1.
Weatherby
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Weatherby, Inc. is an American gun manufacturer founded in 1945 by Roy Weatherby. The company is best known for its high-powered magnum cartridges, such as the.257 Weatherby Magnum,270 Weatherby Magnum.300 Weatherby Magnum.340 Weatherby Magnum, company headquarters is in the northern San Luis Obispo County town of Paso Robles, California. The original production rifles by Roy Weatherby were built on commercial Mauser actions by FN, Brevex, for bespoke rifles, Weatherby would build to a customers specifications, using any action the customer wanted, provided it was strong enough for the desired cartridge. For many years, Weatherby manufactured his rifles at his facility in South Gate. But in 1956, he contracted with Sako to build his production rifles on Weatherby-FN Mauser actions, custom rifles were still produced in South Gate, however. Weatherbys first break with Mauser actions came in 1956 when he commissioned the Danish firm of Schultz & Larsen to build 378 Weatherby Magnums utilizing their Model 54 bolt action and this action was very stout and featured four rear locking lugs. Many of its features would find their way into Weatherbys proprietary bolt action, built to withstand the hottest of Weatherbys experimental cartridges. The first Weatherby Mark V actions were manufactured in the U. S. by Pacific Founders, Inc. demand for the Mark V quickly exceeded Weatherbys manufacturing capability, so the company contracted with J. P. Sauer in West Germany to build production Mark V rifles. Manufacturing of the Mark V remained there until the early 1970s when material, some say the machining and finishing of the Howa made Mark Vs was actually better than the Sauer made guns. In 1995, manufacturing of the Mark V was moved back to the United States, the Mark V action remained relatively unchanged during the first five years of production. Shortly after, manufacturing moved from PFI in the U. S. to J. P. Sauer in Germany, in addition, the safety was redesigned and moved from the receiver to the bolt, which was changed from a smooth to a fluted surface. The first major change came in 1963 when Weatherby designed a shorter and more trim Mark V action for their 224 Weatherby Magnum varmint round, the bolt in this smaller Mark V action only had six locking lugs, versus the nine found on its bigger brother. Rifles chambered for the new 224 Wby Magnum were dubbed Varmintmaster, the Varmintmaster was later offered in 22-250 Remington, making this the first non-Weatherby cartridge offered in the Mark V. In 1967, the 9-lug Mark V action was offered for the first time in 30-06 and these two cartridges, the 30-06 and 22-250, remained the only two non-Weatherby chamberings offered in production Mark V rifles until the mid-1990s. Today, all standard calibers are only offered in 6-lug versions of the action. This makes 9-lug, 30-06 Mark Vs somewhat of a rarity, in the late 1960s, Weatherby contracted with Howa of Japan to build a Weatherby rifle that would be more affordable for the average hunter. The result was the Weatherby Vanguard which was introduced in 1970, the Vanguard is now available in select Weatherby magnum calibers. Today, Weatherby still offers only two lines of centerfire rifles, the Mark V and the Vanguard, the Mark V barreled action is manufactured by ATEK in Brainerd, MN while the barrel and action for the Vanguard are still manufactured by Howa in Japan
2.
Bullet
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The word bullet is a firearm term. A bullet is a projectile expelled from the barrel of a firearm, the term is from Middle French and originated as the diminutive of the word boulle which means small ball. Bullets are made of a variety of materials and they are available singly as they would be used in muzzle loading and cap and ball firearms, as part of a paper cartridge, and much more commonly as a component of metallic cartridges. Bullets are made in a numbers of styles and constructions depending on how they will be used. Many bullets have specialized functions, such as hunting, target shooting, training, defense, a bullet is not a cartridge. In paper and metallic cartridges a bullet is one component of the cartridge, bullet sizes are expressed by their weight and diameter in both English and Metric measurement systems. For example.22 caliber 55 grain bullets or 5. 56mm 55 grain bullets are the same caliber, the word bullet is often used colloquially to refer to a cartridge, which is a combination of the bullet, paper or metallic case/shell, powder, and primer. This use of bullet, when cartridge is intended, leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended, the bullets used in many cartridges are fired at a muzzle velocity faster than the speed of sound. Meaning they are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance, bullet speed through air depends on a number of factors such as barometric pressure, humidity, air temperature, and wind speed. Subsonic cartridges fire bullets slower than the speed of sound and so there is no sonic crack and this means that a subsonic cartridge such as.45 ACP can be effectively suppressed to be substantially quieter than a supersonic cartridge such as the.223 Remington. Bullets do not normally contain explosives, but damage the target by impact. The first use of gunpowder in Europe was recorded in 1247 and it had been used in China for hundreds of years. Later in 1364 hand cannon appeared, early projectiles were made of stone. Stone was used in cannon and hand cannon, in cannon it was eventually found that stone would not penetrate stone fortifications which gave rise to the use of heavier metals for the round projectiles. Hand cannon projectiles developed in a similar following the failure of stone from siege cannon. The first recorded instance of a ball from a hand cannon penetrating armor occurred in 1425. In this photograph of shot retrieved from the wreck of the Mary Rose which was sunk in 1545, the round shot are clearly of different sizes and some are stone while others are cast iron. The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles, bullet is derived from the French word boulette, which roughly means little ball
3.
Rifling
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In firearms, rifling consists of helical grooves in the internal surface of a guns barrel, which impart a spin to a projectile around its long axis. This spin serves to stabilize the projectile, improving its aerodynamic stability. Rifling is often described by its twist rate, which indicates the distance the rifling takes to complete one revolution, such as 1 turn in 10 inches. A shorter distance indicates a faster twist, meaning that for a given velocity the projectile will be rotating at a spin rate. Barrels intended for long, small-diameter bullets, such as the ultra-low-drag, 80-grain 0.223 inch bullets, extremely long projectiles such as flechettes may require high twist rates, these projectiles must be inherently stable, and are often fired from a smoothbore barrel. Muskets were smoothbore, large caliber weapons using ball-shaped ammunition fired at low velocity. Due to the high cost and great difficulty of manufacturing, and the need to load readily from the muzzle. Consequently, on firing the ball bounced off the sides of the barrel when fired, barrel rifling was invented in Augsburg, Germany in 1498. In 1520 August Kotter, an armourer of Nuremberg, Germany improved upon this work, though true rifling dates from the mid-16th century, it did not become commonplace until the nineteenth century. The most successful weapons using rifling with black powder were breech loaders such as the Queen Anne pistol, the grooves most commonly used in modern rifling have fairly sharp edges. More recently, polygonal rifling, a throwback to the earliest types of rifling, has become popular, polygonal barrels tend to have longer service lives because the reduction of the sharp edges of the land reduces erosion of the barrel. Supporters of polygonal rifling also claim higher velocities and greater accuracy, polygonal rifling is currently seen on pistols from CZ, Heckler & Koch, Glock, Tanfoglio, and Kahr Arms, as well as the Desert Eagle. Such guns have achieved significant increases in velocity and range. Examples include the South African G5 and the German PzH2000, gain-twist rifling begins with very little change in the projectiles angular momentum during the first few inches of bullet travel after ignition during the transition from chamber to throat. This enables the bullet to remain undisturbed and trued to the case mouth. After engaging the rifling the bullet is progressively subjected to accelerated angular momentum as burning powder propels it down the barrel. By only gradually increasing the rate, torque is spread along a much longer section of barrel. Gain-twist rifling was used as early as the American Civil War, colt Army and Navy revolvers both employed gain-twist rifling
4.
Primer (firearms)
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In firearm ballistics, the primer is a component of pistol, rifle, and shotgun rounds. Early primers were simply the same black powder used to fire the weapon and this external powder was connected though a tube in the barrel that led to the main charge. As powder wont burn when wet, this led to difficulty, or even the inability, modern primers are shock sensitive chemicals. In smaller weapons the primer is usually integrated into the rear of a cartridge, in larger weapons like cannon the primer is a separate component placed inside the barrel to the rear of the main propellant charge. The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is igniting the propellant, the earliest firearms were cannons, which were simple closed tubes. There was an aperture, the touchhole, drilled in the closed end of the tube. This hole was filled with finely ground powder, which was ignited with a hot ember or torch. With the advent of firearms, this became an undesirable way of firing a gun. The first attempt to make the process of firing a small arm easier was the matchlock, the matchlock incorporated a lock that was actuated by a trigger, originally called a tricker. The lock was a lever which pivoted when pulled. The match was a burning fuse made of plant fibers that were soaked in a solution of nitrates, charcoal, and sulfur. This slow-match was ignited before the gun was needed, and it would slowly burn, after the gun was loaded and the touchhole primed with powder, the burning tip of the match was positioned so that the lock would bring it into contact with the touchhole. To fire the gun, it was aimed and the trigger pulled and this brought the match down to the touchhole, igniting the powder. With careful attention the slow-burning match could be burning for long periods of time. The next revolution in technology was the wheel-lock. It used a spring-loaded, serrated steel wheel which rubbed against a piece of iron pyrite, a key was used to wind the wheel and put the spring under tension. Once tensioned, the wheel was held in place by a trigger, when the trigger was pulled, the serrated edge of the steel rubbed against the pyrite, generating sparks. These sparks were directed into a pan, called the flash pan, the flashpan usually was protected by a spring-loaded cover that would slide out of the way when the trigger was pulled, exposing the powder to the sparks
5.
.416 Rigby
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The.416 Rigby or 10. 6×74mm was designed in 1911 by John Rigby, of John Rigby & Company, as a dangerous game cartridge. It is the first to use a bullet with a diameter of 10.6 millimetres, the rifles, as built by John Rigby & Co. Other famous users of the cartridge were Commander David Enderby Blunt, John Taylor, two major developments at the turn of the 20th century set the course for the development of the.416 Rigby as a successful rifle cartridge. The first was the development of cordite in the United Kingdom in 1889, prior to the invention of cordite, rifles used gunpowder as a propellant. Due to the characteristics of black powder it did not produce high pressures. Big-bore cartridges of the era were the 4-bore, 6-bore and 8-bore rifles cartridges, sub 12. 7-millimetre caliber were considered small-bore cartridges. The development of smokeless powder revolutionized the rifle, one version of this smokeless powder developed in the U. K. was cordite which allowed higher pressures to be developed and thereby increasing the velocity of bullets. The invention of smokeless powder rendered the big bore rifles of the era obsolete, with the emergence of cordite as a propellant what was considered a big bore cartridge changed to any cartridge having a caliber of over 11.6 millimetres. The switch during World War I to modern smokeless powders would cause what constituted a big bore to be refined to mean any cartridge over 10.2 millimetres. The next improvement was the development of the Gewehr 98 rifle by Paul Mauser, the rifle design would go on to become the most common and successful rifle design in the history of firearms. During World War II most Axis and Allied nations with the exception of the British, and the Russians used rifles based on the Mauser 98 action. Today this is still the most popular design and is used to this day by Mauser, Dumoulin-Herstal, CZ, Holland & Holland, Kimber, Rigby. The Mauser 98 action provided the consumers and gun makers an inexpensive alternative to the double and single shot rifles which until that time predominated the dangerous game hunting scene. At the turn of the 20th Century, three major British rifle manufacturers, Jeffery, Westley-Richards and John Rigby & Co, the result was the.404 Jeffery.425 Westley-Richards and the.416 Rigby. While these cartridges were considered to be the new medium bore cartridges during their day, the performance of these cartridges was due to the sectional density and higher velocity. The first.416 Rigby rifles used the Magnum Mauser Square Bridge No.5 action, the large bolt face and the length of the Magnum Mauser No.5 action was easily adopted for use with the.416 Rigby cartridge. As the Magnum Mauser action became scarcer after World War II.416 Rigby rifles were built on Enfield P-17, both the BRNO and the Enfield P-17 actions are in turn based on the Mauser 98 rifle. After World War II with the dwindling of areas to hunt dangerous game, interest in the.416 Rigby cartridge, between 1912 and the beginning of World War II, John Rigby & Co. produced 169.416 Rigby rifles and 180 between 1939 and 1984
6.
.375 H&H Magnum
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The.375 Holland & Holland Magnum is a medium-bore rifle cartridge. The.375 H&H was only the second ever to feature a belt. On these new rimless cartridges the belt replaced the rim in ensuring the correct headspace, the British company Holland & Holland introduced the cartridge in 1912 as the.375 Belted Rimless Nitro-Express. It initially used cordite propellant which was made in long strands – hence the shape of this cartridge. The.375 H&H often is cited as one of the most useful all-round rifle cartridges, especially in shooting large and dangerous game. In many regions with thick-skinned dangerous game animals, the.375 H&H is seen as the minimum acceptable caliber, and in many places it is now the legal minimum for hunting such game. African game guides, professional hunters, and cullers of dangerous game have repeatedly voted the.375 H&H as their preference for an all-round caliber if they could only have one rifle. The 9. 5×57mm Mannlicher–Schönauer cartridge had a influence on British rifle manufacturers and was soon adopted by Westley Richards. In an effort to compete, Holland & Holland introduced the. 400/375 Belted Nitro Express, the. 400/375 H&H as it is sometimes known was the first cartridge manufactured to feature a belt. The addition of a belt to a cartridge design provided the advantage of allowing for correct headspacing of highly tapered cartridges. The introduction of the 9. 3×62mm Mauser cartridge in 1905 had a profound, compared to the British double rifles, the Mauser was a far cheaper rifle to manufacture and therefore cheaper to acquire. The double rifles gained little from industrialization whereas the Mauser rifles had gained from production due to contracts to produce military rifles for many countries. The result was cheap magazine rifles capable of firing one of the very best candidates for the all round hunting cartridge in Africa. The influence of Mausers 98 action should not be understated, British gunmakers such as Rigby were purchasing the Mauser 98 actions for use in their own rifles with their own cartridges. The 9. 3×62mm demonstrated that it was adequate for everything from the Elephant to the dik-dik and had acquired a reputation to match and this trend did not go unnoticed by British rifle manufacturers. Secondly, the cartridge would require a high velocity so as to provide this penetration at extended ranges, the high velocity of the cartridge would have the added advantage of serving as a marketing tool. Thirdly, the cartridge must function reliably through a rifle in tropical conditions. Holland & Holland had determined that to provide adequate penetration a bullet with the sectional density similar to the 9. 3×62mm required impact velocities of about 2,150 ft/s, drawing from anecdotal evidence of hunters it was also determined that high velocities provided impressive kills on game
7.
Federal Premium Ammunition
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Federal Premium Ammunition, a wholly owned subsidiary of Vista Outdoor Inc. is located in Anoka, Minnesota. With a work force of nearly 1,500, Federal manufactures shotshell, centerfire, on April 27,1922, Charles L. Horn took control of a small plant in Anoka, Minnesota and refounded Federal Cartridge Corporation. Horn launched a plan that involved merchandising Federal products in grocery stores, barbers shops. In 1941, Federal earned a contract from the U. S. government to build. Federal ranked 59th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts, Horn introduced Federals Premium line of centerfire rifle and shotshell ammunition. Federal also owned Hoffman Engineering, a company that made electronic enclosures, in 1985, Federal was sold to a group of private investors including Kelso & Company, BancBoston Capital, and members of management. The two companies were united under the name Federal-Hoffman, Inc and taken private during the sale, Federal-Hoffman have since split, and Federal is currently owned by Vista Outdoor. Vista Outdoor group, formerly a group of outdoor and sporting companies owned by Alliant Techsystems, was spun off from Alliant Techsystems in February 2015, Federal Cartridge does business today as Federal Premium Ammunition. The HST380 Auto Micro was designed for self-defense and use in small pistols such as the Smith & Wesson Bodyguard and it has a nickel-plated casing and special primer that improve its reliability in semi-automatic handguns. It weighs 99 grains and has a deep, tapered hollow-point in order to provide consistent expansion and this ammunition does not meet the FBI Ammunition Testing Protocol. Using the same sized test barrel, it measures 235 foot-pounds of muzzle energy, hydra-Shok is a type of cartridge with expanding bullets made by. It was originally patented by Federal Premium bullet designer Tom Burczynski, hydra-Shok was introduced in 1988 after the FBI requested a bullet with better terminal ballistics than traditional cup and core projectiles. Hydra-Shok ammunition has a patented center-post design and notched jacket with a lead core. Together they are meant to more reliable expansion and deeper penetration than the other projectiles used at that time. Federal Premium claims that the jacket and center post design provide a programmed expansion. There has been debate regarding the bullets unreliable expansion when fired through clothing or media other than ballistic gelatin. Federal Premium announced a. 30-30 Winchester version of its Vital-Shok Trophy Copper ammunition for medium-sized game in August 2015 and these bullets are tipped with polymer inserts in order to effect rapid expansion and retain 99 percent of their mass after expanding. The one percent loss of mass is due mostly to shedding the polymer tip, the case of this cartridge is nickel-plated to make extraction easier and prevent corrosion
8.
Gram
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The gram is a metric system unit of mass. Originally defined as the weight of a volume of pure water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of a metre. The only unit symbol for gram that is recognised by the International System of Units is g following the numeric value with a space, the SI does not support the use of abbreviations such as gr, gm or Gm. The word gramme was adopted by the French National Convention in its 1795 decree revising the system as replacing the gravet introduced in 1793. Its definition remained that of the weight of a centimetre of water. French gramme was taken from the Late Latin term gramma and this word, ultimately from Greek γράμμα letter had adopted a specialised meaning in Late Antiquity of one twenty-fourth part of an ounce, corresponding to about 1.14 grams. This use of the term is found in the carmen de ponderibus et mensuris composed around 400 AD, the gram was the fundamental unit of mass in the 19th-century centimetre–gram–second system of units. The gram is today the most widely used unit of measurement for non-liquid ingredients in cooking and grocery shopping worldwide. 1 gram =15.4323583529 grains 1 grain =0.06479891 grams 1 avoirdupois ounce =28.349523125 grams 1 troy ounce =31.1034768 grams 100 grams =3.527396195 ounces 1 gram =5 carats 1 gram =8. 1 gram is roughly equal to 1 small paper clip or pen cap, the Japanese 1 yen coin has a mass of one gram. Conversion of units Duella Gold gram Orders of magnitude Gram at Encyclopædia Britannica
9.
Grain (unit)
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A grain is a unit of measurement of mass, and, for the troy grain, equal to exactly 7001647989100000000♠64.79891 milligrams. It is nominally based upon the mass of a seed of a cereal. From the Bronze Age into the Renaissance the average masses of wheat, rather, expressions such as thirty-two grains of wheat, taken from the middle of the ear appear to have been ritualistic formulas, essentially the premodern equivalent of legal boilerplate. Another book states that Captain Henry Kater, of the British Standards Commission, the grain was the legal foundation of traditional English weight systems, and is the only unit that is equal throughout the troy, avoirdupois, and apothecaries systems of mass. The unit was based on the weight of a grain of barley. The fundamental unit of the pre-1527 English weight system known as Tower weights, was a different sort of known as the wheat grain. The Tower wheat grain was defined as exactly 45⁄64 of a troy grain.79891 milligrams, 7000100000000000000♠1 gram is approximately 7001154323600000000♠15.43236 grains. The unit formerly used by jewellers to measure pearls, diamonds, or other stones, called the jewellers grain or pearl grain, is equal to 1⁄4 of a carat. The grain was also the name of a traditional French unit equal to 6995531150000000000♠53.115 mg. In both British Imperial and U. S. customary units, there are precisely 7,000 grains per avoirdupois pound, the grain is commonly used to measure the mass of bullets and propellants. The term also refers to a particle of gunpowder, the size of which varies according to requirements. In archery, the grain is the unit used to weigh arrows. In dentistry, gold foil, used as a material to restore teeth, is measured in grains, in North America, the hardness of water is often measured in grains per US gallon of calcium carbonate equivalents. Otherwise, water hardness is measured in the metric unit parts per million, one grain per US gallon is approximately 6995171000000000000♠17.1 ppm. Soft water contains 1–4 gpg of calcium carbonate equivalents, while hard water contains 11–20 gpg, though no longer recommended, grains are still used occasionally in medicine as part of the apothecaries system, especially in prescriptions for older medicines such as aspirin or phenobarbital. For example, the dosage of a standard 6996325000000000000♠325 mg tablet of aspirin is sometimes given as 7000500000000000000♠5 grains, in that example the grain is approximated to 6995650000000000000♠65 mg, though the grain can also be approximated to 6995600000000000000♠60 mg, depending on the medication and manufacturer. The apothecaries system has its own system of notation, in which the symbol or abbreviation is followed by the quantity in lower case Roman numerals. For amounts less than one, the quantity is written as a fraction, or for one half, therefore, a prescription for tablets containing 325 mg of aspirin and 30 mg of codeine can be written ASA gr
10.
.375 Weatherby Magnum
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The.375 Weatherby Magnum is a medium-bore rifle cartridge. The cartridge is an out, improved and provided with the Weatherby double radius shoulder – given the Weatherby treatment – version of the.375 H&H Magnum. The.375 Weatherby Magnum was designed by Roy Weatherby in South Gate California in 1944, the original cases were fire formed from.300 H&H Magnum Winchester brass, then from Richard Speer’s 300 Weatherby brass before finally settling with Norma as a source for cases. It was also with Norma that Weatherby finally found a source for loaded ammunition, production of.375 Weatherby ammunition ceased in 1960 but was reintroduced in 2001 due to demand. The.375 Weatherby was designed as a game cartridge. The cartridge is able to fire a 300 gr bullet at 2,800 ft/s generating an energy of 5,224 ft·lbf with the trajectory of the 30-06 Springfield. This performance level makes it an all round African safari cartridge that is usable against plains game species as well. The.375 Weatherby is considered powerful for North American game. As the.375 Weatherby is an improved cartridge.375 H&H Magnum ammunition can be fired in.375 Weatherby chambers with a loss in performance of the.375 H&H ammunition. Cases thus fired are in essence fire formed to the Weatherby cartridges dimensions, Reloading data is available from A-Square, Barnes and Hornady. Ammunition is available from Weatherby, A-Square and Connelly Precision, rifles are available from Weatherby and A-Square. Most.375 H&H rifles can be converted to the.375 Weatherby Magnum by having the new chamber reamed with no further modifications made to the rifle. The cartridge also makes an excellent choice for those who want a step up in performance over the.375 H&H Magnum without the recoil or cost of the.378 Weatherby Magnum, the.375 Weatherby Magnum is an improved version of the.375 H&H Magnum. The parent case is based on the.300 H&H Magnum blown out, the cartridge features the Weatherby double radius shoulder. The Weatherby Magnum is not considered a proprietary cartridge as the CIP has published specifications for the cartridge, CIP recommends a 6 groove barrel with grove width of 3.25 mm, a bore Ø of 9.35 mm and a grove Ø of 9.55 mm. The recommended twist rate is one revolution in 305 mm. Case capacity is 105 gr. of water, as an improved cartridge the.375 Weatherby Magnum provides a leap in performance over its parent cartridge. The velocity gain over the.375 H&H Magnum works out to be about 240 ft/s, the.375 Weatherby Magnum fires a 270 gr at 2,940 ft/s generating 5,181 ft·lbf and a 300 gr at 2,800 ft/s which generates 5,224 ft·lbf. The cartridge generates more energy than factory loads for the.375 Remington Ultra Magnum.416 Rigby or the.458 Winchester Magnum, List of cartridges by caliber List of rifle cartridges 9mm caliber Barnes, Frank C. ed. by John T. Amber
11.
African elephant
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African elephants are elephants of the genus Loxodonta, from Greek λοξός + ὀδούς. The genus consists of two extant species, the African bush elephant, L. africana, and the smaller African forest elephant, Loxodonta is one of two existing genera of the family Elephantidae. Fossil remains of Loxodonta have been only in Africa, in strata as old as the middle Pliocene. However, sequence analysis of DNA extracted from fossils of an extinct elephant species undermines the validity of the genus, one species of African elephant, the bush elephant, is the largest living terrestrial animal, while the forest elephant is the third-largest. Their thickset bodies rest on stocky legs, and they have concave backs and their large ears enable heat loss. The upper lip and nose form a trunk, the trunk acts as a fifth limb, a sound amplifier, and an important method of touch. African elephants trunks end in two opposing lips, whereas the Asian elephant trunk ends in a single lip, the largest recorded individual stood 4 m at the shoulders and weighed 10 tonnes. Elephants have four molars, each weighs about 5 kg and measures about 30 cm long, as the front pair wears down and drops out in pieces, the back pair moves forward, and two new molars emerge in the back of the mouth. Elephants replace their four to six times in their lifetimes. Around 40 to 60 years of age, the elephant loses the last of its molars and will die of starvation. African elephants have 24 teeth in total, six on each quadrant of the jaw, the enamel plates of the molars are fewer in number than in Asian elephants. The elephants tusks are firm teeth, the set of incisors become the tusks. They are used for digging for roots and stripping the bark from trees for food, for fighting each other during mating season, the tusks weigh from 23–45 kg and can be from 1. 5–2.4 m long. Unlike Asian elephants, both male and female African elephants have tusks and they are curved forward and continue to grow throughout the elephants lifetime. African elephants are found widely in Sub-Saharan Africa, in forests, mopane and miombo woodlands, Sahelian scrub. In 1825, Georges Cuvier named the genus Loxodonte, an anonymous author romanized the spelling to Loxodonta, and the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature recognizes this as the proper authority. Loxodonta adaurora, may belong in Mammuthus Bush and forest elephants were considered subspecies of Loxodonta africana. As described in the entry for the forest elephant in the edition of Mammal Species of the World, there is morphological
12.
.460 Weatherby Magnum
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The.460 Weatherby Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked rifle cartridge, developed by Roy Weatherby in 1957. The cartridge is based on the.378 Weatherby Magnum necked up to accept the. 458-inch bullet, the original.378 Weatherby Magnum parent case was inspired by the.416 Rigby. The.460 Weatherby Magnum was designed as an African dangerous game cartridge for the hunting of heavy. However handloaders can push the cartridge to generate as much as 15,000 foot-pounds of energy in a bolt action. However, doing so necessitates a rifle so heavy it is almost inoperable for hunting purposes, the.700 Nitro Express was itself eclipsed in only five years by the 1993 introduction by A-Square of the.577 Tyrannosaur. The.577 T-Rex develops approximately 10,180 foot-pounds force with a velocity of 2,460 ft/s, the.460 will launch a 500-grain bullet at a chronographed velocity of 2,700 ft/s from a 26-inch barrel, measuring 8,100 ft·lbf of muzzle energy. Prior to the arrival of the.460 Weatherby Magnum on the hunting scene, Roy Weatherby had expected that the. Furthermore, new regulations prohibiting the hunting of heavy, thick skinned and these regulations would essentially ban the use of all previous Weatherby cartridges for the hunting of elephant, African Cape buffalo and rhinoceros.40 caliber rifles. He accomplished this by necking up the.378 Weatherby Magnum case to accept a.458 caliber bullet and he named the new cartridge the.460 Weatherby Magnum. The first rifles for the.460 Weatherby Magnum were built on Brevex Magnum Mauser action, however, Roy Weatherby was not the first cartridge designer to neck up the.378 Weatherby Magnum to.45 caliber. That distinction belongs to John Buhmiller, a gunsmith and hunter from Montana, Buhmiller named his cartridge the.45 Weatherby. He had success with the cartridge in Africa shooting Cape buffalo and rogue elephants in 1956, Norma Precision of Sweden was the first and only manufacturer of.460 Weatherby Magnum cases and ammunition which carried the Weatherby name and has done so under contract from Weatherby. During Weatherby’s partnership with J. P. Sauer/Dynamit-Nobel, production at Norma ceased and shifted to RWS, a wholly owned subsidiary of Dynamit-Nobel. However, RWS did not tool up in time to produce the.460 Weatherby Magnum cartridge, DuPont at one time shipped DuPont No.4350 powder to Norma Projektilfabrik for the reloading of Weatherby ammunition. But some time later Norma was able to source a powder with similar burn characteristics locally which was used instead of DuPonts IMR4350, Norma would later purchase the company and rename the powder Norma 204. The.460 Weatherby Magnum case uses a necked up.378 Weatherby Magnum case. Although the.378 Weatherby Magnum case was inspired by the.416 Rigby case, the.460 Weatherby Magnum requires a case with the large propellant capacity necessary to propel a 500 gr bullet at 2,700 ft/s. To accomplish this goal, the cartridge case has a capacity able to hold 141.1 gr. of water
13.
Safari
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A safari /səˈfɑːri/ is an overland journey, usually a trip by tourists to Africa. In the past, the trip was often a big-game hunt, the Swahili word safari means journey, originally from the Arabic سفر meaning a journey, the verb for to travel in Swahili is kusafiri. These words are used for any type of journey, e. g. by bus from Nairobi to Mombasa or by ferry from Dar es Salaam to Unguja, Safari entered the English language at the end of the 1850s thanks to Richard Francis Burton, the famous explorer. The Regimental March of the Kings African Rifles was Funga Safari, literally tie up the March, or, in other words, Amri ya Bwana Kapteni, Amri ya KAR. Which is, in English, Prepare to March, Prepare to March, on the order of the boss captain, On the order of the KAR. On Kenyas independence from Britain, Funga Safari was retained as the Regimental March of the Kenya Rifles, in 1836 William Cornwallis Harris led an expedition purely to observe and record wildlife and landscapes by the expeditions members. These two books gave rise to a genre of Safari adventure novels and films, ernest Hemingway wrote several fiction and non-fiction pieces about African safaris. His short stories The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber and The Snows of Kilimanjaro are set on African safaris and were written after Hemingways own experience on safari and his books Green Hills of Africa and True at First Light are both set on African safaris. The safari provided countless hours of entertainment in sound films from Trader Horn onwards. The safari was used in adventure films such as the Tarzan, Jungle Jim, and Bomba the Jungle Boy film series up to The Naked Prey where Cornel Wilde. The safari genre films were parodied in the Bob Hope comedies Road to Zanzibar, a short 15-minute helicopter safari was shown in Africa Addio where clients are armed, flown from their hotel and landed in front of an unlucky and baffled elephant. There is a theme or style associated with the word, which includes khaki clothing, belted bush jackets, pith helmets or slouch hats. The term safari chic arose after the release of the film Out of Africa and this not only included clothing but also interior design and architecture
14.
Nile crocodile
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The Nile crocodile is an African crocodile and may be considered the second largest extant reptile in the world, after the saltwater crocodile. Although capable of living in environments, this species is rarely found in saltwater. The range of species once stretched northward throughout the Nile. On average, the adult male Nile crocodile is between 3.5 and 5 m in length and weighs 225 to 750 kg, however, specimens exceeding 6.1 m in length and weighing up to 1,090 kg have been recorded. Sexual dimorphism is prevalent, and females are usually about 30% smaller than males and they have thick scaly skin that is heavily armored. The Nile crocodile is an apex predator and a very aggressive species of crocodile that is capable of taking almost any animal within its range. They are generalists, taking a variety of prey and their diet consists mostly of different species of fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. The Nile crocodile is a predator that can wait for hours, days. They are agile predators and wait for the opportunity for an item to come well within attack range. Even swift prey are not immune to attack and they can apply high levels of force for extended periods of time, a great advantage for holding down large prey underwater to drown. Nile crocodiles are relatively social crocodiles and they share basking spots and large food sources, such as schools of fish and big carcasses. There is a hierarchy, which is determined by size. Large, old males are at the top of hierarchy and have primary access to food. Crocodiles tend to respect this order, when it is infringed, like most other reptiles, Nile crocodiles lay eggs, these are guarded by the female. The hatchlings are also protected for a period of time, the Nile crocodile is one of the most dangerous species of crocodile and is responsible for hundreds of human deaths every year. It is a common species of crocodile and is not endangered despite some regional declines or extinctions. The binomial name Crocodylus niloticus is derived from the Greek κροκό, kroko, δειλος, deilos, referring to its rough skin, and niloticus, meaning from the Nile River. The Nile crocodile is called tanin ha-yeor in Hebrew, timsah al-nil in Arabic, mamba in Swahili, garwe in Shona, ngwenya in Ndebele, ngwena in Venda, kwena in Sotho and Tswana
15.
Hippopotamus
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The common hippopotamus, or hippo, is a large, mostly herbivorous mammal in sub-Saharan Africa, and one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae, the other being the pygmy hippopotamus. The name comes from the ancient Greek for river horse, after the elephant and rhinoceros, the common hippopotamus is the third-largest type of land mammal and the heaviest extant artiodactyl. The common ancestor of whales and hippos split from other even-toed ungulates around 60 million years ago, the earliest known hippopotamus fossils, belonging to the genus Kenyapotamus in Africa, date to around 16 million years ago. Despite its stocky shape and short legs, it is capable of running 30 km/h over short distances, the hippopotamus is a highly aggressive and unpredictable animal and is ranked among the most dangerous animals in Africa. Nevertheless, they are threatened by habitat loss and poaching for their meat. The common hippopotamus is semiaquatic, inhabiting rivers, lakes and mangrove swamps, during the day, they remain cool by staying in the water or mud, reproduction and childbirth both occur in water. They emerge at dusk to graze on grasses, while hippopotamuses rest near each other in the water, grazing is a solitary activity and hippos are not territorial on land. The Latin word hippopotamus is derived from the ancient Greek ἱπποπόταμος, hippopotamos, from ἵππος, hippos, horse, in English, the plural is hippopotamuses, but hippopotami is also used, hippos can be used as a short plural. Hippopotamuses are gregarious, living in groups of up to thirty animals, a group is called a pod, herd, dale, or bloat. The hippopotamus is the genus of the family Hippopotamidae. The pygmy hippopotamus belongs to a different genus in Hippopotamidae, either Choeropsis or Hexaprotodon, Hippopotamidae are sometimes known as hippopotamids. Sometimes, the subfamily Hippopotaminae is used, further, some taxonomists group hippopotamuses and anthracotheres in the superfamily Anthracotheroidea. Hippopotamidae are classified along with other even-toed ungulates in the order Artiodactyla, other artiodactyls include camels, cattle, deer and pigs, although hippopotamuses are not closely related to these groups. Genetic analyses have tested the existence of three of these putative subspecies, a study examining mitochondrial DNA from skin biopsies taken from 13 sampling locations, considered genetic diversity and structure among hippo populations across the continent. The authors found low, but significant, genetic differentiation among H. a. amphibius, H. a. capensis, neither H. a. tschadensis nor H. a. constrictus has been tested. Until 1909, naturalists grouped hippos with pigs, based on molar patterns, the common ancestor of hippos and whales branched off from Ruminantia and the rest of the even-toed ungulates, the cetacean and hippo lineages split soon afterwards. The most recent theory of the origins of Hippopotamidae suggests that hippos and this hypothesized ancestral group likely split into two branches around 54 million years ago. All branches of the anthracotheres, except that which evolved into Hippopotamidae, merycopotamus, Libycosaurus and all hippopotamids can be considered to form a clade, with Libycosaurus being more closely related to hippos
16.
Big five game
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In Africa, the big five game animals are the African lion, African elephant, Cape buffalo, African leopard, and rhinoceros. The term big five game was coined by big-game hunters and refers to the five most difficult animals in Africa to hunt on foot, subsequently the term was adopted by safari tour operators for marketing purposes. The term is used in most tourist and wildlife guides that discuss African wildlife safaris, the members of the Big Five were chosen for the difficulty in hunting them and the degree of danger involved, rather than their size. The big five are among the most dangerous, yet most popular species for hunters to hunt. The 1990 and later releases of South African rand banknotes feature a different big-five animal on each denomination. The African elephant is a large herbivore having thick, almost hairless skin, a long, flexible, prehensile trunk, upper incisors forming long curved tusks of ivory. The two distinct species of African elephant are, African forest elephant and the African bush elephant, elephants are difficult to hunt because, despite their large size, they are able to hide in tall grass and are more likely to charge than the other species. The black rhinoceros is a large, thick-skinned herbivore having one or two horns on the nasal bridge. Rhinoceros may refer to black or white rhinoceros. Among big five game hunters, the rhinoceros is preferred. The African or Cape buffalo is a large horned bovid, buffalo are sometimes reported to kill more hunters in Africa than any other animal. A similar claim is made of hippos and crocodiles, but these statements include all people. The Cape buffalo is considered by many to be the most dangerous of the big five, reportedly causing the most hunter deaths, with wounded animals reported to ambush and attack pursuers. The lion is a large carnivorous feline of Africa and northwest India, having a short, tawny coat, a tail, and in the male. Lions are desirable to hunters because of the real danger involved. A lion may attack without provocation, and is considered by many to be the best of the big five, lion hunting is challenging because of the habitat and temperament of the lion. Lions live in the savanna where tall grasses, shrubs, and bushes obscure them and provide cover and this thick undergrowth is commonly referred to as jess. As lions are ambush hunters, they use natural cover when stalking to creep as close as possible before making a final charge to catch their prey
17.
Elk
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The elk, or wapiti, is one of the largest species within the deer family, Cervidae, in the world, and one of the largest land mammals in North America and Eastern Asia. This animal should not be confused with the still larger moose to which the name elk applies in British English, apart from the moose, the only other member of the deer family to rival the elk in size is the south Asian sambar. Elk range in forest and forest-edge habitat, feeding on grasses, plants, leaves, male elk have large antlers which are shed each year. Although they are native to North America and eastern Asia, they have adapted well to countries in which they have introduced, including Argentina. Their great adaptability may threaten endemic species and ecosystems into which they have been introduced, Elk are susceptible to a number of infectious diseases, some of which can be transmitted to livestock. Efforts to eliminate infectious diseases from elk populations, largely by vaccination, have had mixed success, some cultures revere the elk as a spiritual force. In parts of Asia, antlers and their velvet are used in traditional medicines, Elk are hunted as a game species. The meat is leaner and higher in protein than beef or chicken and it was long believed to be a subspecies of the European red deer, but evidence from a number of mitochondrial DNA genetic studies beginning in 1998 show that the two are distinct species. Key morphological differences that distinguish C. canadensis from C. elaphus are the formers wider rump patch and paler-hued antlers. The word elk is related to the Latin alces, Old Norse elgr, Scandinavian elg/älg and German Elch, the name wapiti is from the Shawnee and Cree word waapiti, meaning white rump. This name is used in particular for the Asian subspecies, because in Eurasia the name elk continues to be used for the moose, Asian subspecies are sometimes referred to as the maral, but this name applies primarily to the Caspian red deer, a subspecies of red deer. There is a subspecies of elk in Mongolia called the Altai wapiti, members of the genus Cervus first appear in the fossil record 25 million years ago, during the Oligocene in Eurasia, but do not appear in the North American fossil record until the early Miocene. The extinct Irish elk was not a member of the genus Cervus, until recently, red deer and elk were considered to be one species, Cervus elaphus. However, the two species have freely inter-bred in New Zealands Fiordland National Park, where the animals have all. There are numerous subspecies of elk described, with six from North America and four from Asia, populations vary as to antler shape and size, body size, coloration and mating behavior. DNA investigations of the Eurasian subspecies revealed that phenotypic variation in antlers, mane, of the six subspecies of elk known to have inhabited North America in historical times, four remain, including the Roosevelt, tule, Manitoban and Rocky Mountain. The eastern elk and Merriams elk subspecies have been extinct for at least a century, four subspecies described in Asia include the Altai wapiti and the Tianshan wapiti. Two distinct subspecies found in China and Korea are the Manchurian wapiti, the Manchurian wapiti is darker and more reddish in coloration than the other populations
18.
Brown bear
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The brown bear is a large bear with the widest distribution of any living ursid. The species is distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America. It is one of the two largest terrestrial carnivorans alive today, rivaled in size only by its close cousin, the polar bear. There are several recognized subspecies, many of which are quite well-known within their native ranges, the brown bears principal range includes parts of Russia, Central Asia, China, Canada, the United States, Scandinavia and the Carpathian region, Anatolia, and Caucasus. The brown bear is recognized as a national and state animal in several European countries, as of 2012, this and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as threatened by the IUCN. One of the subspecies, the Himalayan brown bear, is critically endangered, occupying only 2% of its former range. The Marsican brown bear, one of several isolated populations of the main Eurasian brown bear race. The brown bear is referred to as the bruin, from Middle English. This name originated in the fable, History of Reynard the Fox, translated by William Caxton, from Middle Dutch bruun or bruyn, in the mid-19th century United States, the brown bear was termed Old Ephraim and sometimes as Moccasin Joe. The scientific name of the bear, Ursus arctos, comes from the Latin ursus, meaning bear. Brown bears are thought to have evolved from Ursus etruscus in Asia, the brown bear, per Kurten, has been stated as clearly derived from the Asian population of Ursus savini about 800,000 years ago, spread into Europe, to the New World. The oldest fossils positivity identified as from this species occur in China from about 0.5 million years ago, Brown bears entered Europe about 250,000 years ago, and North Africa shortly after. Brown bear remains from the Pleistocene period are common in the British Isles, the species entered Alaska 100,000 years ago, though they did not move south until 13,000 years ago. It is speculated that brown bears were unable to migrate south until the extinction of the much larger Arctodus simus, Brown bear fossils discovered in Ontario, Ohio, Kentucky and Labrador show the species occurred farther east than indicated in historic records. There are many used by scientists to define bear species and subspecies as no one method is always effective. Brown bear taxonomy and subspecies classification has described as formidable. Genetic testing is now perhaps the most important way to scientifically define brown bear relationships, generally genetic testing uses the word clade rather than species because a genetic test alone cannot define a biological species. Most genetic studies report on how closely related the bears are, there are hundreds of obsolete brown bear subspecies, each with its own name, and this can become confusing, Hall lists 86 different types and even as many as 90 have been proposed
19.
Polar bear
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The polar bear is a carnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle, encompassing the Arctic Ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses. It is a bear, approximately the same size as the omnivorous Kodiak bear. A boar weighs around 350–700 kg, while a sow is about half that size, although most polar bears are born on land, they spend most of their time on the sea ice. Their scientific name means maritime bear and derives from this fact, Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present. Because of expected habitat loss caused by change, the polar bear is classified as a vulnerable species. For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, for thousands of years, the polar bear has been a key figure in the material, spiritual, and cultural life of circumpolar peoples, and polar bears remain important in their cultures. Constantine John Phipps was the first to describe the polar bear as a species in 1774. He chose the scientific name Ursus maritimus, the Latin for maritime bear, the Inuit refer to the animal as nanook. The Yupik also refer to the bear as nanuuk in Siberian Yupik, the bear is umka in the Chukchi language. In Russian, it is usually called бе́лый медве́дь, though a word still in use is ошку́й. In the Norwegian-administered Svalbard archipelago, the bear is referred to as Isbjørn. The polar bear was considered to be in its own genus. The bear family, Ursidae, is thought to have split off from other carnivorans about 38 million years ago, the Ursinae subfamily originated approximately 4.2 million years ago. The oldest known polar bear fossil is a 130,000 to 110, 000-year-old jaw bone, fossils show that between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago, the polar bears molar teeth changed significantly from those of the brown bear. Polar bears are thought to have diverged from a population of bears that became isolated during a period of glaciation in the Pleistocene or from the eastern part of Siberia. The evidence from DNA analysis is more complex, the mitochondrial DNA of the polar bear diverged from the brown bear, Ursus arctos, roughly 150,000 years ago. The mtDNA of extinct Irish brown bears is particularly close to polar bears, when the polar bear was originally documented, two subspecies were identified, Ursus maritimus maritimus by Constantine J. Phipps in 1774, and Ursus maritimus marinus by Peter Simon Pallas in 1776. This distinction has since been invalidated, one alleged fossil subspecies has been identified, Ursus maritimus tyrannus became extinct during the Pleistocene
20.
Joule
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The joule, symbol J, is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. It is equal to the transferred to an object when a force of one newton acts on that object in the direction of its motion through a distance of one metre. It is also the energy dissipated as heat when a current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule, one joule can also be defined as, The work required to move an electric charge of one coulomb through an electrical potential difference of one volt, or one coulomb volt. This relationship can be used to define the volt, the work required to produce one watt of power for one second, or one watt second. This relationship can be used to define the watt and this SI unit is named after James Prescott Joule. As with every International System of Units unit named for a person, note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2. The CGPM has given the unit of energy the name Joule, the use of newton metres for torque and joules for energy is helpful to avoid misunderstandings and miscommunications. The distinction may be also in the fact that energy is a scalar – the dot product of a vector force. By contrast, torque is a vector – the cross product of a distance vector, torque and energy are related to one another by the equation E = τ θ, where E is energy, τ is torque, and θ is the angle swept. Since radians are dimensionless, it follows that torque and energy have the same dimensions, one joule in everyday life represents approximately, The energy required to lift a medium-size tomato 1 m vertically from the surface of the Earth. The energy released when that same tomato falls back down to the ground, the energy required to accelerate a 1 kg mass at 1 m·s−2 through a 1 m distance in space. The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 0.24 °C, the typical energy released as heat by a person at rest every 1/60 s. The kinetic energy of a 50 kg human moving very slowly, the kinetic energy of a 56 g tennis ball moving at 6 m/s. The kinetic energy of an object with mass 1 kg moving at √2 ≈1.4 m/s, the amount of electricity required to light a 1 W LED for 1 s. Since the joule is also a watt-second and the unit for electricity sales to homes is the kW·h. For additional examples, see, Orders of magnitude The zeptojoule is equal to one sextillionth of one joule,160 zeptojoules is equivalent to one electronvolt. The nanojoule is equal to one billionth of one joule, one nanojoule is about 1/160 of the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito
21.
.30-06 Springfield
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The.30 refers to the caliber of the bullet, and the 06 refers to the year the cartridge was adopted—1906. It replaced the. 30-03, 6mm Lee Navy, and. 30-40 Krag cartridges and it remains a very popular sporting round, with ammunition produced by all major manufacturers. In the early 1890s, the U. S. military adopted the smokeless powder. 30-40 Krag rimmed cartridge, the 1894 version of that cartridge used a 220-grain round-nose bullet. Around 1901, the U. S. started developing an experimental rimless cartridge for a Mauser action with box magazine and that led to the 1903. 30-03 rimless service round that used the same 220-grain round-nose bullet as the Krag. The. 30-03 achieved a velocity of 2,300 ft/s. Consequently, the round-nosed U. S. 30-03 service cartridge was falling behind. For these reasons, the U. S. military developed a new, lighter, cartridge in 1906, the cartridge was loaded with Military Rifle 21 propellant, and its maximum range was claimed to be 4,700 yd. The M1903 Springfield rifle, which had been introduced alongside the. 30-03 cartridge, was modified to accept the new. 30-06 Springfield cartridge. Modifications to the rifle included shortening the barrel at its breech and resizing the chamber, other changes to the rifle included elimination of the troublesome rod bayonet of the earlier Springfield rifles. The M1906 maximum range was originally overstated, when the M1906 cartridge was developed, the range tests had been done to only 1,800 yards, distances beyond that were estimated, but the estimate for extreme range was wrong by almost 40 percent. The range discrepancy became evident during World War I, before the widespread employment of light mortars and artillery, long-range machine gun barrage or indirect fires were considered important in U. S. infantry tactics. When the US entered World War I, it did not have machine guns, so it acquired British. When those weapons were replaced with US machine guns firing the M1906 round. Firing tests performed around 1918 at Borden Brook Reservoir, Miami, patrone was inroduced in 1914 and used a 197. 5-grain s. S. - schweres Spitzgeschoß boat-tail bullet which had a maximum range of approximately 5,140 yd. Its maximum range was approximately 5,500 yd. Additionally, wartime surplus totaled over 2 billion rounds of ammunition. Army regulations called for training use of the oldest ammunition first, as a result, the older. 30-06 ammunition was expended for training, stocks of.30 M1 Ball ammunition were allowed to slowly grow until all of the older M1906 ammunition had been fired. By 1936, it was discovered that the range of the.30 M1 Ball ammunition with its boat-tailed spitzer bullets was beyond the safety limitations of many ranges. An emergency order was made to manufacture quantities of ammunition that matched the ballistics of the earlier M1906 cartridge as soon as possible
22.
Wildcat cartridge
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A wildcat cartridge, often shortened to wildcat, is a custom cartridge for which ammunition and/or firearms are not mass-produced. These cartridges are often created in order to optimize a certain performance characteristic of a commercial cartridge. Often, wildcats are commercially sold rounds that have been modified in some way to alter the cartridges performance, barrels for the caliber are originally manufactured by gunsmiths specializing in barrel making. Generally the same makers also offer reloading dies, tools to custom-load bullets into cases, because changing the barrel of a gun to accommodate custom cartridges requires precision equipment, most wildcats are developed by or in association with custom barrel makers. Ammunition is handloaded, using modified parent cases and the gunsmith-provided wildcat dies, handloaders use the data to develop a load by starting with minimum loads and carefully working up. Wildcat cases and cartridges can be found for sale, but only from small makers, larger manufacturers usually do not produce wildcats because there is such a limited market for them and because there are no established CIP or SAAMI standards, which causes liability concerns. Wildcat cartridges are developed for many reasons, generally, the goal is to optimize some characteristic of a commercial cartridge in a given context. The sport of metallic silhouette shooting, has given rise to a number of wildcats. Wildcat cartridges are developed because, Higher velocities can be obtained by increasing the case capacity. Greater energy can be attained by increasing the caliber or the case capacity, better efficiency can be achieved by increasing the shoulder angle, shortening the case, and reducing case taper. Greater consistency can be achieved by tuning the case capacity to a bullet diameter, weight. Some methods used to develop a wildcat are, Cold forming, the parent case is well lubricated and forced carefully into the reloading die for the wildcat caliber. This will swage the case into the new shape and this type of operation is used for reducing case dimensions, such as reducing the neck diameter or pushing the shoulder back, or changing the neck diameter. This consists of taking the parent case, or a cold formed case, loading it with a light bullet and light load of powder. Another technique uses a charge of fast burning powder topped with a full of Cream of Wheat. This technique is used for increasing case dimensions, such as pushing the neck forward, increasing the neck angle, or straightening the case walls. Generally, after either a cold forming or a fire forming operation, the mouth of the case will be longer than ideal, and the case will be trimmed back to the trim to length. Trimming is a normal reloading operation, as high pressure cartridges will flow each time they are fired, changing the diameter of the case
23.
.30-378 Weatherby Magnum
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The. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum is a.30 caliber, belted, bottle-necked rifle cartridge. The cartridge was developed in response to a US Army military contract in 1959, while still unreleased to the public, the cartridge went on to set world records for accuracy including the first ten 10X in 1,000 yards benchrest shooting. It is currently the highest velocity.30 caliber factory ammunition available, the. 30-378 was originally designed by Roy Weatherby as an anti-personnel/anti-materiel military cartridge for a government contract. The cartridge was created by necking down the.378 Weatherby Magnum to accept a.308 in diameter bullet, the United States Army’s Redstone Arsenal requested a rifle cartridge that could develop 6,000 ft/s for the effects of light bullets against armor. The. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum was able to attain over 5,000 ft/s, using a slower burning and denser propellant, the. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum surpassed the US Army’s requirement of 6,000 ft/s. However, the public had to wait until 1996 for Weatherby to release the cartridge. In the meantime, the. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum had gone on to set records in 1,000 yards benchrest competitions. Earl Chronister, shooting a. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum shot the first ever ten shot 10X with the first nine shot to 3.125 inches and this record stood for over 30 years. Several variations of the. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum were created by custom ammunition manufacturers, hammond rifles and H-S Precision were among the several custom gun manufacturers who chambered and built rifles long before Weatherby got around to releasing the rifle to the public. In 1995 Layne Simpson built a rifle chambered for the. 30-378 Weatherby and developed loading data, the. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum utilizes the.378 Weatherby Magnum as a parent cartridge. The.378 Weatherby case was necked down to accept a.30 caliber bullet while preserving the double radii shoulder of the parent case, the resulting case held a greater volume than any previous commercial cartridge. When the cartridge was created by Roy Weatherby in 1959 there were no commercial propellants that suited the cartridge. Even the standard slow burning powder of the time IMR4350 which was used in the Weatherby line of cartridges was too fast to take advantage of the capacity of the. 30-378 Weatherby cartridge. However, when launching 30 gr bullets which are light for caliber as the Redstone Arsenal contract specified, required the use of relatively faster propellants. However, the public and target shooters used 150 gr and heavier bullets. SAAMI compliant. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum cartridge schematic, All dimensions in inches, SAAMI recommends a 6 groove barrel with a twist rate of 10 in. The recommended bore diameter is.3005 in and groove diameter is.3080 in with each groove having an arc width of.118 in, the. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum is one of the most accurate rifle cartridges. The cartridge held the record for accuracy at 1,000 yards for over thirty years
24.
.338-378 Weatherby Magnum
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The. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum started out as the wildcat cartridge. 338-378 Keith-Thomson Magnum during the early 1960s. Keith and Thomson are Elmer Keith and R. W. Bob Thomson, the. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum was added to the Weatherby product line in 1998. The. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum’s parent case is the.378 Weatherby Magnum, the. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum is created by necking down the.378 Weatherby Magnum to 8.59 mm then fire forming it in the rifle chamber. The. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum has a capacity of about 8.1 g. The. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum’s main appeal is long-range shooting, a Weatherby factory cartridge loaded with a 16.2 g hunting bullet, in a rifle with a 71 cm barrel will yield a muzzle velocity of 933 m/s and muzzle energy of 7046 J. This same bullet will carry a down range velocity to 457 m of 648 m/s, a hand loaded. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum used for 1000 yd target shooting loaded with a 19. The. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum is appropriate for hunting all game animals on the North American, European and Asian continents, in Africa the 338-378 Weatherby Magnum is appropriate for taking medium and large game. The free recoil of the 338-378 Weatherby Magnum from a rifle is 73 J as compared to an average 27 J from a rifle chambered for. 30-06 Springfield. The.338 Lapua Magnum is however a rimless cartridge and the.338 Remington Ultra Magnum is a rebated rim cartridge, list of rifle cartridges 8 mm caliber
25.
.416 Weatherby Magnum
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The.416 Weatherby Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked cartridge designed by Ed Weatherby and launched commercially in 1989. It is a dangerous-game cartridge intended for the hunting of dangerous game such as elephant. It is considered the most powerful commercial.416 cartridge, besting the Remington, Rigby, unlike earlier Weatherby cartridges which were designed by Roy Weatherby, this cartridge was designed by his son Ed Weatherby. Beginning in the 1960s and through the 1970s, safari hunting in Africa was on the decline, due to the lack of interest, ammunition manufacturers like Kynoch ceased operations. However, by the 1980s, a renewed interest in safari hunting created a demand for big-bore dangerous-game cartridges, in 1988 Remington stepped up to the plate with their iteration of the.416 Hoffman, which was given the name.416 Remington Magnum. Unlike the Rigby, the Remington cartridge utilized the.375 H&H Magnum case and therefore, unlike the.416 Rigby, could be chambered in most firearm actions. Taking advantage of this momentum, Weatherby introduced their own.416 cartridge in 1989, it was based on the.378 Weatherby Magnum cartridge, in traditional Weatherby fashion, a Weatherby cartridge would outclass similar-caliber cartridges with regard to the performance of the cartridge. To accomplish this task Weatherby relied on one of the largest commercial sporting cartridge cases available, the.416 Weatherby Magnum uses the same case as the.378 Weatherby Magnum and the.460 Weatherby Magnum. The case design was inspired by the.416 Rigby cartridge and features a belt, unlike the.416 Ruger and the.416 Remington, the.416 Weatherby Magnum requires an extra-large bolt face and large magnum action to contain the cartridge due to its oversized dimensions. Putting this in perspective, the.416 Weatherby Magnum has a capacity of 140 gr. of water. The.416 Weatherby Magnum has been standardized by both the CIP and SAAMI, SAAMI recommends a 6-grooved barrel with a bore Ø of.408 in and a groove Ø of.416 in with a twist rate of one revolution in 14 in. Weatherbys pressure rating is 65,000 psi, however, Weatherbys own factory ammunition is loaded to lower levels than this maximum. As with other Weatherby cartridges, there are discrepancies between SAAMI and CIP dimensions and this is arises from the CIPs treatment of the double-venturi case, shoulder and neck area of the cartridge. The CIP attempts to treat the shoulder as a shoulder with transitional radius between each of the segments. List of rifle cartridges 10 mm caliber
26.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
27.
Handgun
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A handgun is a firearm designed to be handheld, in either one or both hands. This characteristic differentiates handguns as a class of firearms from long guns such as rifles. Major handgun subtypes are the revolver and pistol, other subtypes include derringers, the words pistol and handgun have overlapping variations, in meaning. Although handgun use often includes bracing with a hand, the essential distinguishing characteristic of a handgun is its facility for one-handed operation. The word pistol is often synonymous with the word handgun, some handgun experts make a technical distinction that views pistols as a subset of handguns. But UK/Commonwealth usage often does not make this distinction, handheld firearms were first made in China where gunpowder was first developed. By the 14th century, they existed in Europe as well, the first handheld firearms that might better be called pistols were made as early as the 15th century, but their creator is unknown. By the 18th century, the term came to be used often to refer to handheld firearms, previously there had been no such differentiation, and in fact Samuel Colts original patent was for a revolving-breech pistol. There is no equivalent for handgun in the Romance languages. The general types of handguns are listed below in their order of historical appearance, each type can be classified into many sub-types. Some of these types can also be classified using the general distinction between muzzle-loading firearms and breech-loading firearms. Single-shot pistols are the simplest possible form of pistols and are known to have existed in AD1365, the earliest handguns were single-shot, muzzle-loading guns with ignition provided by inserting a smoldering match cord into a touch hole. As such, they were nothing more than miniature cannon. Improvements followed in subsequent centuries, as types of locks were invented. In the matchlock, the separate match cord was affixed to a pivot which could be tripped by a trigger. In the wheellock, an analogous to that used in todays cigarette lighters replaced the smoldering match cord. In the 17th century, the flintlock, which strikes a flint against steel, the flintlock remained the standard method of small arms ignition around two hundred years. In the 19th century, percussion caps were developed, followed shortly by modern integrated-primer cartridges, an example of a single-shot pistol is the flare gun
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Rifle
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A rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves cut into the barrel walls. The raised areas of the rifling are called lands, which contact with the projectile. When the projectile leaves the barrel, this spin lends gyroscopic stability to the projectile and prevents tumbling and this allows the use of aerodynamically-efficient bullets and thus improves range and accuracy. The word rifle originally referred to the grooving, and a rifle was called a rifled gun, the word rifle is now used for any long hand-held aimed device activated by a trigger, such as Air rifles and the Personnel halting and stimulation response rifle. Rifles are used in warfare, hunting and shooting sports, formerly, rifles only fired a single projectile with each squeeze of the trigger. Modern rifles are capable of firing more than one round per trigger squeeze, some fire in an automatic mode. Thus, modern automatic rifles overlap to some extent in design, in fact, many light machine guns are adaptations of existing automatic rifle designs. A militarys light machine guns are chambered for the same caliber ammunition as its service rifles. Generally, the difference between a rifle and a machine gun comes down to weight, cooling system. Modern military rifles are fed by magazines, while machine guns are generally belt-fed, many machine guns allow the operator to quickly exchange barrels in order to prevent overheating, whereas rifles generally do not. Most machine guns fire from a bolt in order to reduce the danger of cook-off. Machine guns are often crewed by more than one soldier, the rifle is an individual weapon, the term rifle is sometimes used to describe larger crew-served rifled weapons firing explosive shells, for example, recoilless rifles. In many works of fiction a rifle refers to any weapon that has a stock and is shouldered before firing, the origins of rifling are difficult to trace, but some of the earliest practical experiments seem to have occurred in Europe during the 15th century. Archers had long realized that a twist added to the feathers of their arrows gave them greater accuracy. This might also have led to a increase in accuracy. Rifles were created as an improvement in the accuracy of smooth bore muskets, the black powder used in early muzzle-loading rifles quickly fouled the barrel, making loading slower and more difficult. Since musketeers could not afford to take the time to stop and clean their barrels in the middle of a battle, rifles were limited to use by sharpshooters, muskets were smoothbore, large caliber weapons using ball-shaped ammunition fired at relatively low velocity. Due to the high cost and great difficulty of manufacturing, and the need to load readily from the muzzle
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Weatherby Mark V
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The Weatherby Mark V is a centerfire, bolt-action rifle manufactured by Weatherby of Paso Robles, California. The rifle was introduced in 1957 by Weatherby and was designed to contain the high pressures associated with the Weatherby line of high performance cartridges. It is the rifle of the Weatherby line of firearms. The Weatherby Mark V rifles are considered prestigious or luxury firearms by many, ever since Roy Weatherby began manufacturing rifles he had to rely on a third party to provide the actions for his rifles. Beginning in 1949 Weatherby began building his rifles around the FN Belgian Mauser action, in 1955 Schultz & Larson actions were added to the mix while adding the Mathieu left handed action to his rifle action line up. With the addition of the large capacity.378 Weatherby Magnum a new type was warranted so the Brevex Magnum Mauser action was added. A little later the FN Sako Mauser actions were added to action types used by Weatherby to build his rifles, Roy Weatherby had been disappointed by the length of time that was taken discussing and negotiating before coming to an agreement with his European manufacturing partners. With five European companies supplying actions, the frequent trips made to Europe left him time to run the day-to-day business operations in South Gate. Roy Weatherby had found the Mauser-type wanting due to the head not being completely enclosed and supported within the breech. He had been aware that many handloaders were overloading their cartridges seeking higher performance and this in turn would lead to hot gases making their way through the bolt and into the shooters face and eyes and causing injuries to his customers. If a rupture should occur, the bolt would have holes through which hot gases could be vented safely towards the side and away from the shooters face. Further as a safety measure he required an enclosed or shrouded bolt sleeve that would prevent the hot gases from making their way through the bolt mechanism to the shooters face. To Weatherby, the safety and strength of the design were paramount, Weatherby designed the action type with nine locking lugs arranged in three rows. It was determined early on that these lugs would not protrude outside the bolt, such a design would be conducive to a smooth fluid movement of the bolt through its feeding and extraction cycles. In spring 1955 Weatherby demonstrated his new action at the annual NRA meetings in Washington, the action type was shown to Burt Munhall of H. P. White Ballistics Laboratory and to General Julian Hatcher to elicit their opinion of the design, both were impressed with the design and encouraged Weatherby to commercialize the action as soon as possible. At this time Weatherby had been looking for someone to provide the design, drawings. General Hatcher suggested that John Garand would be suitable for the job, however, when contacted Garand expressed disinterest in the project as he was enjoying his retirement
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Weatherby Varmintmaster
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The Weatherby Varmintmaster is a lighter quicker-handling version of the Weatherby Mark V. It was first offered for sale in 1963 in two lengths, a 24-inch standard weight and 26-inch heavy weight. The price then was $295, same as the Mark V, compared with the Mark V it weighs 40% less with most parts being reduced in size by 20%. Weatherby ceased production of its smallest rifle in 1994
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Shotgun
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Shotguns come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from 5. A shotgun is generally a smoothbore firearm, which means that the inside of the barrel is not rifled, preceding smoothbore firearms, such as the musket, were widely used by armies in the 18th century. The direct ancestor to the shotgun, the blunderbuss, was used in a similar variety of roles from self-defense to riot control. It was often used by cavalry troops because of its shorter length and ease of use. In the 19th century, however, these weapons were replaced on the battlefield with breechloading rifled firearms. The military value of shotguns was rediscovered in the First World War, since then, it has been used in a variety of roles in civilian, law enforcement, and military applications. The shot pellets from a spread upon leaving the barrel, and the power of the burning charge is divided among the pellets. In a hunting context, this makes shotguns useful primarily for hunting birds, however, in a military or law enforcement context, the large number of projectiles makes the shotgun useful as a close quarters combat weapon or a defensive weapon. Militants or insurgents may use shotguns in asymmetric engagements, as shotguns are commonly owned civilian weapons in many countries, shotguns are also used for target shooting sports such as skeet, trap, and sporting clays. These involve shooting clay disks, known as clay pigeons, thrown in various ways, shotguns come in a wide variety of forms, from very small up to massive punt guns, and in nearly every type of firearm operating mechanism. The common characteristics that make a unique center around the requirements of firing shot. These features are the typical of a shotgun shell, namely a relatively short, wide cartridge, with straight walls. Ammunition for shotguns is referred to in the USA as shotgun shells, shotshells, the term cartridges is standard usage in the United Kingdom. The shot is fired from a smoothbore barrel, another configuration is the rifled slug barrel. The typical use of a shotgun is against small and fast moving targets, the spreading of the shot allows the user to point the shotgun close to the target, rather than having to aim precisely as in the case of a single projectile. The disadvantages of shot are limited range and limited penetration of the shot, which is why shotguns are used at short ranges, and typically against smaller targets. Larger shot sizes, up to the case of the single projectile slug load, result in increased penetration. Aside from the most common use against small, fast moving targets, First, it has enormous stopping power at short range, more than nearly all handguns and many rifles
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Weatherby PA-08
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The Weatherby PA-08 is a 12 gauge 3 in pump action shotgun marketed by Weatherby Inc. The shotgun is economically priced and constitutes the low end of products marketed by Weatherby, the PA-08 is manufactured in Turkey for Weatherby. Both the Upland and the Synthetic are available with a 26 in or a 28 in, the PA-08 TR is marketed as a home defense shotgun and has a 18.5 in barrel. All versions of these shotguns can handle both 2.75 in or 3 in 12 gauge shells, Weatherby also markets the SA-08, a semi-automatic version of this firearm
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Weatherby SA-08
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The Weatherby SA-08 is a semi-automatic shotgun marketed by Weatherby Inc. The shotgun is available in either 12 or 20 gauge, like the Weatherby PA-08 pump action shotgun this shotgun constitutes Weatherbys low-end shotgun line. The SA-08 is manufactured in Turkey for Weatherby and this semi-automatic uses a dual valve system which require to be manually changed out when moving from light to heavy loads and vice versa. The SA-08 is available in six models, all 12 and 20 gauge models come with improved cylinder modified and full choke tubes. 12 gauge models weigh 6.75 lb and 20 gauge models weigh 6 lb The Upland version comes with a stock and is available in both 12 and 20 gauges and with either a 26 in or 28 in barrel. It comes with a The Synthetic is offered with similar options as the Upland with the exception that it comes with an injected molded synthetic stock, the Waterfowl 3.0 is similar to the Synthetic but only comes in a 12 gauge. A special dipping process is used to adhere the Mothwing Marsh Mimicry camouflage to all metal, the Synthetic Youth model is similar to the Synthetic except that it is available only in 20 gauge and comes with a 24 in barrel. The Deluxe model is similar to and is available in the options as the Upland model. The stock and metal work have a gloss finish. The Entre Rios is a shotgun for the shooting of doves and it is available only in 28 gauge and is available with either a 26 in or 28 in barrel. Finish is similar to that of the Deluxe model and this model comes with skeet, improved cylinder and modified chokes. The Entre Rios model weigh about 5.25 lb
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Cartridge (firearms)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
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.224 Weatherby Magnum
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The.224 Weatherby Magnum is a sporting cartridge that was developed in 1963 by Roy Weatherby after about 10 years of development. It is a cartridge with no major firearms manufacturers chambering rifles for it other than Weatherby. It was originally called the.224 Weatherby Varmintmaster when it was introduced alongside the Weatherby Varmintmaster rifle, but the rifle was discontinued in 1994 and the cartridge was renamed. The cartridge design began earlier but its introduction was delayed, at least in part. An earlier high-velocity.22 caliber round from Weatherby called the.220 Weatherby Rocket was based on the.220 Swift though it was unsuccessful and never manufactured. Performance is similar to the popular. 22-250 and the lesser used.225 Winchester putting it in between the.220 Swift and.223 Remington cartridges, possibly because of the similar performance and popularity of the. 22-250, this round has never gotten a very large following. Costs for ammunition and rifles for this also tend to be much more expensive.22 caliber rifles are legal in some areas for big game up to the size of deer or larger. Convention holds the.224 Weatherby and similar cartridges are better suited to long-range varminting, similar statements are made concerning other big 22 caliber cartridges like the 220 Swift and.223 WSSM. Currently many states in the United States do allow 22 caliber rifles on big game, ackley believed that fast 22 caliber cartridges were suitable for medium-large game. Craig Boddington has said that such cartridges are suitable for smaller deer, bullets suited for hunting big-game are available from major manufacturers such as Nosler and Barnes. 5 mm caliber, other cartridges of 5–6 mm caliber, list of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges Weatherby official site
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.240 Weatherby Magnum
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The.240 Weatherby Magnum was developed in 1968 by Roy Weatherby. It was the last cartridge to be designed by Roy Weatherby, the.240 Weatherby Mag. is a proprietary cartridge used only in Weatherby rifles. This particular Weatherby case is unique, other than shape, it isnt physically based on other Weatherby cases, having the same rim diameter and similar length as the. 30-06. It utilizes the traditional Weatherby rounded double shoulder and a case with a length of 2. 496in. In terms of velocity, the.240 Weatherby Magnum was once the fastest commercially produced 6 mm cartridge, there were several faster wildcat rounds available, but the.240 Wby. Mag. outclassed the 6 mm Remington and the newer.243 WSSM by about 150 ft/s, however, the lightweight.243 WSSM 55gr Ballistic Silvertip now outpaces Weatherbys offerings according to some. Loading data from Western Powders puts the.240 Wby, Mag. at over 4,000 ft/s with a 62 grain Barnes bullet. While favoured by some varmint hunters, the.240 Wby, with the heavier bullets the.240 Wby. Mag. makes for a deer hunting cartridge, but it does tend to require a long barrel in order to achieve peak performance. List of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges Weatherby Web Site
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.257 Weatherby Magnum
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The.257 Weatherby Magnum is a.257 Caliber belted bottlenecked cartridge. It is one of the standard length magnums developed by shortening the.375 H&H Magnum case to approx. The.257 Weatherby Magnum is among one of the flattest shooting commercial cartridges, discrepancies between the metric and U. S. diameters of the bullet may cause some confusion. A.257 bullet has a bullet diameter of 6.53 mm. However. As the bore diameter of the rifle is.250 inches this would make the.257 Weatherby Magnum a 6.35 mm caliber cartridge rather than a 6. 5mm caliber cartridge. The.257 Weatherby Magnum was designed in 1944 and introduced commercially in 1945 by Roy Weatherby as a cartridge as a chambering in his rifles. The 257 Weatherby Magnum is one of Roy Weatherbys favorite calibers, the original cartridge was developed using the H&H Super 30 shortened, blown out, and necked down to accept a.25 caliber bullet. Together with the.270 Weatherby Magnum, the 7mm Weatherby Magnum, and the.300 Weatherby Magnum, the original cartridges were formed using Winchesters.300 H&H Magnum and was only available as a component from Weatherby. Beginning in 1948 Weatherby began offering loaded ammunition for the.257 Weatherby Magnum cartridge which was loaded in house, until then the cartridge was only available as a component brass which would require being loaded before use. Sometime later, the.257 Weatherby brass was manufactured by Richard Speer for Weatherby, However, due to space and organizational constraints Weatherby began looking for a source of ammunition for his cartridge. The search culminated in 1951 with Norma Projektilfabrik being awarded a contract to produce ammunition, ever since the release of the.257 Weatherby Magnum it has remained one of the more popular cartridges in terms of Weatherby sales. Gun writers such as Layne Simpson consider the.257 Weatherby one of his long range cartridges. The.257 Weatherby Magnum shares the same case as the.270 Weatherby Magnum. The.30 Super Belted Rimless H&H manufactured by Winchester served as the parent cartridge for the case design. There has been speculation that Roy Weatherby may have used the full length.375 H&H Magnum case if he had slow burning powders available today when the cartridge was designed. Today, IMR4350 is considered too fast a burning propellant for the cartridge comes into its own with the slowest burning powders now available. Both SAAMI and the CIP have published specification for the cartridge, the CIP standards for the cartridge were published in January 1994.257 Weatherby Magnum SAAMI compliant schematic. SAAMI recommends a barrel rifling contour of 6 grooves with a bore Ø of.2505 in, the recommended optional twist rate is one revolution in 10 in
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.270 Weatherby Magnum
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The.270 Weatherby Magnum was the first belted magnum based on the.300 H&H Magnum to be developed by Roy Weatherby. It has the characteristic double-radius shoulders and is necked down to accommodate the. 277in bullets. Like most Weatherby cartridges, the.270 Weatherby was standardized by the Small Arms and Ammunitions Manufacturers Institute in 1994, the first Weatherby cartridge to be used in Africa was the.270 Weatherby on a jackal on June 8,1948. Given its higher pressure and larger case which holds more powder than the.270 Winchester and this performance comes at the cost of more recoil and barrel heat. In addition, a barrel is necessary to take advantage of extra powder to gain maximum velocity. The cartridge is excellent at long-range hunting, but is not well suited to high-volume shooting such as varmint hunting, for those handloading their own cartridges, this is an easy round to load. It does best with full-power loads and is not well-suited for reduced loads, ed Weatherby, son of Roy Weatherby says that the.270 Weatherby is his favorite caliber. As he puts it, there just isnt a better long-range deer caliber and he goes on to mention that it is also quite effective for elk, and pronghorn. List of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges 7 mm caliber
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7mm Weatherby Magnum
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The 7 mm Weatherby Magnum is a powerful 7 mm rifle cartridge offered by the Weatherby firearms company in their Mark V rifles. The cartridge was one of the first cartridges offered by the Weatherby company and it was developed in the 1940s by Roy Weatherby. The 7 mm Weatherby Magnum did not get a lot of exposure until the part of the 1950s when the Weatherby rifles became more available. It is a cartridge for a one-rifle hunter that shoots long distances. It has taken game of all sizes around the world, the 7mm Weatherby Magnum is useful for all American plains game including the great Bears and the American Bison. It is also useful when African and Australian plains game are hunted. It is a high velocity cartridge giving about 300-400 fps higher velocity with lighter bullets than the more popular 30-06 Springfield which is regarded as considerably fast. It is quite easy to flinch in anticipation of the significant recoil,7 mm caliber Weatherby Table of handgun and rifle cartridges 7mm Weatherby Magnum by Chuck Hawks
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.300 Weatherby Magnum
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The.300 Weatherby Magnum is a.30 caliber rifle cartridge created by Roy Weatherby in 1944 and produced by Weatherby. It has become the most popular of all the Weatherby cartridges, Roy Weatherby already had experience with other custom cartridges such as his own.270 Weatherby Magnum when he created the.300 Weatherby. Like most of his other magnum cartridges, this is based on a blown-out.300 H&H Magnum case, of course there are quite a few very large.30 caliber wildcat cartridges. One must note, however, when comparing the.300 RUM, performance data is often listed on the side of the ammunition box for those who wish to do an in-store comparison. On average, Weatherby factory ammo is loaded to higher pressures than Remington or Winchester magnum rounds. The Remington round can be handloaded to equal or even surpass the.300 Weatherby in power, the.300 Wby is in common use by big-game hunters all over the world. List of rifle cartridges 7 mm caliber other cartridges in the same caliber range Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
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.340 Weatherby Magnum
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The.340 Weatherby Magnum rifle cartridge was introduced in 1963 by creator Roy Weatherby in response to the.338 Winchester Magnum. The.340 Weatherby Magnum uses the same.338 in, diameter bullets as the.338 Winchester Magnum but it does so at greater velocity than its Winchester competition. Reloaders may have trouble matching the published Weatherby velocities as Weatherby factory ammunition is loaded to maximum specifications, Weatherby no longer loads the 250gr. Round-nose cartridge pictured but continues to load the 250 gr, Weatherby has also expanded their factory loads including Nosler Ballistic-tip and Barnes TSX bullets complementing the powerful cartridge. Currently A-square is the other factory ammunition producer of the.340 Weatherby Magnum which has led to limited popularity of the caliber. In field tests the.340 clearly out performs the 300 Ultra mag.338 win mag. and even rivals the larger.375 H&H, providing a much flatter shooting and harder hitting performance. This cartridge is powerful enough for even the largest North American game and is suitable for most African game as well, Weatherby.338 Winchester Magnum List of rifle cartridges
