartridge, with flat- or round-nosed bullets, does not meet minimum standards required for moose hunting in Finland, Norway. Hunting technique and style, as well as law and culture, thor Strimbold, a Canadian who has made more than 20 one-shot kills on moose with a. 30-30, advises most moose hunters to use more than minimal power if they can handle the recoil. While the. 30-30 is legal for hunting moose in Newfoundland, Canada, one of the primary reasons for the. 30-30s popularity amongst deer hunters is its light recoil. Because the majority of rifles chambered in. 30-30 are lever-action rifles with tubular magazines, the Savage Model 99 was introduced in 1899 with a rotary magazine, in part to avoid that issue. The more aerodynamic shape results in a bullet trajectory and greater retained velocity downrange
11.
Suppressor
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Suppressors are typically constructed of a metal cylinder with internal mechanisms to reduce the sound of firing by slowing the escaping propellant gas. In most countries, silencers are regulated by legislation to varying degrees. While some have allowed for sporting use of silencers, other governments have opted to ban them from civilian use, American inventor Hiram Percy Maxim, the son of Maxim gun inventor Hiram Stevens Maxim, is usually credited with inventing and selling the first commercially successful models circa 1902. Maxim gave his device the trademarked name Maxim Silencer, and they were advertised in sporting goods magazines. Former president of the United States Theodore Roosevelt was known to purchase and use Maxim Silencers, suppressors were regularly used by agents of the United States Office of Strategic Services, who favored the newly designed High Standard HDM.22 Long Rifle pistol during World War II. OSS Director William Joseph Wild Bill Donovan demonstrated the pistol for President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House, according to OSS research chief Stanley Lovell, Donovan was waved into the Oval Office, where Roosevelt was dictating a letter. The British SOE Welrod pistol with a suppressor was also used by the American OSS on clandestine operations in Nazi occupied Europe during the Second World War. Both the United States Department of Justice and the ATF refer to suppressors as silencers, additionally, Hiram Percy Maxim marketed them as Maxim Silencers. The earliest use of the suppressor to refer to firearm noise reduction is in US Patent 4530417. When a firearm is discharged, there are three ways sound is produced, part of it can be managed, however, some of it is beyond the ability of the operator or manufacturers to eliminate. While subsonic ammunition can negate the sonic boom, mechanical noise can be mitigated but is impossible to eliminate. For these reasons, it is difficult to completely silence any firearm, some revolvers have technical features that enable suppression and include the Russian Nagant M1895 and OTs-38 revolvers, and the S&W QSPR. Muzzle blast generated by discharge is proportional to the amount of propellent contained within the cartridge. Therefore, the greater the case capacity the larger muzzle blast, a gunshot will almost always be louder than the sound of the action cycling of an auto-loading firearm. Paulson, a renowned firearms specialist, claimed to have encountered an integrally suppressed.22 LR that had such a quiet report, properly evaluating the sound generated by a firearm can only be done using a decibel meter in conjunction with a frequency spectrum analyser during live tests. The suppressor is typically a metal tube manufactured from steel, aluminium, or titanium. This device, typically cylindrical in shape, attaches to the muzzle of a pistol, submachine gun, some can-type suppressors, may be detached by the user and attached to a different firearm. Another type is the integral suppressor, which consists of an expansion chamber or chambers surrounding the barrel
12.
.45 ACP
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The.45 ACP, or.45 Auto is a handgun cartridge designed by John Browning in 1905, for use in his prototype Colt semi-automatic pistol. After successful military trials it was adopted along with the Browning.45 Colt handgun as the.45 M1911 cartridge, the handgun was designated M1911 handgun. The U. S. Cavalry had been buying and testing various handguns in the late 1890s, the.45 Colt Single Action Army had largely been replaced, even by some double-action versions of the same caliber. The Army had fielded some double-action revolvers in.38 Long Colt and they determined the.38 caliber round was significantly less effective than the.45 Colt against determined opponents such as the Moro juramentado warriors encountered in the Moro Rebellion. This experience, and the Thompson–LaGarde Tests of 1904 led the Army and they noted, however, training was critical to make sure a soldier could score a hit in a vulnerable part of the body. The result from Colt was the Model 1905 and the new.45 ACP cartridge. The resulting. 45-caliber cartridge, named the.45 ACP, was similar in performance to the.45 Schofield cartridge, by 1906, bids from six makers were submitted, among them Brownings design, submitted by Colt. Only DWM, Savage, and Colt made the first cut, DWM, which submitted two Parabellum P08s chambered in.45 ACP, withdrew from testing after the first round of tests, for unspecified reasons. In the second round of evaluations in 1910, the Colt design passed the testing with no failures. The Colt pistol was adopted as the Model 1911, the cartridge/pistol combination was quite successful but not satisfactory for U. S. military purposes. The very first production, at Frankford Arsenal, was marked F A811, the cartridge was designed by John Browning for Colt, but the most influential person in selecting the cartridge was Army Ordnance member Gen. John T. Thompson. Thompson insisted on a real man stopper pistol, following the showing of the Armys.38 Long Colt pistols during the Philippine–American War. The.45 ACP has 1.62 ml cartridge case capacity.45 ACP maximum C. I. P. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406 mm,6 grooves, Ø lands =11.23 mm, Ø grooves =11.43 mm, land width =3.73 mm and the primer type is large pistol. The cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case at the L3 datum reference, according to Commission Internationale Permanente pour lEpreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives rulings, the.45 ACP cartridge case can handle up to 131.000 MPa Pmax piezo pressure. In CIP-regulated countries every pistol cartridge combination has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers and this means that.45 ACP chambered arms in C. I. P. Regulated countries are proof tested at 170.30 MPa PE piezo pressure. The SAAMI pressure limit for the.45 ACP is set at 21,000 psi piezo pressure, while the SAAMI pressure limit for the.45 ACP +P is set at 23,000 psi, piezo pressure
13.
Thompson/Center Arms
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Thompson/Center Arms is an American firearms company based in Springfield, Massachusetts. The company is best known for its line of interchangeable-barrel, single-shot pistols, Thompson/Center also manufactures muzzle-loading rifles and is credited with creating the resurgence of their use in the 1970s. In the 1960s, Warren Center developed an unusual break-action, single-shot pistol that later known as the Contender in his basement workshop. Meanwhile, the K. W. Thompson Tool Company had been searching for a product to manufacture year-round, in 1965, Warren Center joined the K. W. Thompson Tool Company, and together, they announced Warren Centers Contender pistol in 1967. As K. W. Thompson Tool began marketing Centers Contender pistol, then, in 1970, Thompson/Center created the modern black powder industry, introducing Warren Centers Hawken-styled black powder muzzle-loader rifle. On January 4,2007, Thompson/Center was purchased by Smith & Wesson, on December 8,2010, Smith & Wesson announced that the original Rochester, New Hampshire plant would be closed and manufacturing was transferred to Springfield, Massachusetts. Thompson/Centers success came with the emergence of long range hunting, target shooting. Their break-action, single-shot design brought rifle-like accuracy and power in a handgun, the Contender, first introduced in 1967, is a break-action, single-shot pistol or rifle with a number of unique features. The first unique feature is the way the barrel is attached to the frame, by removing the fore-end, a large hinge pin is exposed, by pushing this hinge pin out, the barrel can be removed. Since the sights and extractor remain attached to the barrel in the Contender design, a barrel of another caliber can be installed and pinned in place, the fore-end replaced, and the pistol is ready to shoot with a different barrel and pre-aligned sights. This allowed easy changes of calibers, sights, and barrel lengths, the Encore was released in 1983. The Encore uses a different trigger mechanism, designed to be stronger than the original Contenders, the Encore uses a considerably larger and stronger frame than the Contender, and accordingly, is found in over 86 cartridges - ranging from.22 Hornet to the huge.416 Rigby. There has even been one pistol-length stainless barrel made in.600 Nitro Express, the Encore barrel list also includes shotgun barrels in 28,20, and 12 gauge, and muzzleloading barrels in.45.50 caliber, and 12 gauge using #209 shotgun primers. In 2007, Encore rimfire barrels became available in 22 LR and 17 HMR, an upgraded T/C Encore is called the Pro Hunter which generally includes stocks with rubber Flex Tech inserts and are stainless or carbon steel with weather shielding. There are other differences among the rifles including the breech plug on muzzleloader versions. The original Contender, now known as the generation one Contender, was replaced by the G2 Contender soon after the Encore came out, the G2 Contender is essentially dimensionally the same as the original Contender, but uses an Encore style trigger group. Unlike the original Contender, dry-firing of the G2 Contender is possible only in the center hammer position, also, unlike the original Contender, the break-action does not need to be opened/closed to practice dry-firing, provided the hammer is lowered between dry firing shots. The adjustability of G2 Contender triggers is also different from the original G1 Contender
14.
Firearm
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A firearm is a portable gun - a barreled weapon that launches one or more projectiles, often driven by the action of an explosive force. The first primitive firearms originated in 13th-century China when the fire lance was combined with projectiles. The technology gradually spread through the rest of East Asia, South Asia, older firearms typically used black powder as a propellant, but modern firearms use smokeless powder or other propellants. Most modern firearms have rifled barrels to impart spin to the projectile for improved flight stability, modern firearms can be described by their caliber or in the case of shotguns their gauge, by the type of action employed together with the usual means of deportment. The word firearms usually is used in a sense restricted to small arms, shooters aim firearms at their targets with hand-eye co-ordination, using either iron sights or optical sights. The accurate range of pistols generally does not exceed 100 yards, while most rifles are accurate to 550 yards using iron sights, some purpose-built sniper rifles are accurate to ranges of more than 2,200 yards. The smallest of all firearms is the handgun, there are three common types of handguns, single-shot pistols, revolvers, and semi-automatic pistols. Revolvers have a number of firing chambers or charge holes in a revolving cylinder, semi-automatic pistols have a single fixed firing chamber machined into the rear of the barrel, and a magazine so they can be used to fire more than one round. Each press of the fires a cartridge, using the energy of the cartridge to activate the mechanism so that the next cartridge may be fired immediately. This is opposed to double-action revolvers which accomplish the end using a mechanical action linked to the trigger pull. Prior to the 19th century, virtually all handguns were single-shot muzzleloaders, with the invention of the revolver in 1818, handguns capable of holding multiple rounds became popular. Certain designs of auto-loading pistol appeared beginning in the 1870s and had largely supplanted revolvers in military applications by the end of World War I. By the end of the 20th century, most handguns carried regularly by military, police and civilians were semi-automatic, both designs are common among civilian gun owners, depending on the owners intention. A long gun is any firearm that is larger than a handgun and is designed to be held. Early long arms, from the Renaissance up to the century, were generally smoothbore firearms that fired one or more ball shot. Most modern long guns are either rifles or shotguns, both are the successors of the musket, diverging from their parent weapon in distinct ways. A rifle is so named for the spiral fluting machined into the surface of its barrel. Shotguns are predominantly smoothbore firearms designed to fire a number of shot, shotguns are also capable of firing single slugs, or specialty rounds such as bean bags, tear gas or breaching rounds
15.
Colt AR-15
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The Colt AR-15 is a lightweight,5. 56×45mm, magazine-fed, air-cooled semi-automatic, gas-operated rifle with a rotating bolt. It was designed to be manufactured with the use of aluminum alloys. Introduced in 1964, Colt has made many different types of AR-15 rifle and carbine models, including the AR-15, AR-15A2, AR-15A3, Sporter, HBAR, Government, Target, Match and it is based on the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle, a select-fire weapon intended for military sales. In 1959, ArmaLite sold the design to Colt due to financial difficulties, after some modifications, the rifle eventually became the United States military M16 rifle. Shortly thereafter, Colt began to make semi-automatic versions for civilian sales, the term AR-15 is a Colt registered trademark, which they use to denote only the semi-automatic rifle versions available for civilian and law enforcement sales. The term AR-15 signifies Armalite rifle, design 15, other manufacturers make AR-15 clones and variants marketed under separate designations, although these are frequently referred to as AR-15s. This article discusses the semiautomatic version manufactured by Colt, the Colt AR-15 is based on the 5.56 mm ArmaLite AR-15 rifle, which is a smaller lighter version of the 7.62 mm ArmaLite AR-10. Both of these rifles were designed by Eugene Stoner, Robert Fremont, in 1959, ArmaLite sold its rights to the AR-10 and AR-15 to Colt. After a Far East tour, Colt made its first sale of Colt made ArmaLite AR-15 rifles to Malaya on September 30,1959, Colt manufactured their first batch of 300 select-fire Colt ArmaLite AR-15 Model 01 rifles in December 1959. Colt marketed the Colt made ArmaLite AR-15 rifle to various military services around the world, after modifications, the new redesigned rifle was adopted by the United States military as the M16 rifle. Most Colt ArmaLite AR-15 rifles in U. S. service have long ago been upgraded to M16 rifle configuration, Colt continued to use the AR-15 trademark for its semi-automatic variants that were marketed to civilian and law-enforcement customers. The original AR-15 was a lightweight weapon, weighing less than 6 pounds with empty magazine. Later heavy-barrel versions of the civilian AR-15 can weigh upwards of 8.5 lb, patent 2,951,424 describes the cycling mechanism used in the original AR-15. The bolt carrier acts as a cylinder and the bolt itself acts as a stationary piston. This mechanism is called direct gas impingement, although it differs from prior gas systems. Stoner did not consider the AR-15 to be a direct impingement mechanism. Gas is tapped from the barrel as the bullet moves past a gas port located above the front sight base. The gas expands into the port and down a gas tube, here, the gas tube protrudes into a gas key, which accepts the gas and funnels it into the bolt carrier
16.
Metallic silhouette shooting
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Metallic silhouette shooting is a group of target shooting disciplines that involves shooting at steel targets representing game animals at varying distances, seeking to knock the metal target over. Metallic silhouette shooting can be done with airguns, black-powder firearms, modern handguns, a related genre is shot with bow and arrow, the metal targets being replaced with cardboard or foam. The targets used are rams, turkeys, pigs, and chickens, Metallic silhouette is descended from an old Mexican sport, dating back to the early 1900s, where live game animals were staked out at varying distances as targets. By 1948, metal cutouts of the animals were used instead of animals. Because of the sports Mexican roots, in America the silhouettes are often referred to by terms from several varieties of American Spanish, namely Gallina, Jabali, Guajalote, the first silhouette range constructed in the United states was in 1967 at Nogales, Arizona. Growth was steady until 1973 when the NRA become involved in the sport, by the mid 1980s it was the fastest growing gun sport to ever hit the United states. The International Metallic Silhouette Shooting Union is the international federation controlling Metallic Silhouette for both rifle and pistol competitions. There are some differences between the international federations IMSSU rules and those of the NRA and IHMSA, but it is generally possible to compete in all with the same equipment. At this point, the NRA has stopped holding their national championship match for pistol silhouette, Silhouette shooting is growing in popularity in Canada. The Silhouette Rifle Association of Canada is the body for Rifle Metallic Silhouette Target Shooting in Canada. Sanctions the Canadian National Rifle Silhouette Championships hosted each year by one of the participating provincial silhouette associations, the Canadian Nationals adhere to NRA silhouette rules and regulations. Targets are set up in groups of 5 of each kind, each group of targets must be shot left to right, if a target is missed then the next shot is taken at the next target. Any target hit out of order is considered a miss, targets are engaged in order of distance, chickens, pigs, turkeys, rams. The target must be knocked down or pushed off the stand in order to score a hit. Shooters are allowed to have a spotter with them, who watches where the shots land and advises the shooter on corrections to make. All disciplines require a minimum of 10 shots at each type of target, for a minimum of 40 shots per match, normal matches are 40,60,80, or 120 shots. To score a hit, the target must be knocked off its stand, scores are recorded as the number of hits per rounds fired, so 30 hits with 40 shots would be a score of 30x40. A tie can be broken in one of two ways, A sudden death shoot-off, used at all National and large regional competitions, master class and AAA shooters would shoot at Turkeys, AA class shoot at Rams, A shoots at Chickens and B class shoots at Pigs
17.
Trademark
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The trademark owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A trademark may be located on a package, a label, for the sake of corporate identity, trademarks are often displayed on company buildings. A trademark identifies the owner of a particular product or service. The unauthorized usage of trademarks by producing and trading counterfeit consumer goods is known as brand piracy, the owner of a trademark may pursue legal action against trademark infringement. Most countries require formal registration of a trademark as a precondition for pursuing this type of action, the United States, Canada and other countries also recognize common law trademark rights, which means action can be taken to protect an unregistered trademark if it is in use. Still, common law trademarks offer the holder in general less legal protection than registered trademarks. A trademark may be designated by the symbols, ™ ℠ ® A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image. There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these categories, such as those based on colour, smell. Trademarks which are considered offensive are often rejected according to a nations trademark law, the term trademark is also used informally to refer to any distinguishing attribute by which an individual is readily identified, such as the well-known characteristics of celebrities. When a trademark is used in relation to services rather than products, it may sometimes be called a service mark, in other words, trademarks serve to identify a particular business as the source of goods or services. The use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use, certain exclusive rights attach to a registered mark. Different goods and services have been classified by the International Classification of Goods, in trademark treatises it is usually reported that blacksmiths who made swords in the Roman Empire are thought of as being the first users of trademarks. Other notable trademarks that have used for a long time include Löwenbräu. The first trademark legislation was passed by the Parliament of England under the reign of King Henry III in 1266, the first modern trademark laws emerged in the late 19th century. In France the first comprehensive system in the world was passed into law in 1857 with the Manufacture. In Britain, the Merchandise Marks Act 1862 made it an offense to imitate anothers trade mark with intent to defraud or to enable another to defraud. In 1875 the Trade Marks Registration Act was passed which allowed formal registration of marks at the UK Patent Office for the first time. Registration was considered to comprise prima facie evidence of ownership of a trade mark, in the United States, Congress first attempted to establish a federal trademark regime in 1870
18.
Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
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Table of selected handgun, submachine gun, rifle and machine gun cartridges by common name. Data values are the highest found for the cartridge, and might not occur in the same load, number of manufacturers currently producing complete cartridges - e. g. Norma, RWS, Hornady, Winchester, Federal, Remington, Sellier&Bellot, Prvi Partizan. May be none for obsolete and wildcat cartridges, a guide to the recoil from the cartridge, and an indicator of bullet penetration potential. The. 30-06 Springfield is considered the limit for tolerable recoil for inexperienced rifle shooters
19.
.300 AAC Blackout
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300 AAC Blackout, SAAMI short name 300 BLK, also known as 7. 62×35mm is a rifle cartridge developed in the United States by Advanced Armament Corporation for use in the M4 carbine. Its purpose is to achieve ballistics similar to the 7. 62×39mm Soviet cartridge in an AR-15 while using standard AR-15 magazines at their normal capacity. Care should be not to use 300 BLK ammunition in a rifle chambered for. 223/5.56 or 7. 62×40mm Wilson Tactical. In an effort to satisfy this need, the 300 AAC Blackout was developed and it can be seen as a SAAMI-certified version of Jones Wildcat.300 Whisper. Meeting these goals allowed the development team to many of the perceived drawbacks inherent to other large caliber cartridges when used in the M4. Colt Firearms and other makers had previously chambered AR-pattern rifles and carbines in various.30 caliber rounds. Rounds such as the 6.8 SPC and 6.5 Grendel had similar part-interchangeability issues,300 AAC BLACKOUT was approved by SAAMI on January 17,2011. On October 23,2011, SSG Daniel Horner of the USAMU used 300 AAC Blackout to win his 4th USPSA Multi Gun National Championship. In July 2015, the Netherlands Defense Material Organization issued a tender for 195 carbines chambered in 300 BLK on behalf of the Dutch Maritime Special Operations Force, plans are to purchase ball, subsonic and lead-free frangible cartridges representing the first formal military adoption of the 300 BLK. Maximum estimated Combat effective range = *460 meters 125 grain supersonic, maximum effective range tested =800 Meters. The Barnes 110 TAC-TX expands out to 300 Meters from a 9 barrel and is a Law Enforcement and military round with barrier blind capability. 200 meters 220 grain subsonic The 300 AAC Blackout was designed to achieve energies similar to the 7. 62×39mm Soviet in an AR-15 while using standard AR magazines at their full capacity. The 7.62 Soviets cartridge taper prevented reliable feeding in AR magazines, from the 14.5 in barrel of the M4 Carbine, the M8555. 56×45mm round has an effective point target range of 500 meters. The bullet has significant drop, drift, and energy loss at that distance, from a 16 in barrel, a 125 gr 300 BLK round has a lower velocity and similar bullet drop and drift at shorter distances. However, it has the amount of energy at 700 meters that the M855 has at 500 meters. In terms of hit probability, the Blackout has a range of 460 meters. From a 9 in barrel, the 125 gr BLK round has the same energy as the M855 from the M4. In comparison with 7. 62×39mm rounds,300 BLK rounds with varying loads have a ballistic coefficient
20.
.458 SOCOM
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The.458 SOCOM is a moderately large round designed for a specialized upper receiver that can be mounted on any AR-15 pattern lower receiver. The 300-grain round offers a supersonic muzzle velocity of 1,900 ft/s and 2,405 ft·lbf, similar to. 45-70, inspired by the lack of power offered by the 5.56 NATO cartridge used in the M4 carbine and the M16 rifle, the. Marty ter Weeme of Teppo Jutsu designed the cartridge in 2000, Tony Rumore fired the very first round of.458 SOCOM ammunition in the Tromix shop located in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma on February 16,2001, at 8, 30pm. SOCOM is the acronym for the Special Operations Command, during the developments phase, various other cartridges were considered and proposed to the project sponsor, but rejected as not meeting all the requirements. The cartridges considered were 7. 62×39mm, 9×39mm Grom.45 Professional, at the time, the.499 LWR cartridge was still in development phase and had not been chambered commercially. Research had indicated that a short belted cartridge called the.458 ×1.5 Barnes had been adopted for use in suppressed bolt-action rifles for use in SE Asia during the Vietnam War. It was shown as effective in terms of ballistics, firing a 500 grain bullet subsonically, combined with the wide selection of bullets available in.458 diameter, this cemented the choice of caliber. The.50 AE rim diameter was reduced from.514 inch to.473 inch for compatibility with other platforms, the case length was chosen to be compatible with the Barnes 300-grain X Spitzer bullet. In 2009, Barnes developed a new bullet specifically for use in the.458 SOCOM, as noted above, the cartridge was designed to be 100% compatible with the M4 platform. This included the buffer, buffer spring, GI magazines, many aftermarket. 223/5.56 magazines, in. 223/5.56 caliber, cartridges stack in a staggered fashion. A standard 20-round 5. 56mm NATO magazine can hold seven.458 SOCOM rounds, today.458 SOCOM rifles and complete upper halves are available from Tromix, Lead Star Arms, Rock River Arms, and CMMG. Radical firearms, Disappear Gear and Wilson Combat offer barrels and uppers although they do not use designer-copyrighted reamers, barrels and bolts can be purchased from Southern Ballistic Research and Tromix. Because this round has not been accepted as a SAAMI standard round, loaded ammunition is also manufactured by Southern Ballistic Research, Cor-Bon, XCaliber Ammunition, and Buffalo Bore, in addition to several smaller boutique loaders
21.
.450 Bushmaster
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The.450 Bushmaster is a rifle cartridge developed by Tim LeGendre of LeMag Firearms, and licensed to Bushmaster Firearms International. The.450 Bushmaster is designed to be used in the standard M16s and AR-15s, using modified magazines, the.450 Bushmaster is descended from the Thumper concept popularized by gun writer Jeff Cooper. Inspired by this, LeGendre developed his.45 Professional cartridge, Bushmaster and LeGendre approved the change from 1.771 to the now-standard 1.700, and a name change to.450 Bushmaster. The.450 Bushmaster is a rifle case, thus making efficient use of heavy.452 bullets. The cartridge is chambered in bolt action rifles by Ruger, AR-15 rifles, the cartridge fits single stacked in a standard AR-15 magazine with a single shot follower. A 10-round AR-15 magazine body will yield a 5-round magazine, a 20-round AR-15 magazine body will yield a 9-round magazine, hornady and Remington both now manufacture ammunition for the rifle
22.
.50 Beowulf
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The.50 Beowulf is a rifle cartridge developed by Bill Alexander of Alexander Arms for use in a modified AR-15 rifle. The cartridge utilizes a rebated rim, sized to match the rim of the 7. 62×39mm and 6. 5mm Grendel rounds. The case body is similar in dimensions to the.500 S&W Magnum revolver cartridge, being slightly longer. The round is intended to improve stopping power greatly at short- to medium-range as compared to the standard 5. 56×45mm NATO round, adaptability is limited due to its use of the 7. 62×39mm bolt face. The.50 Beowulf is a proprietary caliber developed as a specialized cartridge, Alexander Arms oversees all aspects of the production of the system and related accessories. Their reluctance to divulge information has been a source of irritation to some writers, although much has been written about its tactical uses, the.50 Beowulf is gaining recognition as a sporting cartridge. It is becoming widely recognized as being usable for a wide variety of North American game, including deer, moose
23.
.222 Remington
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The.222 Remington, which is also known as the Triple Deuce/Triple Two/Treble Two is a centerfire rifle cartridge. Introduced in 1950, it was the first commercial rimless.22 cartridge made in the United States, as such, it was an entirely new design, without a parent case. The.222 Remington was a popular target cartridge from its introduction until the mid-1970s and it remains a popular vermin or varmint cartridge at short and medium ranges with preferred bullet weights of 40-55 grains and muzzle velocities from 3000-3500 fps. The.222 Remington was introduced in the Remington Arms Model 722 bolt action rifle, factory rifles often produce groups of one minute of arc or less with no tuning. The accuracy and flat trajectory of the resulted in the adoption of the round for varmint. The faster.220 Swift and. 22-250 Remington provided more reach than the.222 Remington and these larger cartridges have more power than the.222, but also more muzzle blast and barrel erosion. The.222 Remington is popular in Europe where it is known as 5. 7×43, Sako was one of the first European makers to introduce.222 Remington rifles and cartridges, and German and Austrian hunters quickly adopted the.222 Remington for hunting smaller deer sized game. The.222 Remington was finally eclipsed in benchrest competition by the 6mm PPC, the greater powder capacity put the velocities between the standard.222 Remington and the. 22-250. The cartridge was not accepted by the military, but it was introduced commercially, in 1963, the 5. 56×45mm NATO, also based on a stretched.222 case, was adopted along with the new M16 rifle. The NATO cartridge had a capacity only 5% less than the Magnum, the new 5. 56×45mm cartridge was commercialized by Remington as the.223 Remington. Given the close performance to other cartridges and military acceptance, both the.222 Remington and the.222 Magnum faded quickly into obsolescence, being replaced by the.223 Remington. While the.222 Remington is rarely found in current production in America, in addition to the.222 Magnum and.223 Remington, the.222 has also served as the parent case for the.221 Fireball, the fastest production handgun cartridge. The.222 Remington still is popular in Europe, where producers like Sako, Tikka. Examples of countries with such legislation include France and Spain
24.
.17 Remington
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The.17 Remington was introduced in 1971 by Remington Arms Company for their model 700 rifles. It is based on the.222 Remington Magnum, necked down to.172 in and it was designed exclusively as a varmint round, though it is suitable for smaller predators. There are those such as P. O, ackley who used it on much larger game, but such use is not typical. Extremely high initial velocity, flat trajectory and very low recoil are the.17 Remingtons primary attributes, the smaller.172 bullet typically has a much lower ballistic coefficient than other typical varmint calibers, such as that of the.223 Remington. Because of this, the.172 bullet loses velocity slightly sooner and is sensitive to wind. The advantages of this cartridge are low recoil, flat trajectory, the tiny entrance wound and usual lack of exit wound on coyote-sized animals make it an ideal round for fur bearing animals which the hunter intends to collect a pelt from. The.17 Remington is also one of the few cartridges in which powder charge weight is greater than bullet weight. Though this condition has been known to degrade accuracy, the.17 Remington is noted for exceptional accuracy and this reputation for accuracy is due in no small part to the fact that only good quality bolt action and single shot rifles have been so chambered from the factory. Because the cartridge is based on the.223, it can also be used in the AR-15 and Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic rifles by simply replacing the barrel
25.
.17 Remington Fireball
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The.17 Remington Fireball was created in 2007 by Remington Arms Company as a response to the popular wildcat round, the.17 Mach IV. Factory loads drive a 20 grain bullet around 4,000 ft/s, velocity is close to the.17 Remington but with significantly less powder, and therefore less heat and fouling. Both are important issues to high-volume shooters such as varmint hunters and it is based on the.221 Remington Fireball necked down to accept a.17 caliber bullet and is very similar to the.17 Mach IV. Reports on this cartridge show mild recoil, high velocity, with minimal report, list of rifle cartridges 4 mm caliber Table of handgun and rifle cartridges Remington.17 Remington Fireball page 17RemingtonFireball. com - this no longer seems active Case Dimensions
26.
.204 Ruger
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The.204 Ruger is a centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Hornady and Ruger. The 204 Ruger was developed from the.222 Remington Magnum, only the European 5. 6×50mm Magnum is larger, which itself is a lengthened version of the 222 Remington Magnum. The 222 Remington Magnum provides about 5% more usable case capacity than the most popular member of the family, to make the 204 Ruger, the 222 Remington Magnum case was necked down to.204 inches and shoulder moved forward and angle increased to 30 degrees. Bullets available in.204 caliber range from 26 to 55 grains, the Hornady factory load is listed at 4,225 ft/s with a 32-grain bullet. To achieve these velocities, the uses a proprietary powder composition known internally as SMP746, specially formulated by Primex. The propellant features a de-coppering agent that helps prevent fouling, reloading data from Hornady, using commercially available powders, indicate velocity peaking at just under 4,200 ft/s with the 32-grain bullet in longer barrels. Many AR-15 rifle manufacturers now offer the.204 Ruger as an alternative chambering alongside the usual 5. 56×45mm/.223 Rem. With the backing of a major gunmaker and an ammunition company. Rugers initial offerings included the bolt action Model 77 MKII,1, and Hornady offered loadings with 30-and-40-grain bullets. The.204 Ruger has proven to be an accurate and efficient cartridge, an early tester reported 1/2 MOA groups at 100 yards with the Hornady loads. This is not surprising, considering that the first cartridge in the family, the.204 Ruger was intended primarily for varmint rifles, which require bullets with flat trajectories but not much mass or kinetic energy. The.204 was splitting the difference between the popular.224 varmint rounds such as the.220 Swift and. 22-250 Remington, and the tiny.172 caliber rounds such as the.17 Remington and the.17 HMR. The resulting cartridge provides somewhat higher velocities than any of these, rugers claim to being the velocity king with the.204 was based on two points. First, no other high performance 20 caliber cartridge was commercially produced, second, the ammunition used to achieve the 4225 ft/s was available only from Hornady using a special powder not available to the general public. Note that handloaders typically achieve velocities more in the area of 4,100 ft/s using a 32-grain bullet, note also that handloads using a 40-grain bullet in other commercial cartridges such as the. 22-250 Remington also achieve velocities similar to those of the.204 Ruger. The advantage of the.204 Ruger is that it achieves these velocities with less powder, less recoil, the 204 Ruger has a maximum range of approximately 500 yards. Hornady now offers a 24-grain lead free cartridge that claims 4400 fps, however, Hornadys 35 gr NTX. 22-250 claims 4450 fps
27.
.22 TCM
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The.22 TCM or 22TCM is a proprietary bottle-necked cartridge developed by custom gunsmith Fred Craig and Rock Island Armory for semi-automatic pistols and the Rock Island M22 TCM bolt action rifle. Before the cartridge was commercialized, it was called the 22 Micro-Mag, similar conceptually to other bottle-necked pistol cartridges such as the larger-caliber.357 SIG, the.22 TCM trades bullet mass for increased velocity and lowered recoil. A sub-variant, the 22 TCM 9R, with a shorter, standard factory loads are 40-grain jacketed soft hollow point, 39-grain for 9R. FN5. 7×28mm.224 Boz 5mm RRM7. 62×25mm Tokarev 7. 65×25mm Borchardt 7. 63×25mm Mauser 7. 65×21mm Parabellum
28.
.221 Remington Fireball
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The.221 Remington Fireball is a centerfire cartridge created by Remington Arms Company in 1963 as a special round for use in their experimental single-shot bolt-action pistol, the XP-100. A shortened version of the.222 Remington, it is popular as a varmint and it has application as both a pistol round and as a rifle round. In the early 1960s Remington was working on an experimental bolt-action pistol based on their model 600 action, the goal was a highly accurate pistol that would be well suited for competition. After working with the.222 Remington they determined that it contained more powder capacity than was necessary to work efficiently in the barrels of pistols. While rifle barrels commonly range in length from 14.5 to 26 in, pistol barrels are typically much shorter, as a result, Remington decided to develop a shorter version of the.222 Remington cartridge, optimized for use in the XP-100. Rifles chambered for the.221 Fireball include the Remington 700, despite its smaller size, the.221 Fireball is capable of velocities nearly equal to that of the.222 Remington largely due to its higher SAAMI pressure. The maximum SAAMI pressure level for the.221 Fireball is 52,000 C. U. P. as compared to 46,000 C. U. P. for the.222 Remington. The purpose of the pressure was to allow it to perform more effectively in the shorter barrel of the XP-100. The.221 Fireball produces the highest velocity of any commercial pistol cartridge, the.221 Fireball has been used by wildcatters to create a small efficient.17 caliber cartridge. The most common is the.17 Mach IV which is essentially the.221 necked down to the smaller caliber and this cartridge is reported to have a very flat trajectory and to be relatively quiet with low recoil. It has been so popular as a wildcat that in 2007 Remington legitimized it by introducing their own version only slightly different from the Mach IV and calling it the.17 Remington Fireball. A.20 caliber version is also gaining popularity called the.20 VarTarg, vartarg being the combination of the words varmint and target. The.221 Fireball has also used as the base for the.300 Whisper. List of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges 5 mm caliber
29.
.222 Remington Magnum
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The.222 Remington Magnum was a short-lived commercially produced cartridge derived from the.222 Remington. Originally developed for a US military prototype Armalite AR-15 rifle in 1958, the cartridge was not adopted by the military, case capacity is about 20% greater than that of the.222 Remington, producing moderately higher muzzle velocities. The.222 Remington Magnum served as the basis for the German-developed 5. 6×50mm Magnum sporting cartridge, during the late 1950s, ArmaLite and other U. S. firearm designers started their individual Small Caliber/High Velocity rifle experiments using the commercial.222 Remington cartridge. When it became clear there was not enough case capacity to meet U. S. Continental Army Commands velocity and penetration requirements, ArmaLite contacted Remington to create a cartridge with a longer case body. At the same time, Springfield Armorys Earle Harvey had Remington create a longer cartridge case then known as the.224 Springfield. Springfield was forced to out of the CONARC competition. To prevent confusion among all of the competing.222 cartridge designations, in the spring of 1962 Remington submited the specifications of the.223 Remington to the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers Institute. With the U. S. military adoption of the M16 assault rifle in 1963, as a commercial sporting cartridge the.223 Remington was introduced in 1964. The.223 Remington cartridge has a neck and the shoulder is moved back slightly compared to the.222 Remington Magnum. Case capacity is about 5% smaller than that of the.222 Remington Magnum, as any widely used military cartridge is guaranteed to be a success on the commercial market, the.223 Remington sold exceptionally well and the.222 Remington Magnum faded rather quickly. The.223 Remington cartridge will fit in a.222 Remington Magnum chamber, the.222 Remington Magnum has not entirely gone, however. It lives on in the hands of handloaders and the cartridge became the parent round for a new development introduced in 2004. The.204 Ruger is based on the.222 Remington Magnum case necked down to hold a.20 caliber bullet, list of rifle cartridges 5 mm caliber.222 Remington and.222 Rem Mag at Chuck Hawks
30.
.17 Mach IV
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The.17 Mach IV is a wildcat centerfire rifle cartridge, based on the.221 Remington Fireball case, necked down to fire a.172 bullet. The cartridge was introduced in 1962 by Vern O’Brien, the cartridge offered an easy case conversion and good ballistics, but could not compete against the.17 Remington. The name, Mach IV, comes from the claim that the bullets can reach 4,000 ft/s, due to the relatively small case capacity, even small variations in powder of 0.5 gr can lead to the difference between a safe and dangerously over pressure load
