1.
Full metal jacket bullet
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A full metal jacket bullet is a small-arms projectile consisting of a soft core encased in a shell of harder metal, such as gilding metal, cupronickel, or less commonly a steel alloy. In military nomenclature, it is often labeled ball ammunition, the harder gilding was less prone to deformation than softer exposed lead, which improved feeding. Jacketed bullets had been in use since at least 1882, in general, a bullet jacket allows for higher muzzle velocities than bare lead without depositing significant amounts of metal in the bore. It also prevents damage to bores from steel or armor-piercing core materials, historically, the first successful full metal jacket rifle bullets were invented by Col. Eduard Rubin of the Swiss Army in 1882. Full metal jacket bullets were first used as ammunition in 1886. By design, fully jacketed projectiles have less capacity to expand after contact with the target than a hollow-point projectile. While this can be an advantage, it can also be a disadvantage as an FMJ bullet may pierce completely through a target, leading to severe wounding. Furthermore, a projectile that goes completely through a target can cause unintentional damage downrange of the target, the bullet design inspired the title of the film Full Metal Jacket, by Stanley Kubrick, Michael Herr, and Gustav Hasford. Hollow-point bullet Soft-point bullet Huon, Jean, military Rifle and Machine Gun Cartridges. International Peace Conference at The Hague, which entered force on September 4,1900. Photos showing terminal effects of British Mark 7.303 bullets
2.
Nickel
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Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the metals and is hard and ductile. Meteoric nickel is found in combination with iron, a reflection of the origin of elements as major end products of supernova nucleosynthesis. An iron–nickel mixture is thought to compose Earths inner core, use of nickel has been traced as far back as 3500 BCE. Nickel was first isolated and classified as an element in 1751 by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt. The elements name comes from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology, Nickel, an economically important source of nickel is the iron ore limonite, which often contains 1–2% nickel. Nickels other important ore minerals include garnierite, and pentlandite, major production sites include the Sudbury region in Canada, New Caledonia in the Pacific, and Norilsk in Russia. Nickel is slowly oxidized by air at room temperature and is considered corrosion-resistant, historically, it has been used for plating iron and brass, coating chemistry equipment, and manufacturing certain alloys that retain a high silvery polish, such as German silver. About 6% of world production is still used for corrosion-resistant pure-nickel plating. Nickel-plated objects sometimes provoke nickel allergy, Nickel has been widely used in coins, though its rising price has led to some replacement with cheaper metals in recent years. Nickel is one of four elements that are ferromagnetic around room temperature, alnico permanent magnets based partly on nickel are of intermediate strength between iron-based permanent magnets and rare-earth magnets. The metal is valuable in modern times chiefly in alloys, about 60% of world production is used in nickel-steels, other common alloys and some new superalloys comprise most of the remainder of world nickel use, with chemical uses for nickel compounds consuming less than 3% of production. As a compound, nickel has a number of chemical manufacturing uses. Nickel is a nutrient for some microorganisms and plants that have enzymes with nickel as an active site. Nickel is a metal with a slight golden tinge that takes a high polish. It is one of four elements that are magnetic at or near room temperature. Its Curie temperature is 355 °C, meaning that bulk nickel is non-magnetic above this temperature, the unit cell of nickel is a face-centered cube with the lattice parameter of 0.352 nm, giving an atomic radius of 0.124 nm
3.
John Browning
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He is regarded as one of the most successful firearms designers of the 20th century, in the development of modern automatic and semi-automatic firearms, and is credited with 128 gun patents. He made his first firearm at age 13 in his fathers gun shop, Browning influenced nearly all categories of firearms design. He invented or made significant improvements to single-shot, lever-action, and slide-action, rifles and his most significant contributions were arguably in the area of autoloading firearms. He developed the first autoloading pistols that were reliable and compact by inventing the telescoping bolt, integrating the bolt and barrel shroud into what is known as the pistol slide. Brownings telescoping bolt design is now found on every modern semi-automatic pistol. Browning also made significant contributions to automatic cannon development, some of these arms are still manufactured, often with only minor changes in detail and cosmetics to those assembled by Browning or his licensees. His guns are some of the most copied guns in the world, Browning was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and served a two-year mission in Georgia beginning on March 28,1887. His father Jonathan Browning, who was among the thousands of Mormon pioneers in the exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois to Utah. John Moses worked in his fathers Ogden shop from the age of seven, where he was taught basic engineering and manufacturing principles, production examples of the Model 1885 Single Shot Rifle caught the attention of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, who dispatched a representative to evaluate the competition. Winchester bought the design for $8,000 and moved production to their Connecticut factory, Winchester manufactured several popular small arms designed by John M. Browning. For decades in the late 19th Century-early 20th Century, Browning designs and Winchester firearms were synonymous, as was the custom of the time, Brownings earlier designs had been licensed exclusively to Winchester for a single fee payment. With this new product, Browning introduced in his negotiations a continuous royalty fee based upon unit sales, if the new shotgun became highly successful, Browning stood to make substantially more fee income over the prior license fee arrangements. Winchester management was displeased with the change in their relationship. Remington Arms was also approached, however the president of Remington died of an attack as Browning waited to offer them the gun. This forced Browning to look overseas to produce the shotgun, however, Remington would later produce a copy of the Auto-5 as the Model 11 which was used by the US Military and was also sold to the civilian market. The Browning Auto-5 was continuously manufactured as a highly popular throughout the 20th century. This shift marked the end of an era of Winchester-Browning collaboration, John Browning was known as a dedicated and tireless innovator and experimenter who sought breakthrough consumer-oriented features and performance and reliability improvements in small arms designs. He did not retire from his career in his elder years, but dedicated his entire adult life—literally to his last day—to these pursuits
4.
FN Herstal
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It is currently the largest exporter of military small arms in Europe. FN is a subsidiary of the Belgian Herstal Group, which also owns U. S, Repeating Arms Company and Browning Arms Company. FN Herstal is the parent company of two United States entities, FN Manufacturing and FNH USA, FNH USA, located in McLean, Virginia, is the sales and marketing branch of FN Herstal in the United States. FN Herstals firearms are used by the forces of over 100 nations. FN originated in the city of Herstal, near Liège. The Fabrique Nationale dArmes de Guerre was established in 1889 to manufacture 150,000 Mauser Model 89 rifles ordered by the Belgian Government. FN was co-founded by the major makers of the Liège region, with Henri Pieper of Anciens Etablissements Pieper being the driving force. In 1897 the company entered into a relationship with John Moses Browning. FN was an important manufacturer of vehicles in Belgium, a development championed by Alexandre Galopin as managing director. Cars were produced in Herstal in the early 1900s until 1935, production of FN motorcycles continued until 1965, and production of trucks until 1970. In 1973, FN changed its name to reflect a product line diversified far beyond just weapons of war, John Moses Browning began development of the Browning GP35 High Power pistol, the GP standing for Grande Puissance or high power in French. However, the weapon was finalized by Dieudonné Saive and did not appear until nearly a decade after Brownings death, the FN Manufacturing LLC plant in Columbia, South Carolina is part of the military division of FN. It is primarily responsible for the production of U. S. military weapons, such as M16 rifles, M249 light machine guns, M240 machine guns, barracuda, Double-action multi-caliber revolver that can be switched between three calibers by changing parts of the cylinder. Five-seveN, Lightweight polymer-framed pistol with a 20-round magazine capacity, in service with military and police forces in over 40 nations throughout the world. FNP series, Series of polymer-framed pistols offered in 9×19mm Parabellum.357 SIG.40 S&W, FNX series, Updated and reengineered version of the FNP series pistol in 9×19mm Parabellum.40 S&W and.45 ACP. One of the most widely used military pistols of all time, hP-DA, 9×19mm Parabellum pistol, double-action variant of the Browning Hi-Power. M1903, Blowback semi-automatic pistol chambered for.32 ACP and 9×20mm Long Browning, m1905.25 ACP vest pocket blowback semi-automatic pistol. M1910, Single-action pistol chambered for.32 ACP and.380 ACP, P90, Ambidextrous bullpup personal defense weapon with a top-mounted 50-round magazine and chambered for FNs 5. 7×28mm cartridge
5.
Bullet
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The word bullet is a firearm term. A bullet is a projectile expelled from the barrel of a firearm, the term is from Middle French and originated as the diminutive of the word boulle which means small ball. Bullets are made of a variety of materials and they are available singly as they would be used in muzzle loading and cap and ball firearms, as part of a paper cartridge, and much more commonly as a component of metallic cartridges. Bullets are made in a numbers of styles and constructions depending on how they will be used. Many bullets have specialized functions, such as hunting, target shooting, training, defense, a bullet is not a cartridge. In paper and metallic cartridges a bullet is one component of the cartridge, bullet sizes are expressed by their weight and diameter in both English and Metric measurement systems. For example.22 caliber 55 grain bullets or 5. 56mm 55 grain bullets are the same caliber, the word bullet is often used colloquially to refer to a cartridge, which is a combination of the bullet, paper or metallic case/shell, powder, and primer. This use of bullet, when cartridge is intended, leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended, the bullets used in many cartridges are fired at a muzzle velocity faster than the speed of sound. Meaning they are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance, bullet speed through air depends on a number of factors such as barometric pressure, humidity, air temperature, and wind speed. Subsonic cartridges fire bullets slower than the speed of sound and so there is no sonic crack and this means that a subsonic cartridge such as.45 ACP can be effectively suppressed to be substantially quieter than a supersonic cartridge such as the.223 Remington. Bullets do not normally contain explosives, but damage the target by impact. The first use of gunpowder in Europe was recorded in 1247 and it had been used in China for hundreds of years. Later in 1364 hand cannon appeared, early projectiles were made of stone. Stone was used in cannon and hand cannon, in cannon it was eventually found that stone would not penetrate stone fortifications which gave rise to the use of heavier metals for the round projectiles. Hand cannon projectiles developed in a similar following the failure of stone from siege cannon. The first recorded instance of a ball from a hand cannon penetrating armor occurred in 1425. In this photograph of shot retrieved from the wreck of the Mary Rose which was sunk in 1545, the round shot are clearly of different sizes and some are stone while others are cast iron. The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles, bullet is derived from the French word boulette, which roughly means little ball
6.
Automatic Colt Pistol
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Automatic Colt Pistol denotes various John Browning cartridge designs primarily used in Colt and Fabrique Nationale de Herstal pistols. All of these cartridges are straight-sided and appear similar, the first was the Colt M1900 made from 1900 to 1902 exclusively for the.38 ACP. The Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammer was manufactured for the same.38 ACP cartridge from 1902 to 1928, the M1905 military pistol was manufactured for the.45 ACP cartridge from 1905 to 1912. The M1905 was replaced by the military M1911 pistol which remained in production until 1970, the Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless pistol was manufactured for the.32 ACP from 1903 to 1941 and as the Model 1908 for the.380 ACP from 1908 to 1941. The Colt Model 1908 Vest Pocket pistol was manufactured for the.25 ACP from 1908 to 1941, 9mm Browning Long List of handgun cartridges
7.
Centerfire ammunition
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A centerfire cartridge is a cartridge with a primer located in the center of the cartridge case head. Unlike rimfire cartridges, the primer is a separate and replaceable component, centerfire cartridges have supplanted the rimfire variety in all but the smallest cartridge sizes. The stronger base of a cartridge is able to withstand higher pressures which in turn give a bullet greater velocity. Larger caliber rimfire cartridges require greater volumes of priming explosive than centerfire cartridges, reducing the amount of priming explosive would reduce the reliability of rimfire cartridge ignition, and increase the probability of misfire or dud cartridges. Economies of scale are achieved through interchangeable primers for a variety of centerfire cartridge calibers. The expensive individual brass cases can be reused after replacing the primer, gunpowder, the forward portion of some empty cases can be reformed for use as obsolete or wildcat cartridges with similar base configuration. Modern cartridges larger than.22 caliber are mostly centerfire, actions suitable for larger caliber rimfire cartridges declined in popularity until the demand for them no longer exceeded manufacturing costs, and they became obsolete. An early form of ammunition, without a percussion cap, was invented between 1808 and 1812 by Jean Samuel Pauly. This was also the first fully integrated cartridge, true centerfire ammunition was invented by the Frenchman Clement Pottet in 1829. However, Pottet would not perfect his design until 1855, the centerfire cartridge was improved by Benjamin Houllier, Gastinne Renette, Charles Lancaster, George Morse, Francois Schneider, Hiram Berdan and Edward Mounier Boxer. The identifying feature of centerfire ammunition is the primer which is a cup containing a primary explosive inserted into a recess in the center of the base of the cartridge. The firearm firing pin crushes this explosive between the cup and an anvil to produce hot gas and a shower of incandescent particles to ignite the powder charge, Berdan priming is less expensive to manufacture and is much more common in military-surplus ammunition made outside the United States. Berdan primers are named after their American inventor, Hiram Berdan of New York who invented his first variation of the Berdan primer and patented it on March 20,1866, in U. S. A small copper cylinder formed the shell of the cartridge, and this system worked well, allowing the option of installing a cap just before use of the propellant-loaded cartridge as well as permitting reloading the cartridge for reuse. S. Berdan primers have remained essentially the same functionally to the present day, Berdan primers are similar to the caps used in the caplock system, being small metal cups with pressure-sensitive explosive in them. Modern Berdan primers are pressed into the pocket of a Berdan-type cartridge case. Inside the primer pocket is a bump, the anvil, that rests against the center of the cup. Berdan cases are reusable, although the process is rather involved, the used primer must be removed, usually by hydraulic pressure or a pincer or lever that pulls the primer out of the bottom
8.
Pistol
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A pistol is a type of handgun. In some usage, the term refers to a subset of handguns. In other usage, the term is interchangeable with handgun, some handgun experts and dictionaries make a technical distinction that views pistols as a subset of handguns, others use the terms interchangeably. But UK/rest of Commonwealth usage does not always make this distinction, for example, the official designation of the Webley Mk VI revolver was Pistol, Revolver, Webley, No.1 Mk VI. The English word was introduced in ca.1570 from the Middle French pistolet, the etymology of the French word pistolet is disputed. The first suggestion derives the word from Czech píšťala, a type of hand-cannon used in the Hussite Wars during the 1420s, the Czech word was adopted in German as pitschale, pitschole, petsole, and variants. The second suggestion is less likely, the use of the word as a designation of a gun is not documented before 1605 in Italy, long after it was used in French, the Czech word is well documented since the Hussite wars in 1420s. Other suggestions include from Middle High German pischulle or from Middle French pistole, also it is suggested that early pistols were carried by cavalry in holsters hung from the pommel of a horses saddle. The most common types of pistol are the shot. Single shot handguns were mainly seen during the era of flintlock and musket weaponry where the pistol was loaded with a ball and fired by a flint striker. However, as technology improved, so did the single shot pistol, new operating mechanisms were created, and due to this, they are still made today. It is the oldest type of pistol, and is used to hunt wild game. Multi-barreled pistols were common during the time as single shot pistols. As designers looked for ways to increase fire rates, multiple barrels were added to all guns including pistols, one example of a multi-barreled pistol is the Ducks foot pistol, which generally had either four or eight barrels, although some 20th century models had three barrels. Around 1850, pistols such as the Jarre harmonica gun were produced that had a sliding magazine, the sliding magazine contained pinfire cartridges or speedloaders. The magazine needed to be moved manually in many designs, hence distinguishing them from semi-automatic pistols, with the development of the revolver in the 19th century, gunsmiths had finally achieved the goal of a practical capability for delivering multiple loads to one handgun barrel in quick succession. The semi-automatic pistol was the step in the development of the pistol. By avoiding multiple chambers—which need to be individually reloaded—semi-automatic pistols delivered faster rates of fire, an example of a modern blow back action semi-automatic pistol is the HK VP70
9.
Cartridge (firearms)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
10.
Rim (firearms)
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A rim is an external flange that is machined, cast, molded, stamped or pressed around the bottom of a firearms cartridge. Thus, rimmed cartridges are sometimes called flanged cartridges, almost all cartridges feature an extractor or headspacing rim, in spite of the fact that some cartridges are known as rimless cartridges. These types are rimmed, rimless, semi-rimmed, rebated rim and these categories describe the size of the rim in relation to the base of the case. The rimmed cartridge, sometimes called flanged cartridge, is the oldest of the types and has a rim that is larger in diameter than the base of the cartridge. Rimmed cartridges use the rim to hold the cartridge in the chamber of the firearm, because the rimmed cartridge headspaces on the rim, the case length is of less importance than rimless cartridges. This allows some firearms chambered for similar rimmed cartridges to safely chamber and fire shorter cartridges, rimmed cartridges are well suited to certain types of actions, such as revolvers, where the rim helps hold the cartridge in position, and break-action firearms. Semi-automatic handguns have been chambered in rimmed cartridges as well, for example a LAR Grizzly or Desert Eagle in.357 or.44 Magnum, under the metric cartridge designation system, a capitalized R added at the end of the designation denotes a rimmed cartridge. For example,7. 62×54mmR is a cartridge, while 7. 62×51mm is a rimless cartridge.45 Auto Rim. Examples of rimmed handgun cartridges include the.38 Special.357 Magnum, rimmed rifle cartridge examples include the.22 Hornet.303 British and 7. 62×54mmR. Rimless cases are not well suited to break-open and revolver actions, though they can be used with modifications, such as a spring-loaded extractor or, in a revolver. Crimping affects the length of the cartridge, and thus cannot be used on cartridges which headspace on the case mouth. Examples of rimless handgun cartridges include the 9mm Parabellum.40 S&W, rimless rifle examples include the.223 Remington.308 Winchester. 30-06 Springfield and 7. 92×57mm Mauser. On a semi-rimmed case the rim projects slightly beyond the base of the case, the tiny rim provides minimal interference feeding from a box magazine, while still providing enough surface to headspace on. Semi-rimmed cases are less common than the other types, if the chamber is cut shallow, so the case headspaces off the mouth, the rim is used for extraction only, a standard chamber will use the rim for both headspacing and extraction. Examples of more commonly encountered rimless handgun cartridges are.25 ACP.32 ACP and.38 ACP, while the.308 Marlin Express.338 Marlin Express and.444 Marlin are rifle cartridges that are semi-rimmed. Rebated rim cartridges have a rim that is smaller in diameter than the base of the case. Functionally the same as a case, the rebated rim provides some additional benefits when considered in conjunction with other cartridges. One example of a rebated rim cartridge is the.50 Action Express, by using the same rim dimensions as the.44 Magnum, a Desert Eagle could be converted from.44 Magnum to.50 AE by merely changing the barrel and magazine
11.
FN M1900
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The FN Browning M1900 is a single action, semi-automatic pistol designed c.1896 by John Browning for Fabrique Nationale de Herstal and produced in Belgium at the turn of the century. It was the first production handgun to use a slide, the design was presented to arms manufacturer FN Herstal in 1898, with production commencing the following year. In 1900, a design featuring primarily a shorter barrel. These designations were applied retroactively after FN began manufacture of other Browning pistol designs, production ceased only 11 years later, with a total of about 700,000 units having been produced. United States President Theodore Roosevelt owned a mother of pearl-gripped M1900, eugen Schauman used an M1900 in his 1904 assassination of the Russian Governor-General of Finland at the time, Nikolai Ivanovich Bobrikov. As initial reports said only that Princip had used a Browning pistol, an Jung-geun used an M1900 in his 1909 assassination of the Japanese Resident-General of Korea, Itō Hirobumi. Communist revolutionaries also used Browning pistols to murder the Russian imperial family in July 1918, a Chinese copy of the gun saw usage during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. The North Korean Type 64 pistol is a copy of the M1900, specimens examined by western authorities were marked with the date of 1964. A silenced variant was produced featured a shortened slide to allow the threaded barrel to protrude far enough to attach the silencer. The weapon is chambered for the.32 ACP, also known as 7. 65×17mm Browning SR, SR denotes semi-rimmed. This model is known by names, including, FN M1900 FN Mle.1900 Browning M1900 Browning No.1 Colt M1900 FN Model 1903 FN1900 pistol
12.
Blowback (firearms)
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Several blowback systems exist within this broad principle of operation, each distinguished by the methods used to control bolt movement. A few locked breech designs use a form of blowback to perform the unlocking function, the blowback principle may be considered a simplified form of gas operation, since the cartridge case behaves like a piston driven by the powder gases. Other operating principles for self-loading firearms include blow forward, gas operation and this rearward thrust, imparted against the breech, is a direct result of the expansion of propellant gases. The energy from the expansion of gases on firing appears in the form of energy transmitted to the bolt mechanism. The extent to which blowback is employed largely depends on the used to control the movement of the bolt. How the movement of the bolt is controlled is where blowback systems differ, relating blowback to other types of automatic firearm operation, George M. Chinn wrote that, In the larger sense, blowback might well be considered a special form of gas operation. This is reasonable because the case may be conceived of as a sort of piston driven by the powder gases. Actually, blowback involves so many problems that it is best considered to be in a class by itself. The question whether or not it should be included within the general class of gas operation or recoil operation is purely academic. The important point is that it some of the properties of both classes and, depending on the particular problem at hand, may be considered to be either one. The blowback system represents the most basic auto loading operation type, in a blowback mechanism, the bolt rests against the rear of the barrel, but is not locked in place. At the point of ignition, expanding gases push the bullet forward through the barrel while at the same time pushing the case rearward against the bolt. The expanding gases push the bolt assembly to the rear, but the motion is slowed by the mass of the bolt, internal friction, the design must ensure that the delay is long enough that bullet exits the barrel before the cartridge case clears the chamber. The empty case is ejected as the travels to the rear. The stored energy of the action spring then drives the bolt forward. A new cartridge is stripped from the magazine and chambered as the returns to its in-battery position. The blowback system is practical for firearms using relatively low-power cartridges with lighter weight bullets, higher power cartridges require heavier bolts to keep the breech from opening prematurely, at some point, the bolt becomes too heavy to be practical. Consequently, the spring is not powerful enough to keep the bolt closed when the gun is tilted up
13.
Headspace (firearms)
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In firearms, headspace is the distance measured from the part of the chamber that stops forward motion of the cartridge to the face of the bolt. Used as a verb, headspace refers to the interference created between this part of the chamber and the feature of the cartridge that achieves the correct positioning, different cartridges have their datum lines in different positions in relation to the cartridge. For example,5.56 NATO ammunition headspaces off the shoulder of the cartridge, if the headspace is too short, ammunition that is in specification may not chamber correctly. If headspace is too large, the ammunition may not fit as intended or designed, the cartridge is said to be rimless if the extractor groove is machined into the head of the case so the rim is the same diameter as the adjacent part of the case. Most modern automatic firearms use rimless cartridges, straight-walled rimless cartridges often headspace on the forward lip of the cartridge as shown in the diagram at the top of this article. This necessitates careful attention to consistent case length, bottle-necked rimless cartridges may headspace on the conical shoulder between the narrow neck and the larger diameter portion of the case. All small arms cartridges have a flange at the base of the case called a rim, the part of the firearm called an extractor claw hooks over the rim to extract the spent case from the chamber after it has been fired. The cartridge is said to be of a type when the rim is of larger diameter than the remainder of the case. Most early cartridges were rimmed, and the ledge at the rear of the chamber prevents the cartridge from moving forward. Headspace for rimmed cartridges is the space between that forward ledge and the face when the action is closed. Some large rimless magnum cartridges have a belt formed above the extractor groove and this belt is of slightly larger diameter than the adjacent case, so the cartridge can headspace from the forward edge of the belt closest to the bullet. The original purpose of the belt was to give accurate headspacing for cartridges with shallow shoulder angles, where longitudinal precision of seating using such a shoulder presents difficulties. In effect this was similar to the function of a rim. Some more or less straight cartridges have no bottleneck to headspace on, such cylindrical shaped cartridge cases use the case mouth as a forward positioned flange used for headspacing. There are four types of control to consider based on the case type used. This style of case relies on the face of the case neck. It is from this circular conic section face, as a datum, examples include.308 Winchester.223 Remington, and 7. 92×57mm Mauser. For a rimmed case, where the rim extends beyond the diameter of the case, such as with.22 Long Rifle. 30-30 Winchester, a rimmed case can have straight, tapered, or bottlenecked case walls
14.
Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless
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The Colt Model 1908 Pocket Hammerless is a variant introduced five years later in.380 ACP caliber. Despite the title Hammerless, the Model 1903 does have a hammer and it is covered and hidden from view under the rear of the slide. This allowed the pistol to be carried in, and withdrawn from a pocket quickly and smoothly without snagging, approximately 570,000 Colt Pocket Hammerless pistols were produced from 1903 to 1945, in five different types. Some were issued to US Army and US Air Force general officers from World War II through the 1970s and they were replaced in 1972 with the RIA Colt M15 General Officers Model, a compact version of the M1911A1. In addition to lawful owners, many gangsters of the pre-World War II era favored the Model 1903 and Model 1908 because they were relatively small and easily concealed. It is said that Al Capone kept one in his coat pocket, note, There was also a Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammer pistol in.38 ACP, but this design is unrelated. The FN Model 1903 pistol design is related to the Colt Pocket Hammerless, General Officer models were often engraved with the officers name. Recipients included Generals Eisenhower, Bradley, Marshall, and Patton, pattons Model 1908 was embellished with three stars on the grip panels to denote his rank. They came in russet or black leather and were made by ALPCO or Hickock, a cleaning rod and two spare magazines were also included. Generals were issued the Model M in.380 ACP, until 1950, when supply ran out. At that point, they were substituted with.32 models until their replacement in 1972, the Pocket Hammerless was replaced by the M15 pistol made by Rock Island Arsenal in.45 ACP. Today, the Pocket Hammerless is manufactured by U. S. Armament and this pistol was actually fired by action of a hammer striking and driving a firing pin into a center-fire cartridges primer. The hammer was covered by the rear of the slide, the hammerless designation was merely an advertising designation pointing out the pistols particular suitability for concealed carry. Special features include a serrated slide to prevent slippage during manual cycling of the slide, the grip safety is a spring-loaded piece making up the back strap of the pistol. The grip safety, though not solely restricted to them, was a feature of Colt automatic pistols. A magazine safety was added on models, this feature prevents the pistol from being fired with a round in the chamber. In 1908, a.380 ACP version of this gun was introduced, called the Model 1908, it was nearly identical to the Model 1903 except for the bore diameter and the magazine, which held seven rounds. Grip panels were black checked hard rubber, checked walnut, or special order materials, sights were fixed, although the rear sight was drift-adjustable for windage. Metal finish was blued or nickel, and some special-order finishes such as engraved, Type II,32 cal separate barrel bushing, 3 3⁄4 inch barrel, 1908–1910, SN72,000 through 105,050
15.
Savage Model 1907
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The Savage Model 1907 is a semi-automatic pocket pistol produced by the Savage Arms Company of Utica, New York, from 1907 until 1920 in.32 ACP and from 1913 until 1920 in.380 ACP caliber. Although smaller in size, it is derived from the.45 semi-automatic pistol Savage submitted to the 1906-1911 US Army trials to choose a new semi-automatic sidearm. After several years of testing the Savage pistol was one of two finalists but ultimately lost to the Colt entry, which became famous as the Colt Model 1911,181 of these.45 ACP pistols were returned to Savage after the testing and sold on the civilian market. The Model 1907 is often called a Model 1905 because of the date Nov.21,1905 date stamped into the top of the slide on all Savage semi-automatic pistols. This is the date Elbert Searle was awarded one of his firearm patents, advertised with the slogan Ten shots quick. The Model 1907 was very popular because, despite its small size, the advertising included a number of early celebrity endorsers, including William Buffalo Bill Cody, Bat Masterson, and the Pinkerton Agency. Teddy Roosevelt was even presented with a Model 1907, much of the advertising in the popular press played on the ability of an otherwise defenseless woman to use the Savage to subdue burglars and tramps. A safety lever is located on the side of the pistol. Though it appears to have a hammer, it is actually a striker-fired gun. Model 1907s made from 1913 until 1917 had a collared barrel, the Model 1907 uses no screws and is simple to strip. The grips were made from gutta-percha, though some early examples had metal grips. In 1912 the Model 1907 underwent a design revision modifying almost every major component. As with most semi-automatics, the pistol is readied for firing by pulling back and releasing the slide, the recoil from firing a cartridge automatically extracts and ejects the empty shell, cocks the firing pin and loads another cartridge into the chamber, ready for firing. Savage made two very similar semi-automatic pistols, with many parts in common with the Model 1907. The first was the hammerless Model 1915, the.32 Model 1915 was made only in 1915 and 1916, like the Model 1907, the Model 1915 uses no screws. The other is the Model 1917, made from 1920 until 1926 in.32, the Model 1917 is mechanically the same as and shares almost all of its parts with the final version of the Model 1907, but with a significantly larger handle. Because this required larger grips, the Model 1917 uses one screw through each grip to them to the pistol frame. Although the Model 1907 was designed for use, the French government purchased over 40,000.32 ACP Model 1907s between late 1914 and 1917 for the French military in World War I
16.
Ruby pistol
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The self-loading Ruby pistol is best known as a French World War I sidearm, the Pistolet Automatique de 7 millim.65 genre Ruby. It was decommissioned in 1958, more than a decade after World War II was brought to an end, unusual for the time, the magazine capacity was nine shots instead of the usual six or seven. The pistol was intended for export to the Americas, and despite the small calibre it was designed with military, other Spanish manufacturers had copied the Browning since around 1905. The Ruby, apart from the magazine appears to be a direct copy of a pistol called the Victoria made by Esperanza. This pistol used features patented by Pedro Careaga in 1911, and by the Esperanza and these patents may have covered the frame-mounted safety, and an internal striker. In 1915 Gabilondo sent examples of the pistols to the French government, after testing was completed in May 1915, the French decided to accept the Ruby as the Pistolet Automatique de 7 millimètre 65 genre Ruby and contracted Gabilondo to produce 10,000 pistols a month. By August the target had been raised to 30,000, Gabilondo would produce 10,000 guns, carry out overall quality control and arrange delivery to the French authorities in Bayonne. As the number of pistols required increased the company agreed to purchase any pistols in excess of the number at the same contracted price. As demand increased Gabilondo recruited another three partners to help manufacture the Ruby, estimates of Gabilondo Ruby production are between 250,000 and 300,000 pistols in total. While most Gabilondo contract pistols were of good quality, others were well made. As the French became more desperate, the procurement process spiralled out of control, French officials quickly became aware that few of the Spanish Ruby-types had interchangeable magazines, and insisted the manufacturers mark the base of all magazines. This was to prevent the possibly fatal consequence at the front line of not being able to insert a new magazine. Another danger characteristic to poorly manufactured Ruby pistols were faulty safety mechanisms - due to improper fitting or the use of materials for critical safety components. About 710,000 Ruby-types were accepted by the French from all sources and by 1920, about 580,000 were still serviceable, many other allied nations, and some of the new nations created after the War such as Finland and Yugoslavia also used Ruby-type pistols. Gabilondo ceased production in 1919 and switched to more advanced models, Ruby-types continued to be used until the end of World War II, particularly by Spanish and French Maquis, as well as their Vichy opponents. The Ruby-type pistol is very intuitive to operate, even for novices, the slide stop doubles as a safety and field stripping is remarkably simple. The comparatively weak cartridges these pistols were chambered in gave little recoil, the primary disadvantage of these pistols is the relatively weak cartridges they were chambered in, reducing the pistols stopping power. The reliance on one type of safety, and the lack of a visible hammer make these pistols very dangerous to carry cocked and locked
17.
FN Model 1910
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The FN Model 1910 is a blowback-operated, semi-automatic pistol designed by John Browning and manufactured by Fabrique Nationale of Belgium. The FN Model 1910, also known as the Browning model 1910, was a departure for Browning, before, his designs were produced by both FN in Europe and Colt Firearms in the United States. Since Colt did not want to produce it, Browning chose to patent, introduced in 1910, this pistol used a novel operating spring location surrounding the barrel. This location became the standard in such weapons as the Walther PPK. It incorporated the standard Browning striker-firing mechanism and a grip safety along with a magazine safety, offered in both.380 ACP and.32 ACP calibres, it remained in production until 1983. It is possible to switch calibres by changing only the barrel, however, FN never offered packages containing a single pistol with both calibre barrels. A variant of the Model 1910 was known variously as the Model 1922 or 1910/22 and this was a larger model with a longer barrel, slide extension, and a longer grip frame to accommodate an extra two rounds. This model was aimed at military and police contracts and many examples were produced for various agencies, the FN Model 1910/1922 was initially designed for Yugoslavia. 1910/1922 pistols went on to see service in World War Two. These examples carry Nazi production stamps, and most have simple chequered wood grips instead of the horn or plastic grips bearing the FN logo. The FN Model 1922 was also used by the countries, Yugoslavia, Holland, Greece, Turkey, Romania, France, Finland, Denmark. In 1955, the Browning Arms Company introduced the Model 1910 pistol for the American market as the Model 1955, made in Belgium, this model was virtually identical to the European model except for the markings and grips. Importation ceased in 1968 due to the passage of stricter gun-control laws in the U. S, another version, the Model 1971, featured a longer barrel and slide, adjustable sights, a finger-rest magazine, and enlarged target grips. These features were intended to comply with the Gun Control Act of 1968 which had halted import of the Model 1955, north Korea made copies of the Model 1910 without licence as the Type 70 pistol. The weapon is not only for domestic use but also for export. The Hamada Type or Hamada Type Automatic handgun was a semi-automatic pistol developed in 1941 for use by the Empire of Japan during World War II, developed by Bunji Hamada, the pistol took its basic design from the Model 1910 Browning. Production occurred at the Japanese Firearms Manufacturing Company, with minor changes made as the war progressed. Numerous previous sources erroneously cited the FN Model 1900 in.32 calibre as being the weapon Princip used and this has led to confusion over the calibre of the pistol actually used
18.
20th century
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The 20th century was a century that began on January 1,1901 and ended on December 31,2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium and it is distinct from the century known as the 1900s, which began on January 1,1900 and ended on December 31,1999. It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication, the term short twentieth century was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991. It took all of history up to 1804 for the worlds population to reach 1 billion, world population reached 2 billion estimates in 1927, by late 1999. Globally approximately 45% of those who were married and able to have children used contraception, 40% of pregnancies were unplanned, the century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II. The century saw a shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization, terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with high-speed rail, cruise ships, global commercial air travel and the space shuttle. Horses, Western societys basic form of transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. Humans explored space for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the Moon, mass media, telecommunications, and information technology made the worlds knowledge more widely available. Advancements in medical technology also improved the health of many people, rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate itself in a short time, however, these same wars resulted in the destruction of the Imperial system. For the first time in history, empires and their wars of expansion and colonization ceased to be a factor in international affairs, resulting in a far more globalized. The last time major powers clashed openly was in 1945, and since then, technological advancements during World War I changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as tanks, chemical weapons, and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead. The regime of Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the conflict, Russia became the first communist state, at the beginning of the period, Britain was the worlds most powerful nation, having acted as the worlds policeman for the past century. Meanwhile, Japan had rapidly transformed itself into an advanced industrial power. Its military expansion into eastern Asia and the Pacific Ocean culminated in an attack on the United States
19.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
20.
Ian Fleming
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Ian Lancaster Fleming was an English author, journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels. Fleming came from a family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva and his wartime service and his career as a journalist provided much of the background, detail and depth of the James Bond novels. Fleming wrote his first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952 and it was a success, with three print runs being commissioned to cope with the demand. Eleven Bond novels and two short-story collections followed between 1953 and 1966, the novels revolved around James Bond, an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond was also known by his number,007, and was a commander in the Royal Naval Reserve. The Bond stories rank among the series of fictional books of all time. Fleming also wrote the childrens story Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and two works of non-fiction, in 2008, The Times ranked Fleming 14th on its list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Fleming was married to Ann Charteris, who was divorced from the second Viscount Rothermere owing to her affair with the author, Fleming and Charteris had a son, Caspar. Fleming was a smoker and drinker for most of his life. Two of his James Bond books were published posthumously, other writers have since produced Bond novels, Flemings creation has appeared in film twenty-six times, portrayed by seven actors. Ian Fleming was born on 28 May 1908, at 27 Green Street in the wealthy London district of Mayfair and his mother was Evelyn St Croix Rose, and his father was Valentine Fleming, the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910. As an infant he lived, with his family, at Braziers Park in Oxfordshire. Fleming was the grandson of the Scottish financier Robert Fleming, who founded the Scottish American Investment Trust, in 1914, with the start of the First World War, Valentine joined C Squadron, Queens Own Oxfordshire Hussars, and rose to the rank of major. He was killed by German shelling on the Western Front on 20 May 1917, because the family owned an estate at Arnisdale, Valentines death was commemorated on the Glenelg War Memorial. Flemings elder brother Peter became a writer and married actress Celia Johnson. Fleming also had two brothers, Michael and Richard, and a younger maternal half-sister born out of wedlock, cellist Amaryllis Fleming. Amaryllis was conceived during an affair between John and Evelyn that started in 1923, some six years after the death of Valentine
21.
James Bond
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The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015, additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny. The character has also adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games. As of 2017, there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series, the most recent Bond film, Spectre, stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond, he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also two independent productions of Bond films, Casino Royale and Never Say Never Again. In 2015, the franchise was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, the Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bonds cars, his guns, the films are also noted for Bonds relationships with various women, who are sometimes referred to as Bond girls. Ian Fleming created the character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his number,007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway. Aside from Flemings brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bonds make up, including Conrad OBrien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill Biffy Dunderdale. The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. He further explained that, When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be a dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened. When I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, is the dullest name I ever heard. On another occasion, Fleming said, I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting, like Peregrine Carruthers. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is certainly good-looking. Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way and that black hair falling down over the right eyebrow
22.
Side arm
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A side arm or sidearm is a weapon, usually a handgun but sometimes a dagger, knife or other mêlée weapon, which is worn on the body in a holster or sheath to permit immediate access and use. A sidearm is typically required equipment for officers and is usually carried by law enforcement personnel. Usually, uniformed personnel of these services wear their weapons openly, a sidearm may be carried alone, or as a back-up to a primary weapon such as a rifle or carbine. In the protocol of courtesy, the surrender of a commanders sidearm is the act in the general surrender of a unit. Similarly, many commanders on a level have been anecdotally cited as having used the threat of their side arms to motivate troops. An important purpose of the arm is to be used if the primary weapon is not available. Many Special Forces soldiers armed with a rifle or carbine like the M16 or M4 may also have a semi-automatic pistol as a side arm. The term may refer to swords and other mêlée weapons
23.
Walther PP
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The Walther PP series pistols are blowback-operated semi-automatic pistols, developed by the German arms manufacturer Walther. It features an exposed hammer, a traditional double-action trigger mechanism, a magazine. The series includes the Walther PP, PPK, PPK/S, various PP series are manufactured in either Germany, France, or the United States. Since 2002, the PPK variant is manufactured by Smith & Wesson in Houlton, Maine, United States. The PP and the PPK were among the worlds first successful double action semi-automatic pistols and were widely copied, but are still made by Walther. The design inspired other pistols, among them the Soviet Makarov, the Hungarian FEG PA-63, the Polish P-64, the American Accu-Tek AT-380 II, the PP and PPK were both popular with European police and civilians, for being reliable and concealable. During World War II, they were issued to the German military, including the Luftwaffe, the original PP was released in 1929. It was designed for use and was used by police forces in Europe in the 1930s. The semi-automatic pistol operated using a blowback action. The PP was designed with safety features, some of them innovative, including an automatic hammer block, a combination safety/decocker. The most common variant is the Walther PPK, a version of the PP with a shorter grip, barrel and frame. A new, two-piece wrap-around grip panel construction was used to conceal the exposed back strap, the smaller size made it more concealable than the original PP and hence better suited to plainclothes or undercover work. PPK is an abbreviation for Polizeipistole Kriminalmodell, kriminal referring to the detective division. Adolf Hitler shot and killed himself with his PPK in the Führerbunker in Berlin, south Korean dictator Park Chung-hee was shot and killed by Kim Jae-gyu, using the Walther PPK. Fleming had given Bond a.25 Beretta 418 pistol in early novels, no on the advice of firearms expert Geoffrey Boothroyd. Singer Elvis Presley owned a silver-finish PPK, inscribed TCB, the PPK/S was developed following the enactment of the Gun Control Act of 1968 in the United States, the pistols largest market. One of the provisions of GCA68 banned the importation of pistols and revolvers not meeting requirements of length, weight. The PPK failed the Import Points test of the GCA68 by a single point, Walther addressed this situation by combining the PPs frame with the PPKs barrel and slide to create a pistol that weighed slightly more than the PPK
24.
Adolf Hitler
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Adolf Hitler was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of the German Reich, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was central to the Holocaust, Hitler was born in Austria, then part of Austria-Hungary, and raised near Linz. He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I and he joined the German Workers Party, the precursor of the NSDAP, in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923 he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power, the failed coup resulted in Hitlers imprisonment, during which he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf. Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy, by 1933, the Nazi Party was the largest elected party in the German Reichstag, which led to Hitlers appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933. Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain, Hitler sought Lebensraum for the German people in Eastern Europe. His aggressive foreign policy is considered to be the cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe. He directed large-scale rearmament and on 1 September 1939 invaded Poland, resulting in British, in June 1941, Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. By the end of 1941 German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe, failure to defeat the Soviets and the entry of the United States into the war forced Germany onto the defensive and it suffered a series of escalating defeats. In the final days of the war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his long-time lover, on 30 April 1945, less than two days later, the two killed themselves to avoid capture by the Red Army, and their corpses were burned. Hitler and the Nazi regime were also responsible for the killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians, in addition,29 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European Theatre of World War II. The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in warfare, Hitlers father Alois Hitler Sr. was the illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, in 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Aloiss mother Maria Anna. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedlers brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, in 1876, Alois was legitimated and the baptismal register changed by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Aloiss father. Alois then assumed the surname Hitler, also spelled Hiedler, Hüttler, the Hitler surname is probably based on one who lives in a hut. Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Aloiss mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz, and that the familys 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois. No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of Leopold Frankenbergers existence, Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary, close to the border with the German Empire. He was one of six born to Alois Hitler and Klara Pölzl
25.
Death of Adolf Hitler
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Adolf Hitler killed himself by gunshot on 30 April 1945 in his Führerbunker in Berlin. His wife Eva Braun committed suicide with him by taking cyanide, records in the Soviet archives show that their burnt remains were recovered and interred in successive locations until 1970, when they were again exhumed, cremated, and the ashes scattered. Accounts differ as to the cause of death, one states that he died by poison only, contemporary historians have rejected these accounts as being either Soviet propaganda or an attempted compromise in order to reconcile the different conclusions. One eye-witness recorded that the body showed signs of having been shot through the mouth, there is also controversy regarding the authenticity of skull and jaw fragments which were recovered. In 2009, American researchers performed DNA tests on a skull Soviet officials had believed to be Hitlers. The tests and examination revealed that the skull was actually that of a less than 40 years old. The jaw fragments which had recovered were not tested. By early 1945, Germanys military situation was on the verge of total collapse, poland had fallen to the advancing Soviet forces, who were, by then, preparing to cross the Oder between Küstrin and Frankfurt with the objective of capturing Berlin,82 kilometres to the west. German forces had recently lost to the Allies in the Ardennes Offensive, with British, American forces in the south had captured Lorraine and were advancing towards Mainz, Mannheim, and the Rhine. In parallel to the actions, the Allies had met at Yalta between 4–11 February to discuss the conclusion of the war in Europe. Hitler, presiding over a rapidly disintegrating Third Reich, retreated to his Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945, to the Nazi leadership, it was clear that the battle for Berlin would be the final battle of the war in Europe. Some 325,000 soldiers of Germanys Army Group B were surrounded and captured on 18 April, by 11 April the Americans crossed the Elbe,100 kilometres to the west of the city. On 16 April, Soviet forces to the east crossed the Oder and commenced the battle for the Seelow Heights, by 19 April the Germans were in full retreat from Seelow Heights, leaving no front line. Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April, by the evening of 21 April, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city. Hitler launched a tirade against the treachery and incompetence of his commanders, Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end, and then shoot himself. Later that day he asked SS physician Dr. Werner Haase about the most reliable method of suicide, Haase suggested the pistol-and-poison method of combining a dose of cyanide with a gunshot to the head. Hitlers influential secretary, Martin Bormann, convinced Hitler that Göring was threatening a coup, in response, Hitler informed Göring that he would be executed unless he resigned all of his posts. Later that day, he sacked Göring from all of his offices, by 27 April, Berlin was cut off from the rest of Germany
26.
Heckler & Koch
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Heckler & Koch GmbH is a German defense manufacturing company that manufactures handguns, military rifles, submachine guns, and grenade launchers. The company is located in Oberndorf in the state of Baden-Württemberg, and also has subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, France, the Heckler & Koch Group comprises Heckler & Koch GmbH, Heckler & Koch Defense, NSAF Ltd. and Heckler & Koch France SAS. The company motto is Keine Kompromisse, all firearms made by HK are named by a prefix and the official designation, with suffixes used for variants. HK has a history of innovation in firearms, such as the use of polymers in weapon designs, HK also developed modern polygonal rifling, noted for its high accuracy, increased muzzle velocity and barrel life. Not all of its technologically ambitious designs have translated into commercially successful products, in its extensive product range, HK has used the following operating systems for small arms, blowback operation, short-recoil, roller-delayed blowback, gas-delayed blowback, and gas operation. With the fall of Germany at the end of World War II, Oberndorf came under French control, all records in the factory were destroyed on orders of the local French Army commander. On December 28,1949, the Engineering Office Heckler & Co. changed its name and was registered officially as Heckler & Koch GmbH, initially the new company manufactured machine tools, bicycle and sewing machine parts, gauges and other precision parts. The German Government awarded Heckler & Koch this tender and by 1959, in 1961, Heckler & Koch developed the 7. 62×51mm HK21 general-purpose machine gun, based on the G3 battle rifle. In 1966, Heckler & Koch introduced the HK54 machine pistol, two years later, the company introduced the 5. 56×45mm HK33 assault rifle, which is a smaller version of the G3 battle rifle chambered in 5. 56mm NATO. In 1974, Heckler & Koch diversified into the two business areas, HK Defense and Law Enforcement Technology and HK Hunting and Sports Firearms. Since then HK has designed and manufactured more than one hundred different types of firearms and devices for the military and law enforcement organizations as well as sportsmen. In 1990, Heckler & Koch finalised over two decades of development with their revolutionary case-less weapon system and produces prototypes of the HK G11, in addition, the company produced prototypes of the HK G41 military rifle intended for the Bundeswehr. In the following year, the Heckler & Koch company was sold to the British Aerospaces Royal Ordnance division, during 1994 and 1995, the German Government awarded Heckler & Koch with contracts for producing an updated standard assault rifle and updated standard sidearm for the Bundeswehr. As a result, Heckler & Koch developed and produced the Project HK50, a lightweight carbon fiber–reinforced polymer assault rifle, in addition, Heckler & Koch produced the HK P8 derived as a variant based upon its Universale Selbstladepistole series of handguns. The P8 was adopted as the standard issue handgun for the Bundeswehr in 1994 and this contract entailed a modification programme to the SA80 series of rifles to address a number of reliability issues with the SA80. Three years later in 2002, BAE Systems restructured and sold Heckler & Koch to a group of private investors, in 2004, Heckler & Koch was awarded a major handgun contract for the DHS, worth a potential $26.2 million for up to 65,000 handguns. This contract ranks as the single largest handgun procurement contract in US law enforcement history, HK was contracted by the United States Army to produce the kinetic energy subsystem of the Objective Individual Combat Weapon, a planned replacement for the M16/M203 grenade launcher combination. The OICW was designed to fire 5.56 mm bullets and 25 mm grenades, the kinetic energy component was also developed separately as the XM8, though both the OICW and XM8 are now indefinitely suspended
27.
Heckler & Koch HK4
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The HK4 pocket pistol was first introduced by Heckler & Koch in 1967 making it the first pistol produced by the company. Mass production of this started in 1968 and continued until 1984. There were approximately thirty-eight thousand pistols produced during this time, serial numbers 10001 to 36550 were for commercial distribution. Twelve thousand pistols were produced for the German police and other government agencies in the.32 ACP caliber with the designation P11 and were serial numbered 40001 to 52400 and it is thought that the basic design of the HK4 is based on that of the Mauser HSc. The HK4 was designated 4 because the pistol had the ability to be modular in four calibers and this means the frame and slide could accommodate three different centerfire calibers by simply replacing the barrel/return spring assembly and inserting the proper magazine for the caliber of choice. The fourth caliber.22 Long Rifle, requires the extractor faceplate and firing pin be moved to conform to the configuration for rimfire operation in addition to changing the barrel. The three centerfire calibers that the pistol can use are.25 ACP.32 ACP.380 ACP, most standalone pistols were sold in.380 ACP and.32 ACP. All four calibers came as a set with the extra barrels, magazines. The HK4 is a straight-blowback, double-action to single-action pistol, with a round in the chamber, a bullet may be fired by either pulling the trigger or by cocking the hammer and then pulling the trigger. The pistol automatically cocks the hammer after a round is fired, the safety incorporates a decocking mechanism that can safely decock the pistol with a round in the chamber. The hammer is decocked by putting the safety in the position and pulling the trigger. When using center fire cartridges, there is a red marking on the top of the extractor that serves as a chamber loaded indicator and this feature has continued in current H&K pistols. The pistol incorporates a buffer in the frame. The buffer, which is installed in the frame, can be lost during cleaning or can wear out. The pistol is disassembled by removing the magazine, cocking the hammer, a notch inside the front of the trigger guard at the frame must slide down and be held in position while moving the slide slightly forward and then up to detach it from the frame. The barrel can now be removed from the slide, to reassemble the pistol, insert the barrel back in the slide. Place the slide into the guides in the frame, move the slide to the rear to re-seat the slide and lock it in the rearward position on the frame. Pulling the trigger releases the slide into the neutral position, the pistol is converted to the.22 LR configuration by first disassembling the pistol and removing the barrel from the slide
28.
Breech-loading weapon
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A breech-loading gun is a firearm in which the cartridge or shell is inserted or loaded into a chamber integral to the rear portion of a barrel. Modern mass production firearms are breech-loading, early firearms, on the other hand, were almost entirely muzzle-loading. In field artillery, breech loading allows the crew to reload the gun without exposing themselves to fire or repositioning the piece. The main challenge for developers of breech-loading firearms was sealing the breech and this was eventually solved for smaller firearms by the development of the self-contained metallic cartridge. For firearms too large to use cartridges, the problem was solved by the development of the interrupted screw, breech-loading swivel guns were invented in the 14th century. The breech-loading swivel gun had a rate of fire, and was especially effective in anti-personnel roles. Breech-loading firearms are known from the 16th century, Henry VIII possessed one, which he apparently used as a hunting gun to shoot birds. More breech-loading firearms were made in the early 18th century, one such gun known to have belonged to Philip V of Spain, and was manufactured circa 1715, probably in Madrid. It came with a ready-to load reusable cartridge, patrick Ferguson, a British Army officer, developed in 1772 the Ferguson rifle, a breech-loading flintlock firearm. Later on into the century there were attempts in Europe at an effective breech-loader. There were concentrated attempts at improved cartridges and methods of ignition, the cartridge was loaded through the breech and fired with a needle. The needle-activated central-fire breech-loading gun would become a feature of firearms thereafter. The corresponding firearm was also developed by Pauly, Pauly made an improved version, which was protected by a patent on 29 September 1812. In 1846 another Paris Frenchman, Benjamin Houllier, patented the first fully metallic cartridge containing powder in a metallic shell, Houllier commercialised his weapons in association with the gunsmiths Blanchard or Charles Robert. In English-speaking countries the Flobert cartridge corresponds to the.22 BB, the first centrefire cartridge was introduced in 1855 by Pottet, with both Berdan and Boxer priming. The Dreyse Zündnadelgewehr or Dreyse needle gun, was a single-shot breech-loading rifle using a rotating bolt to seal the breech and it was so called because of its. 5-inch needle-like firing pin, which passed through a paper cartridge case to impact a percussion cap at the bullet base. It began development in the 1830s under von Dreyse and eventually a version of it was adopted by Prussia in the late 1840s. The paper cartridge and the gun had numerous deficiencies, specifically, however, the rifle was used to great success in the Prussian army in the Austro-Prussian war of 1866
29.
Remington Model 51
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The Remington Model 51 is a small pocket pistol designed by John Pedersen and manufactured by Remington Arms in the early 20th century for the American civilian market. Remington manufactured approximately 65,000 Model 51 pistols in.32 ACP and.380 ACP calibers from 1918 to 1927, John Pedersen designed or was instrumental in the design of many firearms for the Remington Arms Company. He had worked in concert with John Browning to design the Remington Model 17 which served as the basis for the Remington Model 31, Ithaca 37, Browning BPS and he designed the Pedersen device that converted the M1903 Springfield into an autoloading intermediate-caliber longarm. Pedersen later worked for the US Army and provided competition to John Garand building a rifle to fire a full-power rifle cartridge. His design used innovative wax lubricated cases and a system much like that of the Luger pistol. Made in.380 ACP and later in.32 ACP caliber, while the European market embraced small-caliber pocket pistols, the American market favored revolvers at the time. The complex trigger and safety mechanisms made the more expensive than the Browning-designed competition. Furthermore, Remington was a known for their long arms. The Remington Model 51 also had limited commercial success as it was priced around US$15.75. This was in spite of the claims of it be self aiming due to the advanced approach to ergonomics used by Pedersen. If competing with cheaper single-action blowback autoloaders made sales difficult, the market crash made sales nearly impossible. Impending autoloading pocket pistols like the Walther PPK ended any chance of success by Remington pistols. For the smaller calibers it was made in, blowback operated pistols were cheaper, only slightly heavier, general George S. Patton owned a Remington 51 and was thought to favor the pistol. Despite critical praise, no government or private agency is known to have adopted the Model 51 for use. An anchor proof marking on some pistols has led to the belief that they were US Navy pistols bolstered by the fact that the Navy did indeed recommend a. 45-caliber version for adoption. Some examples are today with inventory numbers, however their provenance is not well known and understood to have numbered one. Subsequently, the Navy ran extensive tests on the M53 and concluded it was “. a simple, rugged and entirely dependable weapon and this served to delay the opening of the breech rather than locking it. The pistol was planned for manufacture but was never produced, the Italian firm Benelli produced limited numbers of B76, B80, and B82 pistols similar to the Rudd pistol however utilizing a lever-delayed blowback system
30.
International Shooting Sport Federation
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The ISSF headquarters is based in Munich, Germany. Shooting sports currently consist of three different disciplines, Pistol, Rifle and Shotgun, each and every one of them includes multiple events, varying for distance from the target, position and type of sport gun. Olympic shooting includes five different pistol events,10 m Air Pistol Men,10 m Air Pistol Women,50 m Pistol Men,25 m Pistol Women,25 m Rapid Fire Pistol Men. For 10 m Air Pistol events, athletes use air pistols loaded with. 177/4.5 mm calibre pellets, for 25 m and 50 m Pistol events, athletes use pistol loaded with. 22/5.6 mm calibre shots. 25 m Pistol Women finals are conducted over two phases, semi-finals and medal matches, also according to the new rules, all Pistol finals start from zero and the qualification score is no longer carried forward into the final. The 10 m Air Pistol Men event is conducted in standing position, athletes reload after each shot, as pistols are single-loaded. The qualifications round consists of 60 shots, while in the elimination-style final athletes can shoot a maximum of 20 shots, following the athletes presentation, the final begins with 2 series of 3 shots, where each series must be fired in 150 seconds. After the first 2 series, a maximum of 14 single shots can be fired, from this point, the lowest-ranked athlete is eliminated after every 2 shots. The final ends up only two athletes left on the line and the last 2 shots deciding the gold medal winner. Tie scores are broken by shoot-offs shots, just like in the men event, the 10 m Air Pistol Women event is conducted in standing position, the target is placed at a distance of 10 meters and athletes reload after each shot. The women qualifications consist of 40 shots, while the final consists of a maximum of 20 shots. The final procedure is very similar to the men event, as it begins with 2 series of 3 shots. After the first 2 series, a maximum of 14 single shots can be fired, from this point, the lowest-ranked athlete is eliminated after every 2 shots. The final ends up only two athletes left on the line, and the last 2 shots deciding the gold medal winner. Ties are broken by shoot-offs shots, the 50 m Pistol Men event is conducted in standing position. The target is placed at a distance of 50 meters and athletes reload after each shot, the qualification round consists of 60 shots and the elimination-style final consists of a maximum of 20 shots. Just like in the two 10 m events the final begins with 2 series of 3 shots, where each series must be fired in 150 seconds. After the first two series, a maximum of 14 single shots can be fired, and in this case each shot must be fired in 50 second, from this point, the lowest-ranked athlete is eliminated after every 2 shots
31.
Caliber conversion sleeve
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The different cartridge must be smaller in some dimensions than the original design cartridge. Alternative names sometimes imply the type of dimensional difference, a chamber insert may be used for a shorter cartridge of similar base diameter. A supplemental chamber or cartridge adapter is used for a shorter cartridge of reduced diameter. A cartridge conversion sleeve may include a short barrel of reduced bore diameter, shotgun conversion sleeves may be called subgauge inserts, subgauge tubes, or gauge reducers. Sleeves intended for rifle or handgun cartridges may have rifled barrels, additional variations may allow centerfire weapons to fire rimfire ammunition and/or retain autoloading function with the smaller cartridge. The simplest conversion is one that alters the length of the used, allowing a shorter. This seats the chamber insert into the front of the chamber, once inserted, the chamber insert will remain in place until removed with the use of a stuck case remover. The most commonly encountered chamber inserts are designed to convert. 30-06 Springfield to the shorter 7. 62×51mm NATO. The next level in complexity involves altering the diameter of the used, typically allowing a short. These are often called supplemental chambers or cartridge adapters, and the entire chamber is treated like a cartridge. Since the barrel of the firearm is used, the caliber of the cartridges must match, cartridge adapters have also been made to use.38 caliber handgun cartridges with bullet diameters of approximately. 357-inch in.35 caliber rifles designed for bullets of. 358-inch diameter. Supplemental chambers in.22 caliber, and potentially.17 caliber as well, pose a special problem not shared by larger calibers. Rimfire cartridges, with their low cost, noise, and recoil, are ideal for use in a supplemental chamber and this means that supplemental chambers that use a rimfire cartridge must also provide a special offset firing pin. This is an insert that fits behind the rimfire cartridge. When this insert is hit by the firing pin, it is pushed forwards. Use of the centerfire to rimfire conversion requires a longer case, the most complete transformation is offered by the caliber conversion sleeve. These include not only a new chamber, but a new barrel as well and these sleeves may be significantly longer than a loaded cartridge, if the length of the parent cartridge is not sufficient to provide the desired performance. Unlike the other types of conversions, this type incorporates rifling to stabilize the bullet
32.
Stopping power
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Stopping power is the ability of a firearm or other weapon to cause enough ballistic trauma to a target to immediately incapacitate the target. This contrasts with lethality in that stopping power only to a weapons ability to incapacitate quickly. Stopping power is related to the properties of the bullet. Critics contend that the importance of one-shot stop statistics is overstated, pointing out that most gun encounters do not involve a shoot once and see how the target reacts situation. Stopping power is caused not by the force of the bullet but by the damaging effects of the bullet, which are typically a loss of blood. This is why in many instances a single wound, with slow blood loss. More immediate effects can result when a bullet damages parts of the nervous system, such as the spine or brain. The importance of hydrostatic shock and of transfer in determining stopping power has long been controversial among gun users. Some have ascribed great importance to hydrostatic shock, some have tried to entirely discount it, in response to addressing stopping power issues, the Mozambique Drill was developed to maximize the likelihood of a targets quick incapacitation. Manstopper is a term used to refer to any combination of firearm and ammunition that can reliably incapacitate, or stop. For example, the.45 ACP pistol round and the.357 Magnum revolver round both have firm reputations as manstoppers, historically, one type of ammunition has had the specific tradename Manstopper. Officially known as the Mk III cartridge, these were made to suit the British Webley.455 service revolver in the early 20th century, the ammunition used a 220-grain cylindrical bullet with hemispherical depressions at both ends. The front acted as a hollow point deforming on impact while the base opened to seal the round in the barrel, some sporting arms are also referred to as stoppers or stopping rifles. These powerful arms are used by game hunters for stopping a suddenly charging animal. The concept of stopping power appeared in the 19th Century when colonial troops at close quarters found that their pistols were not able to stop charging native tribesmen and this led to the introduction or reintroduction of larger caliber weapons capable of stopping opponents with a single round. During the Seymour Expedition in China, at one of the battles at Langfang, Chinese Boxers, armed with swords and spears, charged the British and Americans, who were armed with guns. At point-blank range, one British soldier had to fire four.303 Lee-Metford bullets into a Boxer before he ceased to be a threat, the American Captain Bowman McCalla reported that single rifle shots were not enough, multiple rifle shots were needed to halt a Boxer. Only machine guns were effective in stopping the Boxers
33.
Concealed carry
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Concealed carry, or CCW, refers to the practice of carrying a handgun or other weapon in public in a concealed or hidden manner, either on ones person or in close proximity. While most law enforcement officers carry their duty pistol in a holster, some officers, such as plainclothes detectives or undercover agents. In some countries and jurisdictions, some civilians are legally able or obliged to carry concealed handguns, the practice of CCW is generally prohibited in Canada. Section 90 of the Criminal Code prohibits carrying a concealed weapon unless authorized under the Firearms Act, section 20 of the Firearms Act allows issuance of an Authorization to Carry in limited circumstances. Concealment of the firearm is permitted if it is specifically stipulated in the conditions of the ATC. Provincial chief firearm officers may issue an authorization in accordance with the regulations. Specifically, SOR 98-207 section 2 requires, for an ATC for protection of life, for an individual to be in imminent danger, as such, if the relevant police agency determines its protection is sufficient, the CFO would have difficulty in issuing the ATC over police objections. For issuance of an ATC under 98-207 for lawful occupations, provision is made for armored car personnel under subsection a), for protection and trapping under subsections b). Unless hunting or other activity is occupational, it would not be possible to issue an ATC under the section, as noted, a CFO can exercise some discretion but must follow the law in considering applications for an ATC. To carry a firearm, a person must obtain a D category or an E category gun license, subject to fulfilling the legal requirements, the license is shall issue. Firearms must be carried in concealed manner with the exception of hunters, Open carry may be permitted for special occasions if shooting takes place, such as filming or festivities. 240.000 out of 300.000 gun owners have E type license, concealed-carry licenses are hard to obtain in Mexico. Concealed-carry licenses authorize possession of pistols of up to.380 Automatic Colt Pistol caliber, in the face of rising crime, private citizens arm themselves despite the difficulty of obtaining a proper permit. Concealed carry is legal in most jurisdictions of the United States, a handful of states and jurisdictions severely restrict or ban it, but all jurisdictions make provision for legal concealed carry via a permit or license, or via constitutional carry. Illinois was the last state to pass a law allowing for concealed carry, most states that require a permit have shall-issue statutes, and if a person meets the requirements to obtain a permit, the issuing authority must issue one, with no discretionary power given. However, in Massachusetts, New York, and California, the issuance of the permit is dependent on county, States with may-issue statutes typically allow authorities to issue permits based upon a demonstrated need, such as a job requiring the transport of large sums of money. Retired police officers, judges, and federal agents also may cite a need based on personal security, in practice, the subjective element means that rural jurisdictions typically award many more carry permits than urban ones, including states such as Illinois and California. Further complicating the status of concealed carry is recognition of state permits under the laws of other states
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FEG PA-63
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The FÉG PA-63 is a semi-automatic pistol designed and manufactured by the FÉGARMY Arms Factory of Hungary. FÉGARMY Arms Factory of Hungary started producing Walther PP/PPK clones in the late 1940s starting with their Model 48 which differed from the Walther PPK only in minor details, by the late 1950s FÉG began making broader changes resulting in the PA-63, which uses the 9×18mm Makarov round. It quickly became standard issue to both Hungarian military and police forces, due to its popularity and relative durability FÉG later issued models using.32 ACP and.380 ACP caliber rounds. The military standard PA-63 version sports a two-tone polished aluminum frame with black slide, grips, while unusual for military issue in that a reflective polish was used, it was chosen due to its relative cheapness as well as quicker build time. PA-63s sold in the United States are often advertised as PA-63 Makarov and this can lead some consumers to believe they are purchasing a Makarov PM pistol instead of a different pistol chambered for the same 9×18mm Makarov caliber. There are no parts in common between the FÉG PA-63 and the Makarov PM, the PA-63 design reflects a compromise between police and military needs. The safety/decocking lever, located on the rear of the slide, the 7-round magazine capacity is much lower than many newer service pistol designs. This tendency can be reduced by replacing the stock recoil spring with a stronger one, a lesser known variant of the PA-63 is the AP9. This pistol is almost identical to the PA-63 except that it is chambered in 7. 65mm Browning and is anodized not two toned. Another variant is the PMK-380 which closely resembles the AP9 but is chambered in the.380 ACP cartridge with a blued titanium-aluminum alloy frame, the similarly chambered SMG-380 was also produced, with a black anodized titanium-aluminum alloy frame and blued slide. The Complete Encyclopedia of Pistols and Revolvers, FÉG PA-63 Army Pistol FÉG Model AP9 Pistol, 9mm Attila Pisztoly FÉG Model AP7
35.
.32 S&W
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The.32 S&W cartridge was introduced in 1878 for the Smith & Wesson Model 1 1/2 revolver and shouldnt be confused with the. 32ACP/7. 65×17mmSR Browning. It was originally designed as a powder cartridge. The.32 S&W was offered to the public as a light, defense cartridge, originally designed by the Union Metallic Cartridge Co. as a black powder cartridge using 9 grains of blackpowder, the round has been loaded with smokeless powder exclusively since 1907. It is low powered and perfect for use in small frame concealable revolvers and derringers, the round remained popular in the United States and Europe long after the firearms chambered for it were out of production. At one time it was considered to be the minimum for a self-defense round but was judged unsuitable for police work. These cartridges include the.25 ACP, and the.22 Short, Long, and Long Rifle. For comparison, the minuscule.32 S&W projectile, is over 40% larger in diameter, the.32 S&Ws velocity of approximately 700fps was very close to the.22 long rifles performance from a sub-3in barrel but with this larger diameter and better sectional density. Although the.32 S&Ws round nose bullet was less than optimal for defense and this performance made the.32 S&W, sometimes referred to as.32 Short, very popular as a gentlemans vest gun. The.32 S&W Long cartridge is derived from the.32 S&W, by increasing the overall case length. Leon Czolgosz used an Iver Johnson revolver chambered in.32 S&W to assassinate President William McKinley on September 6,1901, McKinley was shot twice in the abdomen at close range, and although he did not die immediately he eventually succumbed to gangrene on September 14
36.
.32 S&W Long
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The.32 S&W Long is a straight-walled, centerfire, rimmed handgun cartridge, based on the earlier.32 S&W cartridge. It was introduced in 1896 for Smith & Wessons first-model Hand Ejector revolver, Colt called it the.32 Colt New Police in revolvers it made chambered for the cartridge. The.32 S&W Long was introduced in 1896 with the companys first hand ejector revolver, the.32 Long is simply a lengthened version of the earlier.32 S&W. The hand ejector design has evolved some, but with its swing out cylinder on a crane, has been the basis for every S&W revolver designed since, in 1896, the cartridge was loaded with black powder. In 1903 the small hand ejector was updated with a new design, the cartridge stayed the same, but was now loaded with smokeless powder to roughly the same chamber pressure. When he was the New York City Police Commissioner, Theodore Roosevelt standardized the use of the Colt New Police revolver. The cartridge was adopted by several other northeastern U. S. police departments. The.32 Long is well known as an accurate cartridge. This reputation led Police Commissioner Roosevelt to select it as an expedient way to increase accuracy with their revolvers in New York City. The Colt company referred to the.32 S&W Long cartridge as the.32 Colts New Police cartridge, concurrent with the conversion of the Colt New Police revolver from.32 Long Colt. The cartridges are identical with the exception that the.32 NP cartridge has been historically loaded with a flat nosed bullet as opposed to the round nose of the.32 S&W Long. In the United States, it is usually older revolvers which are chambered in this caliber, the cartridge has mostly fallen out of use due to smaller revolvers chambered in.38 S&W Special being more effective for self-defense. The sporting variant of the Manurhin MR73, also known as MR32, is chambered in.32 S&W Long. The IOF.32 Revolver manufactured by the Ordnance Factories Organization in India for civilian licence holders is chambered for this cartridge. The.32 S&W Long headspaces on the rim and shares the rim dimensions and case and bullet diameters of the shorter.32 S&W cartridge, the shorter.32 S&W may be fired in handguns chambered for the.32 S&W Long, and the. The.32 S&W Long and.32 Long Colt are not interchangeable, at one time it was widely publicized that these rounds would interchange, but in truth it has never been deemed safe to do so. List of handgun cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges 8 mm caliber S&W Model 30
37.
.32 H&R Magnum
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The.32 H&R Magnum is a rimmed cartridge designed for use in revolvers. It was developed in 1984 as a joint venture between Harrington & Richardson and Federal Cartridge, the.32 H&R Magnum is produced by lengthening the.32 S&W Long case by.155, to 1.075. The.32 H&R Magnum offers substantially more performance than other.32 caliber handgun cartridges, such as the.32 ACP and its higher velocity offers a flat trajectory, while the light weight of the bullets results in low recoil. The older. 32-20 Winchester was extremely popular in the Winchester lever- and Colt single-actions, available at the turn of the century, the.32 H&R offers near duplicate performance. Penetration is also increased compared to the.38 special with bullets of the same weight, max pressure for the.32 H&R Mag is set at 21,000 CUP by SAAMI. The.327 Federal Magnum is based on the.32 H&R Magnum, though the.32 H&R was not designed with a particular task in mind, it is fairly well suited to small game hunting. It is also an acceptable self-defense cartridge and it is not generally considered a good plinking cartridge, due to high cost and poor availability of ammunition, but reloading can mitigate those issues. Many handgun hunters use the.22 Winchester rimfire magnum with great success in hunting small to small-medium game, up to coyote in size. The.32 H&R magnum offers increased stopping power due to its heavier bullets and larger caliber, in 2013, Hornady introduced a.32 H&R magnum Critical Defense cartridge designed for self-defense. It propels an 80 grain FTX, bullet at 1,150 fps muzzle velocity, buffalo Bore offers +P rated cartridges with either a 100 gr JHP or a 130 gr. Longer cartridges are unsafe in short chambers, so more powerful.32 H&R Magnum cartridges should never be loaded into arms designed for the.32 S&W or.32 S&W Long, american Derringer, Bond Arms, and Cobra Firearms offer derringers in.32 H&R Magnum. Thompson Center Arms offered their Contender pistol in it as well, Marlin offers the Model 1894CB lever-action rifle in.32 H&R Magnum. Unlike other Marlin 1894s, the 1894CB loads from the front of the tubular 10-shot magazine, like their Model 39A rimfire rifle, and has a faster, 10% shorter throw lever action
38.
Semiwadcutter
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A semiwadcutter or SWC is a type of all-purpose bullet commonly used in revolvers. The SWC combines features of the wadcutter target bullet and traditional round nosed revolver bullets, full wadcutters frequently have problems feeding from magazines reliably in automatics, so SWCs may be used when a true WC is desired but cannot be used for this reason. The basic SWC design consists of a conical nose, truncated with a flat point. The base of the cone is smaller in diameter than the cylinder. The SWC design offers better ballistics than the wadcutter, as its conical nose produces less drag than the flat cylinder. A typical modification is to alter the conical section to make the sides concave, to reduce the mass, or convex. B shows a concave sided SWC, typical of a lightweight.45 ACP bullet used in bullseye shooting, some of the most famous SWC designs were developed by Elmer Keith for use in handgun hunting. These designs use a front, and convex sides on the cone in front. This puts more weight in the front of the bullet, allowing a heavier bullet with no reduction in case capacity, the choice of bullet for the.357 Magnum cartridge varied during its development. Winchester, however, upon experimenting further during the development, modified the Sharpe bullet shape slightly. The final choice of bullet for the.357 Magnum was thus based on the earlier Keith and Sharpe bullets, the Keith style SWC has been taken even further, to produce designs that are nearly wadcutters in shape, but are intended for large game hunting with handguns. These have nearly cylindrical noses, which are as long as the chamber allows. The massive nose provides a surface area for producing large wound channels, resulting in rapid incapacitation. The wide nose is less prone to deformation than a nose, allowing the bullet to keep its shape. Originally Keith specified a meplat that was 65% of the bullet caliber, the wide forward driving band helps keep the bullet aligned as it jumps across the cylinder gap. Because of the three equal width driving bands, the total bearing surface is greater than half the overall length of the bullet. This large bearing surface helps the Keith-style SWC to be an inherently accurate bullet, the wide square bottom grease groove holds ample lubricant. Reloading the.44 Magnum by Patrick Sweeney, Handguns magazine
39.
W. W. Greener
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Greener is a sporting shotgun and rifle manufacturer from England. The company produced its first firearm in 1829 and is still in business, Greener begins in 1829, when William Greener, who had been working in London for Manton, a prominent gun maker, returned to his hometown of Newcastle and founded the W. Greener company. In November 1844, he determined that most of the materials and components he used for gun making came from Birmingham, hence, he moved his business from Newcastle to Birmingham. During the period of 1845-58, W. Greener was appointed to make guns for Prince Albert, money obtained from supplying South Africa with two-groove rifles enabled the company to erect a factory on Rifle Hill, Aston, in 1859. It was around this time that the company began to really prosper, Greener was a firm believer in the concept of muzzleloaders and refused to make any breechloaders. Hence, his son, William Wellington Greener, struck out a line of his own, when William Greener died in 1869, the two companies were amalgamated together as the W. W. Greener Company, and carried on by William Wellington Greener, William Wellington Greener was responsible for several innovations, as described in the sections below, and it was on the strength of his inventions that the company became famous. Greener, the company established offices in Birmingham, London, Hull, Montreal, William Wellington Greener was succeeded by two of his sons, Harry Greener and Charles Greener. Leyton Greener, Harrys son and fourth generation took over as Chairman in 1951 and today the company has a generation, Graham Greener. Production of Greener weapons started in 1829, when W. Greener began manufacturing his muzzleloaders, W. Greener was the first to discard vent holes in breeches. He was also instrumental in improving the hardness and quality of barrels and he also improved the Harpoon Gun and his model was the one adopted by the Scottish Fisheries, and is still in use today. His greatest innovation was the invention of the rifle bullet. In 1845-59, W. Greener was appointed to make sporting guns for the Prince Consort, in the 1851 London Exhibition, the company received the highest award for guns and barrels perfectly forged and finished. In 1853 and 1855, the company received Silver medals at the New York City, the companys products were also sold for as much as 75 pounds, in the Southern states of America, before the Civil War. Since W. Greener did not believe in breechloaders, his son, in 1864, he produced his first patent, an under-lever pin-fire half-cocking breechloader with a top bolt entering the barrel underneath the top rib. When W. Greener died in 1869, his son W. W, Greener merged the two companies into one. His next patent was the striker, followed by a famous cross-bolt mechanism produced as a single top bolt. In 1873, this mechanism was combined with the bottom holding down bolts to produce the Treble Wedge-Fast breech action
40.
.22 Long Rifle
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The.22 Long Rifle rimfire cartridge is a long-established variety of ammunition, and in terms of units sold is still by far the most common in the world today. The cartridge is often referred to simply as.22 LR and various rifles, pistols, revolvers, and even some smoothbore shotguns have been manufactured in this caliber. American firearms manufacturer J. Stevens Arms & Tool Company introduced the cartridge in 1887 by combining the casing of the.22 Long with the 40-grain bullet of the.22 Extra Long. The round owes its origin to the Flobert BB cap of 1845 through the.22 Smith & Wesson cartridge of 1857 and it is one of the few cartridges that are accepted by a large variety of rifles, as well as pistols. The.22 Long Rifle and related cartridges use a bullet, which means that the bullet is the same diameter as the case. Low cost, minimal recoil, and relatively low noise make the.22 LR an ideal cartridge for recreational shooting, initial training, small-game hunting. Used by Boy Scouts for the rifle shooting merit badge, the cartridge is popular among novice shooters, a wide variety of rimfire ammunition is available commercially, and the available ammunition varies widely both in price and performance. Bullet weights among commercially available range from 20 to 60 grains. Promotional loads for plinking can be purchased in bulk for significantly less cost than precision target rounds, the low cost of ammunition has a substantial effect on the popularity of the.22 LR. For this reason, rimfire cartridges are used for target practice. The low recoil of the cartridge makes it ideal for introductory firearms courses, novice shooters can be surprised or frightened by the recoil of more powerful rounds. Beginners shooting firearms beyond their comfort level frequently develop a habit of flinching in an attempt to counter anticipated recoil, the resulting habit impedes correct posture and follow-through at the most critical phase of the shot and is difficult to correct. With high recoil eliminated, other errors in marksmanship technique are easier to identify, available for this round are AR-15 upper receivers and M1911 slide assemblies. Many handgun manufacturers have an upper pistol conversion kit to make it shoot.22 ammunition and these rimfire conversions allow shooters to practice inexpensively while retaining the handling characteristics of their chosen firearms. Additionally.22 conversion kits allow practice at indoor ranges which prohibit high-power firearms, annual production is estimated by some at 2–2.5 billion rounds. The NSSF estimates that half of the US production of 10 billion cartridges is composed of. 22LR, performance varies between barrel length and the type of action. For example, bolt-action rifles may perform differently from semiautomatic rifles, the.22 LR is effective to 150 yd, though practical ranges tend to be less. After 150 yd, the ballistics of the round are such that it will be difficult to compensate for the large drop, the relatively short effective range, low report, and light recoil has made it a favorite for use as a target-practice cartridge
41.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
42.
.380 ACP
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The.380 ACP is a rimless, straight-walled pistol cartridge developed by firearms designer John Moses Browning. The cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case and it was introduced in 1908 by Colt, for use in its new Colt Model 1908 pocket hammerless semi-automatic, and has been a popular self-defense cartridge ever since, seeing wide use in numerous handguns. Other names for.380 ACP include.380 Auto, 9mm Browning, 9mm Corto, 9mm Kurz, 9mm Short and it is not to be confused with.38 ACP, 9mm Ultra, 9mm Makarov or 9mm Parabellum. The.380 ACP cartridge was derived from Brownings earlier 9×20mm semi-rimmed design, the.380 ACP was designed to be truly rimless, with headspace on the case mouth instead of the rim for better accuracy. These relatively low-powered designs were intended for blowback pistols which lacked a barrel locking mechanism, a drawback of the blowback system is that it requires a certain amount of slide mass to counter the recoil of the round used. Blowback weapons can be made in larger than.380 ACP. There have also some relatively diminutive submachine guns, such as the Ingram MAC-11. The.380 ACP has experienced widespread use in the years since its introduction. In 1914, it was used by Gavrilo Princip to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia and it was also used extensively by Germany, who captured or purchased hundreds of thousands of pistols in this caliber during World War II. Popular German built commercial models, such as the Walther PPK were very popular with German officers, the Italian Army used the Beretta M1934, but the Italian Air Force and Navy stuck with the 7. 65mm/.32 ACP when they adopted the Beretta M1935. It was widely used by forces in Europe until at least the 1980s when more powerful 9×19mm handguns began to replace it in this market as well. It does find some use as a backup gun due to the small and easily concealable size of the weapons that chambered it. The.380 ACP round is suitable for situations as a choice for concealed carry pistols. It was the used in Defense Distributeds Wiki Weapon project to successfully 3D print a firearm. The.380 ACP is compact and light, but has a short range. According to gun author Massad Ayoob, Some experts will say its barely adequate, even so, it remains a popular self-defense cartridge for shooters who want a lightweight pistol with manageable recoil and/or smaller pistol. It is slightly less powerful than a standard-pressure.38 Special, the heaviest bullet that can be safely loaded into the.380 ACP is 115 grains, though the standard has long been 85,90 or 95 grains. The wounding potential of bullets is often characterized in terms of a bullets expanded diameter, penetration depth, bullet energy for.380 ACP loads varies from roughly 190 to 220 foot-pounds force
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CZ 82
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The Česká zbrojovka Vz.82 is a compact semi-automatic pistol made for the Czechoslovakian military. Vz is an abbreviation for vzor, which translates to model, a civilian export version is called the CZ83. Manufactured by the Czechoslovak firm Česká zbrojovka the vz.82 replaced the 7. 62×25mm Tokarev vz.52 pistol in Czechoslovak military service in 1983 and it is a compact, single/double-action, semi-automatic pistol with a conventional blowback action. This type of action allows the barrel to remain solidly fixed to the frame, the low bore axis of the vz.82 provides for less muzzle rise and quicker follow-up shots. For added convenience, both the frame-mounted thumb safety and the release are ambidextrous. The vz.82 was the first service pistol to both these features. The bore is chrome plated, which gives it three advantages, longer life, resistance to rust from the use of corrosive ammunition. Another feature of this pistol is the use of rifling in the barrel bore. This replaces the traditional lands and grooves rifling design with a rounded, smooth polygonal pattern which has a more hills, the vz.82 had museum interest as a curio and relic. The Vz.82 was made in 9×18mm only while the CZ83 is available in a variety of finishes, the standard Vz.82 magazine fits the CZ-83 in.380 ACP without alteration
44.
SIG Sauer P230
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The SIG Sauer P230 is a small, semi-automatic handgun chambered in.32 ACP or.380 Auto. It was designed by SIG Sauer of Ekenforde, Germany and it was imported into the USA by SIGARMS in 1985. In 1996 it was replaced by the model P232, the design and function of the P230 is of the simple fixed barrel, straight blow-back configuration. It has a reputation as a firearm, and competes with the smaller Walther PPK. With its relatively narrow slide and frame it can be carried in a holster or beneath body armor. The P230 was available in blued and all-stainless finishes. The blued version features a steel slide and a matching, anodized aluminum frame. Both versions came with a polymer, wrap-around grip that is contoured to give the shooter a comfortable. The trigger comes from the factory with a 24 newtons single-action pull, pulling back the slide sets the hammer backwards and downwards to its single-action position, making for a very short trigger pull, with minimal take-up. The double-action pull is longer and more stiff and it has no external safeties, though it does have a de-cocking lever positioned just above the right-handed shooters thumb, on the left side of the grip. In order for the round to discharge, the full double-action pull would have to be completed, in addition, the SIG P232 has an automatic firing pin safety. The sights are of the traditional SIG design and configuration, with a dot on the front sight, to aim using the sights, the shooter simply aligns the dot over the rectangle. The magazine release is located behind and below the floor plate. The magazine is released by pushing the lever towards the rear of the grip, at which point the magazine can be removed from the pistol. Due to its dimensions, it is easily carried as a backup weapon or as a concealed carry handgun, holding 8 +1 rounds of.32 ACP or 7 +1 rounds of.380 ACP. A special police model was available, chambered in 9mm Police, actually a 9×18mm casing, which is very similar to 9mm Kurz but slightly more powerful
