1.
Pistol
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A pistol is a type of handgun. In some usage, the term refers to a subset of handguns. In other usage, the term is interchangeable with handgun, some handgun experts and dictionaries make a technical distinction that views pistols as a subset of handguns, others use the terms interchangeably. But UK/rest of Commonwealth usage does not always make this distinction, for example, the official designation of the Webley Mk VI revolver was Pistol, Revolver, Webley, No.1 Mk VI. The English word was introduced in ca.1570 from the Middle French pistolet, the etymology of the French word pistolet is disputed. The first suggestion derives the word from Czech píšťala, a type of hand-cannon used in the Hussite Wars during the 1420s, the Czech word was adopted in German as pitschale, pitschole, petsole, and variants. The second suggestion is less likely, the use of the word as a designation of a gun is not documented before 1605 in Italy, long after it was used in French, the Czech word is well documented since the Hussite wars in 1420s. Other suggestions include from Middle High German pischulle or from Middle French pistole, also it is suggested that early pistols were carried by cavalry in holsters hung from the pommel of a horses saddle. The most common types of pistol are the shot. Single shot handguns were mainly seen during the era of flintlock and musket weaponry where the pistol was loaded with a ball and fired by a flint striker. However, as technology improved, so did the single shot pistol, new operating mechanisms were created, and due to this, they are still made today. It is the oldest type of pistol, and is used to hunt wild game. Multi-barreled pistols were common during the time as single shot pistols. As designers looked for ways to increase fire rates, multiple barrels were added to all guns including pistols, one example of a multi-barreled pistol is the Ducks foot pistol, which generally had either four or eight barrels, although some 20th century models had three barrels. Around 1850, pistols such as the Jarre harmonica gun were produced that had a sliding magazine, the sliding magazine contained pinfire cartridges or speedloaders. The magazine needed to be moved manually in many designs, hence distinguishing them from semi-automatic pistols, with the development of the revolver in the 19th century, gunsmiths had finally achieved the goal of a practical capability for delivering multiple loads to one handgun barrel in quick succession. The semi-automatic pistol was the step in the development of the pistol. By avoiding multiple chambers—which need to be individually reloaded—semi-automatic pistols delivered faster rates of fire, an example of a modern blow back action semi-automatic pistol is the HK VP70
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Cartridge (firearms)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
4.
10mm Auto
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The 10mm Auto is a semi-automatic pistol cartridge first developed by Jeff Cooper and introduced in 1983 with the Bren Ten pistol. Its design was improved, then produced initially by ammunition manufacturer FFV Norma AB of Åmotfors. The 10mm Auto cartridge was originally drafted and championed by eminent firearms expert Lieutenant Colonel John Dean Jeff Cooper and it was designed to be a medium-velocity pistol cartridge with better external ballistics than the.45 ACP and capable of greater stopping power than the 9×19mm Parabellum. When FFV Norma AB designed the cartridge at the behest of Dornaus & Dixon Enterprises, Inc. for their Bren Ten pistol, the company decided to increase the power over Coopers original concept. The case was derived from the.30 Remington rifle round, cut down, an example being the peculiar circumstances surrounding the pistols distribution at its primary release, leading to a number of initial Bren Tens sent to dealers and customers without magazines. In the succeeding five years, prices on the Standard Model rose to in excess of U. S. $1,400, since 1994, both units still field the weapon and caliber to this day. Thereafter, experimentations were carried out and a specification for reduced-recoil ammunition was created, the requirement was later submitted to the Federal Cartridge Corporation for production and followed further review. This became known as the 10mm Lite, or 10mm FBI load and this altered cartridge was named the.40 Smith & Wesson. In 2015 SIG Sauer entered the 10mm marketplace with their P220 model chambered in 10mm, the 10mm outperforms the.40 S&W by 270–300 ft/s for similar bullet weights when using available full power loads, as opposed to the 10mm FBI level loads still found in some ammunition catalogs. The 10mm Auto has 1.56 milliliter cartridge case capacity. Common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406.40 mm,6 grooves, Ø lands =9.91 mm, Ø grooves =10.17 mm, a large pistol primer is used. The Commission Internationale Permanente pour lEpreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives rulings indicate a maximum pressure of 230 MPa, regulated countries, every pistol/cartridge combination is required to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C. I. P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers Institute maximum pressure limit for the 10mm Auto is set at 37,500 psi, at full potential, the 10mm Auto produces energy slightly higher than an average.357 Magnum load and below standard.41 Magnum rounds. The cartridge is considered to be high-velocity, giving it a flight path upon firing relative to other handgun cartridges. In its lighter loadings, the 10mm Auto is a duplicate of the.40 S&W cartridge. More powerful loadings can equal or exceed the performance of the.357 Magnum, and retain more kinetic energy at 100 yards than the.45 ACP has at the muzzle. The 10mm Auto is marketed for hunting, defensive, and tactical use and is one of the few semi-automatic, the round makes the Major power factor ranking in the International Practical Shooting Confederation, even in lighter loadings. In military use, the government of Denmark has issued the Glock 20 to the Slædepatruljen Sirius headquartered in Daneborg, the pistols were issued as a defense against polar bears which the unit encounters during patrols
5.
Bullet
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The word bullet is a firearm term. A bullet is a projectile expelled from the barrel of a firearm, the term is from Middle French and originated as the diminutive of the word boulle which means small ball. Bullets are made of a variety of materials and they are available singly as they would be used in muzzle loading and cap and ball firearms, as part of a paper cartridge, and much more commonly as a component of metallic cartridges. Bullets are made in a numbers of styles and constructions depending on how they will be used. Many bullets have specialized functions, such as hunting, target shooting, training, defense, a bullet is not a cartridge. In paper and metallic cartridges a bullet is one component of the cartridge, bullet sizes are expressed by their weight and diameter in both English and Metric measurement systems. For example.22 caliber 55 grain bullets or 5. 56mm 55 grain bullets are the same caliber, the word bullet is often used colloquially to refer to a cartridge, which is a combination of the bullet, paper or metallic case/shell, powder, and primer. This use of bullet, when cartridge is intended, leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended, the bullets used in many cartridges are fired at a muzzle velocity faster than the speed of sound. Meaning they are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance, bullet speed through air depends on a number of factors such as barometric pressure, humidity, air temperature, and wind speed. Subsonic cartridges fire bullets slower than the speed of sound and so there is no sonic crack and this means that a subsonic cartridge such as.45 ACP can be effectively suppressed to be substantially quieter than a supersonic cartridge such as the.223 Remington. Bullets do not normally contain explosives, but damage the target by impact. The first use of gunpowder in Europe was recorded in 1247 and it had been used in China for hundreds of years. Later in 1364 hand cannon appeared, early projectiles were made of stone. Stone was used in cannon and hand cannon, in cannon it was eventually found that stone would not penetrate stone fortifications which gave rise to the use of heavier metals for the round projectiles. Hand cannon projectiles developed in a similar following the failure of stone from siege cannon. The first recorded instance of a ball from a hand cannon penetrating armor occurred in 1425. In this photograph of shot retrieved from the wreck of the Mary Rose which was sunk in 1545, the round shot are clearly of different sizes and some are stone while others are cast iron. The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles, bullet is derived from the French word boulette, which roughly means little ball
6.
Grain (unit)
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A grain is a unit of measurement of mass, and, for the troy grain, equal to exactly 7001647989100000000♠64.79891 milligrams. It is nominally based upon the mass of a seed of a cereal. From the Bronze Age into the Renaissance the average masses of wheat, rather, expressions such as thirty-two grains of wheat, taken from the middle of the ear appear to have been ritualistic formulas, essentially the premodern equivalent of legal boilerplate. Another book states that Captain Henry Kater, of the British Standards Commission, the grain was the legal foundation of traditional English weight systems, and is the only unit that is equal throughout the troy, avoirdupois, and apothecaries systems of mass. The unit was based on the weight of a grain of barley. The fundamental unit of the pre-1527 English weight system known as Tower weights, was a different sort of known as the wheat grain. The Tower wheat grain was defined as exactly 45⁄64 of a troy grain.79891 milligrams, 7000100000000000000♠1 gram is approximately 7001154323600000000♠15.43236 grains. The unit formerly used by jewellers to measure pearls, diamonds, or other stones, called the jewellers grain or pearl grain, is equal to 1⁄4 of a carat. The grain was also the name of a traditional French unit equal to 6995531150000000000♠53.115 mg. In both British Imperial and U. S. customary units, there are precisely 7,000 grains per avoirdupois pound, the grain is commonly used to measure the mass of bullets and propellants. The term also refers to a particle of gunpowder, the size of which varies according to requirements. In archery, the grain is the unit used to weigh arrows. In dentistry, gold foil, used as a material to restore teeth, is measured in grains, in North America, the hardness of water is often measured in grains per US gallon of calcium carbonate equivalents. Otherwise, water hardness is measured in the metric unit parts per million, one grain per US gallon is approximately 6995171000000000000♠17.1 ppm. Soft water contains 1–4 gpg of calcium carbonate equivalents, while hard water contains 11–20 gpg, though no longer recommended, grains are still used occasionally in medicine as part of the apothecaries system, especially in prescriptions for older medicines such as aspirin or phenobarbital. For example, the dosage of a standard 6996325000000000000♠325 mg tablet of aspirin is sometimes given as 7000500000000000000♠5 grains, in that example the grain is approximated to 6995650000000000000♠65 mg, though the grain can also be approximated to 6995600000000000000♠60 mg, depending on the medication and manufacturer. The apothecaries system has its own system of notation, in which the symbol or abbreviation is followed by the quantity in lower case Roman numerals. For amounts less than one, the quantity is written as a fraction, or for one half, therefore, a prescription for tablets containing 325 mg of aspirin and 30 mg of codeine can be written ASA gr
7.
Rifling
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In firearms, rifling consists of helical grooves in the internal surface of a guns barrel, which impart a spin to a projectile around its long axis. This spin serves to stabilize the projectile, improving its aerodynamic stability. Rifling is often described by its twist rate, which indicates the distance the rifling takes to complete one revolution, such as 1 turn in 10 inches. A shorter distance indicates a faster twist, meaning that for a given velocity the projectile will be rotating at a spin rate. Barrels intended for long, small-diameter bullets, such as the ultra-low-drag, 80-grain 0.223 inch bullets, extremely long projectiles such as flechettes may require high twist rates, these projectiles must be inherently stable, and are often fired from a smoothbore barrel. Muskets were smoothbore, large caliber weapons using ball-shaped ammunition fired at low velocity. Due to the high cost and great difficulty of manufacturing, and the need to load readily from the muzzle. Consequently, on firing the ball bounced off the sides of the barrel when fired, barrel rifling was invented in Augsburg, Germany in 1498. In 1520 August Kotter, an armourer of Nuremberg, Germany improved upon this work, though true rifling dates from the mid-16th century, it did not become commonplace until the nineteenth century. The most successful weapons using rifling with black powder were breech loaders such as the Queen Anne pistol, the grooves most commonly used in modern rifling have fairly sharp edges. More recently, polygonal rifling, a throwback to the earliest types of rifling, has become popular, polygonal barrels tend to have longer service lives because the reduction of the sharp edges of the land reduces erosion of the barrel. Supporters of polygonal rifling also claim higher velocities and greater accuracy, polygonal rifling is currently seen on pistols from CZ, Heckler & Koch, Glock, Tanfoglio, and Kahr Arms, as well as the Desert Eagle. Such guns have achieved significant increases in velocity and range. Examples include the South African G5 and the German PzH2000, gain-twist rifling begins with very little change in the projectiles angular momentum during the first few inches of bullet travel after ignition during the transition from chamber to throat. This enables the bullet to remain undisturbed and trued to the case mouth. After engaging the rifling the bullet is progressively subjected to accelerated angular momentum as burning powder propels it down the barrel. By only gradually increasing the rate, torque is spread along a much longer section of barrel. Gain-twist rifling was used as early as the American Civil War, colt Army and Navy revolvers both employed gain-twist rifling
8.
Primer (firearms)
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In firearm ballistics, the primer is a component of pistol, rifle, and shotgun rounds. Early primers were simply the same black powder used to fire the weapon and this external powder was connected though a tube in the barrel that led to the main charge. As powder wont burn when wet, this led to difficulty, or even the inability, modern primers are shock sensitive chemicals. In smaller weapons the primer is usually integrated into the rear of a cartridge, in larger weapons like cannon the primer is a separate component placed inside the barrel to the rear of the main propellant charge. The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is igniting the propellant, the earliest firearms were cannons, which were simple closed tubes. There was an aperture, the touchhole, drilled in the closed end of the tube. This hole was filled with finely ground powder, which was ignited with a hot ember or torch. With the advent of firearms, this became an undesirable way of firing a gun. The first attempt to make the process of firing a small arm easier was the matchlock, the matchlock incorporated a lock that was actuated by a trigger, originally called a tricker. The lock was a lever which pivoted when pulled. The match was a burning fuse made of plant fibers that were soaked in a solution of nitrates, charcoal, and sulfur. This slow-match was ignited before the gun was needed, and it would slowly burn, after the gun was loaded and the touchhole primed with powder, the burning tip of the match was positioned so that the lock would bring it into contact with the touchhole. To fire the gun, it was aimed and the trigger pulled and this brought the match down to the touchhole, igniting the powder. With careful attention the slow-burning match could be burning for long periods of time. The next revolution in technology was the wheel-lock. It used a spring-loaded, serrated steel wheel which rubbed against a piece of iron pyrite, a key was used to wind the wheel and put the spring under tension. Once tensioned, the wheel was held in place by a trigger, when the trigger was pulled, the serrated edge of the steel rubbed against the pyrite, generating sparks. These sparks were directed into a pan, called the flash pan, the flashpan usually was protected by a spring-loaded cover that would slide out of the way when the trigger was pulled, exposing the powder to the sparks
9.
Rim (firearms)
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A rim is an external flange that is machined, cast, molded, stamped or pressed around the bottom of a firearms cartridge. Thus, rimmed cartridges are sometimes called flanged cartridges, almost all cartridges feature an extractor or headspacing rim, in spite of the fact that some cartridges are known as rimless cartridges. These types are rimmed, rimless, semi-rimmed, rebated rim and these categories describe the size of the rim in relation to the base of the case. The rimmed cartridge, sometimes called flanged cartridge, is the oldest of the types and has a rim that is larger in diameter than the base of the cartridge. Rimmed cartridges use the rim to hold the cartridge in the chamber of the firearm, because the rimmed cartridge headspaces on the rim, the case length is of less importance than rimless cartridges. This allows some firearms chambered for similar rimmed cartridges to safely chamber and fire shorter cartridges, rimmed cartridges are well suited to certain types of actions, such as revolvers, where the rim helps hold the cartridge in position, and break-action firearms. Semi-automatic handguns have been chambered in rimmed cartridges as well, for example a LAR Grizzly or Desert Eagle in.357 or.44 Magnum, under the metric cartridge designation system, a capitalized R added at the end of the designation denotes a rimmed cartridge. For example,7. 62×54mmR is a cartridge, while 7. 62×51mm is a rimless cartridge.45 Auto Rim. Examples of rimmed handgun cartridges include the.38 Special.357 Magnum, rimmed rifle cartridge examples include the.22 Hornet.303 British and 7. 62×54mmR. Rimless cases are not well suited to break-open and revolver actions, though they can be used with modifications, such as a spring-loaded extractor or, in a revolver. Crimping affects the length of the cartridge, and thus cannot be used on cartridges which headspace on the case mouth. Examples of rimless handgun cartridges include the 9mm Parabellum.40 S&W, rimless rifle examples include the.223 Remington.308 Winchester. 30-06 Springfield and 7. 92×57mm Mauser. On a semi-rimmed case the rim projects slightly beyond the base of the case, the tiny rim provides minimal interference feeding from a box magazine, while still providing enough surface to headspace on. Semi-rimmed cases are less common than the other types, if the chamber is cut shallow, so the case headspaces off the mouth, the rim is used for extraction only, a standard chamber will use the rim for both headspacing and extraction. Examples of more commonly encountered rimless handgun cartridges are.25 ACP.32 ACP and.38 ACP, while the.308 Marlin Express.338 Marlin Express and.444 Marlin are rifle cartridges that are semi-rimmed. Rebated rim cartridges have a rim that is smaller in diameter than the base of the case. Functionally the same as a case, the rebated rim provides some additional benefits when considered in conjunction with other cartridges. One example of a rebated rim cartridge is the.50 Action Express, by using the same rim dimensions as the.44 Magnum, a Desert Eagle could be converted from.44 Magnum to.50 AE by merely changing the barrel and magazine
10.
Firearm
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A firearm is a portable gun - a barreled weapon that launches one or more projectiles, often driven by the action of an explosive force. The first primitive firearms originated in 13th-century China when the fire lance was combined with projectiles. The technology gradually spread through the rest of East Asia, South Asia, older firearms typically used black powder as a propellant, but modern firearms use smokeless powder or other propellants. Most modern firearms have rifled barrels to impart spin to the projectile for improved flight stability, modern firearms can be described by their caliber or in the case of shotguns their gauge, by the type of action employed together with the usual means of deportment. The word firearms usually is used in a sense restricted to small arms, shooters aim firearms at their targets with hand-eye co-ordination, using either iron sights or optical sights. The accurate range of pistols generally does not exceed 100 yards, while most rifles are accurate to 550 yards using iron sights, some purpose-built sniper rifles are accurate to ranges of more than 2,200 yards. The smallest of all firearms is the handgun, there are three common types of handguns, single-shot pistols, revolvers, and semi-automatic pistols. Revolvers have a number of firing chambers or charge holes in a revolving cylinder, semi-automatic pistols have a single fixed firing chamber machined into the rear of the barrel, and a magazine so they can be used to fire more than one round. Each press of the fires a cartridge, using the energy of the cartridge to activate the mechanism so that the next cartridge may be fired immediately. This is opposed to double-action revolvers which accomplish the end using a mechanical action linked to the trigger pull. Prior to the 19th century, virtually all handguns were single-shot muzzleloaders, with the invention of the revolver in 1818, handguns capable of holding multiple rounds became popular. Certain designs of auto-loading pistol appeared beginning in the 1870s and had largely supplanted revolvers in military applications by the end of World War I. By the end of the 20th century, most handguns carried regularly by military, police and civilians were semi-automatic, both designs are common among civilian gun owners, depending on the owners intention. A long gun is any firearm that is larger than a handgun and is designed to be held. Early long arms, from the Renaissance up to the century, were generally smoothbore firearms that fired one or more ball shot. Most modern long guns are either rifles or shotguns, both are the successors of the musket, diverging from their parent weapon in distinct ways. A rifle is so named for the spiral fluting machined into the surface of its barrel. Shotguns are predominantly smoothbore firearms designed to fire a number of shot, shotguns are also capable of firing single slugs, or specialty rounds such as bean bags, tear gas or breaching rounds
11.
Smith & Wesson
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Smith & Wesson is a manufacturer of firearms in the United States. The corporate headquarters are based in Springfield, Massachusetts, founded in 1852, Smith & Wessons pistols and revolvers have become standard issue to police and armed forces throughout the world, in addition to their popularity among sport shooters. Apart from firearms, Smith & Wesson has been known for the types of ammunition it has introduced over the years. Wesson founded the Smith & Wesson Company in Norwich, Connecticut in 1852 to develop the Volcanic rifle, Smith developed a new Volcanic Cartridge, which he patented in 1854. The Smith & Wesson Company was renamed Volcanic Repeating Arms in 1855, Smith left the company and returned to his native Springfield, Massachusetts, Wesson stayed on as plant manager with Volcanic Repeating Arms. As Samuel Colts patent on the revolver was set to expire in 1856 and his research pointed out that a former Colt employee named Rollin White held the patent for a Bored-through cylinder, a component he would need for his invention. Wesson reconnected with Smith and the two partners approached White to manufacture a newly designed revolver-and-cartridge combination, rather than make White a partner in their company, Smith and Wesson paid him a royalty of $0.25 on every revolver that they made. It would become Whites responsibility to defend his patent in any court cases which led to his financial ruin. The orders for the Smith & Wesson Model 1 revolver outpaced the production capabilities. In 1860 demand was so great that Smith & Wesson expanded into a new facility, at the same time, the companys design was being infringed upon by other manufacturers which led to numerous lawsuits filed by Rollin White. In many of these part of the restitution came in the form of the offender being forced to stamp Manufactured for Smith & Wesson on the revolvers in question. Whites vigorous defense of his patent caused a problem for armsmakers in the United States at the time as they could not manufacture cartridge revolvers, at the end of the war the US Government charged White with causing the retardation of arms development in America. Demand for revolvers declined at the close of the Civil War, in 1870 the company introduced a large frame revolver in heavier calibers than the pocket sized revolvers it had been making. The design was known as the Smith & Wesson Model 3, after an organized campaign by the NRA and NSSF, thousands of retailers and tens of thousands of firearms consumers boycotted Smith & Wesson. On 11 May 2001, Saf-T-Hammer Corporation acquired Smith & Wesson Corp. from Tomkins plc for US$15 million, Saf-T-Hammer assumed US$30 million in debt, bringing the total purchase price to US$45 million. The acquisition of Smith & Wesson was chiefly brokered by Saf-T-Hammer President Bob Scott, after the purchase, Scott became the president of Smith & Wesson to guide the 157-year-old company back to its former standing in the market. On 15 February 2002, the name of the newly formed entity was changed to Smith & Wesson Holding Corporation, about 2006 Smith & Wesson refocused its marketing on big box retailers, according to Smith & Wesson CEO Mike Golden in a 2008 conference call with investors. In December 2014, Smith & Wesson Holding announced it was paying $130.5 million for Battenfeld Technologies, the company made the acquisition with the eventual intent to merge all its existing Smith & Wesson, M&P and Thompson Center Arms accessories into a single division
12.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a domestic function. The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation and its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, in the fiscal year 2012, the Bureaus total budget was approximately $8.12 billion. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, the Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the breakage of the Oregon land fraud scandal at approximately the turn of the 20th Century, President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the Secret Service, for personnel, on May 27,1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelts urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Investigation was created on July 26,1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including veterans of the Secret Service. Its first Chief was Stanley Finch, Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908. The bureaus first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act, or Mann Act, in 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition, in the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure
13.
.45 ACP
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The.45 ACP, or.45 Auto is a handgun cartridge designed by John Browning in 1905, for use in his prototype Colt semi-automatic pistol. After successful military trials it was adopted along with the Browning.45 Colt handgun as the.45 M1911 cartridge, the handgun was designated M1911 handgun. The U. S. Cavalry had been buying and testing various handguns in the late 1890s, the.45 Colt Single Action Army had largely been replaced, even by some double-action versions of the same caliber. The Army had fielded some double-action revolvers in.38 Long Colt and they determined the.38 caliber round was significantly less effective than the.45 Colt against determined opponents such as the Moro juramentado warriors encountered in the Moro Rebellion. This experience, and the Thompson–LaGarde Tests of 1904 led the Army and they noted, however, training was critical to make sure a soldier could score a hit in a vulnerable part of the body. The result from Colt was the Model 1905 and the new.45 ACP cartridge. The resulting. 45-caliber cartridge, named the.45 ACP, was similar in performance to the.45 Schofield cartridge, by 1906, bids from six makers were submitted, among them Brownings design, submitted by Colt. Only DWM, Savage, and Colt made the first cut, DWM, which submitted two Parabellum P08s chambered in.45 ACP, withdrew from testing after the first round of tests, for unspecified reasons. In the second round of evaluations in 1910, the Colt design passed the testing with no failures. The Colt pistol was adopted as the Model 1911, the cartridge/pistol combination was quite successful but not satisfactory for U. S. military purposes. The very first production, at Frankford Arsenal, was marked F A811, the cartridge was designed by John Browning for Colt, but the most influential person in selecting the cartridge was Army Ordnance member Gen. John T. Thompson. Thompson insisted on a real man stopper pistol, following the showing of the Armys.38 Long Colt pistols during the Philippine–American War. The.45 ACP has 1.62 ml cartridge case capacity.45 ACP maximum C. I. P. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406 mm,6 grooves, Ø lands =11.23 mm, Ø grooves =11.43 mm, land width =3.73 mm and the primer type is large pistol. The cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case at the L3 datum reference, according to Commission Internationale Permanente pour lEpreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives rulings, the.45 ACP cartridge case can handle up to 131.000 MPa Pmax piezo pressure. In CIP-regulated countries every pistol cartridge combination has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers and this means that.45 ACP chambered arms in C. I. P. Regulated countries are proof tested at 170.30 MPa PE piezo pressure. The SAAMI pressure limit for the.45 ACP is set at 21,000 psi piezo pressure, while the SAAMI pressure limit for the.45 ACP +P is set at 23,000 psi, piezo pressure
14.
Revolver
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A revolver is a repeating handgun that has a revolving cylinder containing multiple chambers and at least one barrel for firing. Revolvers might be regarded as a subset of pistols, or as a subset of handguns. Though the term revolver usually only refers to handguns, other firearms may also have a revolving chamber and these include some models of grenade launchers, shotguns, and rifles. Most revolvers contain five or six rounds in the cylinder, though the original name was revolving gun, the short-hand revolver is universally used. The revolver allows the user to fire multiple rounds without reloading, each time the user cocks the hammer, the cylinder revolves to align the next chamber and round with the hammer and barrel, which gives this type of firearm its name. In a single-action revolver, the user pulls the back with his free hand or thumb. In a double-action revolver, pulling the trigger moves the back, then releases it. Loading and unloading a double-action revolver requires the operator to swing out the cylinder and insert the proper ammunition, the first guns with multichambered cylinders that revolved to feed one barrel were made in the late 16th century in Europe. They were expensive and rare curiosities, not until the 19th century would revolvers become common weapons of industrial production. One of the first was a flintlock revolver patented by Elisha Collier in 1814, the first percussion revolver was made by Lenormand of Paris in 1820 and the first percussion cap revolver was invented by the Italian Francesco Antonio Broccu in 1833. He received a prize of 300 francs for his invention, although he did not patent it, however, in 1835 a similar handgun was patented by Samuel Colt, who would go on to make the first mass-produced revolver. The first cartridge revolvers were produced around 1854 by Eugene Lefaucheux, revolvers soon became standard for nearly all uses. In the early 20th century, semi-automatic pistols were developed, which can hold more rounds, Automatic pistols also have a flat profile, more suitable for concealed carry. Automatic pistols have almost completely replaced revolvers in military and law enforcement use, revolvers still remain popular as back-up and off-duty handguns among American law enforcement officers and security guards. Also, revolvers are still common in the American private sector as defensive, in the development of firearms, an important limiting factor was the time it took to reload the weapon after it was fired. While the user was reloading, the weapon was useless, several approaches to the problem of increasing the rate of fire were developed, the earliest being multi-barrelled weapons which allowed two or more shots without reloading. Later weapons featured multiple barrels revolving along a single axis, the earliest examples of what today is called a revolver were made in Germany in the late 16th century. These weapons featured a barrel with a revolving cylinder holding the powder
15.
Semi-automatic pistol
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One cartridge is fired each time the trigger of a semi-automatic pistol is pulled, the pistols disconnector ensures this behavior. Additional terms sometimes used as synonyms for a semi-automatic pistol are automatic pistol, self-loading pistol, autopistol, a semi-automatic pistol harnesses the energy of one shot to reload the chamber for the next. After a round is fired, the spent casing is ejected, most pistols use recoil operation to do this, but some pistols use blowback or gas operation. Most types of semi-automatic pistols rely on a magazine to store ammunition before it is fired. Typically, the first round is loaded into the chamber by pulling back. This is called racking the slide or racking the gun, after the trigger is pulled and the round is fired, the recoil operation of the handgun automatically extracts and ejects the shell casing and reloads the chamber. This mode of operation allows for faster reloading and storing a larger number of cartridges than a revolver. Each pull of the trigger on a DAO semi-automatic pistol requires the amount of pressure. The Kel-Tec P-32 is an example of a DAO action, DAO semi-automatic pistols are most generally recommended only in the smaller, self-defense, concealable pistols, rather than in target or hunting pistols. A notable exception is Glock-brand pistols which optimize preset triggers, and this allows for significantly shorter trigger pulls than DAO. The trigger spring can be replaced with a one and paired with a low-strength sear connector resulting in lightened trigger pulls to improve a shooters accuracy. Standard modern semi-automatic pistols are double action, also sometimes known as double-action/single-action. In this design, the hammer or striker may be either thumb-cocked or activated by pulling the trigger when firing the first shot, the hammer or striker is recocked automatically during each firing cycle. In double-action pistols, the first pull of the trigger requires roughly twice as much pressure as subsequent firings, the Beretta 92F/FS, a full-sized, service, semi-automatic pistol is an example of this style of action. A common mode of carry for DA semi-automatic pistols is with the full, a round chambered. In contrast, a single-action semi-automatic pistol must be cocked by first operating the slide or bolt, or, if a round is already chambered, the famed Colt M1911 is an example of this style of action. All SA semi-automatic pistols exhibit this feature, and automatically cock the hammer when the slide is first racked to chamber a round, a round can also be manually inserted in the chamber with the slide locked back. Then the safety can be applied, the normal mode of carrying an SA semi-automatic pistol is condition 1, popularly known as cocked and locked
16.
.38 Special
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The.38 Smith & Wesson Special is a rimmed, centerfire cartridge designed by Smith & Wesson. It is most commonly used in revolvers, although some semi-automatic pistols, in other parts of the world, it is known by its metric designation of 9×29. 5mmR or 9. 1×29mmR. Noted for its accuracy and manageable recoil, the.38 Special remains the most popular cartridge in the world more than a century after its introduction. It is used for shooting, formal target competition, personal defense. Despite its name, the caliber of the.38 Special cartridge is actually. 357–.358 inches, except for case length, the.38 Special is identical to the.38 Short Colt.38 Long Colt, and.357 Magnum. This allows the.38 Special round to be fired in revolvers chambered for the.357 Magnum. Upon its introduction, the.38 Special was originally loaded with black powder and this.38 Special variant incorporated a 200 grains round-nosed lead Lubaloy bullet, the.38 Super Police. Remington-Peters also introduced a similar loading, testing revealed that the longer, heavier 200 grains. 357-calibre bullet fired at low velocity tended to keyhole or tumble upon impact, providing more shock effect against unprotected personnel. This cartridge was called the.38 S&W Super Police or the. 38/200, britain would later adopt the. 38/200 as its standard military handgun cartridge. In 1930, Smith & Wesson introduced a large frame.38 Special revolver with a 5-inch barrel and fixed sights intended for police use, the following year, a new high-power loading called the. That same year, Colt Firearms announced that their Colt Official Police would also handle high-speed.38 Special loadings, the. 38/44 high-speed cartridge came in three bullet weights,158 grains,150 and 110 grains, with either coated lead or steel jacket, metal-piercing bullets. The media attention gathered by the. 38/44 and its ammunition eventually led Smith & Wesson to develop a new cartridge with a longer case length in 1934—this was the.357 Magnum. During World War II, some U. S. aircrew were issued.38 Special S&W Victory revolvers as sidearms in the event of a forced landing, the new military.38 Special loading propelled its 158 grains bullet at a standard 850 ft/s from a 4-inch revolver barrel. During the war, many U. S. naval and marine aircrew were also issued red-tipped.38 Special tracer rounds using either a 120 or 158 gr bullet for emergency signaling purposes. In 1956, the U. S. Air Force adopted the Cartridge, Caliber.38, Ball M41, a military variant of the.38 Special cartridge designed to conform to the rules of land warfare. By 1961, a slightly revised M41.38 cartridge specification known as the Cartridge, Caliber.38 Ball, Special, a variant of the standard M41 cartridge with a semi-pointed, unjacketed lead bullet was later adopted for CONUS police and security personnel. At the same time.38 tracer cartridges were reintroduced by the US Navy, Marines, tracer cartridges in.38 Special caliber of different colors were issued, generally as part of a standard aircrew survival vest kit. A request for more powerful.38 Special ammunition for use by Air Police and security personnel resulted in the Caliber.38 Special, Ball, in 1972, the Federal Bureau of Investigation introduced a new.38 +P loading that became known as the FBI Load
17.
Colt Delta Elite
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The Colt Delta Elite is a modified M1911 pistol, Series 80 configuration, chambered for the 10mm Auto. It is similar to the M1911 in design and operation, Colt manufactured both stainless steel and blued versions with eight-round magazines. A Delta Gold Cup model was offered for target competition. The stainless steel Government Model version has recently been reintroduced, the Delta Elite is credited as being the first firearm produced by a major manufacturer to chamber the 10mm. The ill-fated Bren Ten sparked a genuine interest in the 10mm round with outdoorsmen and this new generation is generally similar to the previous version. The new Delta Elites will be manufactured with the traditional barrel/bushing arrangement, Colt Customer Service stated they had a lack of acceptable accuracy problem with the bull bushingless barrel setup. That was the cause of the delay in the Delta Elites production schedule, the new Delta Elite pistol was released March 31,2009. The Delta Elite is a standard M1911 design, with a few differences from the latest Series 80 derivative of that pistol. It carries the rowel Commander type hammer of that pistol and the same features of the 1911 that have made it so popular with users. However, the Delta Elite carries a stiffer double recoil spring to handle the recoil of the 10mm round. Unlike the.400 Corbon, the 10mm can easily exceed the levels of the.357 Magnum, thus stressing the original designs limitations. Many gunsmiths have their own modifications which they feel adjust the level of felt recoil of the Delta Elite, some of the very first Delta Elites had a tendency to suffer flex-induced slide rail stress cracks. This was quickly addressed by removing the section of the rail above the slide-stop cutout, variant 1 Blued — a standard blued Delta Elite. Variant 1 Stainless — a standard stainless Delta Elite, featuring pebbled texture wrap-around grips, variant 2 — Colt Gold Cup Ten. Assembled by Colt Custom Shop with only 500 being produced, serial Numbers begin GCTEN ending with numerals from 001-500. Variant 3 — Colt Match 10, the Gold Cup versions were not available at the time, so this was the most advanced Gold Cup type available. The adjustable Millet style sight allows it to be centered for decent groups at 25 yards, according to Colt, approximately 400 were manufactured in 1988. Variant 4 — spur hammer with black grips Special variant — Colt Elite Ten Forty — the Colt Elite Ten/Forty was an edition for Lew Horton Co. in the early 1990s
18.
Smith & Wesson Model 4506
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The Smith & Wesson Model 4506 is a third-generation semi-automatic pistol from Smith & Wessons 4500 series of handguns. The 4506 is chambered for the.45 ACP cartridge and, with the purchase of special springs and it is constructed almost entirely from stainless steel and is thus extremely resistant to harsh weather conditions. The 4506 is a traditional double-action/single-action pistol, the first shot is fired in double-action mode. Each subsequent shot is fired single-action mode and it features one-piece Xenoy wrap-around grips with either a curved or straight back strap. The 4506 was produced from 1988 to 1999, Smith & Wesson Model 4506-1, Later, modified version of the 4506. Change to the manufacturing process. Trigger guard changed from square to round, much later, the hammer and trigger were changed to being blued instead of receiving a flash chrome finish, and the S&W roll marks were dropped in favor of laser etching. Smith & Wesson Model 4516, Compact version with a 3 3⁄4 barrel on a smaller frame accepting 7 round single column magazines, Smith & Wesson Model 4546, Double-action-only version of the 4506 with a rounded, stubby hammer. Smith & Wesson Model 4563, Midsize version with a 4 1⁄4 barrel on an alloy frame. Smith & Wesson Model 4566, Midsize version with a 4 1⁄4 barrel on a steel frame. Current issue with West Virginia State Police, in DAO, with bobbed hammer, two versions in use, Natural stainless and blackened Melonite. Both have the S&W emblem and West Virginia State Police followed by WVSP shoulder patch laser etched left side of slide, West Virginia State Police laser etched right side of slide. Picatinney rail in front of trigger guard, WVSP carry two vertical back-up mags left of dutybelt buckle for a total of 24 rounds on patrol. Smith & Wesson Model 4567, Midsize version with a 4 1⁄4 barrel on a stainless steel frame with a blue carbon steel slide. Also known as the Model 4567-NS, only 1236 were produced in the 1992 single year production. The issued sidearm of the Idaho State Police from 1992-2002
19.
Centerfire ammunition
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A centerfire cartridge is a cartridge with a primer located in the center of the cartridge case head. Unlike rimfire cartridges, the primer is a separate and replaceable component, centerfire cartridges have supplanted the rimfire variety in all but the smallest cartridge sizes. The stronger base of a cartridge is able to withstand higher pressures which in turn give a bullet greater velocity. Larger caliber rimfire cartridges require greater volumes of priming explosive than centerfire cartridges, reducing the amount of priming explosive would reduce the reliability of rimfire cartridge ignition, and increase the probability of misfire or dud cartridges. Economies of scale are achieved through interchangeable primers for a variety of centerfire cartridge calibers. The expensive individual brass cases can be reused after replacing the primer, gunpowder, the forward portion of some empty cases can be reformed for use as obsolete or wildcat cartridges with similar base configuration. Modern cartridges larger than.22 caliber are mostly centerfire, actions suitable for larger caliber rimfire cartridges declined in popularity until the demand for them no longer exceeded manufacturing costs, and they became obsolete. An early form of ammunition, without a percussion cap, was invented between 1808 and 1812 by Jean Samuel Pauly. This was also the first fully integrated cartridge, true centerfire ammunition was invented by the Frenchman Clement Pottet in 1829. However, Pottet would not perfect his design until 1855, the centerfire cartridge was improved by Benjamin Houllier, Gastinne Renette, Charles Lancaster, George Morse, Francois Schneider, Hiram Berdan and Edward Mounier Boxer. The identifying feature of centerfire ammunition is the primer which is a cup containing a primary explosive inserted into a recess in the center of the base of the cartridge. The firearm firing pin crushes this explosive between the cup and an anvil to produce hot gas and a shower of incandescent particles to ignite the powder charge, Berdan priming is less expensive to manufacture and is much more common in military-surplus ammunition made outside the United States. Berdan primers are named after their American inventor, Hiram Berdan of New York who invented his first variation of the Berdan primer and patented it on March 20,1866, in U. S. A small copper cylinder formed the shell of the cartridge, and this system worked well, allowing the option of installing a cap just before use of the propellant-loaded cartridge as well as permitting reloading the cartridge for reuse. S. Berdan primers have remained essentially the same functionally to the present day, Berdan primers are similar to the caps used in the caplock system, being small metal cups with pressure-sensitive explosive in them. Modern Berdan primers are pressed into the pocket of a Berdan-type cartridge case. Inside the primer pocket is a bump, the anvil, that rests against the center of the cup. Berdan cases are reusable, although the process is rather involved, the used primer must be removed, usually by hydraulic pressure or a pincer or lever that pulls the primer out of the bottom
20.
Smith & Wesson Model 4006
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The S&W Model 4006 was a semi-automatic handgun introduced by Smith & Wesson on January 17,1990 along with the new.40 S&W cartridge. It is a 3rd-generation S&W pistol, the S&W4006 features a stainless steel frame and slide double-action with 4-inch barrel, slide-mounted de-cock/safety and an 11-round staggered-column magazine. It was one of the new 3rd-generation S&W semi-autos, designed with input from famed gunsmith Wayne Novak of Parkersburg, WV. The 4006 introduced the new.40 S&W cartridge and featured a wraparound one-piece grip made of Xenoy versus the earlier standard 2-piece grip panels, a lightweight aluminum alloy–framed S&W4003 was produced that weighed 800 grams and was more comfortable to carry. The 4046 model was a DAO pistol in all stainless steel, the first 2 digits in the model number indicate caliber. The last digit, either a 3 or 6, indicates aluminum or stainless steel frame, various safety features include a safety lever as well as a magazine safety. While a true double-action pistol, the firearm shares this magazine disconnect feature with Browning Hi-Power pistols and this feature was developed to meet the needs of various law enforcement agencies interested in providing another level of safety for their officers. California State Parks and Rec, carried the Smith & Wesson model 4006-CHP from 1996 to 2009, as the primary duty weapon issued to State Park Peace Officers. The 4006-CHP was unique in that it had a rear sight, no trigger play spring, and was engraved with the States Grizzly Bear logo. Additionally, the slide, frame, and barrel were engraved with an identification number, which started with PR. As of September 2009, both the California State Parks and Rec, Department and the Colorado State Patrol have both retired the venerable 4006 in favor of the lighter and more versatile Smith & Wesson M&P40, also chambered in.40 S&W. From possibly the mid-1990s until 2008, the Atlanta Police Department used the 4003 TSW until replacing it with the Smith & Wesson M&P, the model 4046 is issued by Brinks to its armored truck crews. The 4046 was the first semi-automatic pistol to be issued by Brinks as a duty sidearm, replacing.38 caliber Smith & Wesson revolvers. As of 2011, it was being superseded by the Smith & Wesson M&P40 in Brinks inventory, although some guards were still being issued 4046s and.38 revolvers until completion of the changeover to M&Ps
21.
Glock Ges.m.b.H.
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Glock Ges. m. b. H. is a weapons manufacturer headquartered in Deutsch-Wagram, Austria, named after its founder, Gaston Glock. While the company is best known for its line of polymer-framed pistols, it also produces field knives, entrenching tools, Glock handguns are used by armed forces and law enforcement organizations worldwide, including a majority of law enforcement agencies in the United States. In some countries Glock handguns are popular with citizens for personal protection, the company sponsors a competitive shooting team which travels worldwide. As of 2014, Glock produces more than two dozen models of handguns in three different sizes and seven different cartridges in three calibers, the popularity of Glock pistols can be attributed to a number of factors. They are widely reputed as highly reliable, being able to function under extreme conditions, the simplicity of the Glock design as well as its simple operating method contributes to this reliability, as it contains a relatively small number of components making maintenance and repair easier. The polymer frame makes them lighter than steel or aluminum-framed handguns. The trigger is the only operating element, all three safeties are deactivated when the trigger is pulled, and automatically activated when it is released. Glock pistols have no manual safeties, the only external controls aside from the trigger itself are the slide stop lever, the magazine catch. This adds to the simplicity of use and removes a source of error while operating the handgun under stress. Most of the components in a Glock pistol are treated with a nitriding process called Tenifer. In addition to their semi-automatic handguns, Glock also produces a pistol, the Glock 18. This model is available only to law enforcement or military organizations. Glock currently manufactures two models of knives, the Feldmesser 78 and the Feldmesser 81, the Field Knife 78 is a classic type knife, with a 165 mm blade and 290 mm overall length. The Survival Knife 81 has the overall dimensions with an additional saw on the back of the blade. The Field Knife 78 weighs 206 g and the Survival Knife 81 weighs 202 g, the grips and sheaths are made of polymer and are available in three colors, olive drab, sand, and black. As of 2016 Glock introduced a new grey color variant of Field Knife 81 and has plans to discontinue Field Knife 78 in other colors than black, Glock also produces an entrenching tool, the Feldspaten. The entrenching tool weighs 650 g and fully extended is 630 mm long, the spade and handle can be collapsed and shortened for easy transport and storage into a 260 mm ×150 mm ×60 mm package. The entrenching tool is supplied with a nylon storage/transport pouch that can be attached to a belt or backpack, Glock current international subsidiaries are, Glock America N. V. Glock, Inc
22.
Glock 22
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It entered Austrian military and police service by 1982 after it was the top performer on an exhaustive series of reliability and safety tests. Glocks are also popular firearms among civilians for recreational and competition shooting, home and self-defense, the companys founder, engineer Gaston Glock, had no experience with firearms design or manufacture at the time their first pistol, the Glock 17, was being prototyped. Glock introduced ferritic nitrocarburizing into the industry as an anticorrosion surface treatment for metal gun parts. In 1980, the Austrian military announced that it would seek tenders for a new, the Austrian Ministry of Defence formulated a list of 17 criteria for the new generation service pistol, The design was to be self loading. The pistol was to fire the NATO-standard 9×19 mm Parabellum round, the magazines were not to require any means of assistance for loading. The magazines were to have a capacity of eight rounds. It was to be possible to all actions one handed which are necessary to prepare the pistol for firing. The pistol was to be secure against accidental discharge from shock, strike. Disassembly of the parts for maintenance and reassembling was to be possible without the use of any tools. Maintenance and cleaning of the pistol was to be accomplished without the use of tools, the pistols construction was not to exceed 58 individual parts. Gauges, measurement tools, and precise testing devices were not to be necessary for the maintenance of the pistol. The manufacturer was to be required to provide the ministry of defence with a set of engineering drawings. These were to be supplied all the relevant details for the production of the pistol. All components were to be interchangeable between pistols. No more than 20 malfunctions were to be permitted during the first 10,000 rounds fired, after firing 15, 000-rounds of standard ammunition, the pistol was to be inspected for wear. The pistol was to then be used to fire an overpressure test cartridge generating 5,000 bar, the critical components were to continue to function properly and be up to specifications, otherwise the pistol was to be disqualified. When handled properly, under no circumstances was the user to be endangered by case ejection, the muzzle energy was to be at least 441.5 J when firing a 9×19 mm S-round/P-08 by Hirtenberger AG. Pistols scoring less than 70% of the available points were not to be considered for military use
23.
Glock
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It entered Austrian military and police service by 1982 after it was the top performer on an exhaustive series of reliability and safety tests. Glocks are also popular firearms among civilians for recreational and competition shooting, home and self-defense, the companys founder, engineer Gaston Glock, had no experience with firearms design or manufacture at the time their first pistol, the Glock 17, was being prototyped. Glock introduced ferritic nitrocarburizing into the industry as an anticorrosion surface treatment for metal gun parts. In 1980, the Austrian military announced that it would seek tenders for a new, the Austrian Ministry of Defence formulated a list of 17 criteria for the new generation service pistol, The design was to be self loading. The pistol was to fire the NATO-standard 9×19 mm Parabellum round, the magazines were not to require any means of assistance for loading. The magazines were to have a capacity of eight rounds. It was to be possible to all actions one handed which are necessary to prepare the pistol for firing. The pistol was to be secure against accidental discharge from shock, strike. Disassembly of the parts for maintenance and reassembling was to be possible without the use of any tools. Maintenance and cleaning of the pistol was to be accomplished without the use of tools, the pistols construction was not to exceed 58 individual parts. Gauges, measurement tools, and precise testing devices were not to be necessary for the maintenance of the pistol. The manufacturer was to be required to provide the ministry of defence with a set of engineering drawings. These were to be supplied all the relevant details for the production of the pistol. All components were to be interchangeable between pistols. No more than 20 malfunctions were to be permitted during the first 10,000 rounds fired, after firing 15, 000-rounds of standard ammunition, the pistol was to be inspected for wear. The pistol was to then be used to fire an overpressure test cartridge generating 5,000 bar, the critical components were to continue to function properly and be up to specifications, otherwise the pistol was to be disqualified. When handled properly, under no circumstances was the user to be endangered by case ejection, the muzzle energy was to be at least 441.5 J when firing a 9×19 mm S-round/P-08 by Hirtenberger AG. Pistols scoring less than 70% of the available points were not to be considered for military use
24.
Federal Assault Weapons Ban
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The ten-year ban was passed by the U. S. Congress on September 13,1994, following a close 52-48 vote in the Senate, and signed into law by then President Bill Clinton the same day. The ban only applied to weapons manufactured after the date of the bans enactment, several constitutional challenges were filed against provisions of the ban, but all were rejected by reviewing courts. There were multiple attempts to renew the ban, but none succeeded, the Lubys shooting in October 1991, which left 23 people dead and 27 wounded, was another factor. The July 1993101 California Street shooting also contributed to passage of the ban, the shooter killed eight people and wounded six. Two of the three firearms he used were TEC-9 semi-automatic handguns with Hellfire triggers, in November 1993, the proposed legislation passed the U. S. Senate. The bills author, Dianne Feinstein and other advocates said that it was a version of the original proposal. In May 1994, former presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and they cited a 1993 CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll that found 77 percent of Americans supported a ban on the manufacture, sale, and possession of such weapons. Rep. Jack Brooks, then chair of the House Judiciary Committee, the National Rifle Association opposed the ban. In November 1993, NRA spokesman Bill McIntyre said that weapons are used in only 1 percent of all crimes. The low usage statistic was supported in a 1999 Department of Justice brief, the legislation passed in September 1994 with the assault weapon ban section expiring in 2004 due to its sunset provision. The Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Act was enacted as part of the Violent Crime Control, the prohibitions expired on September 13,2004. The Act prohibited the manufacture, transfer, or possession of assault weapons as defined by the Act. Weapons banned were identified either by specific make or model, or by specific characteristics that slightly varied according to whether the weapon was a pistol, rifle, the Act also prohibited the transfer and possession of large capacity ammunition feeding devices. This list was not exhaustive and the act provided that the absence of a firearm from the exempted list did not mean it was banned unless it met the definition of assault weapon. The Act also exempted any firearm that is operated by bolt, pump, lever, or slide action, has been rendered permanently inoperable. It did not affect similar but domestically manufactured rifles, semi-automatic shotguns with two or more of the following, Folding or telescoping stock Pistol grip Detachable magazine. The NRA Institute for Legislative Action and the Violence Policy Center both used the term in publications they released in September 2004 when the ban expired, the term was repeated in several stories after the 2012 Aurora shooting and Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. A February 2013 Congressional Research Service report to Congress said that the Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 was unsuccessfully challenged as violating several constitutional provisions, the report said that challenges to three constitutional provisions were easily dismissed
25.
Headspace (firearms)
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In firearms, headspace is the distance measured from the part of the chamber that stops forward motion of the cartridge to the face of the bolt. Used as a verb, headspace refers to the interference created between this part of the chamber and the feature of the cartridge that achieves the correct positioning, different cartridges have their datum lines in different positions in relation to the cartridge. For example,5.56 NATO ammunition headspaces off the shoulder of the cartridge, if the headspace is too short, ammunition that is in specification may not chamber correctly. If headspace is too large, the ammunition may not fit as intended or designed, the cartridge is said to be rimless if the extractor groove is machined into the head of the case so the rim is the same diameter as the adjacent part of the case. Most modern automatic firearms use rimless cartridges, straight-walled rimless cartridges often headspace on the forward lip of the cartridge as shown in the diagram at the top of this article. This necessitates careful attention to consistent case length, bottle-necked rimless cartridges may headspace on the conical shoulder between the narrow neck and the larger diameter portion of the case. All small arms cartridges have a flange at the base of the case called a rim, the part of the firearm called an extractor claw hooks over the rim to extract the spent case from the chamber after it has been fired. The cartridge is said to be of a type when the rim is of larger diameter than the remainder of the case. Most early cartridges were rimmed, and the ledge at the rear of the chamber prevents the cartridge from moving forward. Headspace for rimmed cartridges is the space between that forward ledge and the face when the action is closed. Some large rimless magnum cartridges have a belt formed above the extractor groove and this belt is of slightly larger diameter than the adjacent case, so the cartridge can headspace from the forward edge of the belt closest to the bullet. The original purpose of the belt was to give accurate headspacing for cartridges with shallow shoulder angles, where longitudinal precision of seating using such a shoulder presents difficulties. In effect this was similar to the function of a rim. Some more or less straight cartridges have no bottleneck to headspace on, such cylindrical shaped cartridge cases use the case mouth as a forward positioned flange used for headspacing. There are four types of control to consider based on the case type used. This style of case relies on the face of the case neck. It is from this circular conic section face, as a datum, examples include.308 Winchester.223 Remington, and 7. 92×57mm Mauser. For a rimmed case, where the rim extends beyond the diameter of the case, such as with.22 Long Rifle. 30-30 Winchester, a rimmed case can have straight, tapered, or bottlenecked case walls
26.
Moon clip
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A moon clip is a ring-shaped or star-shaped piece of metal designed to hold multiple cartridges together as a unit, for simultaneous insertion and extraction from a revolver cylinder. Moonclips may either hold an entire cylinders worth of cartridges together, half a cylinder, moon clips can be used either to chamber rimless cartridges in a double-action revolver, or to chamber multiple rimmed cartridges simultaneously. Moon clips are made from spring grade steel, although plastic versions have also been produced. Unlike a speedloader, a moon clip remains in place during firing, the modern moon clip was devised shortly before World War I. The device then became widespread during the war, when the relatively new M1911 semi-automatic pistol could not be manufactured fast enough for the war effort, War Department asked Smith & Wesson and Colt to devise ways to use the M1911s.45 ACP rimless cartridge in their revolvers. The result was the M1917 revolver, employing moon clips to chamber the military-issue.45 ACP ammunition. Smith & Wesson invented and patented the half-moon clip, but at the request of the Army allowed Colt to also use the free of charge in their own version of the M1917 revolver. Moon Clips can be formed by stamped high carbon steel, heat treated and finished to prevent rust, alternatively they can be made from pre-heat treated stainless steel and cut out using either wire EDM or Laser machinery. They can also be made by injection molding plastic, each process has its benefits and drawbacks such as cost and durability. Moon clips may be faster to use than a speedloader. This feat was possible by using moon clips to allow quick and reliable ejection of the rounds
27.
Proof test
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A proof test is a form of stress test to demonstrate the fitness of a load-bearing structure, or rescue strop. An individual proof test may apply only to the unit tested, such a structure is often subjected to loads above that expected in actual use, demonstrating safety and design margin. Proof testing is nominally a nondestructive test, particularly if both design margins and test levels are well-chosen, however, unit failures are by definition considered to have been destroyed for their originally-intended use and load levels. Proof tests may be performed before a new design or unit is allowed to service, or perform additional uses. Cranes and derricks are proof tested when called on for potentially dangerous load levels or high-valued cargoes, similarly, items which are smaller and more common are nevertheless in the load path and a failure risk if not tested. Testing generally involves lifting weight or drawing tension equal to or greater than design levels, an overspeed proof test involves physically running the machine at high speed up to the test speed. This may be done during manufacture as a proof test. Physical overspeed tests may be undertaken on some machines to verify operation of the overspeed protection systems. Operation at speeds above the operating speed can greatly increase stress levels in rotating parts. Failing flywheels, rotors, etc. may present a risk in case of a failure. Historically, swords would be tested by impact before issuance- the British test. Vessels which may be a risk, such as utility-scale water towers, chemical-handling equipment, or very-high-pressure storage tanks. Rocket stage tankage, being high-valued and often the primary structure, are proof-tested when redesigned. Testing involves exposure to higher pressures than design levels, or in some cases. A firearms chamber and barrel become pressure vessels for brief periods, in firearm terminology, a proof test is a test wherein a deliberately over-pressured round is fired from a firearm in order to verify that the firearm is not defective and will not explode on firing. The firearm is inspected after the test, and if it is found to be in sound condition, in many jurisdictions a proof test and valid proof mark are required for the sale of firearms. A proof round is an assembly designed to be used in proof testing, this can use a fixed cartridge. A proof shot is a special projectile used in a round or other projectile weapons
28.
Hollow-point bullet
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It is also used for controlled penetration, where over-penetration could cause collateral damage. Both of these goals are meant to maximize stopping power, jacketed hollow points or plated hollow points are covered in a coating of harder metal to increase bullet strength and to prevent fouling the barrel with lead stripped from the bullet. Plastic-tipped bullets are a type of bullet meant to confer the aerodynamic advantage of the spitzer bullet and this process is commonly referred to as mushrooming, because the resulting shape, a widened, rounded nose on top of a cylindrical base, typically resembles a mushroom. The greater frontal surface area of the expanded bullet limits its depth of penetration into the target and this jacket provides additional strength to the bullet, and can help prevent it from leaving deposits of lead inside the bore. In controlled expansion bullets, the jacket and other design characteristics help to prevent the bullet from breaking apart. For bullets designed for shooting, some such as the Sierra Matchking incorporate a cavity in the nose. Match or target hollow-point bullets are designed for target use. A hollow-point boat-tail bullet is a match-grade bullet design that uses the concept of a tail to give it a lower drag coefficient. Only the base of the bullet has a boat tail-like shape – the meplat is still pointed, some hollow-point boat-tail bullets with longer, more aerodynamic profiles are known as very-low-drag bullets. Terminal ballistics testing of hollow point bullets is generally performed in ballistic gelatin, or some other medium intended to simulate tissue, Test results are generally given in terms of expanded diameter, penetration depth, and weight retention. How these factors are interpreted depends on the use of the bullet. Solid lead bullets, when cast from an alloy, will often deform. This, combined with the velocity and penetration attainable with muzzleloading firearms. The first hollow-point bullets were marketed in the late 19th century as express bullets, in addition to providing increased velocities, the hollow also turned out to provide significant expansion, especially when the bullets were cast in a soft lead alloy. Originally intended for rifles, the popular. 32-20. 38-40, with the advent of smokeless powder, velocities increased, and bullets got smaller, faster, and lighter. These new bullets needed to be jacketed to handle the conditions of firing, the new full metal jacket bullets tended to penetrate straight through a target and produce little damage. This led to the development of the soft point bullet and later jacketed hollow-point bullets at the British arsenal in Dum Dum, designs included the.303 Mk III, IV & V and the.455 Mk III Manstopper cartridges. Although such bullet designs were quickly outlawed for use in warfare, in modern ammunition, the use of hollow points is primarily limited to handgun ammunition, which tends to operate at much lower velocities than rifle ammunition
29.
Hydrostatic shock (firearms)
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There is scientific evidence that hydrostatic shock can produce remote neural damage and produce incapacitation more quickly than blood loss effects. Human autopsy results have demonstrated brain hemorrhaging from fatal hits to the chest, thirty-three cases of fatal penetrating chest wounds by a single bullet were selected from a much larger set by excluding all other traumatic factors, including past history. It has often asserted that hydrostatic shock and other descriptions of remote wounding effects are nothing. Correspondence in the journal, Neurosurgery, reviews the published evidence, col. Chamberlin described what he called “explosive effects” and “hydraulic reaction” of bullets in tissue. liquids are put in motion by ‘shock waves’ or hydraulic effects. With liquid filled tissues, the effects and destruction of tissues extend in all directions far beyond the wound axis, col. Chamberlin recognized that many theories have been advanced in wound ballistics. During World War II he commanded an 8, 500-bed hospital center that treated over 67,000 patients during the fourteen months that he operated it, ackley estimates that 85% of the patients were suffering from gunshot wounds. Col. Chamberlin spent many hours interviewing patients as to their reactions to bullet wounds and he conducted many live animal experiments after his tour of duty. On the subject of wound ballistics theories, he wrote, Other World War II era scientists noted remote pressure wave effects in the peripheral nerves, dr. Fackler based his argument on the lithotriptor, a tool commonly used to break up kidney stones. The lithotriptor uses sonic pressure waves which are stronger than those caused by most handgun bullets, hence, Fackler argued, ballistic pressure waves cannot damage tissue either. Dr. Fackler claimed that a study of bullet wounds in Vietnam found “no cases of bones being broken, or major vessels torn. In only two cases, an organ that was not hit, suffered some disruption. ”Dr. Fackler cited a personal communication with R. F. Bellamy. However, Bellamy’s published findings the following year estimated that 10% of fractures in the set might be due to indirect injuries. Facklers critics argue that Facklers evidence does not contradict distant injuries, as Fackler claimed, a summary of the debate was published in 2009 as part of a Historical Overview of Wound Ballistics Research. The Wound Data and Munitions Effectiveness Team gathered data on wounds sustained during the Vietnam War, in their analysis of this data published in the Textbook of Military Medicine, Ronald Bellamy and Russ Zajtchuck point out a number of cases which seem to be examples of distant injuries. Bellamy and Zajtchuck describe three mechanisms of distant wounding due to pressure transients, 1) stress waves 2) shear waves and 3) a vascular pressure impulse. ”The WDMET data includes a case of a lung contusion resulting from a hit to the shoulder. The caption to Figure 4-40 says, “The pulmonary injury may be the result of a stress wave. ”They describe the possibility that a hit to a soldiers trapezius muscle caused temporary paralysis due to “the stress wave passing through the soldiers neck indirectly cervical cord dysfunction. ”In addition to waves, Bellamy. They estimate that 10% of bone fractures in the data may be the result of indirect injuries, that is, bones fractured by the bullet passing close to the bone without a direct impact. A Chinese experiment is cited which provides a formula estimating how pressure magnitude decreases with distance. ”Bellamy and Zajtchuck suggest the fracture in Figures 4-46, damage due to shear waves extends to even greater distances in abdominal injuries in the WDMET data
30.
.38-40 Winchester
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The. 38-40 Winchester is actually a.40 caliber cartridge shooting.401 caliber bullets. The cartridge was introduced by Winchester in 1874 and is derived from their. 44-40 Winchester and this cartridge was introduced for rifles, but in its reintroduction for Cowboy Action Shooting it has seen some popularity as a pistol cartridge. It is not particularly suited to hunting larger game, but it was popular when it was introduced, along with the previous. 44-40 Winchester. It can be used successfully on smaller animals, and for self-defense. Current loadings are intended for revolvers and it is unclear why this cartridge was introduced as it is very similar to the. 44-40 from which it was derived. It has approximately 110 ft·lbf less muzzle energy, and has a muzzle velocity about 110 ft/s less than the. 44-40, the bullet differs by only.026 inches in bullet diameter and 20 grains in standard bullet weight from the original. 44-40. The goal may have been to reduce recoil while maintaining a similar bullet sectional density, most reloading dies are designed to size fired brass to the chamber specification rather than that of the original factory ammunition case profile. The renewed interest in this caliber can be explained by the popularity of Cowboy Action Shooting. Several single-action revolvers have recently been chambered for this cartridge, including the Ruger Vaquero, most modern reloading data for this cartridge is found in the handgun section of reloading manuals. Though introduced as a cartridge, traditional sources suggest the. 38-40 performs inadequately on deer. Ballistically, commercial cowboy loads are similar to the much newer.40 S&W, sharing the same diameter, bullet weight. A limited number of hunting loads are available commercially, which produce about 25% more muzzle energy than the common target ammunition. 38-40. 38-40 WCF.38 CFW.38 WCF.38 caliber
31.
Magazine (firearms)
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A magazine is an ammunition storage and feeding device within or attached to a repeating firearm. Magazines can be removable or integral to the firearm, the magazine functions by moving the cartridges stored in the magazine into a position where they may be loaded into the chamber by the action of the firearm. The detachable magazine is often referred to as a clip, although this is technically inaccurate, magazines come in many shapes and sizes, from those of bolt-action express rifles that hold only a few rounds to drum magazines for self-loading rifles that can hold one hundred rounds or more. Various jurisdictions ban what they define as high-capacity magazines, with the increased use of semi-automatic and automatic firearms, the detachable box magazine became increasingly common. Soon after the adoption of the M1911 pistol, the magazine was settled on by the military and firearms experts. The defining difference between clips and magazines is the presence of a mechanism in a magazine, typically a spring-loaded follower. Use of the clip to refer to detachable magazines is a point of strong disagreement. The first mass-produced repeater was the Volcanic Rifle which used a bullet with the base filled with powder and primer fed into the chamber from a spring-loaded tube called a magazine. It was named after a building or room used to store ammunition, the anemic power of the Rocket Ball ammunition used in the Volcanic doomed it to limited popularity. The Henry repeating rifle is a lever-action, breech-loading, tubular magazine fed rifle, designed by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860, it was one of the first firearms to use self-contained metallic cartridges. The Henry was introduced in the early 1860s and produced through 1866 in the United States by the New Haven Arms Company and it was adopted in small quantities by the Union in the Civil War and favored for its greater firepower than the standard issue carbine. Many later found their way West and was famed both for its use at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and being the basis for the iconic Winchester rifle which are made to this day. The Henry and Winchester rifles would go on to see service with a number of militaries including Turkey, switzerland and Italy adopted similar designs. The first magazine-fed firearm to achieve success was the Spencer repeating rifle. The Spencer used a magazine located in the butt of the gun instead of under the barrel. The Spencer was successful, but the rimfire ammunition did occasionally ignite in the magazine tube and it could also injure the user. The new bolt-action rifles began to favor with militaries in the 1880s and were often equipped with tubular magazines. The Mauser Model 1871 was originally a single-shot action that added a magazine in its 1884 update
32.
United States special operations forces
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United States Special Operations Forces are components of the Department of Defenses United States Special Operations Command. The definition in the DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms references Joint Publication 3-05.1 - Joint Special Operations Task Force Operations as its source, US DOD Dictionary of Military Terms, Joint Acronyms and Abbreviations. Inside Delta Force, The Story of Americas Elite Counterterrorist Unit, masters of Chaos, The Secret History of the Special Forces. Black Hawk Down, A Story of Modern Warfare, not a Good Day to Die, The Untold Story of Operation Anaconda. David Ignatius, Learning to Fight a War - Washington Post, 2008-02-10 US Special Operation Forces –2009 SOCOM Factbook American Special Operations Forces
33.
United States Coast Guard
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The United States Coast Guard is a branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the countrys seven uniformed services. This has happened twice, in 1917, during World War I, created by Congress on 4 August 1790 at the request of Alexander Hamilton as the Revenue Marine, it is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States. As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton headed the Revenue Marine, by the 1860s, the service was known as the U. S. Revenue Cutter Service and the term Revenue Marine gradually fell into disuse, the modern Coast Guard was formed by a merger of the Revenue Cutter Service and the U. S. Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915, under the U. S. Department of the Treasury. As one of the five armed services, the Coast Guard has been involved in every U. S. war from 1790 to the Iraq War. As of 2014 the Coast Guard had over 36,000 men and women on duty,7,350 reservists,29,620 auxiliarists. In terms of size, the U. S. Coast Guard by itself is the worlds 12th largest naval force. Because of its authority, the Coast Guard can conduct military operations under the U. S. Department of Defense or directly for the President in accordance with Title 14 USC 1–3. The Coast Guards enduring roles are maritime safety, security, to carry out those roles, it has 11 statutory missions as defined in 6 U. S. C. §468, which include enforcing U. S. law in the worlds largest exclusive economic zone of 3.4 million square miles, the Coast Guards motto is the Latin phrase, Semper Paratus. In a 2005 article in Time magazine following Hurricane Katrina, the author wrote, the Coast Guards most valuable contribution to may be as a model of flexibility, and most of all, spirit. Wil Milam, a swimmer from Alaska told the magazine, In the Navy. Practicing for war, training for war, in the Coast Guard, it was, take care of our people and the mission will take care of itself. The Coast Guard carries out three basic roles, which are subdivided into eleven statutory missions. Both agencies maintain rescue coordination centers to coordinate this effort, and have responsibility for military and civilian search and rescue. The two services jointly provide instructor staff for the National Search and Rescue School that trains SAR mission planners and coordinators, previously located on Governors Island, New York, the school is now located at Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown at Yorktown, Virginia. The NRC also takes Maritime Suspicious Activity and Security Breach Reports, details on the NRC organization and specific responsibilities can be found in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. The Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement database system is managed and used by the Coast Guard for tracking pollution, the five uniformed services that make up the U. S
34.
SIG Sauer P226
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The SIG Sauer P226 is a full-sized, service-type pistol made by SIG Sauer. It is chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum.40 S&W.357 SIG and it is essentially the same basic design of the SIG Sauer P220, but developed to use higher capacity, double stack magazines in place of the single stack magazines of the P220. The P226 itself has spawned further sub-variants, the P228 and P229 are both versions of the double stack P226 design. The SIG Sauer P226 and its variants are in service with law enforcement. Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft is a Swiss company, now known as Swiss Arms, in 1975, SIG entered into an agreement with German gun manufacturer J. P. Sauer & Sohn to develop and market a new handgun which became the P220. The P220 was the first SIG Sauer handgun sold in the USA and it was marketed initially by Browning as the Browning BDA. The SIG Sauer P220 is a refinement of the Petter-Browning design used in the SIG P210, the locked breech design is very different and was pioneered by SIG Sauer. See also The first SIG Sauer Handgun, only the Beretta 92SBF and the SIG P226 satisfactorily completed the trials. According to a GAO report, Beretta was awarded the M9 contract for the 92F due to a total package price. The P226 cost less per pistol than the 92F, but SIGs package price with magazines, the Navy SEALs, however, later chose to adopt the P226 as the P226 MK25 with special corrosion protection. For the U. S. military XM9 trials, the P226 was imported by Saco Defense, interarms took over importing when the pistol was introduced for civilian sales. SIG Sauer eventually founded SIGARMS, Inc, (Now SIG Sauer in the United States to handle importation of their products. In 2000, SIG Holding AG sold J. P. Sauer & Sohn GmbH to two German businessmen. The brand name SIG Sauer remained at J. P. Sauer & Sohn GmbH The P226, like the members of the SIG Classic family. On firing, the slide and barrel are locked together for a few millimetres of rearward movement, by this time the bullet has left the barrel and the pressure has dropped to safe levels, whereupon the slide completes the rearward stroke, ejecting the spent cartridge. The slide of the pre-1996 P226 was a gauge, mill finished sheet metal stamping with a welded on nose section incorporating an internal barrel bushing. The breech block portion was an insert attached to the slide by means of brazing. Since 1996, production has shifted to CNC machining and the slide is now milled from a piece of stainless steel
35.
Cedar City, Utah
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Cedar City is a city in Iron County, Utah, United States,250 miles south of Salt Lake City, and 180 miles north of Las Vegas on Interstate 15. It is the home of Southern Utah University, the Utah Shakespeare Festival, the Utah Summer Games, the Neil Simon Theatre Festival, as of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 28,857. Ancestors of the present-day southern Paiute Indians met the Dominguez–Escalante Expedition in this area in 1776, fifty years later, in 1826, mountain man and fur trader Jedediah Smith traveled through the area exploring a route from Utah to California. Cedar City was originally settled in late 1851 by Mormon pioneers originating from Parowan, Utah, who were sent to build an iron works. The site, known as Fort Cedar or Cedar City, was equidistant from vast iron deposits 10 miles west and coal resources 10 miles up Cedar Canyon, but was named after the abundant local trees. Two companies of men led by Henry Lunt reached the site in a blizzard on November 11,1851. In 1855, a new site, closer to the works and out of the flood plain of Coal Creek, was established at the suggestion of Brigham Young. Cedar City was incorporated on February 18,1868, the iron works closed in 1858, though iron mining continued in the area until the 1980s. Cedar City continues to be a center of tourism, commercial development, education, the city has shared in the rapid growth of much of Southwestern Utah since the late 1980s. Cedar City is located in the southeast Great Basin, and is about 20 miles north of the edge of the Mojave Desert. Its elevation of 5,840 feet gives it a cooler and less arid climate vis-à-vis nearby Dixie, Cedar City is located at 37°4057 North, 113°428 West. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 20.1 square miles. The city is located on the edge of the Markagunt Plateau, in a high desert valley, Cedar Valley. The climate is the typical cool semi-arid climate of the Mountain West, though snowfall can be quite heavy, Interstate 15 connects the city with St. George and Las Vegas to the south, and to Interstate 70 and Salt Lake City to the north. State roads connect Cedar City with Panaca, Nevada near US93, Kanab, Utah via US-89, similar to St. George, the city enjoys an excellent location on the wests regional transportation network. Los Angeles is 439 miles south and San Diego is 500 miles south on Interstate 15, Phoenix is 465 miles south via Interstate 15 and US-93, a branch line of the Union Pacific Railroad serves customers on the western outskits of the city. The branch connects to the main line at Lund. Cedar City Regional Airport offers flights via Delta Connection, as of the census of 2000, there were 20,527 people,6,486 households, and 4,682 families residing in the city
36.
Gas check
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A gas check is a gasket type component of firearms ammunition. Gas checks are used when non-jacketed bullets are used in high pressure cartridges, the use of a gas check inhibits the buildup of lead in the barrel and improves accuracy. Gas checks are most commonly found in the form of a cup or disc made of a ductile metal. Copper, Zinc, Aluminum, and alloys such as brass have been used, a bullet designed to accept a gas check has a rebated base shank which permits attachment of the check without altering the maximum diameter of the bullet. The shallow cup-shaped check is mechanically attached to the shank of the bullet by swaging. It was long thought that the high temperatures melted the base of the bullet, instead, the high pressures allow propellant gas to escape past the bullet, causing gas cutting, which increases lead deposits in the barrel and unbalances the bullet. Custom lead bullets, such as those for obsolete calibers, wildcat cartridges, in contrast, manufacturing jacketed bullets requires far more expensive equipment to draw the jackets and swage in the core, so is generally limited to commercial ammunition producers. As a result, although it is possible for hobbyists to manufacture jacketed bullets, many of them take the easier option and use gas checked bullets instead. The most common use of gas checks is in the.44 Magnum.357 Magnum, by loading the large capacity cases designed for black powder with large charges of smokeless powder, velocities well in excess of 1000 ft/s were produced from handguns for the first time. At these velocities and pressures traditional soft lead bullets would quickly foul the barrel with lead deposits, the other common use of gas checked bullets is in obsolete military rifles. Many of these rifles used calibers that were unique to the rifle, low levels of commercial production, custom made bullets also allow the bullet to be carefully sized to match the bore, which can vary considerably in surplus rifles, and provide both more accuracy and more flexibility. Gas checks allow these bullets to be pushed to higher velocities without undue fouling of the barrel and attendant problems
37.
Feed ramp
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Feed ramp is a basic feature of many breech loading cartridge firearm designs. It is a machined and polished piece of metal which guides the cartridge at the top of the magazine into the firing chamber of the barrel. Depending on design, the ramp may be part of the magazine, part of the receiver or frame. However, some firearms, like the FN Five-seven, have a beveled chamber instead of a feed ramp, the feed ramp is a critical part of an semi-automatic pistol or automatic rifle. The feed ramp is a point of mechanical failure that leads to a jam of an automatic pistol. A rough surface or the presence of debris on the ramp will eventually lead to the bullet being directed off-center. Polishing a feed ramp is among the commonly performed by gunsmiths
38.
.380 ACP
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The.380 ACP is a rimless, straight-walled pistol cartridge developed by firearms designer John Moses Browning. The cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case and it was introduced in 1908 by Colt, for use in its new Colt Model 1908 pocket hammerless semi-automatic, and has been a popular self-defense cartridge ever since, seeing wide use in numerous handguns. Other names for.380 ACP include.380 Auto, 9mm Browning, 9mm Corto, 9mm Kurz, 9mm Short and it is not to be confused with.38 ACP, 9mm Ultra, 9mm Makarov or 9mm Parabellum. The.380 ACP cartridge was derived from Brownings earlier 9×20mm semi-rimmed design, the.380 ACP was designed to be truly rimless, with headspace on the case mouth instead of the rim for better accuracy. These relatively low-powered designs were intended for blowback pistols which lacked a barrel locking mechanism, a drawback of the blowback system is that it requires a certain amount of slide mass to counter the recoil of the round used. Blowback weapons can be made in larger than.380 ACP. There have also some relatively diminutive submachine guns, such as the Ingram MAC-11. The.380 ACP has experienced widespread use in the years since its introduction. In 1914, it was used by Gavrilo Princip to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia and it was also used extensively by Germany, who captured or purchased hundreds of thousands of pistols in this caliber during World War II. Popular German built commercial models, such as the Walther PPK were very popular with German officers, the Italian Army used the Beretta M1934, but the Italian Air Force and Navy stuck with the 7. 65mm/.32 ACP when they adopted the Beretta M1935. It was widely used by forces in Europe until at least the 1980s when more powerful 9×19mm handguns began to replace it in this market as well. It does find some use as a backup gun due to the small and easily concealable size of the weapons that chambered it. The.380 ACP round is suitable for situations as a choice for concealed carry pistols. It was the used in Defense Distributeds Wiki Weapon project to successfully 3D print a firearm. The.380 ACP is compact and light, but has a short range. According to gun author Massad Ayoob, Some experts will say its barely adequate, even so, it remains a popular self-defense cartridge for shooters who want a lightweight pistol with manageable recoil and/or smaller pistol. It is slightly less powerful than a standard-pressure.38 Special, the heaviest bullet that can be safely loaded into the.380 ACP is 115 grains, though the standard has long been 85,90 or 95 grains. The wounding potential of bullets is often characterized in terms of a bullets expanded diameter, penetration depth, bullet energy for.380 ACP loads varies from roughly 190 to 220 foot-pounds force
39.
.357 SIG
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The.357 SIG pistol cartridge is the product of Swiss-German firearms manufacturer SIG Sauer, in cooperation with American ammunition manufacturer Federal Cartridge. The cartridge is used by a number of law enforcement agencies and has a reputation of accuracy. Performance is similar to the 9×23mm Winchester, then Remington introduced the unsuccessful.22 Remington Jet, which necked a.357 Magnum case down to a.22 caliber bullet, and the.221 Remington Fireball, a shortened version of their.222 Remington. The.357 SIG has 1.27 ml cartridge case capacity.357 SIG maximum C. I. P, americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2=18 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406 mm,6 grooves, Ø lands=8.71 mm, Ø grooves=9.02 mm, land width=2.69 mm, several sources have published contradicting information regarding.357 SIG headspacing. This is due to the cartridge having been designed as a.357 round. 2008 revised documents, the.357 SIG headspaces on the case mouth, some US sources are conflict with this standard. However, the cartridge and chamber drawing in the ANSI/SAAMI American National Standards also clearly shows the cartridge headspacing on the cartridge mouth, likewise, US reloading supplier Lyman has published that the.357 SIG headspaces on the case mouth. Rulings the.357 SIG case can handle up to 305 MPa piezo pressure, regulated countries every pistol cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C. I. P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The SAAMI pressure limit for the.357 SIG is set at 275.80 MPa, most.40 S&W pistols can be converted to.357 SIG by replacing the barrel, but sometimes the recoil spring must be changed as well. Pistols with especially strong recoil springs can accept either cartridge with a barrel change, magazines will freely interchange between the two cartridges in most pistols.357 SIG barrel kits have allowed this cartridge to gain in popularity among handgun owners. However, the.357 SIG is loaded to higher pressures than the.40 S&W, the table below shows common performance parameters for several.357 SIG loads. Bullet weights ranging from 115 to 150 grains have been offered, key, Expansion – expanded bullet diameter. Penetration – penetration depth. PC – permanent cavity volume. TSC – temporary stretch cavity volume. Because of its high velocity for a handgun round, the.357 SIG has an unusually flat trajectory. However, it not quite reach the performance of the.357 Magnum with bullets heavier than 125 grains. Offsetting this general slight disadvantage in performance is that semi-automatic pistols tend to carry more ammunition than revolvers. Proponents of the hydrostatic shock theory contend that the energy available in the.357 SIG is sufficient for imparting hydrostatic shock with well-designed bullets, users have commented, Were really impressed with the stopping power of the.357 SIG round. The bottleneck shape of the.357 SIG cartridge makes feeding problems almost non-existent and this is because the bullet is channeled through the larger chamber before being seated entirely as the slide goes into full battery
40.
Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
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Table of selected handgun, submachine gun, rifle and machine gun cartridges by common name. Data values are the highest found for the cartridge, and might not occur in the same load, number of manufacturers currently producing complete cartridges - e. g. Norma, RWS, Hornady, Winchester, Federal, Remington, Sellier&Bellot, Prvi Partizan. May be none for obsolete and wildcat cartridges, a guide to the recoil from the cartridge, and an indicator of bullet penetration potential. The. 30-06 Springfield is considered the limit for tolerable recoil for inexperienced rifle shooters
41.
Smith & Wesson Model 1
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The Smith & Wesson Model 1 was the first firearm manufactured by Smith & Wesson, with production spanning the years 1857 through 1882. It was the first commercially successful revolver to use rimfire cartridges instead of powder, musket ball. It is a single-action, tip-up revolver holding seven.22 Short black powder cartridges, as Samuel Colts patent on the night revolver was set to expire in 1856, Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson were researching a prototype for a cartridge revolver. Rather than make White a partner in their company, Smith and it would become Whites responsibility to defend his patent in any court cases which eventually led to his financial ruin, but was very advantageous for the new Smith & Wesson Company. The Model 1 had three issues or major variants, with each subsequent issue introducing significant technical changes, the 1st Issue of the Model 1 was the first major iteration, with approximately 12,000 produced over a three year period. There are six variations of the Model 1, first identified in an article by John Kountz in the April 1956 issue of The Gun Report. In this article, Kountz noted specific differences in the shield, the barrel latch. Serial numbers were issued sequentially for the Model 1 1st Issues ranging from 1 through approximately 12,000, the 2nd Issue of the Model 1 looked similar to the 1st Issue, with several notable differences. The side plate on the 2nd Issue was much larger and irregularly shaped, the profile of the frame was flatter, and the hammer was now made in one piece. Model 1 2nd Issues still had the flared, square cornered shaped grip and the octagonal tip-up style frame, there are several variations of the 2nd Issue guns. Variants between serial numbers 12,000 through to about 20,000 involve the shape of the plate, the design of the trigger spring. There was also a decrease in the size of the barrel roll stamps at around serial number 95,000, 2nd Issue marked 2D QUALTY are also seen occasionally. There were approximately 110,000 2nd Issues produced from 1860 through 1868, the Model 1, 3rd Issue represented a substantial redesign for the Model 1, with a fluted cylinder, a round barrel and a rounded birds head style grip. Finishes included full nickel plating, full blued steel, and a half plate nickel/blue combo, variants include the square and triangular top strap design that changed around serial number 9,500. The 3rd Issue guns were produced from 1868 through 1882 with serial numbers from 1 through approximately 131,000 and this popularity led to numerous knockoffs and patent infringements by other armsmakers. Rolin White and S&W brought infringement cases against Manhattan Firearms Company, Ethan Allen, Merwin & Bray, National Arms Company, the courts mostly allowed these manufacturers to continue production runs, with a royalty on each revolver paid to White. In some cases, Smith & Wesson bought the back to remark and sell
42.
Smith & Wesson Model 1 1/2
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Chambered in.32 Rimfire, its cylinder held 5 shots. It was produced in three varieties from 1865 through 1892, with production exceeding 223,000. The Model 1 1/2 had three issues, the first issue of the Model 1 1/2 can be identified by its smooth cylinder, and the square shape of the grip butt. Models were available in blued or nickel-plated finishes, and the majority were produced with 3 1⁄2-inch barrels, a less common 4-inch barrel variety was also sold. Serial numbers range from 1 through to approximately 26,300, the second issue of the Model 1 1/2 can be identified by its fluted barrel and the rounded shape of the grip butt. Like the 1st Issue, it was produced in blued steel and nickel-plated varieties. 2nd Issue guns were numbered consecutively after the 1st Issue. There is also a transitional model 2nd issue that uses the unfluted 1st issue barrels, the serial numbers for these transitional models span approximately 27,200 through 28,800. The third issue of the Model 1 1/2 is known as the Model No.1 1/2 Single Action Revolver and it differs substantially from the first two issues by breaking at the top, consistent with the design of the Safety Hammerless or S&W.38 Single Action. The grip is rounded at the butt, and is similar in appearance to that on the 2nd Issue and this revolver marked the debut of the.32 S&W centerfire cartridge. Serial numbers ranged from 1 to approximately 97,500
![40 S&W maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions[2] All sizes in millimeters (mm).](/wiki/File:40_S%26W_Scale_Drawing.svg)
