1.
Orders of magnitude (length)
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The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths. To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various lengths between 1. 6×10−35 meters and 101010122 meters,100 pm –1 Ångström 120 pm – radius of a gold atom 150 pm – Length of a typical covalent bond. 280 pm – Average size of the water molecule 298 pm – radius of a caesium atom, light travels 1 metre in 1⁄299,792,458, or 3. 3356409519815E-9 of a second. 25 metres – wavelength of the broadcast radio shortwave band at 12 MHz 29 metres – height of the lighthouse at Savudrija, Slovenia. 31 metres – wavelength of the broadcast radio shortwave band at 9.7 MHz 34 metres – height of the Split Point Lighthouse in Aireys Inlet, Victoria, Australia. 1 kilometre is equal to,1,000 metres 0.621371 miles 1,093.61 yards 3,280.84 feet 39,370.1 inches 100,000 centimetres 1,000,000 millimetres Side of a square of area 1 km2. Radius of a circle of area π km2,1.637 km – deepest dive of Lake Baikal in Russia, the worlds largest fresh water lake. 2.228 km – height of Mount Kosciuszko, highest point in Australia Most of Manhattan is from 3 to 4 km wide, farsang, a modern unit of measure commonly used in Iran and Turkey. Usage of farsang before 1926 may be for a precise unit derived from parasang. It is the altitude at which the FAI defines spaceflight to begin, to help compare orders of magnitude, this page lists lengths between 100 and 1,000 kilometres. 7.9 Gm – Diameter of Gamma Orionis 9, the newly improved measurement was 30% lower than the previous 2007 estimate. The size was revised in 2012 through improved measurement techniques and its faintness gives us an idea how our Sun would appear when viewed from even so close a distance as this. 350 Pm –37 light years – Distance to Arcturus 373.1 Pm –39.44 light years - Distance to TRAPPIST-1, a star recently discovered to have 7 planets around it. 400 Pm –42 light years – Distance to Capella 620 Pm –65 light years – Distance to Aldebaran This list includes distances between 1 and 10 exametres. 13 Em –1,300 light years – Distance to the Orion Nebula 14 Em –1,500 light years – Approximate thickness of the plane of the Milky Way galaxy at the Suns location 30.8568 Em –3,261. At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant, Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depends on the cosmological models used. At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant, Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depends on the cosmological models used. 590 Ym –62 billion light years – Cosmological event horizon, displays orders of magnitude in successively larger rooms Powers of Ten Travel across the Universe
2.
10,000 metres
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The 10,000 metres or 10, 000-meter run is a common long-distance track running event. The event is part of the programme at the Olympic Games. The race consists of 25 laps around an Olympic-sized track and it is less commonly held at track and field meetings, due to its duration. The 10,000 metres track race is usually distinguished from its road running counterpart, the 10,000 metres is the longest standard track event. The international distance is equal to approximately 6.2137 miles, most of those running such races also compete in road races and cross country events. Added to the Olympic programme in 1912, athletes from Finland, nicknamed the Flying Finns, in the 1960s, African runners began to come to the fore. In 1988, the womens competition debuted in the Olympic Games, official records are kept for outdoor 10,000 metres track events. The world record for men is held by Kenenisa Bekele of Ethiopia in 26,17.53, posted at Brussels, Belgium on August 26,2005. For women, the world track 10,000 metres record is held by Almaz Ayana of Ethiopia in 29,17.45 to win gold at the 2016 Rio Olympics on August 12,2016. The 10,000 metres demands exceptional levels of aerobic endurance, european Cup 10, 000m Iberian 10,000 Metres Championships IAAF list of 10000-metres records in XML ARRS, Yearly Rankings -10000 metres Outdoor Track 10K Races in Race-Calendar. com
3.
Sport of athletics
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Athletics is a collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running. The results of racing events are decided by finishing position, while the jumps, the simplicity of the competitions, and the lack of a need for expensive equipment, makes athletics one of the most commonly competed sports in the world. Athletics is mostly an individual sport, with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes performances for a team score, organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BCE. The rules and format of the events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century. Most modern top level meetings are conducted by the International Association of Athletics Federations, the athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics. The foremost international athletics meeting is the IAAF World Championships in Athletics, other top level competitions in athletics include the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. Athletes with a disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the IPC Athletics World Championships. The word athletics is derived from the Ancient Greek ἀθλητής from ἆθλον or ἆθλος, initially, the term was used to describe athletic contests in general – i. e. sporting competition based primarily on human physical feats. In the 19th century, the term acquired a more narrow definition in Europe. This definition continues to be the most prominent one in the United Kingdom, furthermore, foreign words in many German and Roman languages which are related to the term athletics also have a similar meaning. In much of North America, athletics is synonymous with sports in general, the word athletics is rarely used to refer to the sport of athletics in this region. Track and field is preferred, and is used in the United States and Canada to refer to most athletics events, including racewalking, Athletic contests in running, walking, jumping and throwing are among the oldest of all sports and their roots are prehistoric. Athletics events were depicted in the Ancient Egyptian tombs in Saqqara, with illustrations of running at the Heb Sed festival, the Tailteann Games were an ancient Celtic festival in Ireland, founded around 1800 BCE, and the thirty-day meeting included running and stone-throwing among its sporting events. The original and only event at the first Olympics in 776 BCE was a running event known as the stadion. This later expanded to include throwing and jumping events within the ancient pentathlon, Athletics competitions also took place at other Panhellenic Games, which were founded later around 500 BCE. The Cotswold Olimpick Games, a festival which emerged in 17th century England. Annually, from 1796 to 1798, LOlympiade de la République was held in revolutionary France, the premier event of this competition was a running event, but various ancient Greek disciplines were also on display
4.
Leonard Patrick Komon
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Leonard Patrick Komon is a Kenyan long-distance runner and the current world record holder in the 10 kilometres and 15 km road races. His half marathon time of 59.14 in Berlin is the fastest debut marathon of all time. Komon was the silver medallist at the 2008 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, Komon is from Cheptais in Mount Elgon District. He was the 2008 winner of the Cross Internacional de Soria, Komon was close to winning the bronze medal at the 2009 World Cross Country Championships in Amman, but he missed out by one second behind Zersenay Tadese and Moses Kipsiro. He completed a strong 2009–2010 cross country season in Spain, finishing third in the Cross de la Constitucion and this marked him out a contender for a medal at the 2010 World Cross Country Championships in Poland. Having been among the four runners in the final lap at the championships, he looked set to claim third place. They both recorded a time of 33,10 and Komon ended up in fourth, although his finish did help the Kenyan men to the gold medal – an exact repeat of his performance from the previous year. He set a personal best over 5000 metres on the track at the 2009 Golden Gala in Rome, running 12,58.24 for third place behind Kenenisa Bekele and Mark Kiptoo. In September 2010, at the Singelloop in Utrecht, the Netherlands and this was a seventeen-second improvement upon Micah Kogos previous best as Komon became the first man under 27 minutes over the road distance. He continued his form at the Grand 10 Berlin race. On 21 November 2010 Komon set his world record of the year. Winning the Zevenheuvelenloop 15K in 41,13 minutes, he bettered the mark held by Felix Limo. Komon began preparing for the cross country championships in January and came second at the Campaccio race behind reigning champion Ebuya, a sixth-place finish at the Kenyan Cross Country Championships brought him a spot for the World team. The governing body, Athletics Kenya, removed him from the team however, as he defied their orders not to compete at the Worlds Best 10K in February and he produced a course record time to win at the UAE Healthy Kidney 10K in Central Park that April. In October, he set his sights on running a 10-mile world record at the Great South Run and he also won the Grand 10 Berlin race for a second time running that month. Turning to the circuits of Spain, he took a comfortable win over Kidane Tadesse at the Cross Internacional Valle de Llodio. His 2011 ended with a win at the Silvesterlauf Peuerbach and he was injured for much of 2012 but returned to action in September with a run of 27,01.58 minutes for fifth in the Memorial Van Damme 10,000 m. He won the Dam tot Damlooop for a year running
5.
London 10,000
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The London 10,000 is an annual road running event over 10 km which takes place in late May in London, United Kingdom. Established in 2008, the race goes through the roads of St. Jamess Park, vitalityHealth took over sponsorship in 2016 from the original sponsor BUPA. It has become one of the most popular, mass participation 10k runs in the United Kingdom, in 2008, over 12,500 runners took part, with 8372 recorded finishers for the 2009 event. It is managed by the organisers as the London Marathon. Mo Farah is a winner of the mens race and his course record of 27,44 minutes in 2010 was ratified as the British record for the 10K road distance. The womens record of 31,06 minutes was set in 2010
6.
Peachtree Road Race
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The Atlanta Journal-Constitution Peachtree Road Race is a 10-kilometer run held annually in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 4, Independence Day. The AJC Peachtree Road Race is the worlds largest 10-kilometer race, the race has become a city-wide tradition in which over 70,000 amateur and professional runners try to register for one of the limited 60,000 spots. The event also includes a race, which precedes the footrace. In recent years, the race also has a special divisions for soldiers stationed in the Middle East, the race attracts some of the worlds elite 10K runners and has served as both the United States mens and womens 10K championship. Children can participate in the Peachtree Junior 3K, 1/2K or 50m Dash, the AJC Peachtree Road Race was started in 1970 by the Atlanta Track Club. The first year,110 runners ran from the old Sears building at the corner of Peachtree Road, the race was sponsored by Carling Brewery. The next year, the race increased to 198 runners, organizers used the sponsorship money to purchase T-shirts but underestimated the number of participants. T-shirts were given out to the first finishers, until they ran out, in 1972, the organizers ordered only 250 T-shirts but 330 runners ran the race. In 1974, the event grew to 765 runners, in 1975 there were over 1,000 runners, in 1976, Carling Brewery dropped its sponsorship of the race and the Atlanta Journal-Constitution began sponsoring the race, bringing it added coverage and popularity. That year over 2,300 runners competed, in 1977 over 6,500 runners competed, overwhelming the capacity of Central City Park. As a result, in 1978 the course was moved to starting at Lenox Square, in 1979 the race attracted over 20,000 runners. In 1980, the number of participants was limited to 25,000 runners, in 1982, the Shepherd Center wheelchair division was formed for the race. The race became so popular that by 1989, the race reached capacity in only nine days, the AJC Peachtree Road Race has become an event important in Atlanta culture. In addition to the 60,000 participants, there are approximately 150,000 observers who line both sides of the course to cheer and support the runners. Some runners deliberately wear costumes, many of which are patriotic, the entire race is also televised on WXIA-TV. The race hosted the USA Mens 10 km Championship in 2007, the AJC Peachtree Road Race is a 10, 000-meter road race. The race starts on Peachtree Road at Lenox Square Mall, the race continues down Peachtree into midtown Atlanta, turning left onto 10th Street for the final kilometer before ending at 10th St. and Charles Allen Drive. Piedmont Park provides the setting for post-race festivities that include a band, Mile 5 has been known as the Olympic Mile, where banners and theme music entertained IOC members in 1990 during Atlantas bid for the 1996 Summer Olympics
7.
Long-distance running
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Long-distance running, or endurance running, is a form of continuous running over distances of at least three kilometres. Physiologically, it is largely aerobic in nature and requires stamina as well as mental strength, among mammals, humans are well adapted for running significant distances, and particularly so among primates. The endurance running hypothesis suggests that running endurance in the Homo genus arose because travelling over large areas improved scavenging opportunities, the capacity for endurance running is also found in migratory ungulates and a limited number of terrestrial carnivores, such as dogs, wolves and hyenas. Long distance running can also be used as a means to improve cardiovascular health, Running improves aerobic fitness by increasing the activity of enzymes and hormones that stimulate the muscles and the heart to work more efficiently. Endurance running is often a component of military training and has been so historically. Professional running is most commonly found in the field of sports, long-distance running as a form of tradition or ceremony is known among the Hopi and Tarahumara people, among others. Distance running can also serve as an exercise for family, friends, colleagues. The social element of distance running has been linked with improved performance, in the sport of athletics, long-distance events are defined as races covering three kilometres and above. The three most common types are track running, road running and cross country running, all of which are defined by their terrain – all-weather tracks, roads and natural terrain, respectively. In collegiate cross country races in the United States, men race 8000 or 10000 meters, depending on their division, the Summer Olympics features three long-distance running events, the 5000 metres,10,000 metres and marathon. Since the late 1980s, Kenyans, Moroccans and Ethiopians have dominated in major international long-distance competitions, in this method, the hunter would run at a slow and steady pace between one hour and a few days, in an area where the animal has no place to hide. The Old Testament has a few mentions of messengers running to deliver messages, for example, in 2 Samuel 18, two runners, Ahimaaz son of Zadok and a Cushite run to deliver King David the message of the death of his son Absalom. Running messengers are reported from early Sumer, were named lasimu as military men as well as the officials who disseminated documents throughout the kingdom by running. Ancient Greece was famous for its running messengers, who were named hemerodromoi and he collapsed and died as he delivered the message “we won”.2 miles /42.195 km is based on this legend. Humans are considered among the best distance runners among all running animals, game animals are faster over short distances, but they have less endurance than humans. Unlike other primates whose bodies are designed to walk on four legs or climb trees and this leads to different bone and muscular demands especially in the legs and pelvis. Dissipation of metabolic heat, humans’ ability to cool the body by sweating through the surface provides many advantages over panting through the mouth or nose. These include a surface of evaporation and independence of the respiratory cycle
8.
Road running
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Road running is the sport of running on a measured course over an established road. These events are classified as long-distance according to athletics terminology. They may involve large numbers of runners or wheelchair entrants, the three most common IAAF recognized distances for road running events are 10K runs, half marathons and marathons. Despite this, there are far more 5K road race events, due to their popularity for charity races and similar, less competitive reasons to hold an event. Road running may offer those involved a range of challenges and interests such as dealing with hills, sharp bends, varied surfaces, inclement weather, aerobic fitness, or the ability of the body to use oxygen, is the biggest factor contributing to success. The impact of running on roads puts more stress on the feet, knees and it can compensate by providing a consistent, level surface. It may put less strain on the Achilles tendon, before engaging in road running, one should choose a shoe that best suits ones foot type and running style. Road running is one of forms of road racing, which also include road bicycle racing. Race courses are held on the streets of major cities and towns. Other common distances include 5 kilometres,8 kilometres,12 kilometres, some major events have unique distances. Most road race courses are certified to be accurate to within 0. 1%, certified courses are often intentionally lengthened by one metre per km to ensure that they are not short of the stated distance. A Jones Counter attached to a bicycle is used to course length. Remeasurement to verify the length is undertaken when a record is set on a course. Running that covers a distance farther than a marathon is called ultrarunning, such events can be measured in distance or by time. Beyond the ultramarathon lie the multiday and stage races, Road running is unique among athletic events because in many cases first time amateurs are welcome to participate in the same event as members of running clubs and even current world-class champions. Sometimes race times are recorded manually by race organizers, most road races feature electronic timing using transponders, Road races are often community-wide events that highlight or raise money for an issue or project. In the USA, Susan G. Komens Race for the Cure is held nationwide to raise breast cancer awareness and this race is also run in Germany, Italy and Puerto Rico. Similarly, Race for Life holds races throughout the UK to raise money for Cancer Research UK, first person race reports frequently appear on the Dead Runners Society electronic mailing list
9.
5K run
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The 5K run is a long-distance road running competition over a distance of five kilometres. Also referred to as the 5K road race,5 km, or simply 5K and it is usually distinguished from the 5000 metres track running event by stating the distance in kilometres, rather than metres. Among road running events, the 5K distance is mostly popular with novice or infrequent runners or joggers and this also makes the distance suitable for people looking to improve or maintain their general physical fitness, rather than develop long-distance running abilities. The brevity of the means that less time is required to take part in the activity. From a physiological perspective, five kilometres is towards the low end of endurance running, the combination of the activitys simplicity, its low cost, and medium exercise intensity mean that it is often recommended by medical organisations and healthcare professionals. Like all physical activity, regular 5K runs can improve cardiovascular function and reduce body fat, similar to other road running events, many organised 5K running events incorporate an element of charity running. Runners may elect to raise money for a charity on the condition of their completion of the race. This is typically optional, with other participants running for pleasure, the 5K distance is particularly popular among women and a number of annual women-only races are organised over this distance. Running USAs 2012 analysis of participation in American road races showed that 58% of participants in 5K races were women and this contrasts with womens participation in sport in general and in longer distance races particularly, where the same report showed the gender bias was reversed. This ranked the Hot Chocolate 5K as the 20th largest road running event of any distance in the United States that year, unlike longer road races, such as the 10K run and marathon, the 5K distance is not commonly contested by elite distance runners. The Carlsbad 5000 is one of the few races that attract competitive elite fields and has several world bests for the distance. Another annual American race, Freihofers Run for Women, also regularly has elite women competing in the road distance, elite racing almost exclusively takes place on the track for this distance. There is no world championship event organised for the 5 km road distance. Championships over 5 km are held nationally in some areas, including the United States, an annual North American 5K Championships was created in 2002, but this competition ceased after 2005. The International Association of Athletics Federations does not recognise records over the 5 km road distance. Other statistical organisations, including the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, records for the 5K are often noted in national records in athletics. List of world bests World Best Progressions- Road
10.
Half marathon
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A half marathon is a road running event of 21.0975 kilometres – half the distance of a marathon. Participation in half marathons has grown steadily since 2003, partly due to the fact that it is a challenging distance, in 2008, Running USA reported that the half marathon is the fastest growing type of race. A2010 article by Universal Sports mentioned the popularity of the distance. It is common for a marathon event to be held concurrently with a marathon, using almost the same course with a late start. The half marathon is known as a 21K,21. 1K or 13.1 miles, although these values are rounded. In many races finisher medals are awarded but they may differ from concurrent full marathons by color, wording, in other events both races are put on the same medal although their ribbons may vary. A half marathon world record is recognised by the International Association of Athletics Federations. This table lists the best half marathon performances per year since 1970, in 2014, the largest half marathon in the world was the Göteborgsvarvet, also known as the Gothenburg half marathon, in Sweden with 64,288 announced runners and 47,491 finishers. The largest half marathon ever held was Broloppet between Copenhagen in Denmark and Malmö in Sweden with 79,719 finishers, held in connection with the Öresund Bridge inauguration in 2000. List of half marathon races IAAF World Half Marathon Championships Mini marathon Quarter marathon Half marathon world record progression IAAF list of records in XML
11.
Marathon
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The marathon is a long-distance running race with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres, usually run as a road race. The event was instituted in commemoration of the run of the Greek soldier Pheidippides, a messenger from the Battle of Marathon to Athens. The marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in 1896, more than 800 marathons are held throughout the world each year, with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes as larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants. The name Marathon comes from the legend of Philippides or Pheidippides and it is said that he ran the entire distance without stopping and burst into the assembly, exclaiming νενικήκαμεν, before collapsing and dying. Lucian of Samosata also gives the story, but names the runner Philippides, there is debate about the historical accuracy of this legend. In some Herodotus manuscripts, the name of the runner between Athens and Sparta is given as Philippides, in 1879, Robert Browning wrote the poem Pheidippides. Brownings poem, his story, became part of late 19th century popular culture and was accepted as a historic legend. This route, as it existed when the Olympics were revived in 1896, was approximately 40 kilometres long, and this route is considerably shorter, some 35 kilometres, but includes a very steep initial climb of more than 5 kilometres. When the modern Olympics began in 1896, the initiators and organizers were looking for a great popularizing event, the idea of a marathon race came from Michel Bréal, who wanted the event to feature in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens. This idea was supported by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics. The Greeks staged a race for the Olympic marathon on 10 March 1896 that was won by Charilaos Vasilakos in 3 hours and 18 minutes. The winner of the first Olympic marathon, on 10 April 1896, was Spyridon Louis, the marathon of the 2004 Summer Olympics was run on the traditional route from Marathon to Athens, ending at Panathinaiko Stadium, the venue for the 1896 Summer Olympics. The womens marathon was introduced at the 1984 Summer Olympics and was won by Joan Benoit of the United States with a time of 2 hours 24 minutes and 52 seconds. It has become a tradition for the mens Olympic marathon to be the last event of the athletics calendar, often, the mens marathon medals are awarded during the closing ceremony. The Olympic mens record is 2,06,32, set at the 2008 Summer Olympics by Samuel Kamau Wanjiru of Kenya, the Olympic womens record is 2,23,07, set at the 2012 Summer Olympics by Tiki Gelana of Ethiopia. The mens London 2012 Summer Olympic marathon winner was Stephen Kiprotich of Uganda, per capita, the Kalenjin ethnic group of Rift Valley Province in Kenya has produced a highly disproportionate share of marathon and track-and-field winners. Johnny Hayes victory at the 1908 Summer Olympics contributed to the growth of long-distance running and marathoning in the United States. Later that year, races around the season including the Empire City Marathon held on New Years Day 1909 in Yonkers, New York
12.
Track and field
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Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sports venue, a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running. The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events, the jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also combined events or multi events, such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, in these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a victor, the most prominent team events are relay races. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the mens and womens competitions are held at the same venue. It is one of the oldest sports, in ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won the stadium race. According to some traditions, this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 13 Olympic festivals. In modern times, the two most prestigious track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The International Association of Athletics Federations is the governing body. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, however, if athletes are deemed to have violated the events rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In North America, the track and field may be used to refer to other athletics events, such as the marathon. The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory, Track and field-style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested, Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC
13.
Atlanta
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
14.
Vancouver Sun Run
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The Vancouver Sun Run, sponsored by The Vancouver Sun newspaper, is a 10-kilometre road running event held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, each year on the third Sunday in April since 1985. It is one of the largest road races in North America, on April 20,2008, the record was again broken, with 59,179 runners registered for the run making it the largest 10-kilometre race in the world. The temperature was a chilly 3 °C, on April 17,2011, the record was again broken, with 60,000 runners registered for the run making it the largest 10-kilometre race in the world. On April 15,2012, the cool weather didn’t stop 48,904 from taking part, the primary mandate of the Sun Run is to promote health, fitness and community spirit and to support amateur athletics. The various categories start the race at different times, with the wheelchair and elite runners first, for several years, individual runners have had their times recorded by an electronic chip attached to their shoes, which triggers a timer at the starting line and again at the finish. Hundreds of volunteers also assist with organizing, preparing for, and coordinating the race, race organizers have noted a surge in race registration in the few days after the Boston Marathon explosions as the Sun Run anticipates one of the highest turnouts in its 29-year history. All information taken from Association of Road Racing Statisticians, key = Course record Since 1997, only one dollar from each Sun Run registration has been contributed to Raise-a-Reader, a national literacy campaign. The campaign went national in 2001, and has raised over $10 million. Sun Run proceeds also benefit B. C, the race is held on the third Sunday of April each year
15.
Bolder Boulder
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The Bolder Boulder is an annual 10-kilometer run in Boulder, Colorado. The most recent race featured over 54,000 runners, walkers, and wheelchair racers, making it the second largest 10k race in the US and it has one of the largest non-marathon prize purses in road racing. The race culminates at the University of Colorados Folsom Field with a Memorial Day Tribute with one of the largest Memorial Day gatherings in the United States, organizers have dedicated three starting waves to current and former members of the U. S. armed forces. Key, Course record List of winners Rich Castro & Marty Post, Bolder Boulder 10 km. Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Official site DailyCamera. com - Boulder news, results, view photos, read commentary and watch an audio slideshow
16.
Fun run
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A fun run is a friendly race that involves either road running or cross country running with participants taking part for their own enjoyment rather than competition. A fun run will usually be held to raise funds for a charity, fun runs can include novelty categories, such as wearing costumes, and age categories for child, teen, and mature. Fun runs can also be included as an event to a marathon or other more serious races. Motorcycle, snowmobile, and other motorized vehicle events are sometimes categorized as fun runs. One of the biggest annual fun runs in Europe is la Cursa El Corte Inglés in Barcelona with about 55000 participants
17.
Wheelchair racing
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Wheelchair racing is the racing of wheelchairs in track and road races. Wheelchair racing is open to athletes with any qualifying type of disability, amputees, spinal injuries, cerebral palsy. Athletes are classified in accordance with the nature and severity of their disability or combinations of disabilities, like running, it can take place on a track or as a road race. The main competitions take place at the Summer Paralympics which wheelchair racing, competitors compete in specialized wheelchairs which allow the athletes to reach speeds of 30 km/h or more. It is one of the most prominent forms of Paralympic athletics, the World Wars significantly influenced societys view and treatment of individuals with disabilities. Before the wars, individuals with disabilities were considered as burdens on society, the British government is credited with being the first to recognize these needs by opening the Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury, England, in 1944. Sir Ludwig Guttmann, director of this center, introduced competitive sports as an part of the rehabilitation of disabled veterans. With Guttmanns guidance, the first Stoke Mandeville Games for the Paralyzed were held in 1948, in the late 1940s, sports for rehabilitation spread throughout Europe and throughout the United States. During this time competitions and sporting events for individuals in wheelchairs emerged throughout Europe, in 1952 the first international competition for athletes in wheelchairs was organized between the British and the Netherlands. A total of 130 athletes with spinal cord injuries competed in six sports, since the beginning of the games in Stoke Mandeville wheelchair sports has expanded with the addition of many sports. Beginning with wheelchair archery, lawn bowls, table tennis, shot put, javelin, in the 1960s wheelchair basketball, fencing, snooker and weightlifting were also introduced. In 1960 the International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation was formed to allow all international competitions for individuals with spinal cord injuries, in the 1960s international sports competitions were expanded to include other disability groups who were not eligible for the World Games. There is also an event which is the wheelchair marathon. Athletes who are in a wheelchair can also participate in events as well, these include shot put, javelin. Athletes are divided into categories depending on their disability, these are spinal cord injury or an amputee, the classification guidelines are continually being changed to include more athletes. Athletes who are in a due to spinal cord injury or are an amputee are in classes T51 – T58. Classes T51 – T54 are for athletes in a wheelchair who are competing in track events, an athlete who is classed as T54 is completely functional from the waist up. An athlete who is classed as T53 has restricted movement in their abdominals, an athlete who is classed as either T52 or T51 has restricted movement in their upper limbs
18.
Physical fitness
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Physical fitness is a general state of health and well-being and, more specifically, the ability to perform aspects of sports, occupations and daily activities. Physical fitness is generally achieved through proper nutrition, moderate-vigorous physical exercise, before the industrial revolution, fitness was defined as the capacity to carry out the day’s activities without undue fatigue. Fitness is defined as the quality or state of being fit, around 1950, perhaps consistent with the Industrial Revolution and the treatise of World War II, the term fitness increased in western vernacular by a factor of ten. Modern definition of fitness describe either a person or machines ability to perform a function or a holistic definition of human adaptability to cope with various situations. This has led to an interrelation of human fitness and attractiveness which has mobilized global fitness and fitness equipment industries, regarding specific function, fitness is attributed to person who possess significant aerobic or anaerobic ability, i. e. strength or endurance. A well rounded fitness program will improve a person in all aspects of fitness, rather than one, a comprehensive fitness program tailored to an individual typically focuses on one or more specific skills, and on age- or health-related needs such as bone health. Many sources also cite mental, social and emotional health as an important part of overall fitness and this is often presented in textbooks as a triangle made up of three points, which represent physical, emotional, and mental fitness. Physical fitness can also prevent or treat many chronic health conditions brought on by unhealthy lifestyle or aging, working out can also help some people sleep better and possibly alleviate some mood disorders in certain individuals. Developing research has demonstrated many of the benefits of exercise are mediated through the role of skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ. The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans was created by the Office of Disease Prevention and this publication suggests that all adults should avoid inactivity to promote good health mentally and physically. Aerobic activity should be performed in episodes of at least 10 minutes, additional health benefits are gained by engaging in physical activity beyond this amount. Specific or task-oriented fitness is an ability to perform in a specific activity with a reasonable efficiency, for example. Specific training prepares athletes to perform well in their sport, examples are,100 m sprint, in a sprint the athlete must be trained to work anaerobically throughout the race, an example of how to do this would be interval training. Middle distance running, athletes require both speed and endurance to gain out of this training. The hard working muscles are at their peak for a period of time as they are being used at that level for longer period of time. Marathon, in case the athlete must be trained to work aerobically. Many fire fighters and police officers undergo regular fitness testing to determine if they are capable of the demanding tasks required of the job. Members of armed forces will often be required to pass a fitness test – for example soldiers of the US Army must be able to pass the Army Physical Fitness Test
19.
General public
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In public relations and communication science, publics are groups of individual people, and the public is the totality of such groupings. This is a different concept to the concept of the Öffentlichkeit or public sphere. The concept of a public has also defined in political science, psychology, marketing. In public relations and communication science, it is one of the more ambiguous concepts in the field, the name public originates with the Latin publicus, from populus, and in general denotes some mass population in association with some matter of common interest. So in political science and history, a public is a population of individuals in association with civic affairs, in social psychology, marketing, and public relations, a public has a more situational definition. John Dewey defined a public as a group of people who, in facing a problem, recognize it. Deweys definition of a public is thus situational, people organized about a situation, built upon this situational definition of a public is the situational theory of publics by James E. Grunig, which talks of nonpublics, latent publics, aware publics, and active publics. In public relations and communication theory, a public is distinct from a stakeholder or a market, a public is a subset of the set of stakeholders for an organization, that comprises those people concerned with a specific issue. Publics are targeted by public relations efforts, the public is often targeted especially in regard to political agendas as their vote is necessary in order to further the progression of the cause. As seen in Massachusetts between 2003 and 2004, it was necessary to win a critical mass of states and a mass of public support in order to get same-sex marriage passed in the commonwealth. Public schools are often under controversy for their agenda-building, especially in debates over whether to teach a religious or secular curriculum, the promotion of an agenda is commonplace whenever one is in a public environment, but schools have exceptional power in that regard. In the public system, it is the responsibility of those within the system to determine what agenda is being promoted. He argued the concept should also be seen in the light of a principle, beyond a critic. In accordance, the public may be regarded as the result of the social activities made by individuals sharing symbolic representations, seen with lower-case, the concept is a set of subjectivities who look publicly for a feeling of belonging. So, in perspective, the public is still a fundamental notion to social life although in a different manner in comparison to 18th century Public Spheres Public. He means above all the textures and configurations where successive layers of social experience are built up. The general public also sets social norms which causes people to themselves in socially acceptable manners. Social publics are groups of people united by common ideas, ideology or hobbies, communications behaviours and attitudes of environmental publics, Two studies
20.
Sportswear (activewear)
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Sportswear or activewear is clothing, including footwear, worn for sport or physical exercise. Sport-specific clothing is worn for most sports and physical exercise, for practical, typical sport-specific garments include shorts, tracksuits, T-shirts, tennis shirts and polo shirts. Specialized garments include swimsuits, wet suits, ski suits and leotards and it also includes some underwear, such as the jockstrap and sports bra. Sportswear is also at times worn as fashion clothing. For most sports the athletes wear a combination of different items of clothing, e. g. sport shoes, in some sports, protective gear may need to be worn, such as helmets or American football body armour. Sportswear is typically designed to be lightweight so as not to encumber the wearer, the best athletic wear for some forms of exercise, for example cycling, should not create drag or be too bulky. On the other hand, sportswear should be enough so as not to restrict movement. Some sports have specific requirements, for example the keikogi used in karate. Various physically dangerous sports require protective gear, e. g. for fencing, American football, standardized sportswear may also function as a uniform. In team sports the opposing sides are usually identified by the colors of their clothing, in some sports, specific items of clothing are worn to differentiate roles within a team. For example, in volleyball, the libero wears a different colour to that of their team mates, in sports such as soccer and GAA codes, a contrasting colour or pattern is worn by the goalkeeper. In other sports, clothing may indicate the current status or past achievements of a participant, spandex is the preferred material for form-fitting sportswear, such as used in wrestling, track & field, dance, gymnastics, speed skating, and swimming. Sportswear design must consider the thermal insulation needs of the wearer, in hot situations, sportswear should allow the wearer to stay cool, while in cold situations, sportswear should help the wearer to stay warm. Sportswear should also be able to transfer away from the skin, using, for example. Spandex is a material used as base layers to soak up sweat. Moisture-wicking fabrics are a class of fabrics that provide moisture control for an athletes skin. They move perspiration away from the body to the outer surface where it can evaporate. These fabrics typically are soft, lightweight, and stretchy—in other words, moisture-wicking means that the fabric is absorbent and this can leave a barrier of wet fabric on your skin
21.
Sponsor (commercial)
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Sponsoring something is the act of supporting an event, activity, person, or organization financially or through the provision of products or services. The individual or group provides the support, similar to a benefactor, is known as sponsor. Sponsorship is a cash and/or in-kind fee paid to a property in return for access to the commercial potential associated with that property. While the sponsoree may be nonprofit, unlike philanthropy, sponsorship is done with the expectation of a commercial return, while sponsorship can deliver increased awareness, brand building and propensity to purchase, it is different from advertising. Unlike advertising, sponsorship can not communicate specific product attributes, nor can it stand alone, as sponsorship requires support elements. A range of psychological and communications theories have been used to explain how commercial sponsorship works to impact consumer audiences, cornwell, Weeks and Roy have published an extensive review of the theories so far used to explain commercial sponsorship effects. Title sponsor is highest status of sponsorship and it characterizes the most significant contribution to a company in organizing and hosting an event. Often the name of sponsor is placed next to the name of competition, teams. In case of title sponsors presence the general sponsor position may remain free, general sponsor is a sponsor that makes one of the largest contributions and that receives for it the right to use the image of competition as well as extensive media coverage. If necessary, the status of the sponsor may be supplemented by the general sponsors for certain categories. Official sponsor is a sponsor that makes a part of raised funds. Typically, the status may be granted by category. Technical sponsor is a sponsor which promotes organization of sporting events through the partial or full payment of goods, participating sponsor is a company, the sponsorship fee size of which usually does not exceed 10% of total raised funds. Informational sponsor is an organization that provides support through media coverage, conducting PR-actions, joint actions. All sponsorship should be based on contractual obligations between the sponsor and the sponsored party, sponsors and sponsored parties should set out clear terms and conditions with all other partners involved, to define their expectations regarding all aspects of the sponsorship deal. Sponsorship should be recognisable as such, the terms and conduct of sponsorship should be based upon the principle of good faith between all parties to the sponsorship. There should be clarity regarding the rights being sold and confirmation that these are available for sponsorship from the rights holder. Sponsored parties should have the right to decide on the value of the sponsorship rights that they are offering
22.
Metric system
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The metric system is an internationally agreed decimal system of measurement. Many sources also cite Liberia and Myanmar as the other countries not to have done so. Although the originators intended to devise a system that was accessible to all. Control of the units of measure was maintained by the French government until 1875, when it was passed to an intergovernmental organisation. From its beginning, the features of the metric system were the standard set of interrelated base units. These base units are used to larger and smaller units that could replace a huge number of other units of measure in existence. Although the system was first developed for use, the development of coherent units of measure made it particularly suitable for science. Although the metric system has changed and developed since its inception, designed for transnational use, it consisted of a basic set of units of measurement, now known as base units. At the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, most countries, the metric system was designed to be universal—in the words of the French philosopher Marquis de Condorcet it was to be for all people for all time. However, these overtures failed and the custody of the metric system remained in the hands of the French government until 1875. In languages where the distinction is made, unit names are common nouns, the concept of using consistent classical names for the prefixes was first proposed in a report by the Commission on Weights and Measures in May 1793. The prefix kilo, for example, is used to multiply the unit by 1000, thus the kilogram and kilometre are a thousand grams and metres respectively, and a milligram and millimetre are one thousandth of a gram and metre respectively. These relations can be written symbolically as,1 mg =0, however,1935 extensions to the prefix system did not follow this convention, the prefixes nano- and micro-, for example have Greek roots. During the 19th century the prefix myria-, derived from the Greek word μύριοι, was used as a multiplier for 10000, prefixes are not usually used to indicate multiples of a second greater than 1, the non-SI units of minute, hour and day are used instead. On the other hand, prefixes are used for multiples of the unit of volume. The base units used in the system must be realisable. Each of the units in SI is accompanied by a mise en pratique published by the BIPM that describes in detail at least one way in which the base unit can be measured. In practice, such realisation is done under the auspices of a mutual acceptance arrangement, in the original version of the metric system the base units could be derived from a specified length and the weight of a specified volume of pure water
23.
Prague
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Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is the 14th largest city in the European Union and it is also the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city has a temperate climate, with warm summers and chilly winters. Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its history and it was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire. Prague is home to a number of cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence. Main attractions include the Prague Castle, the Charles Bridge, Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock, since 1992, the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The city has more than ten major museums, along with theatres, galleries, cinemas. An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city, also, it is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including Charles University in Prague, the oldest university in Central Europe. Prague is classified as an Alpha- global city according to GaWC studies, Prague ranked sixth in the Tripadvisor world list of best destinations in 2016. Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination, and the city more than 6.4 million international visitors annually. Prague is the fifth most visited European city after London, Paris, Istanbul, the region was settled as early as the Paleolithic age. In the last century BC, the Celts were slowly driven away by Germanic tribes, around the area where present-day Prague stands, the 2nd century map of Ptolemaios mentioned a Germanic city called Casurgis. In the following century, the Czech tribes built several fortified settlements in the area, most notably in Levý Hradec, Butovice and in the Šárka valley. The construction of what came to be known as the Prague Castle began near the end of the 9th century, the first masonry under Prague Castle dates from the year 885 at the latest. The other prominent Prague fort, the Přemyslid fort Vyšehrad, was founded in the 10th century, Prague Castle is dominated by the cathedral, which was founded in 1344, but completed in the 20th century. The legendary origins of Prague attribute its foundation to the 8th century Czech duchess and prophetess Libuše and her husband, Přemysl, legend says that Libuše came out on a rocky cliff high above the Vltava and prophesied, I see a great city whose glory will touch the stars. She ordered a castle and a town called Praha to be built on the site, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the city was founded as Boihaem in c.1306 BC by an ancient king, Boyya. The region became the seat of the dukes, and later kings of Bohemia, under Roman Emperor Otto II the area became a bishopric in 973
24.
Imperial units
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The system of imperial units or the imperial system is the system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, which was later refined and reduced. The Imperial units replaced the Winchester Standards, which were in effect from 1588 to 1825, the system came into official use across the British Empire. The imperial system developed from what were first known as English units, the Weights and Measures Act of 1824 was initially scheduled to go into effect on 1 May 1825. However, the Weights and Measures Act of 1825 pushed back the date to 1 January 1826, the 1824 Act allowed the continued use of pre-imperial units provided that they were customary, widely known, and clearly marked with imperial equivalents. Apothecaries units are mentioned neither in the act of 1824 nor 1825, at the time, apothecaries weights and measures were regulated in England, Wales, and Berwick-upon-Tweed by the London College of Physicians, and in Ireland by the Dublin College of Physicians. In Scotland, apothecaries units were unofficially regulated by the Edinburgh College of Physicians, the three colleges published, at infrequent intervals, pharmacopoeiae, the London and Dublin editions having the force of law. The Medical Act of 1858 transferred to The Crown the right to publish the official pharmacopoeia and to regulate apothecaries weights, Metric equivalents in this article usually assume the latest official definition. Before this date, the most precise measurement of the imperial Standard Yard was 0.914398416 metres, in 1824, the various different gallons in use in the British Empire were replaced by the imperial gallon, a unit close in volume to the ale gallon. It was originally defined as the volume of 10 pounds of distilled water weighed in air with brass weights with the standing at 30 inches of mercury at a temperature of 62 °F. The Weights and Measures Act of 1985 switched to a gallon of exactly 4.54609 l and these measurements were in use from 1826, when the new imperial gallon was defined, but were officially abolished in the United Kingdom on 1 January 1971. In the USA, though no longer recommended, the system is still used occasionally in medicine. The troy pound was made the unit of mass by the 1824 Act, however, its use was abolished in the UK on 1 January 1879, with only the troy ounce. The Weights and Measures Act 1855 made the pound the primary unit of mass. In all the systems, the unit is the pound. For the yard, the length of a pendulum beating seconds at the latitude of Greenwich at Mean Sea Level in vacuo was defined as 39.01393 inches, the imperial system is one of many systems of English units. Although most of the units are defined in more than one system, some units were used to a much greater extent, or for different purposes. The distinctions between these systems are not drawn precisely. One such distinction is that between these systems and older British/English units/systems or newer additions, the US customary system is historically derived from the English units that were in use at the time of settlement
25.
Prize money
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Prize money has a distinct meaning in warfare, especially naval warfare, where it was a monetary reward paid out under prize law to the crew of a ship for capturing or sinking an enemy vessel. The claims for the bounty are usually heard in a Prize Court, in the 16th and 17th centuries, captured ships were legally Crown property. This practice was formalised via the Cruisers and Convoys Act of 1708, an Admiralty Prize Court was established to evaluate claims and condemn prizes, and the scheme of division of the money was specified. This system, with changes, lasted throughout the colonial, Revolutionary. If the prize were an enemy merchantman, the money came from the sale of both ship and cargo. If it were a warship, and repairable, usually the Crown bought it at a price, additionally. Prizes were keenly sought, for the value of a ship was often such that a crew could make a years pay for a few hours fighting. Hence boarding and hand-to-hand fighting remained common long after naval cannons developed the ability to sink the enemy from afar, all ships in sight of a capture shared in the prize money, as their presence was thought to encourage the enemy to surrender without fighting until sunk. The distribution of money to the crews of the ships involved persisted until 1918. The following scheme for distribution of money was used for much of the Napoleonic wars. Two eighths of the money went to the captain or commander. One eighth of the went to the admiral or commander-in-chief who signed the ships written orders. One eighth was divided among the lieutenants, sailing master, and captain of marines, one eighth was divided among the wardroom warrant officers, standing warrant officers, lieutenant of marines, and the masters mates. One eighth was divided among the junior warrant and petty officers, their mates, sergeants of marines, captains clerk, surgeons mates, the final two eighths were divided among the crew, with able and specialist seamen receiving larger shares than ordinary seamen, landsmen, and boys. Perhaps the greatest amount of money awarded was for the capture of the Spanish frigate Hermione on 31 May 1762 by the British frigate Active. The two captains, Herbert Sawyer and Philemon Pownoll, received about £65,000 apiece, while each seaman, in January 1807, the frigate Caroline took the Spanish ship San Rafael as a prize, netting Captain Peter Rainier £52,000. For more on the Prize Court during World War I, see also Maxwell Hendry Maxwell-Anderson, the Command of the Ocean, A Naval History of Britain 1649-1815. Nelsons Navy - Prize Money The Gunroom, a site on the Aubrey-Maturin novels with many historical links
26.
World's Best 10K
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The Worlds Best 10K is a road race of 10 kilometers celebrated in San Juan, Puerto Rico every year. It is certified by the Association of International Marathons and Road Races, the event was also the first race transmitted live through the Internet, with audio, video and results. WB10K was ranked among the 20 most competitive races in the world, in 2003, Paula Radcliffe of England completed the course in a world record time of 30 minutes 21 seconds. The mens race at the 2010 edition, won by Moses Masai, had six runners break the 28 minute mark, lornah Kiplagat has been the races most successful competitor as she has won the womens race on six occasions. The race was first held in 1998, when it was known as the Puente Teodoro Moscoso 10 km, the competition changed to its current title in 2000. World best record, $100,000 USD First place, $25,000 USD with a $10,000 USD bonus for men under 28 minutes, key, Course record Sports in Puerto Rico Official website
27.
World 10K Bangalore
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The World 10K Bengaluru is an annual 10 kilometres road running competition which takes place in Bangalore, India. The competition was first held in 2008 and usually place in late May. The first three editions were sponsored by Sunfeast, the race, which is certified by AIMS-certified, begins and ends at the Sree Kanteerava Stadium, after looping through the roads of Bangalore. The different race categories at the event are – World 10K, Open 10K, Majja Run, Senior Citizens’ Run (a 4.2 km run for Senior Citizens, and the Champions with Disability event. In addition to this also is a 10 km Corporate Champions category in which companies can field a team of 3 members. The event is organised by Procam International, a sport and leisure management firm which is responsible for the Mumbai Marathon. There is a prize pot of US$170,000 and race winners receive over $21,000 for their victories. Further significant prizes are offered to the best Indian competitors and teams, the race is directed by former British runner Hugh Jones. A total of 23,000 runners participated in the events that took place at the 2008 edition. The current mens record is held by World Half Marathon champion Geoffery Kipsang Kamworor with a time of 0,27,44. Geoffery Kamworor set this new record in the 2014 edition bettering Zersenay Tadese time of 27,51 set in the inaugural year of the event. The 2014 edition also saw a new record in the Women’s category. This was 10 seconds better than the previous best by Wude Ayalew set in 2010, the 5th edition of the competition also offered incentives other than the prize money like Limited T-shirts which would be given away to the top 1500 finishers in the race. The 7th edition was held on 18 May 2014 with legendary Olympian Carl Lewis as its event ambassador, the 8th edition was held on 17 May 2015 with French Sprinter Marie Jose Perec as its event ambassador. The 9th edition was held on 15 May 2016 with track, key, Course record Official website Event information on Run Infinity India Running Calendar
28.
Mo Farah
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Sir Mohamed Muktar Jama Mo Farah, CBE is a British distance runner. On the track, he mostly competes over 5000 metres and 10,000 metres, Farah also completed the distance double at the 2013 and 2015 World Championships in Athletics. Born in Somalia, Farah moved to the UK as a child and he was originally based in London and ran for Newham and Essex Beagles athletics club, training at St Marys University College, Twickenham from 2001 to 2011. His five gold medals at the European Athletics Championships make him the most successful athlete in championships history. He has won the European Athlete of the Year award and the British Athletics Writers Association British Athlete of the Year award more than any other athlete, three times and six times respectively. Farah was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2013 and was created a Knight Bachelor in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to athletics, Farah was born on 23 March 1983 in Mogadishu, Somalia into a Habr Awal Isaaq family. His full name is Mohamed Muktar Jama Farah and he spent the early years of his childhood in Djibouti with his twin brother. He moved to Britain at the age of eight to join his father and his grandfather, Jama, was born in the British protectorate of Somaliland. His father, Mukhtar Farah, is an IT consultant and a British citizen, mohameds parents had met during a holiday. Farah attended Isleworth and Syon School, and Feltham Community College and his athletic talent was first identified by physical education teacher Alan Watkinson. Farahs ambition was to become a car mechanic or play as a winger for Arsenal football club. He later joined the Borough of Hounslow Athletics Club in west London, Farah represented Hounslow at cross-country in the London Youth Games. In 1996, at the age of 13, he entered the English schools cross-country, the following year he won the first of five English school titles. Farahs first major title was at 5000 metres at the European Athletics Junior Championship in 2001 and that year, Farah became one of the first two athletes in the newly formed Endurance Performance Centre at St Mary’s. He lived and trained at the College, and took some modules in an access course before becoming an athlete as his career progressed. In 2005, Farah moved in with Australian Craig Mottram and a group of Kenyan runners that included 10,000 m world number one Micah Kogo. They sleep, eat, train and rest, thats all they do, running with Craig made me feel more positive, Farah said. If I ever want to be as good as these athletes Ive got to work harder, I dont just want to be British number one, I want to be up there with the best
29.
Micah Kogo
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Micah Kemboi Kogo is a Kenyan long-distance runner, who specialises in the 10,000 metres. He is the world record holder in the 10 kilometres road race event with a time of 27,01. He made his first Olympic appearance in 2008, taking the 10,000 m bronze medal in Beijing and his 10000m best of 26.35 is 6th fastest of all time. Born into a family of farmers, Kogo first began running when he was a young child as this was the only way he could attend primary school. He began competing at district level in Kewet, running in the 5000 and 10,000 metres events, when he began high school, he continued to race at these distances, reaching both finals at the national secondary school championships. At this point, coach Sammy Rono noticed Kogos athletic ability, Kogo accepted and, following his graduation from high school, he competed in the Discovery meet in Eldoret, Kenya. They spent the majority of 2004 in training, preparing Kogo for forthcoming athletics seasons and he also took second place at La Provence 10 km and at a meeting in Dunkirk. On top of this he was successful in the national competitions and he remained in winning form in the 2006 season, defending his title at the LEscalade and Dunkirk cross country running events. On 25 August 2006 at the Memorial Van Damme meeting he ran a personal best of 26,35.63 minutes, the next month he finished sixth in the 5000 metres race at the 2006 IAAF World Athletics Final. On 19 November 2006 he won the Zevenheuvelenloop in and around Nijmegen, Kogo finished in a time of 42,42 beating Abebe Dinkesa by a second, while Bernard Kipyego and Zersenay Tadese both finished two seconds behind Kogo. On 1 April 2007 he won the 10 km road race at the Parelloop in Brunssum in 27,07 and it was the third fastest time over 10 km ever. On 20 May 2007 he won the BUPA Great Manchester Run in a time of 27,21. On 4 May 2008, he won the annual Lilac Bloomsday Run in Spokane, Washington, greater success laid on the track, he was selected to represent Kenya internationally for the first time and ran in the 10,000 m at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Kogo was their best performer in the event, pipping Moses Masai to the Olympic bronze medal and he won another medal on the track at the 2008 IAAF World Athletics Final the following month, taking the 5000 m bronze. In March 2009, Kogo broke Haile Gebrselassies world record at 10 km by clocking 27,01 at the Parelloop race in the Netherlands. He was quoted as saying, After running 27,07 in 2007 I always had it in my mind to come back and try for the world record on this course. He followed this up with a win at the Great Edinburgh Run and he competed at the 2009 World Championships, finishing seventh in the 10,000 metres race. He closed his season with a 5000 m silver medal behind Imane Merga at the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final
30.
Chris Thompson (athlete)
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Prior to his 2010 medal win he had won the European U235000 m Championship in 2003. However he was unable to build on this victory, as he had substantial injury problems for a number of years. He is currently coached by bronze Olympic medallist, Mark Rowland, Thompson ran at the 2010 Great Yorkshire Run in September and came close to victory, but was edged out by a second by Australian Craig Mottram. At the start of the 2011 track season Chris Thompson ran the third fastest 10,000 m by a Briton with his time of 27,27.36 minutes at the Payton Jordan Invitational in Stanford, California. He was the runner to challenge Haile Gebrselassie at the Great Manchester Run in May. A heel injury interrupted his season and eventually ruled him out of competing at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics and he returned to action in October at the Great South Run. At the 10-mile Portsmouth race he started quickly, but faded badly in the latter stages and he praised the sensible pacing of Alistair Cragg and remarked I didnt respect the course with my ambitions. Ive learned a lesson about road running for the future. He ran his first half marathon at the start of 2012 and he came fourth at the Payton Jordan 5000 m and represented the hosts at the 2012 London Olympics, managing only 25th place after an injury interrupted season. His last outing of the year was sixth at the Great North Run and he was not selected for the 2013 World Championships in Athletics the following year, although he had seasons bests of 13,24.06 minutes and 27,40.81 minutes on the track. On the roads he came fifth at the Great Scottish Run and was second at the Great Birmingham Run, on 22 September 2013, Thompson was crowned King of Richmond beating Andy Vernon in the Kew Gardens 10k at the inaugural Richmond Running Festival. On 13 April 2014 Thompson came 11th in the 2014 London Marathon with a time of 2 hours 11 minutes and 19 seconds. At the 2015 Great Birmingham run, Thompson won a contested race finishing the half-marathon in a time of 01,03,00 signalling that his persistent calf injury had finally surpassed
31.
Athletics at the Summer Olympics
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Athletics has been contested at every Summer Olympics since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics. The athletics program traces its earliest roots to events used in the ancient Greek Olympics, the modern program includes track and field events, road running events, and racewalking events. Cross country running was also on the program in earlier editions, the events contested have varied widely. From 1900 to 1920, tug of war was considered to be part of the Olympic athletics programme, although the sports of tug of war, no new events have been added to the mens athletics programme since the 1952 addition of the short racewalk. The roster of events has not changed since then, with the exception of the omission of the long racewalk in 1976, the last womens event added to the roster was the 3000 metres steeplechase in 2008. A total of 52 different events have held in the mens competition. The current list comprises 24 events, many of the discontinued events were similar to modern ones but at different lengths, especially in the steeplechasing, hurdling, and racewalking disciplines. Team racing events have been eliminated after appearing in six editions of the Games. The athletic triathlon and pentathlon events were phased out in favor of the decathlon. Standing jump competitions are no longer held, nor are the various modified throwing events which were experimented with in 1908 and 1912, cross country running was on the program from 1912 to 1924 and is the most prominent form of athletics not to feature at the Olympics. Womens competition in athletics began at the 1928 Summer Olympics Nearly every nation that has competed at the Olympics has entered the athletics competition, the number in each box represents the number of athletes the nation sent. Updated after the 2016 Summer Olympics, considering stripped medals as of February 10,2017 Sources, Olympic sports
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IAAF World Championships in Athletics
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The IAAF World Championships, commonly referred to as the World Championships in Athletics, is a biennial athletics event organized by the International Association of Athletics Federations. Originally held every four years, first in 1983, the current two-year cycle began in 1991, the idea of having an Athletics World Championships was around well before the competitions first event in 1983. In 1913, the IAAF decided that the Olympic Games would serve as the World Championships for athletics and this was considered suitable for over 50 years until in the late 1960s the desire of many IAAF members to have their own World Championships began to grow. In 1976 at the IAAF Council Meeting in Puerto Rico an Athletics World Championships separate from the Olympic Games was approved, two IAAF world championship events preceded the inaugural edition of the World Championships in Athletics in 1983. Four years later, the 1980 World Championships contained only two newly approved womens events, neither of which featured on the programme for the 1980 Summer Olympics, over the years the competition has grown in size. In 1983 an estimated 1,300 athletes from 154 countries participated, by the 2003 competition, in Paris, it had grown to 1,907 athletes from 203 countries with coverage being transmitted to 179 different countries. There has also been a change in composition over the years, with new events, all for women. By 2005, the differences were mens competition in the 50 km walk. The following list shows when new events were added for the first time,1987, womens 10,000 m and 10 km walk were added. 1993, womens triple jump was added,1995, womens 5000 m was added, replacing the 3000 m race. 1999, womens pole vault and hammer were added and the womens 20 km walk replaced the 10 km walk,2005, womens 3000 m steeplechase was added. Updated after 2015 Championships Note, Germany refers both to the former West Germany and the unified Federal Republic of Germany, the opening and closing ceremonies of the 8th IAAF World Championships held in Edmonton in 2001 were broadcast live to over 200 countries. The event included the mens marathon, and featured a thousand voice choir, men There are fifteen athletes who have won at least six medals. Women There are thirteen athletes who have won at least six medals, There are eighteen athletes that competed in at least eight editions
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IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships
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The IAAF World Womens Road Race Championships was an annual international athletics championship in road running organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations. It was contested from 1983-1991, before being replaced by the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 1992, the event was a 10 km race in 1983 and 1984, then a 15 km race from 1985-1991. Team medals were decided by adding the positions of the three team members, except in 1984, when the times of the three leading team members were added
34.
East Asia
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East Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical or ethno-cultural terms. Geographically and geopolitically, it includes China, Taiwan, Mongolia, Korea and Japan, it covers about 12,000,000 km2, or about 28% of the Asian continent, the East Asian people comprise more than 1.5 billion people. About 38% of the population of Asia and 22%, or over one fifth, the overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square kilometre, about three times the world average of 45/km2. Historically, societies in East Asia have been part of the Chinese cultural sphere, major religions include Buddhism, Confucianism or Neo-Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese folk religion in China and Taiwan, Shinto in Japan, Korean shamanism in Korea. Shamanism is also prevalent among Mongolians and other populations of northern East Asia. The Chinese calendar is the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived, Chinese Dynasties dominated the region in matters of culture, trade, and exploration as well as militarily for a very long time. There are records of tributes sent overseas from the kingdoms of Korea. There were also considerable levels of cultural and religious exchange between the Chinese and other regional Dynasties and Kingdoms, as connections began to strengthen with the Western world, Chinas power began to diminish. Around the same time, Japan solidified itself as a nation state, throughout World War II, Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China, Hong Kong, and Vietnam all fell under Japanese control. Culturally, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam are commonly seen as being encompassed by cultural East Asia, there are mixed debates around the world whether these countries or regions should be considered in East Asia or not. Vietnam Siberia in Russia Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea, however, in this context, the term Far East is often more appropriate which covers ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. However, being a Eurocentric term, Far East describes the geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location within Asia. Alternatively, the term Asia Pacific Region is often used in describing East Asia and this usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both East Asia and Northeast Asia. The Council on Foreign Relations defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea, the military and economic superpower of China became the largest economy in the world in 2014, surpassing the United States of America. Currently in East Asia, trading systems are open, and zero or low duties on imports of consumer and capital goods etc. have considerably helped stimulate cost-efficiency. Free and flexible labor and other markets are important factors making for high levels of business-economic performance. East Asian populations have demonstrated highly positive work ethics, there are relatively large and fast-growing markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds. The culture of East Asia has been influenced by the civilisation of China, East Asia, as well as Vietnam, share a Confucian ethical philosophy, Buddhism, political and legal structures, and historically a common writing system
35.
International Association of Athletics Federations
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The International Association of Athletics Federations is the international governing body for the sport of athletics. It was founded on 17 July 1912 as the International Amateur Athletic Federation by representatives from 17 national athletics federations at the organizations first congress in Stockholm, since October 1993, it has been headquartered in Monaco. Beginning in 1982, the IAAF passed several amendments to its rules to allow athletes to receive compensation for participating in international competitions. However, the organization retained the word amateur in its name until its 2001 congress, the IAAFs president is Sebastian Coe of the United Kingdom. He was elected at the 2015 congress before the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, the process to found the IAAF was started at a meeting in Stockholm, Sweden on July 17,1912 soon after the completion of the 1912 Summer Olympics in that city. The congress that started on August 20,1913 in Berlin is when the foundation of the IAAF was formally completed, in 2015, a whistleblower leaked IAAFs blood test records from major competitions. After reviewing the results, Robin Parisotto, a scientist and leading anti-doping expert, said, so many athletes appear to have doped with impunity, and it is damning that the IAAF appears to have idly sat by and let this happen. Craig Reedie, president of the World Anti-Doping Agency, said his organisation was very disturbed by these new allegations, which will, once again, shake the foundation of clean athletes worldwide, and that its independent commission will investigate the claims. On 1 November 2015, former IAAF president Lamine Diack was arrested in France and is under investigation on suspicion of corruption, Diack allegedly accepted $1.2 million from the Russian athletics federation to cover up the positive doping tests of at least six Russian athletes in 2011. The report continued that the IAAF allowed the conduct to occur and must accept its responsibility and that corruption was embedded in the organization. In January 2016, as a result of the scandal and WADAs report. The BBC reported that as a result the IAAF would lose $33 million worth of revenue, the 11-year sponsorship deal with Adidas was due to run until 2019. World-record holding sprinter, Michael Johnson, described the scandal as more serious than that faced by FIFA, in February,2016, Nestle announced that it was ending its IAAF sponsorship. In June 2016, following a meeting of the IAAFs ruling council, in Ferbuary 2017, All-Russia Athletic Federation disqualified by decision of the IAAF Council for 8 years for the creation of a doping system. Since the establishment of the IAAF, it has had six presidents, The IAAF has a total of 215 member federations divided into 6 area associations
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Kenya
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Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi and it is bordered by Tanzania to the south and southwest, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2, and had a population of approximately 48 million people in January 2017, Kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline. The climate is cooler in the grasslands around the capital city, Nairobi, and especially closer to Mount Kenya. Further inland are highlands in Central and Rift Valley regions where tea, in the West are Nyanza and Western regions, there is an equatorial, hot and dry climate which becomes humid around Lake Victoria, the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world. This gives way to temperate and forested areas in the neighbouring western region. The north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes, Kenya is known for its world class athletes in track and field and rugby. The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period, by the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of the nations residents, European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period, European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony, Kenya obtained independence in December 1963. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties, the capital, Nairobi, is a regional commercial hub. The economy of Kenya is the largest by GDP in East, agriculture is a major employer, the country traditionally exports tea and coffee and has more recently begun to export fresh flowers to Europe. The service industry is also an economic driver. Additionally, Kenya is a member of the East African Community trading bloc, the Republic of Kenya is named after Mount Kenya. The origin of the name Kenya is not clear, but perhaps linked to the Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba words Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa, if so, then the British may not so much have mispronounced it, as misspelled it. In the 19th century, the German explorer Johann Ludwig Krapf was staying with the Bantu Kamba people when he first spotted the mountain. On asking for the name of the mountain, he was told Kĩ-Nyaa or Kĩĩma- Kĩĩnyaa probably because the pattern of black rock, the Agikuyu, who inhabit the slopes of Mt. Kenya, call it Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga in Kikuyu, which is quite similar to the Kamba name. Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version, others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/
37.
Confederation of African Athletics
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The Confederation of African Athletics is the continental association for the sport of athletics in Africa. It organises the African Championships in Athletics and other continental competitions, the bodys president is Hamad Kalkaba Malboum of Cameroon. List of African records in athletics Official site
38.
Asian Athletics Association
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The Asian Athletics Association is the continental governing body for the sport of athletics in Asia. It organises the Asian Championships in Athletics and other continental competitions, the current president Qatari Dahlan Jumaan al-Hamad, who was elected to the position in 2013. Suresh Kalmadi of India was the president from 2000 to 2013
39.
Brunei
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Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, the country is surrounded by the state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang, Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo, the remainder of the islands territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia. Bruneis population was 408,786 in July 2012, the maritime state was visited by Spains Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the 1578 Castille War. During the 19th century, the Bruneian Empire began to decline, the Sultanate ceded Sarawak to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah, and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906, after the Japanese occupation during World War II, in 1959 a new constitution was written. In 1962, an armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British. Brunei gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984, Economic growth during the 1990s and 2000s, with the GDP increasing 56% from 1999 to 2008, transformed Brunei into an industrialised country. It has developed wealth from petroleum and natural gas fields. Brunei has the second-highest Human Development Index among the Southeast Asian nations, after Singapore, according to the International Monetary Fund, Brunei is ranked fifth in the world by gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity. The IMF estimated in 2011 that Brunei was one of two countries with a debt at 0% of the national GDP. Forbes also ranks Brunei as the fifth-richest nation out of 182, based on its petroleum, according to legend, Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar, later to be Sultan Muhammad Shah. He moved from Garang, a place in the Temburong District to the Brunei River estuary, according to legend, upon landing he exclaimed, Baru nah, from which the name Brunei was derived. He was the first Muslim ruler of Brunei, before the rise of the Bruneian Empire under the Muslim Bolkiah Dynasty, Brunei is believed to have been under Buddhist rulers. It was renamed Barunai in the 14th century, possibly influenced by the Sanskrit word varuṇ, the word Borneo is of the same origin. In the countrys name, Negara Brunei Darussalam, darussalam means abode of peace. The people are pagans and are men of goodwill and their colour is whiter than that of the other sort. in this island justice is well administered. One of the earliest Chinese records is the 977 AD letter to Chinese emperor from the ruler of Po-ni, which some scholars believe to refer to Borneo
40.
European Athletic Association
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The European Athletic Association is the governing body for athletics in Europe. It is one of the six Area Associations of the athletics governing body. European Athletics has 51 members and is headquartered in Lausanne, svein Arne Hansen is its current president. Originally created in 1932 as a European Committee, it was made into an independent body during the Bucharest conference of 1969, the first European Athletics congress took place in Paris on 6–8 October 1970, with Dutchman Adriaan Paulen elected as its first president. From a volunteer-led organization based in the acting Secretarys home country, European Athletics runs and regulates several championships and meetings across Europe - both indoor and outdoor. After the foundation of the International Association of Athletic Federations in 1912, following this meeting, the Council officially designated a European Commission with the task of reviewing the conditions for the organisation of the European Athletics Championships. The first official meeting of what was later to be known as the European Commission was held in Budapest on 7 January 1934, the organization of the first European Athletics Championships was officially awarded to Turin. These first games were men-only and were notable by the absence of the British delegation, the next championships took place in Paris in 1938, but after Stankovits death the same year and the cancellation of all events during WWII, the Commission lay dormant until 1945. Its budget, for example, increased from £100 in 1951 to US$40,000 per year in 1970, the Commission officially became a Committee in July 1952, gradually expanding its independence. The members of the Commission were elected at regular IAAF Congresses until 1966 when, for the first time, the shift also reflects the increased income received from television rights, as earnings took off as a direct result of broadcasting arrangements. The 1969 European championships secured a record US$90,000 from Eurovision for the rights to broadcast the event and its Constitutional Rules were ratified at the IAAF Congress in Stockholm, August 1970, and came into force at the first European Athletics Congress in Paris on 7 November 1970. Ad Paulen, who was president of the European Committee of the IAAF, was elected as the first President and he held this position until his election as President of the IAAF in 1976. The 1970s were also the time for European Athletics to raise the issue of doping and they started establishing more systematic controls, pushing for tests to be extended to non-European athletes as well. The European Championships of 1974 included a range of banned products than previously. As a continent, Europe clearly was the nucleus of the IAAF, as such, the European Association became an experimental platform for international athletics, organising events before they were recognized by the International Olympic Committee. For example, the marathon was included in the 1982 championships. The late 1980s saw major new challenges for sports in general, and European athletics in particular, with the increased professionalization of athletes and the breakdown of the Eastern Bloc. Till Luft, from Germany, became the first full-time General Secretary in 1995 and worked at the first European Athletics office in Frankfurt and, after April 1996, a second office was also opened in London, next to the IAAF
41.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
42.
Paula Radcliffe
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Paula Jane Radcliffe, MBE is an English long-distance runner. She is the current womens worlds best holder in the marathon with her time of 2 hours 15 minutes and 25 seconds and she is a three-time winner of the London Marathon, three-time New York Marathon champion, and won the 2002 Chicago Marathon. Radcliffe is a world champion in the marathon, half marathon. She has also been European champion over 10,000 metres, on the track, Radcliffe won the 10,000 metres silver medal at the 1999 World Championships and was the 2002 Commonwealth champion at 5000 metres. She represented Great Britain at the Olympics four times consecutively, although she did not win a position in these events. She has also nominated for World Sportswoman of the year on several occasions. In 2010, she was inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame and she ended her competitive running career at the 2015 London Marathon. Radcliffe was born on 17 December 1973 in Davenham near Northwich and her family then moved to nearby Barnton where she attended Little Leigh Primary School. Despite suffering from asthma and anaemia she took up running at the age of seven, influenced by her father who was a keen marathon runner. Her family later moved to Kingsley, when Radcliffe was aged 12, the family moved to Oakley, Bedfordshire and she became a member of Bedford & County Athletics Club. Radcliffes father became club vice-chairman and her mother, a fun-runner and her first race at a national level came as a 12-year-old in 1986 when she placed 299th out of around 600 in the girls race of the English Schools Cross Country Championships. She finished fourth in the race one year later. Radcliffe attended Sharnbrook Upper School and Community College and she went on to study French, German and economics at Loughborough University, gaining a first-class honours degree in modern European studies. Radcliffes father was a marathon runner as a young man. He took up the hobby again in an attempt to lose weight after giving up smoking, despite suffering from asthma Radcliffe took up running at the age of seven. In 1992 Radcliffe discovered that she suffers from anaemia, Radcliffe was diagnosed with exercise induced asthma at the age of 14 after blacking out whilst training. During her fathers training jogs in the woods Radcliffe and her brother would often run with him for a mile or two, Radcliffe attended Frodsham Athletic Club until the age of nine, Radcliffe became a member of Bedford & County Athletics Club, when they moved to Oakley. There she was coached by Alex Stanton, who still fulfilled that role in her professional career, Stanton started to coach Radcliffe at the age of 12 after his wife Rosemary spotted her talent
43.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
Leonard Patrick Komon (KEN) 26:44 (2010)
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