1.
Photography
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Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. A negative image on film is used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print. The word photography was created from the Greek roots φωτός, genitive of φῶς, light and γραφή representation by means of lines or drawing, several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently. Johann von Maedler, a Berlin astronomer, is credited in a 1932 German history of photography as having used it in an article published on 25 February 1839 in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung. Both of these claims are now widely reported but apparently neither has ever been confirmed as beyond reasonable doubt. Credit has traditionally given to Sir John Herschel both for coining the word and for introducing it to the public. Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, later Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid also independently described a pinhole camera in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Daniele Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1566, wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, the discovery of the camera obscura that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camera obscura that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley, a hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. So the birth of photography was primarily concerned with inventing means to capture, renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. The camera obscura literally means dark chamber in Latin and it is a box with a hole in it which allows light to go through and create an image onto the piece of paper. Around the year 1800, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance and he used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate. The shadow images eventually darkened all over, the first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it. Niépce was successful again in 1825, in 1826 or 1827, he made the View from the Window at Le Gras, the earliest surviving photograph from nature. Because Niépces camera photographs required a long exposure, he sought to greatly improve his bitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy, Daguerres efforts culminated in what would later be named the daguerreotype process
2.
Kodak
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Eastman Kodak Company, commonly referred to as Kodak, is an American technology company that produces imaging products with its historic basis on photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York and is incorporated in New Jersey, Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world. Its main business segments are Print Systems, Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Micro 3D Printing and Packaging, Software and Solutions and it is best known for photographic film products. Kodak was founded by George Eastman and Henry A, during most of the 20th century, Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film. The companys ubiquity was such that its Kodak moment tagline entered the lexicon to describe a personal event that was demanded to be recorded for posterity. Kodak began to struggle financially in the late 1990s, as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film, as a part of a turnaround strategy, Kodak began to focus on digital photography and digital printing, and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation. In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In February 2012, Kodak announced that it would stop making digital cameras, pocket video cameras and digital picture frames, in January 2013, the Court approved financing for Kodak to emerge from bankruptcy by mid 2013. Kodak sold many of its patents for approximately $525,000,000 to a group of companies under the names Intellectual Ventures, on September 3,2013, the company emerged from bankruptcy having shed its large legacy liabilities and exited several businesses. Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging are now part of Kodak Alaris, on March 12,2014, it announced that the board of directors elected Jeffrey J. Clarke as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors. As late as 1976, Kodak commanded 90% of film sales, Japanese competitor Fujifilm entered the U. S. market with lower-priced film and supplies, but Kodak did not believe that American consumers would ever desert its brand. Kodak passed on the opportunity to become the film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, Fuji won these sponsorship rights. Fuji opened a plant in the U. S. and its aggressive marketing. Fuji went from a 10% share in the early 1990s to 17% in 1997, fujis films soon also found a competitive edge in higher-speed negative films, with a tighter grain structure. The complaint was lodged by the United States with the World Trade Organization, on January 30,1998, the WTO announced a sweeping rejection of Kodaks complaints about the film market in Japan. Although Kodak developed a camera in 1975, the first of its kind. In the 1990s, Kodak planned a journey to move to digital technology. CEO George M. C. Fisher reached out to Microsoft, Apples pioneering QuickTake consumer digital cameras, introduced in 1994, had the Apple label but were produced by Kodak
3.
126 film
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For the unrelated roll-film format produced from 1906 to 1949, see 126 film. 126 is the given to a cartridge-based film format used in still photography. It was introduced by Kodak in 1963, and is associated mainly with low-end point-and-shoot cameras, although 126 was once very popular, as of 2008 it is no longer manufactured, and few photofinishers will process it. In 1963, Kodak introduced a new film, encased in a plastic cartridge, the term 126 was intended to show that images were 26 mm square, using Kodaks common 1xx film numbering system. However the image size is actually 28×28 mm, but usually reduced to approximately 26. 5×26.5 mm by masking during printing or mounting, the 126 film format was defined in ISO3029, which has since been withdrawn. Like the 120 format, there is a backing paper. The cartridge has a captive take-up spool, but no supply spool, the positioning of the image is fixed by the cartridge. The film is 35 mm wide, but unlike 135 film, it is unperforated, except for one registration hole per image, similar to the earlier 828 film. The top edge of the cartridge above the gate has a square notch in a specific position corresponding to the speed of the film in the cartridge. Some of the cameras used this notch to determine the correct exposure, or to set the light meter. Although only film with speeds between ISO 64/19° and ISO 400/27° were ever manufactured in this format, the standard defined 20 different speeds, the film was originally available in 12 and 20 image lengths, at the time regular production stopped it was only available in 24 exposure cartridges. The film does not need to be rewound, and is simple to load and unload. The format was introduced by Kodak under the brand name Kodapak, around ten million cameras were made by Kodak and other companies. However, with a few exceptions, the format was used for fairly simple amateur cameras. Kodak officially discontinued the format on 31 December 1999, Ferrania in Italy, was the last factory producing 126 film. Their product was an ISO200 colour print film marketed under their Solaris brand, the last scheduled production run took place in April 2007, but an unscheduled production run in late 2007 surprised industry observers and raised hopes that it had not actually been discontinued. As of March 2009, Ferrania customer service states that they are producing only 135 format color film in 200 and 400 ASA. Adocolor 126, which was recently available in Europe and was sometimes imported by North American resellers, was manufactured for the German Adox company by Ferrania
4.
Disc film
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Disc film was a still-photography film format aimed at the consumer market, and introduced by Kodak in 1982. The film was in the form of a disc, and was fully housed within a plastic cartridge. Each disc held fifteen 10 ×8 mm exposures, arranged around the outside of the disc, the system was a consumer-oriented product, and most cameras were self-contained units with no expansion capability. The disc film allowed them to be compact and considerably thinner than other cameras, the cameras were very simple to load and unload, and were generally completely automated. The cassette had a dark slide to prevent stray light reaching the film when the disc was removed. As the film was rotated on a disc instead of over a spool, the flat nature of the format also led to the advantage of greater sharpness over curved spool-based cassette formats. Disc film has a very thick acetate base, comparable thickness with 4×5 sheet film, the film was intended to be printed with special 6-element lenses from Kodak, but many labs simply printed discs with standard 3-element lenses used for larger negative formats. The resulting prints often disappointed the consumer, few labs made the investment required to get the best out the small negative size. A problem with labs of the time was the nature of processing the color negative film. This was essentially a process, unlike spool-based films, whose chemical processing could be fully automated. The film was discontinued by the last manufacturer, Kodak, on December 31,1999. There were several different manufacturers of Disc film, Kodak produced films throughout the complete lifespan of the format, but 3M, Konica and Fuji also produced Disc film. While Kodak film was always eponymous, 3M and Konica made Disc film for many third parties, as with most photographic film, for such white-label products the country of manufacture provides the best indication as to the actual manufacturer. Kodaks newest ideas with sharp fine-grained negative film were tested in Disc format first. Kodak, Kodacolor HR, Kodacolor VR, Kodacolor Gold Fuji, Fujicolor HR series, 3M, HR film series and third party film. Manufactured in Italy until the 1990s, then USA, there are still a small number of labs remaining in North America and the UK able to develop unprocessed disc film. Examples are as of June 2015, Film Rescue International Rapid Photo Imaging Center Inc, International, USA Blue Moon Camera & Machine USA Dwaynes Photo USA MS Hobbies UK, Europe Citizens Photo USA Disc film is not available to purchase new due to the very complex design. No manufacturers remain, nor are any likely to recommence production
5.
Advanced Photo System
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Advanced Photo System is a now discontinued film format for still photography first produced in 1996. It was marketed by Eastman Kodak under the brand name Advantix, by FujiFilm under the name Nexia, by Agfa under the name Futura and by Konica as Centuria. The film is 24 mm wide, and has three image formats, H for High Definition C for Classic P for Panoramic The C and P formats are formed by cropping. The full image is recorded on the film, and an image recorded in one aspect ratio can be reprinted in another, the C format has an equivalent aspect ratio to a 135 film image. In the absence of a format, the machine printing an APS roll will use these indicators to determine the output format of each print. The film is on a polyethylene naphthalate base, and is housed in a single-spool 39 mm long plastic cartridge, the basic diameter is 21 mm, while it measures 30 mm at the slot where the film exits. The slot is protected by a lightproof door and it is available in 40,25 and 15 exposure lengths. The film surface has a transparent magnetic coating, and the camera uses this information exchange system for recording information about each exposure, the camera handles winding and rewinding automatically, to the extent that partially exposed films can, in certain cameras, be removed and used later. A major distinction of APS film was the ability to record other than the image. This information could be read by the printing equipment to determine the print aspect ratio, print information on the back of the photograph. Two methods for storing information on the film were employed, magnetic IX, optical IX was employed on less expensive cameras and disposable cameras, and employed a light source to expose a small section of the film, outside of the image negative area. This method was limited to determining the print aspect ratio of the finished print, magnetic IX was used in the more expensive cameras and allowed for more information exchange. Magnetic IX caused some problems for photo processors, who found their magnetic reading heads had to be cleaned frequently, unlike 135 film, processed APS film is stored in the original cartridge. For identification, every roll of APS film has a six-digit ID code on the label and this ID is usually printed on the back of every individual print. This ID was designed to be an additional convenience both for the photoprocessor and for the consumer, who can easily locate the correct cartridge if reprints are desired, to facilitate automatic processing of film, a unique DX number is assigned to the different types of film. The format was introduced in 1996 by Kodak, Fujifilm, Minolta, Nikon, Canon, APS was mainly used for point and shoot amateur cameras, although some SLR systems were also created, Canon EOS IX, Minolta Vectis, Nikon Pronea with Nikon IX lenses. Of these the Canon EOS IX and the Nikon Pronea could use the existing 35 mm SLR lenses, Nikon developed the IX series of lens that were lighter and had a smaller image circle. Although the Nikon IX series of lenses were not compatible with the Nikon 35 mm SLR, using existing lenses meant that the field of view was reduced by around 1. 6×, but had the advantage of a larger lens selection
6.
135 film
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135 is photographic film in a film format used for still photography. It is a film with a film gauge of 35 mm. Its engineering standard for the film is controlled by ISO1007, the term 135 was introduced by Kodak in 1934 as a designation for the cassette for 35 mm film, specifically for still photography. It quickly grew in popularity, surpassing 120 film by the late 1960s to become the most popular photographic film size, despite competition from formats such as 828,126,110, and APS, it remains so today. 135 camera film always comes perforated with Kodak Standard perforations, the size of the 135 film frame has been adopted by many high-end digital single-lens reflex and digital mirrorless cameras, commonly referred to as full frame. Even though the format is smaller than historical medium format and large format film, it is much larger than image sensors in most compact cameras. Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, the film is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a slot lined with flocking. The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader and it has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film. Most cameras require the film to be rewound before the camera is opened, disposable cameras use the same technique so that the user does not have to rewind. Since the 1980s film cassettes have been marked with a DX encoding pattern, conforming cameras detect this, different films are sensitive to light at different degrees, this film speed is standardised by ISO.135 film has been made in several emulsion types and sensitivities. Since the introduction of digital cameras the most usual films have colour emulsions of ISO 100/21° to ISO 800/30°, films of lower sensitivity and higher sensitivity are for more specialist purposes. There are colour and monochrome films, negative and positive, monochrome film is usually panchromatic, orthochromatic has fallen out of use. Film designed to be sensitive to infrared radiation can be obtained, more exotic emulsions have been available in 135 than other roll-film sizes. The term 135 format usually refers to a 36×24 mm film format, the 36×24 mm format is common to digital image sensors, where it is typically referred to as full frame format. On 135 film, the dimension of the 36×24 mm frame runs parallel to the length of the film. The perforation size and pitch are according to the standard specification KS-1870, for each frame, the film advances 8 perforations. This is specified as 38.00 mm and this allows for 2 mm gaps between frames. Each camera model has a different location for the sprocket which advances the film, therefore, each camera model’s frame will vary in position relative to the perforations
7.
Instamatic
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For the film formats associated with the Instamatic and Pocket Instamatic camera ranges, see 126 film and 110 film respectively. The Instamatic is a series of inexpensive, easy-to-load 126 and 110 cameras made by Kodak beginning in 1963, the Instamatic was immensely successful, introducing a generation to low-cost photography and spawning numerous imitators. During its heyday, the range was so ubiquitous that the Instamatic name is frequently used to refer to any inexpensive point-and-shoot camera. The Instamatic name was used by Kodak on some Super 8-based home-cine cameras. The first Instamatics went on sale for $16 in early 1963 and they were the first cameras to use Kodaks new 126 format. A wide variety of print and slide film was sold by Kodak in the 126 format, the lead designer for the Instamatic program was Dean M. Peterson, also later known for most of the innovations in the point-and-shoot camera revolution of the 1980s. The first Instamatic to be released was the Instamatic 50, which appeared in the UK in February 1963, the first model released in the US was the basic Instamatic 100. With fixed shutter speed of 1/90th of a second, aperture and focus, it continued in the tradition of Kodaks earlier Brownie cameras and it also featured a built-in flashgun for AG-1 peanut bulbs, a feature lacking in the 50. The top-of-the-line model was the Instamatic Reflex SLR, which was made in Germany, the Instamatic was an instant success, more than 50 million Instamatic cameras were produced between 1963 and 1970. Many other manufacturers attempted to capitalize on the popularity of the Instamatic with their own 126 cameras, including Canon, Olympus, Minolta, Ricoh, Zeiss Ikon, a new series of Instamatics was introduced in 1970 to take advantage of the new Magicube flash technology. Magicubes used mechanically triggered pyrotechnic detonators for each bulb, an improvement over flashcubes in that the need for batteries was eliminated, Instamatics with Magicube sockets were denoted by an X in the model number. In 1972, Kodak introduced the Pocket Instamatic series for its new 110 format, the 110 cartridge had the same easy-load design as the 126 format but was much smaller, allowing the cameras to be very compact. The top-of-the-line model was the Pocket Instamatic 60, which featured a steel body, rangefinder. More than 25 million Pocket Instamatics were produced in three years, and the 110 format remained popular into the 1990s. In 1976, the Instamatic X line was updated for use with the new Flipflash system and these cameras were designated by the addition of the suffix F to the model number of the corresponding Magicube model. The basic X-15F was the last Instamatic sold in the United States, list of defunct consumer brands Media related to Kodak Instamatic at Wikimedia Commons
8.
Subminiature camera
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Subminiature photography is photographic technologies and techniques working with film material smaller in size than 35mm film, such as 16mm,9. 5mm, 17mm, or 17. 5mm films. It is distinct from photomicrography, photographing microscopic subjects with a camera which is not particularly small, definition of Subminiature—very much reduced in size, Oxford English Dictionary. Subminiature camera is a class of very much smaller than miniature camera. The smallest of these are referred to as ultra-miniature. Lipstick cameras and other digital cameras are not included, because they dont use film. The smaller subminiature or ultraminiature cameras, particularly Minox, are associated with spying, half-frame cameras belong to the miniature camera category, as these use 35mm film. Some half-frame cameras, such as Olympus Pen F which is approximately 611 grams massive, are heavier than classical full-frame miniature cameras. Minox, followed by Tessina, GaMi, Rollei, Yashica, Mamiya, Gemflex, all made small, precision cameras and a few were still in production in 2006 but by 2011, only the Minox TLX model was still in production. Getting film and processing for most smaller cameras is a challenge as they are no longer manufactured or supported, most require cutting your own film and home-processing. The best known subminiature formats are—in increasing size—Minox, Kodak disc,16 mm, Super 16 mm,110 film, and the Advanced Photo System with different aspect ratios on 24 mm film. While many subminiature cameras were inexpensive and poorly manufactured, Minox, Gami, Edixa, Rollei, Pentax, the first subminiature single lens reflex is the Russian Narciss camera produced in 1961-65. First making an appearance in the late 19th century, often as concealed cameras, subminiature cameras became popular soon after WWII when many consumer markets required small, friedrich Kaftanskys Mini-flex was designed in 1931, on the market in 1933. Walter Zapps Riga Minox appeared in 1938, kodaks introduction of the 110 camera in the 1970s and the Kodak disc camera in the 1980s brought the subminiature camera to the forefront of the photographic market. The many cheap, poorly made cameras that soon appeared drove Kodak out of the market, various formats of subminiature camera have come and gone over the years as newer formats have replaced older one. Some subminiature formats, such as the Minox and 110 formats, most other subminiature cameras are still usable if film can be obtained, particularly if the photographer is prepared to do the processing. 16mm perforated or unperforated bulk roll film by Agfa, Kodak, using film slitter to slit 35mm roll film into Minox format film or 16mm film. Focusing The process of focusing a camera is the same as any other camera, Unit focusing. Examples, Minox B, C, LX, TLX, Edixa 16, Minox 110, Monolta 16 Front element focusing, Rollei 16, Rollei 110
9.
Minolta 16
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Minolta 16 refers to a line of 16mm subminiature cameras made by Minolta between 1955 and 1974. The negative size was 10x14 mm for the models, later. It was possible to load your own cassettes, and also develop the film using a special developing tank with an insert for 16 mm film. The Minolta 16 can be traced back to the Mica Automat built by Konan in 1947, Minolta bought out Konan in the early 1950s and continued producing cameras under the Konan name for several years. The first camera labeled Minolta 16 rather than Konan 16 was the Minolta 16 Automat of 1955, the Minolta 16 used a newly designed film cassette which was not compatible with the Konan models. The first Minolta 16 camera was the 16 Automat, which was almost identical to the Konan 16 Automat and it featured a fixed-focus 25mm lens, apertures from f/3.5 to f/11, and shutter speeds from 1/50 to 1/200 plus bulb. Film advance was via a Minox-style push-pull housing, the 16 was the second Minolta 16 model, introduced in 1957. Basically a more streamlined Automat, it was modified to allow for slip-on filters and it was available in six colors in addition to the standard chrome. This was followed three years later by the 16 II, which appeared identical to the 16 but featured a lens and expanded shutter speed. There was also a version of the 16 II with a transistor radio. The 16 P, came out in 1960 and it had a rigid body, and aperture range of f3. 5-f16. The 16 EE, introduced in 1962, featured a built-in selenium light meter, in terms of other features it was basically similar to the 16 II, though it was larger, had a rigid plastic body, and offered no manual settings. It was replaced in 1963 by the 16 EE2, which used a CdS cell instead of a selenium meter. As its 16mm cameras had been growing increasingly large through the addition of features, Minolta introduced a new and much smaller model. It lacked automatic exposure, but included a meter and match-needle that were almost as easy to use. The aperture and shutter speed were set at the time using a single exposure dial. The meter was a unit, which did not require a battery. The 16 MGS of 1970 was similar but used single-perforated film, the last Minolta 16 was the 16 QT, which was produced from 1972 to 1974
10.
Standard 8 mm film
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The format, initially known as Cine Kodak Eight, was developed by Kodak to provide a cheaper and more portable alternative to the 16 mm film format introduced a decade earlier. Standard 8 mm film stock consists of 16 mm film reperforated to have twice the number of perforations along its edges. This film is run through the camera, exposing one edge of the film only, the spool is then reversed and the film run through again, exposing the other edge. After processing the film is cut down the centre and spliced together to give one roll of 8mm wide film. The format was an success, but retains a number of inherent problems and quirks. This procedure is tricky for the user and needs to be carried out in subdued light to avoid fogging of the edges of the film. In addition, the six feet of the finished film includes a characteristic burst of light corresponding to the reversal point. In the early 1960s, a new filming and projection standard of 18 frames per second was introduced, although many cameras, in reality, this was not the case, since the plastic pressure plate could be moulded to far smaller tolerances than their metal counterparts could be machined. Finally, Super 8s smaller sprocket holes, while allowing a larger size, were also inherently more liable to tear. The first camera produced was Kodaks own Cine Kodak Eight Model 20, like many subsequent cameras, it was extremely simple and powered by clockwork. The Swiss company Paillard-Bolex SA introduced its first 8 mm camera in 1938 and its first pocket 8 mm camera aimed squarely at the amateur market, bolex cameras and projectors continued to occupy the high end of the market. In the US, Bell and Howell introduced an 8 mm projector in 1934, and in 1935, Standard 8 mm equipment was also manufactured by Carl Zeiss, the Austrian firm Eumig, Fuji, and Canon, amongst others. Eastman Kodak officially discontinued manufacture of the film in 1992, however, private marketed film by a major U. S. manufacturer has continued at least twelve years into the 21st century sofar. John Schwind, of International Film, is the current supplier for this major US company in the entire world. There are many still in use by film students, hobbyists. This was the first new introduction of a type K-14 stock since 1988 and this film was kept in production until 2006, coinciding with the discontinuation of Kodachrome 40A in that same year. Foma R-100 film also continues to be produced by the European manufacturer Foma, due to aging punch dies, this film does NOT have an advantage over Super 8 film in terms of image steadiness, unfortunately. The most commonly used film stocks were produced by Kodak, in particular, the 10 ASA Kodachrome colour reversal stock, with its distinctive colour rendition and fine grain, was closely associated with the format
11.
16 mm film
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16 mm film is a historically popular and economical gauge of film. 16 mm refers to the width of the film, with other film gauges including 8 and 35 mm. It is generally used for film making or for low budget motion pictures. It also existed as an amateur or home movie making format for several decades, alongside 8 mm film. In 1923, Eastman Kodak released the first 16 mm outfit consisting of a camera, projector, tripod, screen, rCA-Victor introduced a 16 mm sound movie projector in 1932 and developed an optical sound-on-film 16 mm camera, released in 1935. Eastman Kodak introduced 16 mm film in 1923 as a less expensive alternative to 35 mm film. During the 1920s, the format was often referred to as sub-standard by the professional industry, Kodak hired Willard Beech Cook from his 28 mm Pathescope of America company to create the new 16 mm Kodascope Library. In addition to making movies, people could buy or rent films from the library. Intended for amateur use,16 mm film was one of the first formats to use acetate safety film as a film base, Kodak never used nitrate film for the format because of the high flammability of the nitrate base. 35 mm nitrate was discontinued in 1952, the silent 16 mm format was initially aimed at the home enthusiast, but by the 1930s it had begun to make inroads into the educational market. The addition of sound tracks and, most notably, Kodachrome in 1935. Used extensively in WW2, there was an expansion of 16 mm professional filmmaking in the post-war years. Films for government, business, medical and industrial clients created a network of 16 mm professional filmmakers. The advent of television production also enhanced the use of 16 mm film, initially for its advantage of cost and portability over 35 mm. At first used as a format, the 16 mm format was also used to create television programming shot outside the confines of the more rigid television studio production sets. The home movie market gradually switched to the less expensive 8 mm film. 16 mm has been used for television production with light cameras in many countries before portable video cameras appeared. Replacing analog video devices, digital video has made significant inroads in television production use, nevertheless,16 mm is still in use in its Super 16 ratio for low cost productions
12.
Fujifilm
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Fujifilm Holdings Corporation, better known as Fujifilm or simply Fuji, stylized as FUJiFILM, is a Japanese multinational photography and imaging company headquartered in Tokyo. Fuji Photo Film Co. Ltd. was established in 1934 with the aim of being the first Japanese producer of photographic films, over the following 10 years, the company produced photographic films, motion-picture films and X-ray films. In the 1940s, Fuji Photo entered the optical glasses, lenses, after the Second World War, Fuji Photo diversified, penetrating the medical, printing, electronic imaging and magnetic materials fields. In 1962, Fuji Photo and U. K. -based Rank Xerox Limited launched Fuji Xerox Co. Ltd. through a joint venture, from the mid-1950s, Fuji Photo accelerated the establishment of overseas sales bases. In the 1980s, Fuji Photo expanded its production and other bases overseas, meanwhile, Fuji Photo developed digital technologies for its photo-related, medical and printing businesses. Like its rival Eastman Kodak which dominated in the US, Fuji Photo enjoyed a longtime near-monopoly on camera film in Japan, the complaint was lodged by the US with the World Trade Organization. On January 30,1998, the WTO announced a sweeping rejection of Kodaks complaints about the market in Japan. The new millennium witnessed the spread of digital technology in cameras. Demand for photographic films plunged in line with the popularity of digital cameras. In response, Fuji Photo implemented management reforms aimed at effecting drastic transformation of its business structures, while both film manufacturers recognized this fundamental change, Fuji Photo adapted to this shift much more successfully than Eastman Kodak. In September 19,2006, Fujifilm announced plans to establish a holding company, Fujifilm and Fuji Xerox would become subsidiaries of the holding company. A representative of the company reconfirmed its commitment to film, which accounts for 3% of sales, Fuji Xerox is a joint venture between Fujifilm and Xerox Corporation of North America. Fujifilm bought Sericol Ltd. a UK-based printing ink company specializing in screen, narrow web, velvia, one of the most saturated and fine-grained slide films, valued by nature and landscape photographers. Fortia, consumer slide film, featuring extremely vivid color rendering suitable for flower photography, Fuji Neopan Professional black & white negative film. As a side note, Neopan 400 and 1600 were designed to use the same developing times, ACROS and SS do not share this feature. This uses the Fuji G-mount lenses, to be released in 2017 The Clear Shot series of 35mm compact cameras Instax series of instant camera, wiki collection of bibliographic works on Fujifilm
13.
Lomography
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The Lomographic Society International was founded in 1992 by a group of Viennese students after they discovered the LCA, a camera created by LOMO PLC of Saint Petersburg, Russia. Lomography started as an art movement through which the students put on exhibitions of photos within Vienna, the art movement then developed into a commercial enterprise. Since 1995, Lomography has been the distributor of the LC-A camera outside the former Soviet Union. This camera was based upon the Cosina CX-1 and introduced in the early 1980s. Lomography also represents the commercial trademark of Lomographische AG, an Austrian company that produces cameras, the society is headquartered in Vienna, Austria. In 1991, a group of Viennese students discovered the LOMO LC-A and were inspired by its unique, colorful, the Lomographic Society International was subsequently founded in 1992. Since the introduction of the original LOMO LC-A, Lomography has produced a line of their own analog cameras, in 2005, production of the original LOMO LC-A was discontinued. Its replacement, the LOMO LC-A+, was introduced in 2006, the new camera, made in China rather than Russia, featured the original Russian lens manufactured by LOMO PLC. This changed as of mid-2007 with the lens now made in China as well, in 2012 the LC-A+ camera was re-released as a special edition. The company produces several kinds of 35 mm,120 and 110 film, holga, the World Through a Plastic Lens. By Adam Scott and Lomographic Society International, similar to Eastman Kodaks concept of the Kodak moment, the philosophy behind Lomography is summarized in its motto, Don’t Think, Just Shoot. This motto is accompanied by The Ten Golden Rules which are supposed to encourage spontaneity, typical Lomography cameras are deliberately low-fidelity and of simple construction. Some cameras make use of lenses and rainbow-colored flashes, some exhibit extreme optical distortions. The intention of the style is one of acceptance of such deficiencies in order to create images with a unique character. This technique can be employed with any film camera and can be somewhat mimicked with photo-editing software such as GIMP or Photoshop, the Lomographic Society International runs Lomography Gallery Stores and so-called embassies dedicated to the growth, support and public exposure of analogue photography. Customers interact through social events such as exhibits and workshops, an example of the societys events showing peoples lomography talents is the Lomokikuyu competition, which raises money for charity. The organisation organises the Lomography World Congress, an international conference, the Lomographic Society International maintains a community website featuring lomographic photographs. Official website Fabio Pluda - Lomographer Did the Lomo camera save film photography
14.
Estes Industries
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Estes Industries is a company that was started in Denver, Colorado, USA. The company was the first to model rocket engines with consistent. The company soon began producing model rocket kits, launch equipment, in 1961, the company was moved to a 77-acre tract of land on the outskirts of Penrose, Colorado. Rapid growth followed and soon Penrose became known as the Model Rocket Capital of the World, in 1969 Vernon Estes sold the company to the Damon Corporation of Needham Hts, MA. Damon purchased a number of other companies including a smaller competitor of Estes, Centuri Engineering of Phoenix. Damon merged the two companies under the name Centuri Engineering, the Penrose entity continued doing business as Estes Industries. Following a hostile takeover of the Damon Corporation in 1989, Estes Industries was divested, the business name of the company was shortened to Centuri Corporation. In 1996 Hobby Products acquired the assets of Cox Products of Corona, CA. Cox Products was a designer and manufacturer of airplanes and glow-fuel model airplane engines. The company’s assets were moved to the Estes facility, in 2002, the combined company was sold again and the company’s name was changed to Estes-Cox Corp. On January 15,2010 Estes-Cox was again sold and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Hobbico of Illinois, sales of the Cox line of model airplanes has been continued by Hobbico. Estes Industries was founded by Vernon Estes in 1958, in 1969 Vernon Estes sold the company to the Damon Corporation. On August 30,2002, Barry Tunick, who had been the Chief Executive Officer since 1991, acquired Estes-Cox Corporation from the private equity fund, TCW Capital, on January 15,2010, Estes-Cox was acquired by Hobbico, Inc. Mabel was a designed to inexpensively manufacture model rocket engines for Model Missiles Incorporated. Mabel was capable of producing a model rocket engine every 5-1/2 seconds. The operation began with an engine casing tube being loaded onto a rotating table, the table then advances through multiple stations where the nozzle, propellant, delay and ejection components are added. A paper end cap is cut from a roll of heavy paper tape. The completed engine is ejected from the table, sent through the printer. Early models tended to be simple in design terms, differing in terms of size, number of stages
15.
Model rocket
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A model rocket is a small rocket designed to reach low altitudes and recovered by a variety of means. According to the United States National Association of Rocketry Safety Code, model rockets are constructed of paper, wood, plastic, the code also provides guidelines for motor use, launch site selection, launch methods, launcher placement, recovery system design and deployment and more. Since the early 1960s, a copy of the Model Rocket Safety Code has been provided with most model rocket kits, in the early thirteenth century the Chinese turned black-powder–propelled objects, formerly only used for entertainment, into weapons of war. The Chinese ‘arrows of fire’ were fired from a sort of catapult launcher, the black powder was packed in a closed tube that had a hole in one end for escaping hot gases, and a long stick as an elementary stability and guidance system. Refinements in rocket design were made over the few hundred years. In 1591 a Belgian, Jean Beavie, described and sketched the important idea of multistage rockets, multistaging, placing two or more pockets of fuel in line and firing them in step fashion, is the practical answer to the problem of escaping earths gravitational attraction. They originally designed the motor and rocket for Robert to use in lectures on the principles of rocket-powered flight, but then Orville read articles written in Popular Mechanics by G. Harry Stine about the safety problems associated with young people trying to make their own rocket engines. With the launch of Sputnik, many people were trying to build their own rocket motors. Some of these attempts were dramatized in the fact-based movie October Sky, the Carlisles realized their motor design could be marketed and provide a safe outlet for a new hobby. They sent samples to Mr. Stine in January 1957, Stine, a range safety officer at White Sands Missile Range, built and flew the models, and then devised a safety handbook for the activity based on his experience at the range. The first American model rocket company was Model Missiles Incorporated, in Denver, Colorado, opened by Stine, Stine had model rocket engines made by a local fireworks company recommended by Carlisle, but reliability and delivery problems forced Stine to approach others. Stine eventually approached Vernon Estes, the son of a fireworks maker. Estes founded Estes Industries in 1958 in Denver, Colorado and developed an automated machine for manufacturing solid model rocket motors for MMI. The machine, nicknamed Mabel, made low-cost motors with great reliability, stines business faltered and this enabled Estes to market the motors separately. Subsequently, he began marketing model rocket kits in 1960, and eventually, Estes moved his company to Penrose, Colorado in 1961. Estes Industries was acquired by Damon Industries in 1970 and it continues to operate in Penrose today. Estes produces and sells Black Powder Rocket Motors, companies like Aerotech, Vulcan, and Kosdon were widely popular at launches during this time as high-power rockets routinely broke Mach 1 and reached heights over 3,000 m. High-power motor reliability was a significant issue in the late 1980s and early 1990s, at costs exceeding $300 per motor, the need to find a cheaper and more reliable alternative was apparent
16.
Canon Inc.
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It is headquartered in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan. Canon has a listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the TOPIX index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. At the beginning of 2015, Canon was the tenth largest public company in Japan when measured by market capitalization, the company was originally named Seikikōgaku kenkyūsho. In 1934 it produced the Kwanon, a prototype for Japan’s first-ever 35 mm camera with a plane based shutter. In 1947 the company name was changed to Canon Camera Co. Inc. shortened to Canon Inc. in 1969, the name Canon comes from Buddhist bodhisattva Guan Yin, previously transliterated as Kuanyin, Kwannon, or Kwanon in English. The origins of Canon date back to the founding of Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory in Japan in 1937 by Takeshi Mitarai, Goro Yoshida, Saburo Uchida and Takeo Maeda. During its early years the company did not have any facilities to produce its own optical glass, between 1933 and 1936 ‘The Kwanon’, a copy of the Leica design, Japan’s first 35 mm focal plane-shutter camera, was developed in prototype form. In 1940 Canon developed Japans first indirect X-ray camera, Canon introduced a field zoom lens for television broadcasting in 1958 and in 1959 introduced the Reflex Zoom 8, the world’s first movie camera with a zoom lens, and the Canonflex. In 1961 Canon introduced the Rangefinder camera, Canon 7, in 1965 Canon introduced the Canon Pellix, a single lens reflex camera with a semi-transparent stationary mirror which enabled the taking of pictures through the mirror. In 1971 Canon introduced the F-1, a high-end SLR camera, in 1976 Canon launched the AE-1, the world’s first camera with an embedded micro-computer. In 1982 Wildlife as Canon Sees It print ads first appeared in National Geographic magazine, Canon introduced the world’s first Inkjet printer using bubble jet technology in 1985. Canon introduced Canon Electro-Optical System in 1987, named after the goddess of the dawn, EOS650 autofocus SLR camera is introduced. Also in 1987 the Canon Foundation was established, in 1988 Canon introduced Kyosei philosophy. The EOS1 Flagship Professional SLR line was launched in 1989, in the same year the EOS RT, the worlds first AF SLR with a fixed, semi-transparent pellicle mirror, was unveiled. In 1992 Canon launched the EOS5, the camera with eye-controlled AF. In 1995 Canon introduced the first commercially available SLR lens with image stabilization. EOS-1N RS, the worlds fastest AF SLR camera with a shooting speed of 10 frame/s at the time
17.
Minolta
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Minolta Co. Ltd. was a Japanese worldwide manufacturer of cameras, camera accessories, photocopiers, fax machines, and laser printers. Minolta was founded in Osaka, Japan, in 1928 as Nichi-Doku Shashinki Shōten and it is perhaps best known for making the first integrated autofocus 35mm SLR camera system. In 1931, the company adopted its current name, an acronym for Mechanism, Instruments, Optics, in 1933, the brand name first appeared on a camera, a copy of the Plaubel Makina simply called Minolta. In 2003, Minolta merged with Konica Corporation to form Konica Minolta,1928, Kazuo Tashima establishes Nichi-Doku Shashinki Shōten. 1929, Marketed the companys first camera, the Nifcarette,1937, The Minolta Flex is Japans second twin-lens reflex camera. 1947, Introduction of the long lived 35mm rangefinder camera Minolta-351958,1962, John Glenn takes a specially modified Ansco-logoed Minolta Hi-Matic camera into space aboard Friendship 7. The company changes its name to Minolta Camera Co. Ltd,1966, The Minolta SR-T101 SLR camera is one of the first with TTL full aperture light metering. The first is Topcon RE Super from 1963,1972, Minolta signs an agreement to cooperate with Leica in SLR development,1973, The Minolta CL is the first fruit of this agreement. 1976, The Leica R3 is introduced, Minolta produces the R3, R4, and R5 models in the Leica R series. Subsequent cameras are built in Germany by Leica themselves,1977, The Minolta XD-11 is introduced, the worlds first multi mode SLR offering M, A, S modes, with a Program override in S mode effected by a computer chip, the worlds first Program mode. 1981, Implementation of Minoltas invention and patent of TTL OTF exposure metering, the Minolta X-700 manual-focus SLR is introduced, this model is sold until 1999 and is enormously successful. The Minolta XD-11 is the first Minolta product branded with an updated logo,1985, The Minolta Maxxum 7000 Alpha Mount Camera becomes the worlds first autofocus 35mm SLR with in-camera autofocus motor. 1987, Honeywell files lawsuit against Minolta for patent infringement over autofocus technologies,1991, Minoltas autofocus design was found to infringe on the patents of Honeywell, a U. S. corporation. 1994, The company changes its name to Minolta Co. Ltd. because it no longer is primarily a camera company,1995, Introduction of the Minolta RD-175, a 1. 75-megapixel digital SLR camera. 1996, The Minolta Vectis camera is a completely new SLR system designed around the Advanced Photo System film format,1998, The Minolta Maxxum 9 autofocus SLR is introduced. This system is targeted toward the photographer and has many features not duplicated by the competition. 2003, DiMAGE A1 introduced worlds first sensor-based anti-shake, and was the final Minolta product branded prior to the Konica Minolta merger,2004, Minolta and Konica officially merge to become Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc. 2005, The company announces joint venture with Sony on CCD,2006, Konica Minolta announces it is discontinuing all film and digital camera production, ending a 78-year history as a camera manufacturer
18.
Minox
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Minox is a manufacturer of cameras, known especially for its subminiature camera. The first product to carry the Minox name was a camera, conceived in 1922. The Latvian factory VEF manufactured the camera from 1937 to 1943, after World War II, the camera was redesigned and production resumed in Germany in 1948. Walter Zapp originally envisioned the Minox to be a camera for everyone requiring only little photographic knowledge, yet in part due to its high manufacturing costs the Minox became more well known as a must-have luxury item. From the start the Minox also gained notoriety as a spy camera. Minox branched out into 35 mm film format and 110 film format cameras in 1974 and 1976, Minox continues to operate today, producing or branding optical and photographic equipment. From 1936 to 1975 the history of the Minox brand is essentially that of the Minox subminiature camera, from 1975 the Minox name also became associated with other products, most notably the Minox 35 mm compact cameras produced from 1975 until 2004. Minox was acquired by Leica in 1996, but a management buyout on 25 August 2001 left Minox an independent company again, the original Minox subminiature camera was invented by Walter Zapp in 1936. Zapp, a Baltic German, was born in 1905 in Riga, the family moved to Reval where he first took a job as an engraver before finding a position with a photographer. He became friends with Nikolai Nixi Nylander and Richard Jürgens, Nixi Nylander also coined the name Minox and drew up the Minox mouse logo. Jürgens funded the project but was not able to get support in Estonia for production. Production began in Riga at VEF, running from 1937 until 1943, in the same time, VEF had received patent protection on Zapps inventions in at least 18 countries worldwide. Shortly after its introduction, the Minox was widely advertised in The European and American markets and it did not surmount the popularity of 35 mm cameras, but did achieve a niche market. It also attracted the attention of intelligence agencies in America, Britain and Germany, due to its small size and macro focusing ability. Ironically during World War II production of the Minox was put in several times as Latvia fell victim to invasion by the Soviet Union, then Germany. Cameras were produced under both Russian and German occupation nevertheless, and the camera became both a gift item for Nazi leaders as well as a tool for their spies. In the meantime, Zapp and his associates protected their interest in the product by searching for alternative production facilities in Germany, after World War II, production of the Minox II began in 1948 at a new company, Minox GmbH, in Giessen/Heuchelheim near Wetzlar, West Germany. The new camera very much resembled the original, but was made with a plastic chassis covered by an aluminum shell and this greatly reduced its weight and, to an extent, cost
19.
Pentax
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Pentax is a brand name used primarily by Ricoh Imaging Company for cameras, sport optics, and CCTV optics. The brand is used by Hoya Corporation for medical products & services, TI Asahi for surveying instruments. The company was founded as Asahi Kogaku Goshi Kaisha in November 1919 by Kumao Kajiwara, at a shop in the Toshima suburb of Tokyo, in 1938 it changed its name to Asahi Optical Co. Ltd. and by this time it was also manufacturing camera/cine lenses. In the lead-up to World War II, Asahi Optical devoted much of its time to fulfilling military contracts for optical instruments, at the end of the war Asahi Optical was disbanded by the occupying powers, being allowed to re-form in 1948. The company resumed its activities, manufacturing binoculars and consumer camera lenses for Konishiroku. The period around 1950 marked the return of the Japanese photographic industry to the level of the late 1930s. The newly reborn industry had many of its cameras to the occupation forces. In 1952 Asahi Optical introduced its first camera, the Asahiflex, the name Pentax was originally a registered trademark of the East German VEB Zeiss Ikon and acquired by the Asahi Optical company in 1957. Since then the company has been known for its photographic products. The company was renamed Pentax Corporation in 2002 and it was one of the worlds largest optical companies, producing still cameras, binoculars, spectacle lenses, and a variety of other optical instruments. In 2004 Pentax had about 6000 employees, in December 2006, Pentax started the process of merging with Hoya Corporation to form Hoya Pentax HD Corporation. It was speculated that Pentaxs camera business could be sold off after the merger, a stock swap was to be completed by October 1,2007 but the process was called off on April 11,2007. Pentax president Fumio Urano resigned over the matter, with Takashi Watanuki taking over as president of Pentax, Pentax was under increasing pressure from its major shareholders, Sparx Asset Management in particular, to accept Hoyas bid. On August 6,2007, Hoya completed a public tender offer for Pentax. On August 14,2007, the became a consolidated subsidiary of Hoya. On October 29,2007, Hoya and Pentax announced that Pentax would merge with, Hoya closed the Pentax-owned factory in Tokyo, and moved most of their operations to Southeast Asia. All professional and consumer lenses are produced in Vietnam, whereas DSLR cameras are produced in Philippines, on July 29,2011, Hoya transferred its Pentax imaging systems business to a newly established subsidiary called Pentax Imaging Corporation. On October 1,2011, Ricoh acquired all shares of Pentax Imaging Corp. and renamed the new subsidiary Pentax Ricoh Imaging Company, Hoya will continue to use the Pentax brand name for their medical related products such as endoscopes
20.
Rollei
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Later products included specialty and nostalgic type films for the photo hobbyist market. Originally named Werkstatt für Feinmechanik und Optik, Franke & Heidecke, KG, in 1979, and Rollei Fototechnic GmbH & Co. After being purchased in 1995 by Samsung Techwin, part of the South Korean Samsung Group, in 2002, it was bought by a Danish investment group, and renamed Rollei GmbH in 2004. Following another restructuring in 2007, Rollei was split into three companies, Franke & Heidecke GmbH, Feinmechanik und Optik focused on the production of professional medium format cameras and slide projectors, while RCP-Technik GmbH & Co. Finally, Rollei Metric GmbH took over the photogrammetry business, in early 2009, Franke & Heidecke GmbH, Feinmechanik und Optik declared itself insolvent. DHW Fototechnik presented two new Rolleiflex cameras and a new electronic shutter at photokina 2012, DHW itself filed for insolvency on 2014-08-15 and was dissolved in April 2015, thereby ending any further production of cameras, lenses and accessories. As of 2015 the brands Rollei and Rolleiflex continue to be owned by the RCP Technik Verwaltungs GmbH, on 2015-01-01, the RCP-Technik GmbH & Co. KG refirmed as Rollei GmbH & Co, KG to market digital consumer cameras and accessories under the Rollei label in Europe. Rollei was a German company that established a reputation with the Rolleiflex. Rollei was founded in 1920 as the Werkstatt für Feinmechanik und Optik, the company changed its name and legal form many times, to Rollei-Werke Franke & Heidecke in 1962, to Rollei-Werke Franke & Heidecke GmbH & Co. KG in 1979, to Rollei Fototechnic GmbH & Co, KG in 1981, and finally to Rollei GmbH in 2004. In 2006, the headquarters of Rollei GmbH were moved to Berlin while production was transferred to Rollei Produktion GmbH, currently Franke & Heidecke GmbH, the company underwent more radical restructuring in 2007/08. Rolleis decision to start manufacturing in Singapore in 1970 was regarded as an achievement by the photographic industry. Unfortunately, it damaged the companies reputation as a German precision manufacturer. In 1982, after failed attempts at restructuring, the company finally achieved success by focusing on medium format cameras along with a few other products. Surveying systems were added to the range in 1986, and modern digital. Over the years, many great photographers have used Rollei cameras, David Bailey and Diane Arbus, Brett Weston, and Helmut Newton, amongst others. Rollei cameras typically used Carl Zeiss or Schneider Kreuznach lenses, as well as manufactured by Rollei based on designs by Zeiss
21.
Subminiature photography
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Subminiature photography is photographic technologies and techniques working with film material smaller in size than 35mm film, such as 16mm,9. 5mm, 17mm, or 17. 5mm films. It is distinct from photomicrography, photographing microscopic subjects with a camera which is not particularly small, definition of Subminiature—very much reduced in size, Oxford English Dictionary. Subminiature camera is a class of very much smaller than miniature camera. The smallest of these are referred to as ultra-miniature. Lipstick cameras and other digital cameras are not included, because they dont use film. The smaller subminiature or ultraminiature cameras, particularly Minox, are associated with spying, half-frame cameras belong to the miniature camera category, as these use 35mm film. Some half-frame cameras, such as Olympus Pen F which is approximately 611 grams massive, are heavier than classical full-frame miniature cameras. Minox, followed by Tessina, GaMi, Rollei, Yashica, Mamiya, Gemflex, all made small, precision cameras and a few were still in production in 2006 but by 2011, only the Minox TLX model was still in production. Getting film and processing for most smaller cameras is a challenge as they are no longer manufactured or supported, most require cutting your own film and home-processing. The best known subminiature formats are—in increasing size—Minox, Kodak disc,16 mm, Super 16 mm,110 film, and the Advanced Photo System with different aspect ratios on 24 mm film. While many subminiature cameras were inexpensive and poorly manufactured, Minox, Gami, Edixa, Rollei, Pentax, the first subminiature single lens reflex is the Russian Narciss camera produced in 1961-65. First making an appearance in the late 19th century, often as concealed cameras, subminiature cameras became popular soon after WWII when many consumer markets required small, friedrich Kaftanskys Mini-flex was designed in 1931, on the market in 1933. Walter Zapps Riga Minox appeared in 1938, kodaks introduction of the 110 camera in the 1970s and the Kodak disc camera in the 1980s brought the subminiature camera to the forefront of the photographic market. The many cheap, poorly made cameras that soon appeared drove Kodak out of the market, various formats of subminiature camera have come and gone over the years as newer formats have replaced older one. Some subminiature formats, such as the Minox and 110 formats, most other subminiature cameras are still usable if film can be obtained, particularly if the photographer is prepared to do the processing. 16mm perforated or unperforated bulk roll film by Agfa, Kodak, using film slitter to slit 35mm roll film into Minox format film or 16mm film. Focusing The process of focusing a camera is the same as any other camera, Unit focusing. Examples, Minox B, C, LX, TLX, Edixa 16, Minox 110, Monolta 16 Front element focusing, Rollei 16, Rollei 110
22.
Negative (photography)
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In the case of color negatives, the colors are also reversed into their respective complementary colors. Typical color negatives have a dull orange tint due to an automatic color-masking feature that ultimately results in improved color reproduction. Negatives are normally used to make prints on photographic paper by projecting the negative onto the paper with a photographic enlarger or making a contact print. The paper is also darkened in proportion to its exposure to light, so a second reversal results which restores light, negatives were once commonly made on a thin sheet of glass rather than a plastic film, and some of the earliest negatives were made on paper. It is incorrect to call an image a negative solely because it is on a transparent material, transparent prints can be made by printing a negative onto special positive film, as is done to make traditional motion picture film prints for use in theaters. Some films used in cameras are designed to be developed by reversal processing, positives on film or glass are known as transparencies or diapositives, and if mounted in small frames designed for use in a slide projector or magnifying viewer they are commonly called slides. A positive image is a normal image, a negative image is a total inversion, in which light areas appear dark and vice versa. A negative color image is additionally color-reversed, with red areas appearing cyan, greens appearing magenta and blues appearing yellow, film negatives usually have less contrast, but a wider dynamic range, than the final printed positive images. The contrast typically increases when they are printed onto photographic paper, when negative film images are brought into the digital realm, their contrast may be adjusted at the time of scanning or, more usually, during subsequent post-processing. Film for cameras that use the 35 mm still format is sold as a strip of emulsion-coated and perforated plastic spooled in a light-tight cassette. Before each exposure, a mechanism inside the camera is used to pull an unexposed area of the out of the cassette. When all exposures have been made the strip is rewound into the cassette, after the film is chemically developed, the strip shows a series of small negative images. It is usually cut into sections for easier handling. Each of these images may be referred to as a negative. They are the images, from which all positive prints will derive. However, when an image is created from a negative image a positive image results. This makes most chemical-based photography a two-step process, which uses negative film, special films and development processes have been devised so that positive images can be created directly on the film, these are called positive, or slide, or reversal films and reversal processing. Scanning film negatives at the Wayback Machine NegaTIV -. -
23.
Minolta 110 Zoom SLR
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The Minolta 110 Zoom SLR was a 110 format single-lens reflex camera produced by Minolta of Japan between 1976 and 1979. It was the first SLR in 110 format and it had an unusual, flattened shape. Other 110 SLRs were shaped like SLRs in larger formats, but the 110 Zoom SLR took the format of the typical 110 pocket camera and added a larger lens. 1979s replacement, the Minolta 110 Zoom SLR Mark II, had a more conventional shape, the 110 Zoom SLR provided aperture priority autoexposure, fully manual exposure was not available. Light metering was with a CdS meter mounted on the front of the camera, the lens was a fixed 25–50 mm f/4. 5-16 manual focus zoom with macro focusing down to 11 in. This gave a field of view range approximately equivalent to a 50–100 mm zoom lens on a 35 mm format camera, there was a built-in, pop out lens shade. The filter thread diameter was 40.5 mm. Minolta sold UV, yellow, available shutter speeds were 1/1000 second through 10 seconds, with a 1/150 second X-sync speed and support for bulb exposure. There was no flash, but a hot shoe on the top allowed an external flash to be attached
24.
Pentax Auto 110
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The Pentax Auto 110 and Pentax Auto 110 Super are single-lens reflex cameras made by Asahi Pentax that use Kodaks 110 film cartridge. The Auto 110 was introduced with three lenses in 1978. Three more lenses were introduced in 1981, and then the Super model was released in 1982, the camera system was sold until 1985. The complete system is known as the Pentax System 10, apparently for its official Pentax name. This model represented the only complete ultraminiature SLR system manufactured for the 110 film format, the camera system also claims to be the smallest interchangeable-lens SLR system ever created. The cameras and lenses were very small and were made to professional SLR standards of quality, the Pentax Auto 110 featured fully automatic exposure, with no user-settable exposure compensation or adjustments. Unlike 35 mm SLRs, the systems lenses did not have an iris to control the aperture. Instead, an iris was mounted inside the body. This mechanism was capable of programmed exposures between 1/750 s at f/13.5, and 1 s at f/2.8, since the iris was part of the camera, all of the systems lenses had to be constructed with an f/2.8 aperture. The lens designs, based upon the dimensions, resulted in the 24 mm lens being the normal focal length. The camera detected the film speed by the presence or absence of a ridge on the cartridge, since there was no official specification of what the film speeds should actually be—they were just low and high—film and camera manufacturers had to decide for themselves the meaning. Pentax chose ISO80 and 320 as their settings, but commercially available films at ISO100 and 400 are close enough to work in practice, a film with a ISO200 speed would result in either under-or-over-exposure. The exposure latitude of the existing color print films was about 2 f/stops. Unfortunately, some recently produced 110 film is rated at ISO400, if this is the case, the ridge must be removed for the camera to expose correctly. Since only a few 110 cameras ever supported the ISO auto-selection, in 2012/2013 ISO100 film has been produced and marketed under the Lomography label, and gives excellent results, without the need to modify the cartridge casing. The camera was offered in a special edition Safari model, identical to the Auto 110 except for the color scheme. Introduced in late 1985, the Super was identical in shape and size to the previous model. Many improvements and changes were included to make this model arguably a better camera than the previous Auto 110, film winding was improved with a single-stroke film advance lever that advanced the film and cocked the shutter in one winding
25.
Kodachrome
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Kodachrome is a brand name for a non-substantive, color reversal film introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1935. It was one of the first successful color materials and was used for both cinematography and still photography, because of its complex processing requirements, the film was sold process-paid in the United States until 1954 when a legal ruling prohibited this. For many years it was used for color photography, especially for images intended for publication in print media. After announcing the return of Ektachrome at the beginning of 2017, Kodachrome was the first color film that used a subtractive color method to be successfully mass-marketed. Previous materials, such as Autochrome and Dufaycolor, had used the additive screenplate methods, until its discontinuation, Kodachrome was the oldest surviving brand of color film. Kodachrome is appreciated in the archival and professional market for its dark-storage longevity, because of these qualities, it was used by professional photographers such as Steve McCurry, Peter Guttman and Alex Webb. McCurry used Kodachrome for his 1984 portrait of Sharbat Gula, the Afghan Girl and it was used by Walton Sound and Film Services in the UK in 1953 for the official 16 mm film of the coronation of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Copies of the film for sale to the public were also produced using Kodachrome and these had several disadvantages because they used a réseau filter made from discrete color elements that were visible upon enlargement. The finished transparencies absorbed between 70% and 80% of light projection, requiring very bright projection lamps, especially for large projections. Using the subtractive method, these disadvantages could be avoided, the first Kodak product called Kodachrome was invented by John Capstaff in 1913. His Kodachrome was a process that used only two colors, blue-green and red-orange. It required two glass plate negatives, one using a panchromatic emulsion and a red filter, the other made using an emulsion insensitive to red light. The two plates could be exposed as a bipack, which eliminated the need for multiple exposures or a color camera. After development, the images were bleached out with chemistry that hardened the bleached portions of the gelatin. Using dyes which were absorbed only by the gelatin, the negative that recorded the blue and green light was dyed red-orange. The result was a pair of positive dye images, the plates were then assembled emulsion to emulsion, producing a transparency that was capable of surprisingly good color rendition of skin tones in portraits. Capstaffs Kodachrome was made available in 1915. It was also adapted for use as a 35 mm motion picture film process, today, this first version of Kodachrome is nearly forgotten, completely overshadowed by the next Kodak product bearing the name Kodachrome
26.
Reversal film
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In photography, reversal film is a type of photographic film that produces a positive image on a transparent base. The film is processed to produce transparencies or diapositives instead of negatives, Reversal film is produced in various sizes, from 35 mm roll film to 8×10 inch sheet film. A slide is a specially mounted individual transparency intended for projection onto a screen using a slide projector and this allows the photograph to be viewed by a large audience at once. The most common form is the 35 mm slide, with the image framed in a 2×2 inch cardboard or plastic mount. Reversal film is used as motion picture film, mostly in the 16 mm, Super 8 and 8 mm cine formats. This avoids the expense of using film, which requires additional film. The earliest practical and commercially successful color photography reversal process was the Lumière Autochrome and this was an additive method, using a panchromatic emulsion coated on a thin glass plate previously coated with a layer of dyed potato starch grains. Autochrome plates were discontinued in the 1930s after the introduction of Lumière Filmcolor in sheet film, also using the additive principle and reversal processing were the Agfa color screen plates and films and Dufaycolor film, all of which were discontinued by 1961. Leopold Godowsky, Jr. and Leopold Mannes, working with the Eastman Kodak Company, developed Kodachrome, Kodachrome was introduced in 1935 as 16mm motion picture film, and in 1936 as 35mm film for still cameras. The Kodachrome films contained no color dye couplers, these were added during processing, in late 1936, Agfacolor Neu was launched, Agfa having overcome earlier difficulties with color sensitivity problems. This film had the dye couplers incorporated into the emulsion, making processing simpler than for Kodachrome, amateurs who owned projection equipment used reversal films extensively because the cost of projection equipment and slide film was offset by not having to pay for prints. Eventually, print quality improved and prices decreased, and, by the 1970s, color negative film, digital media gradually replaced transparency film. All color reversal film sold today is developed with the E-6 process, the non-substantive Kodachrome films, the last of which was discontinued in 2009, were processed with the K-14 process. Polaroid produced an instant slide film called Polachrome and it was packaged in cassettes like normal 35mm film. A separate processing unit was used to develop it after exposure, black-and-white transparencies can be made directly with some modern black-and-white films, which normally yield negatives. The negative image is developed but not fixed, the remaining silver halide salts are re-exposed to light, developed and fixed, and the film is washed and dried. Black-and-white transparencies were once popular for presentation of materials using 3 1⁄4 by 4 glass-mounted slides. Such positive black-and-white projection is now rarely done, except in motion pictures, even where black-and-white positives are currently used, the process to create them typically uses an internegative with standard processing instead of a chemical reversal process
27.
Carousel slide projector
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A carousel slide projector is a common form of slide projector, used to project slide photographs and to create slideshows. It was first patented on May 11,1965, by David E, hansen was an engineer at the Eastman Kodak Company. The original Carousel S Slide Projector was invented by Italian-American Louis Misuraca, the design was refined by Hans Gugelot and Reinhold Hacker for Kodak AG in Stuttgart in 1963, and is part of the permanent collection at MOMA, New York. A separate, circular tray holds several 35mm slides, and is filled with each slide placed in upside down and backwards, so that the image is presented with the correct orientation. The tray has a plate on the bottom with an opening about 5 mm wide barely long enough to pass a single slide to the projection gate below it. The projector body contains a motor which rotates the plastic body of the tray while the metal plate is fixed with the opening over the projection gate. A common series of carousel projectors with a horizontally mounted tray was introduced in the spring of 1962 by Kodak, the earliest Carousel models are compatible only with the 80-slide trays. The Kodak system offered three advantages over the straight-tray, horizontal-feed systems that were common on the market. The Carousel tray held slides in place with a ring on its hub. The circular tray also enabled the projector to display automated shows without the need to reset the slide tray between performances. Kodak also offered a stack loader that allowed running a stack of up to 40 slides without using a tray, but forward only, a box of 12 clips could store up to 432 slides, and keep them organized. During the 1970s, Kodak also produced a Pocket Carousel projector for use with miniature 110 format Kodachrome slides, the Kodak Carousel projector was discontinued in October 2004. Less well-known but plentiful is a family of projectors based around a design originated by Sawyers and that manufacturers first slide projectors, in the late 1950s, had used straight trays. In 1963, the Sawyers Rotomatic, the first version using circular trays, was introduced and these are distinguished by the round tray being in an upright orientation, like a Ferris wheel. Unlike the Carousel trays use of a collar to hold the slide in the tray. Projectors using the 100-slide Rototray were backward-compatible with the TDC-Universal straight slide trays that had been popular since the late 1950s, the Kodak Carousel slide projector was part of the plot of the 2007 episode The Wheel in season 1 of the TV series Mad Men. Kodak, Slide projectors family Kodak Slide Projector on Porter Electronics
28.
Leica Camera
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Leica Camera AG, is a German optics enterprise and manufacturer of Leica cameras. The companys main products are cameras of the same name, the company specializes in high-end and expensive cameras. The earliest Leica prototypes were developed by the company Ernst Leitz during the first years of the 20th century, the Leicas were innovative, by orienting the image frame sideways for the 35 mm film as opposed to the cine-camera tradition of across the film-strip. The cameras were compact with collapsible lenses, for hiking and biking, the rangefinder feature was added with the Leica II during 1932, and that year both rangefinder and viewfinder cameras became available with interchangeable lenses. Further iterations of the models I and II were offered, prior to WWII Leica and competing Contax cameras from Zeiss Ikon were considered to be the finest 35mm cameras, but post-WWII the companies had competition from Soviet and Japanese copies. Through the 1950s Japanse quality and innovation, along with low pricing, Leica became an expensive type of camera bought largely by professional or serious photographers. However, the advent of reflex camera technology made rangefinders somewhat obsolete, despite never using reflex viewing or consumer digital production to any major extent, Leica has remained a notable trade-name into the 21st Century. Leica Microsystems AG actually owns the Leica brand and licenses the other two companies to use it, the name Leica is a combination of the first three letters of Ernst Leitzs surname and the first two from the word camera, lei-ca. The first 35mm film Leica prototypes were built by Oskar Barnack at Ernst Leitz Optische Werke, Wetzlar, intended as a compact camera for landscape photography, particularly during mountain hikes, the Leica was the first practical 35 mm camera that used standard cinema 35 mm film. The Leica transports the film horizontally, extending the size to 24×36mm with a 2,3 aspect ratio. The Leica had several model iterations, and during 1923 Barnack convinced his boss, Ernst Leitz II, to make a series of 31 cameras for the factory. Though the prototypes received a reception, Ernst Leitz decided during 1924 to produce the camera. It was a success when introduced at the 1925 Leipzig Spring Fair as the Leica I. The focal plane shutter has a range from 1/20 to 1/500 second, Barnack conceived the Leica as a small camera that produced a small negative. To make large photos by enlargement, requires that the camera have high quality lenses that could create well-defined negatives. Barnack tried a Zeiss Tessar on his prototype camera, but because the Tessar was designed for the 18×24 mm cine format. Barnack resorted to a Leitz Summar lens for the prototype, but to achieve resolution necessary for satisfactory enlargement, the first Leica lens was a 50 mm f/3.5 design based on the Cooke triplet of 1893, adapted by Max Berek at Leitz. The lens has five elements in three groups—- the third group being three cemented elements—- and was named the Leitz Anastigmat
29.
International Organization for Standardization
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The International Organization for Standardization is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promotes worldwide proprietary and it is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and as of March 2017 works in 162 countries. It was one of the first organizations granted general consultative status with the United Nations Economic, ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, is an independent, non-governmental organization, the members of which are the standards organizations of the 162 member countries. It is the worlds largest developer of international standards and facilitates world trade by providing common standards between nations. Nearly twenty thousand standards have been set covering everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, use of the standards aids in the creation of products and services that are safe, reliable and of good quality. The standards help businesses increase productivity while minimizing errors and waste, by enabling products from different markets to be directly compared, they facilitate companies in entering new markets and assist in the development of global trade on a fair basis. The standards also serve to safeguard consumers and the end-users of products and services, the three official languages of the ISO are English, French, and Russian. The name of the organization in French is Organisation internationale de normalisation, according to the ISO, as its name in different languages would have different abbreviations, the organization adopted ISO as its abbreviated name in reference to the Greek word isos. However, during the meetings of the new organization, this Greek word was not invoked. Both the name ISO and the logo are registered trademarks, the organization today known as ISO began in 1926 as the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations. ISO is an organization whose members are recognized authorities on standards. Members meet annually at a General Assembly to discuss ISOs strategic objectives, the organization is coordinated by a Central Secretariat based in Geneva. A Council with a membership of 20 member bodies provides guidance and governance. The Technical Management Board is responsible for over 250 technical committees, ISO has formed joint committees with the International Electrotechnical Commission to develop standards and terminology in the areas of electrical and electronic related technologies. Information technology ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 was created in 1987 to evelop, maintain, ISO has three membership categories, Member bodies are national bodies considered the most representative standards body in each country. These are the members of ISO that have voting rights. Correspondent members are countries that do not have their own standards organization and these members are informed about ISOs work, but do not participate in standards promulgation. Subscriber members are countries with small economies and they pay reduced membership fees, but can follow the development of standards
30.
Chinon Industries
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Chinon Industries Inc. was a Japanese camera manufacturer. Kodak took a majority stake in the company in 1997, and made it a fully owned subsidiary of Kodak Japan, Kodak Digital Product Center, as a subsidiary, it continues to develop digital camera models. They manufactured many cameras, such as the CG-5, which was one of the first cameras ever to use an Auto Focus lens and they were cumbersome and had two infra-red eyes on the top. They would connect by a bayonet fitting similar to the Pentax K fitting and it also used a split-image prism for determining when an image was properly focused. The CM-1 was sold through discount retailers such as K-Mart during the 1980s, Chinon branded products were sold in the UK through the Dixons high-street chain in the same period. Most of Chinons SLR cameras used the Pentax K-mount, which was promoted by Pentax as a mount and therefore Pentax allowed. This helped to expand the range of offerings for both Chinon and Pentax cameras. Chinon also was a manufacturer of CD-ROM drives, scanners, electronic pocket calculators and they even dabbled in VR with Cybershades for the PC, launched in the US market in 1995 for $199. More Information on Chinon 35mm and point and shoot cameras Information on Chinon Model 357,502,506 & 506-L,5.25 and 3.5 Floppy Drive Models
31.
ESL Federal Credit Union
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ESL Federal Credit Union is a full-service financial institution with headquarters in Rochester, New York. The locally owned financial institution employs more than 700 people in Rochester, New York and, the company has now appeared on the Great Place to Work® Best Small and Medium Workplaces for six years. Access to the union includes 20 branch locations and more than 40 ATM locations, locally based telephone and internet chat centers. Membership in ESL is open to employees of Eastman Kodak, members of the George Eastman House, ESL Federal Credit Union was chartered in 1920 as Eastman Savings and Loan Association by George Eastman, founder of Eastman Kodak Company. Mr. Eastman’s intent at that time was to provide his employees with an institution that served their financial needs—especially by providing mortgages. On February 1,1996, Eastman Savings and Loan changed its charter from a U. S. bank to a Federal Credit Union and it is the largest locally owned financial institution in the Greater Rochester area and the largest credit union in New York State. ESL is in the top 1% of national credit unions ranked by assets
32.
Brownie (camera)
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Brownie is the name of a long-running popular series of simple and inexpensive cameras made by Eastman Kodak. The Brownie camera, introduced in February 1900, invented low-cost photography by introducing the concept of the snapshot to the masses, the Brownie was a very basic cardboard box camera with a simple meniscus lens that took 2 1/4-inch square pictures on 117 roll film. The Brownie camera was conceived and marketed for sales of Kodak roll films, because of its simple controls and initial price of $1 along with the low price of Kodak roll film and processing, The Brownie camera achieved and surpassed its marketing goal. The Brownie is among the most important cameras in history, the first model of the camera was invented by Frank A. Brownell. The name comes from the brownies in popular Palmer Cox cartoons, consumers responded, and over 150,000 Brownie cameras were shipped in the first year of production. An improved model, called No.2 Brownie came in 1901, in 1908, the Austrian architectural critic Joseph August Lux wrote a book called Künstlerische Kodakgeheimnisse in which he championed the use of the camera for its cultural potential. Brownies were extensively marketed to children, with Kodak using them to popularise photography and they were also taken to war by soldiers. As they were so ubiquitous, many shots were taken on brownies. The cameras continued to be popular, and spawned many varieties, improvements continued, such as in 1940, when Kodak released the Six-20 Flash Brownie. The camera was Kodaks first internally synchronized flash camera, using General electric bulbs, then in 1957, Kodak produced the Brownie Starflash, Kodaks first camera with a built in flash. One of the most popular Brownie models was the Brownie 127, the Brownie 127 was a simple bakelite camera for 127 film which featured a simple meniscus lens and a curved film plane to compensate for the deficiencies of the lens. Another simple camera was the Brownie Cresta which was sold between 1955 and 1958 and it used 120 film and had a fixed-focus lens. The last official Brownie cameras made were anniversary model,110 film models in the early 1980s, the Kodak Brownie Number 2 is a box camera that was manufactured by the Eastman Kodak Company from 1901 to 1935. There were five models, A through F, and it was the first camera to use 120 film and it also came with a viewfinder and a handle. The Brownie Number 2 was made of three materials, cardboard, costing US$2.00, aluminum, costing US$2.75, and it was a very popular and affordable camera, and many are still in use by film photographers. The Beau Brownie range was available from 1930 to 1933, visually, they had a different enameled two-tone front plate in a geometric Art Deco design, the work of American designer Walter Dorwin Teague. They were available in five color combinations, black and burgundy, brown and tan, two-tone blue, two-tone green, the rose and green cameras were produced only in 1930 and 1931, and are therefore rarer than the others. They were encased in a faux-leatherette casing
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Canon EOS
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Canon EOS is an autofocus single-lens reflex camera camera series produced by Canon Inc. Introduced in 1987 with the Canon EOS650, all EOS cameras used 35 mm film until October 1996 when the EOS IX was released using the new, in 2000, the D30 was announced, as the first digital SLR designed and produced entirely by Canon. Since 2005, all newly announced EOS cameras have used digital image sensors rather than film, the EOS line is still in production as Canons current digital SLR range, and, with the 2012 introduction of the Canon EOS M, Canons mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera system. The name EOS was chosen for Eos, the Titan goddess of the dawn in Greek mythology and it competes primarily with the Nikon F series and its successors, as well as autofocus SLR systems from Olympus Corporation, Pentax, Sony/Minolta, and Panasonic/Leica. In 2010, Canon held 44. 5% market share in DSLRs, at the heart of the system is the EF lens mount, which replaced the previous FD lens mount, which mainly supported only manual-focus lenses. The bayonet-style EF lens mount is at the centre of the EOS camera system, breaking compatibility with the earlier FD mount, it was designed with no mechanical linkages between moving parts in the lens and in the camera. The aperture and focus are controlled via electrical contacts, with motors in the lens itself and this was similar in some ways to Canons earlier attempt at AF with the T80. Other manufacturers including Contax, Nikons 1983 F3AF and Olympus have since embraced this type of drive system. It is a lens mount compared to most of its competition. The flash system in the EOS cameras has gone through a number of evolutions since its first implementation, the basic EOS flash system was actually developed not for the first EOS camera, but rather for the last high-end FD-mount manual-focus camera, the T90, launched in 1986. This was the first Canon camera with through-the-lens flash metering, although other brands had been metering that way for some time and it also introduced the A-TTL system for better flash exposure in program mode, using infrared preflashes to gauge subject distance. This system was carried over into the early EOS cameras wholesale, A-TTL largely fell out of favor, and was replaced by E-TTL. This used a pre-flash for advanced metering, and used the system to judge where the main subject was for more accurate exposure. E-TTL II, which was an enhancement in the firmware only. Canon Speedlite-brand flashes have evolved alongside the cameras and they are capable of wired and wireless multi-flash setups, the latter using visible or infrared pulses to synchronise. Canon also produces Speedlite accessories, including the OC-E3 Off-Camera Shoe Cord, the Off-Camera Shoe Cord is popular among portrait photographers who need to have more control over lighting than a camera mounted flash can offer. As of 2017, Canon has released no fewer than 70 EOS SLR and DSLR camera models, in the 1990s, Canon worked with Kodak to produce digital camera bodies, starting with the EOS DCS3 in 1995. The first digital EOS SLR camera wholly designed and manufactured by Canon was the EOS D30, Canon sold two EOS cameras designed to use the APS film format, the EOS IX and the EOS IX Lite
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Canon EOS D2000
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The Canon EOS D2000 is a 2-megapixel digital single-lens reflex camera developed by Kodak on a Canon EOS-1N body. It was released in March 1998 and it features a CCD sensor and can shoot at 3.5 frames per second. Many enthusiasts regard the D2000 as Canons first truly usable Digital SLR and it was released in tandem with the Canon EOS D6000, a 6-megapixel model. Like its predecessor, the EOS DCS3, the D2000 uses an EOS-1N camera body with a Kodak digital back, other incremental improvements such as a higher shooting rate and a swappable, rechargeable battery pack were included. The D2000 was the last of the Kodak / Canon press cameras and it was sold by Kodak until at least as late as 2001. Canons first home-grown professional digital SLR, the Canon EOS-1D, was released later the same year, Canon EOS Canon EF lens mount Kodak DCS Canon Camera Museum, EOS D2000
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Canon EOS DCS 3
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The Canon EOS DCS3 was Kodaks second Canon based Digital SLR camera released in July 1995, four months after Kodak EOS-DCS5. It uses a modified Canon EOS-1N film camera with a modified Kodak NC2000e digital camera back attached, as a result, it maintained the Canon EF lens mount, and full compatibility with all of Canons EF lenses made until that time. The camera was followed by the six megapixel Canon EOS DCS1, the back had a then-massive 16MB of RAM to act as an image buffer, as well as a PCMCIA card slot for image storage, plus a SCSI socket for connection to a computer. The imaging element was an APS-C sensor with a 1. 5x crop factor, the camera back did not have an LCD monitor. A typical 260MB PCMCIA card or IBM Microdrive of the period could store 189 images, the EOS DCS3 lacked any internal JPEG processing, and images had to be processed on a computer before they were usable in any form. The large amount of memory contributed the then-immense price of the EOS DCS3, the camera was succeeded by the Canon EOS D2000 in 1998. Kodak DCS Canon Camera Museum, Canon EOS DCS3
36.
Cine-Kodak
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The Cine-Kodak was the first 16mm camera, introduced in 1923. It was a rectangular cast aluminum box approximately 8 inches square, hand turning meant that a tripod was essential while allowing varying speeds and single frames to be taken. Accessories such as lenses and a motor attachment became available later, in 1925, Kodak followed up with a spring motor-driven Cine-Kodak Model B, at which time the original Cine-Kodak was re-designated as Model A. In 1929, a Model BB for 50-ft reels and an additional 8 frames/second speed was introduced, followed by the Model K in 1930, which was an enlarged BB for 100-ft reels. The Model K was joined briefly by a stripped-down Model M, in 1933, the Cine-Kodak Special was introduced for advanced amateur and semi-professional work, and quickly became popular with professionals for its vast range of capabilities. The new Kodak S-mount was introduced with this camera. The Cine-Kodak Special II was introduced in 1948 with a turret but was otherwise unchanged from the Special. The Special was discontinued in the early 1960s, although a Special Reflex was available until the late 60s, the mid-30s saw the beginning of a line of magazine-loading cameras, the Magazine Cine-Kodaks, made initially in Kodaks Nagel Works in Germany. In 1937, the Model E was introduced with a similar to the later Pathe Webo camera and provided slow motion speeds. The final 16mm spool loading Cine-Kodak the K100 arrived in 1956 with both turret and non-turret versions, 16mm Cine-Kodaks were well-made, long-lived cameras. Most have double claws and double sprockets and hence require double perf film in unmodified form, the exceptions are both the Specials and K100 models that were designed for the addition of sound tracks and accept single perf film. The Cine-Kodak brand was applied to the double run 8mm cameras introduced by Kodak in 1932 beginning with the Eight Twenty model. History of photography History of the camera
37.
Kodak 35
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The Kodak 35 was introduced in 1938 as the first US manufactured 35mm camera from Eastman Kodak Company. It was developed in Rochester, New York when it likely that imports from the Kodak AG factory in Germany could be disrupted by war. While Kodak had invented the Kodak 135 daylight-loading film cassette in 1934, US built 35mm cameras used the 828 paper backed 35mm roll-film. The first Kodak 35 has no rangefinder and it resembles slightly to cameras like the German Wirgin Edinex and Adox Adrette. It takes thirty-six 24×36 mm frames on 135 film, the precision molded black Bakelite body has satin-chromed top and base plates, and a collapsible finder is mounted on top center. The removable Bakelite back with the base plate slides easily off for film handling. It is secured by a centrally located wing key in the base plate, prominently placed at the top are the large wind-on and rewind knobs, the right-hand one is the film advance knob, both to be operated in the clockwise direction. Next to it is a manually reset frame counter dial and the chromed wind-on release button. The front element focusing Kodak lens has a rigid lensmount set in a Kodak inter-lens shutter, the shutter is cocked by a gear coupling to the sprocket-wheel drum, which is trailing along with the passing film during the wind-on operation. Hence, there is no shutter cocking without a film in the camera, an automatic mechanism locates the next frame on the film by locking the advance knob. It is released for the frame by depressing the wind-on release button before turning the wind-on knob. This prevents double exposure, but not blank frames since nothing prevents pressing the button again, however, a red indicator is shown to the left in a slot on the top of the shutter cover that indicates the camera has been wound. The shutter release, in the shape of a pin attached to the shutter release lever, is situated at about 10-oclock at the shutter housing. It is protected from being triggered by a small cover extending over it. It is not possible to raise the wind-on knob if it is not free to rotate, the frame counter dial rotates during rewind as long as the film passes the sprocket wheel drum. The wind gears, which is visible inside the machined steel film chamber, all internal metal parts are either plated steel or brass. The film pressure-plate is chrome-plated polished steel, while the parts are nickel-plated. It is generally referred to as the RF model, several finishes appeared during the production run
38.
Kodak 35 Rangefinder
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The Kodak 35 Rangefinder is an improved version of the Kodak 35 that was launched by the Eastman Kodak Company in 1938 as their first 35mm camera manufactured in the USA. It is generally referred to as the Kodak 35 Rangefinder model, the centrally positioned eyepiece is for the viewfinder. Both the separate viewfinder and rangefinder eyepieces and the lens coupling are in the style of the Leica camera, the difference is the way in which the lever operates on the lens barrel. Looking through the small window at the left-hand side at the back reveals a clear view of a horizontally split image. The lower image part is shifted sideways by turning the wheel at the front right-hand side of the lens. By aligning the vertical feature of any object in the motive that crosses the split in the image may render it sharp on the film. Note, This model is referred to as the gear coupled RF version due to the conspicuously placed gear next to the lens front element. The gear however, only provides a means of turning the front element using a finger on the edge of the wheel, some RF models have black knobs and some have black rangefinder protrusion next to the lens, but the majority have plated metal knobs. There was no civil production between 1942 and 1945, the post-war viewfinder and the rangefinder models were also black with bright-chromed metal features, and an accessory shoe was added to the viewfinder model next to the rewind knob. However, for a while during the period from 1947 to 1949, both the metal- and the white rewind knobs have a film reminder dial in the hub. A few minor modifications were made to internal parts, notably to the film pressure plate spring that changes through a variety of shapes from rod to flat shape. Most, if not all shutters alternatives have a No.5 Cable Release socket with a tiny removable coin-slotted screw plug, while the later ones also have a Kodak type flash synchroniser contact post. A metal band inscribed Made in U. S. A. was attached to the top of the shutter housing cover plate, the milling pattern on the focusing wheel front goes through a variety of styles from flat to a pattern of several concentric circles. The Kodak 35 came with a brown leather ever-ready case. Of these, the C is substituted by 1, the A by 2 etc. through to the Y by 0, ET thus gives the number 49 for the year 1949. The Kodak 35 serial number is engraved on the front ring on the lens, Kodak Camera Collection - Private collection with free images of most Kodak models
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Kodak DC Series
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Kodak was an early pioneer in the development of digital cameras. The DC series is Kodaks consumer-grade budget line of cameras as opposed to the more expensive professional Kodak DCS series. Cameras in the DC series were manufactured and sold during the mid-to-late 1990s. Some were branded as Digital Science, most of these early digital cameras only supported serial port connections and did not have USB connectivity, as USB did not exist when camera development was begun. This series was superseded by the Kodak Easy Share camera series. DC20 —0.2 megapixel,47 mm equivalent lens, fixed DC25 —0.2 megapixel,47 mm equivalent lens, fixed, CompactFlash slot DC40 —0.38 megapixel,37 mm equivalent lens, fixed DC50 —0. It had a suggested retail price of US$299 when most other digital cameras at the time cost well over $1000. The DC20 only had the most basic features of a digital camera and it came with only 1 megabyte of internal flash memory, which could only store 8 or 16 images, depending on image quality, and did not support external flash memory. It had no built-in photo flash and its CCD sensor had a maximum resolution of 493x373 pixels. It had a focal length f/4 lens, equivalent to 47 mm for 35 mm single lens reflex film cameras. With physical dimensions of 31 x 102 x 61 mm, the Kodak DC20 was the first ultracompact digital camera and its sleek compact size would remain unrivaled until the release of the Canon Digital Ixus and Casio Exilim. There were several add-on lenses released for the Kodak DC20 and these included a macro adapter, a telephoto converter, and a wide-angle converter from Tiffen. These were clip-on lenses since the lens had no thread. There was also a photo flash unit made by Kodak. The Kodak DC25 was released around the time as the Kodak DC20. They both shared the same form factor and shape, but the DC25 was considerably larger than the DC20 and they also shared the same 493x373 pixel CCD sensor and 47 mm-equivalent lens. The Kodak DC25, however, came with an LCD display for picture review, moreover, the Kodak DC25 was among the first cameras to have a PCMCIA slot to support CompactFlash cards for external storage. Released in 1995, the DC40 is Kodaks own branded version of the Apple QuickTake 100 and it came with fixed focal length lens of 37 mm-equivalent and a 768x512 pixel CCD sensor
40.
Kodak DC215
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The Kodak DC215 is a discontinued model of digital camera produced in Japan by the Eastman Kodak Company. This model does not have memory, but a 4MB card is supplied with the camera. The camera has a 1-megapixel sensor, a fixed lens with 2x optical zoom and macro-setting. The viewfinder is optical, but it is possible to use the 1.8 rear LCD monitor as viewfinder, there was also a small LCD black and white screen on the top of the camera to show camera settings only. The DC215 also came in a Millennium Edition version which had a rather than silver case. The Kodak DC215 had a problem with its battery compartment. This compartment, which takes in 4 AA batteries, was made of plastic, consumers often resorted to makeshift solutions like the use of rubber bands or duct tape to keep batteries in the camera. Kodak DC Series List of products manufactured by Kodak Official Online Manual Kodak DC215 digital camera specifications
