1.
10th United States Congress
–
The Tenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1807, to March 4,1809, the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Second Census of the United States in 1800. Both chambers had an overwhelming Democratic-Republican majority, may 22,1807, Former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr was indicted for treason. He was acquitted September 1,1807 June 1807, Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, august 17,1807, The Clermont, Robert Fultons first American steamboat, left New York City for Albany, New York, on the Hudson River, inaugurating the first commercial steamboat service in the world. January 1,1808, The importation of slaves into the United States was banned December 22,1807, Embargo Act of 1807,5,2 Stat.451 March 1,1809, Non-Intercourse Act, ch. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section, Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. There were 5 resignations,2 deaths, and 1 interim appointment, neither party had a net change. Of the voting members, there were 4 resignations,4 deaths, democratic-Republicans had no net change and Federalists picked up 2 seats. Lists of committees and their party leaders, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
2.
12th United States Congress
–
It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1811, to March 4,1813, during the third and fourth years of James Madisons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Second Census of the United States in 1800, both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority. October 13,1812, War of 1812, the Battle of Queenston Heights November 5,1812, Elections of 1812, United States presidential election,1812, Incumbent James Madison beat DeWitt Clinton. United States Senate elections,1812 United States House of Representatives elections,1812 April 30,1812 and it was formerly known as the Territory of Orleans June 4,1812, Missouri Territory was organized. It was formed from the remainder of the Territory of Orleans The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. During this congress, two new Senate seats were added for the new state of Louisiana, during this congress, one new House seat was added for the new state of Louisiana. President, George Clinton, until April 20,1812, vacant thereafter, president pro tempore, William H. Crawford Speaker, Henry Clay This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
3.
United States Capitol
–
The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol Building or Capitol Hill, is the home of the United States Congress, and the seat of the legislative branch of the U. S. federal government. It sits atop Capitol Hill at the end of the National Mall in Washington. Though not at the center of the Federal District, the Capitol forms the origin point for the Districts street-numbering system. The original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded, like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches, the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior. Both its east and west elevations are referred to as fronts, though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors. In 2014, scaffolding was erected around the dome for a project scheduled to be completed by early 2017. All exterior scaffolding was removed by the end of summer 2016, prior to establishing the nations capital in Washington, D. C. the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia, New York City, and a number of other locations. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, Congress requested that John Dickinson, the Governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey, on June 21,1783, and met in Annapolis, Maryland, the United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4,1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790, when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a capital for ten years, until the nations capital in Washington. Pierre Charles LEnfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city, in reviewing LEnfants plan, Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the Capitol rather than Congress House. The word Capitol comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill, the connection between the two is not, however, crystal clear. In spring 1792, United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the Presidents House. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City, the most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet, a trained French architect. However, Hallets designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, a late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31,1793, to much praise for its Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty by Washington, along with praise from Thomas Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre, as well as the Paris Pantheon for the portion of the design
4.
Vice President of the United States
–
The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
5.
George Clinton (vice president)
–
George Clinton was an American soldier and statesman, considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He and John C. Calhoun are the people to have served as US Vice President under two different presidents. Clinton was born in Little Britain, Province of New York and his political interests were inspired by his father, who was a farmer, surveyor, and land speculator, and served as a member of the New York colonial assembly. George Clinton was the brother of General James Clinton and the uncle of New Yorks future governor, George was tutored by a local Scottish clergyman. During the French and Indian War he first served on the privateer Defiance operating in the Caribbean, before enlisting in the provincial militia and he and his brother James were instrumental in capturing a French vessel. His fathers survey of the New York frontier so impressed the governor that he was offered a position as sheriff of New York City. After the war, he read law in New York City under the attorney William Smith and he returned home and began his legal practice in 1764. He became district attorney the following year and he was a member of the New York Provincial Assembly for Ulster County from 1768 to 1776, aligned with the anti-British Livingston faction. His brother James was a member of the Provincial Convention that assembled in New York City on April 20,1775, James Clinton and Christopher Tappan, lifetime residents of the area, were sent to scout appropriate locations. In December 1775 the New York Provincial Congress commissioned him brigadier general in the militia tasked with defending the Highlands of the Hudson River from British attack. To this end he built two forts and stretched a giant chain across the river to keep the British forces in New York City from sailing northward, on March 25,1777, he was commissioned a brigadier general in the Continental Army. In June 1777, he was elected at the same time Governor and he formally resigned the Lieutenant Governors office and took the oath of office as Governor on July 30. He was re-elected five times, remaining in office until June 1795, although he had been elected governor, he retained his commission in the Continental Army and commanded forces at Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery on October 6,1777. He remained in the Continental Army until it was disbanded on November 3,1783 and he was known for his hatred of Tories and used the seizure and sale of Tory estates to help keep taxes down. A supporter and friend of George Washington, he supplied food to the troops at Valley Forge, rode with Washington to the first inauguration, in 1783, Clinton became an original member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati and served as its president from 1794 to 1795. In 1783, at Dobbs Ferry, Clinton and Washington negotiated with General Sir Guy Carleton for the evacuation of the British troops from their posts in the United States. In 1787–88, Clinton publicly opposed adoption of the new United States Constitution, twentieth-century historian Herbert Storing identifies Clinton as Cato, the pseudonymous author of the Anti-Federalist essays which appeared in New York newspapers during the ratification debates. However, the authorship of the essays is disputed, Clinton withdrew his objections after the Bill of Rights was added
6.
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
–
The president pro tempore of the United States Senate, also president pro tem, is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. Unlike the vice president, the president pro tempore is a member of the Senate. Selected by the Senate at large, the president pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges, during the vice presidents absence, the president pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. Since 1890, the most senior senator in the majority party has generally chosen to be president pro tempore. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949, the current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6,2015, he is the 90th person to serve in this office, although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. The president pro tempore is third in the line of succession, following the vice president. Additional duties include appointment of various officers, certain commissions, advisory boards. The officeholder is an ex member of various boards and commissions. With the secretary and sergeant at arms, the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the Capitol, the office of president pro tempore was established by the Constitution of the United States in 1789. The first president pro tempore, John Langdon, was elected on April 6 the same year, originally, the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate. Until the 1960s, it was practice for the vice president to preside over daily Senate sessions. Until 1891, the president pro tempore only served until the return of the president to the chair or the adjournment of a session of Congress. Between 1792 and 1886, the president pro tempore was second in the line of succession following the vice president. When President Andrew Johnson, who had no president, was impeached and tried in 1868. Wades radicalism is thought by historians to be a major reason why the Senate. The President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House were removed from the line of succession in 1886. Both were restored to it in 1947, though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker, William P. Frye served as President pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 (54th–62nd Congress, a tenure longer than anyone else
7.
John Milledge
–
John Milledge was an American politician. He fought in the American Revolution and later served as United States Representative, 26th Governor of Georgia, Milledge was a founder of Athens, Georgia, and the University of Georgia. John Milledge was born in Savannah, the grandson of a settler of Georgia. He was tutored privately and studied law, after being admitted to the bar, he opened a law practice in Savannah. At the onset of the Revolutionary War, Milledge was part of a group that took colonial governor Sir James Wright as a prisoner in 1775 and he also took part in a raid of Savannahs royal armory to procure gunpowder for the revolutionary cause. When the British captured Savannah, Milledge escaped to South Carolina and he participated in the Siege of Savannah in an attempt to drive the British forces out. In 1778, he served as an aide to Governor John Houstoun in a campaign against the British in East Florida. In 1781, as a colonel in the Georgia militia, he helped to recapture Augusta, milledges political career began in 1779, when he was elected to the patriot general assembly. After serving as the general of Georgia, Milledge was member of the Georgia General Assembly. While in the General Assembly, he spoke out forcefully against the Yazoo Land Acts, in 1792, the House of Representatives declared the seat of Anthony Wayne vacant due to disputes over his residency. Milledge was elected to the Second Congress to fill this vacancy and served from November 22,1792, later, Milledge would be elected to the Fourth and Fifth Congresses, serving from March 4,1795 to March 3,1799. In 1801, he was elected to Congress, this time as a Democratic-Republican. Milledge was Governor of Georgia from 1802 to 1806, as governor, he created Georgias first land lottery, to combat corruption in the distribution of former Creek lands to settlers. He also reorganized the militia, and built a road from Georgia to Tennessee passing through Cherokee lands. In 1803, Milledgeville, Georgia, state capital from 1804 to 1868, was named in his honor, in 1806, he was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of James Jackson. He was a loyal and enthusiastic supporter of the policies of President Thomas Jefferson, in the 10th United States Congress, he was named President pro tempore of the Senate. He served as a Senator from June 19,1806, until November 14,1809, while serving in the U. S. House of Representatives, Milledge was named to a commission to establish a site for the state University of Georgia. On July 25,1801 Milledge bought with his own some land on the Oconee River for the school
8.
Andrew Gregg
–
Andrew Gregg was an American politician. A Democratic-Republican, he served as a United States Senator for Pennsylvania from 1807 until 1813, prior to that, he served as a U. S. Andrew Gregg was born on June 10,1755, inCarlisle, Pennsylvania, Cumberland County and his father was Andrew Gregg, and his mother was Jane Scott. He married Martha Potter the daughter of Major General James Potter who was a vice president of the state of Pennsylvania. His son, Andrew Gregg, Jr. built the Andrew Gregg Homestead about 1825 and his father, also named Andrew Gregg, was a member of the Paxton Boys. During part of his service in the Senate, he served as President pro tempore, later in life, he was appointed secretary of state for Pennsylvania, in 1816, and ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Pennsylvania in 1823. Prior to his election to the United States Congress, he had served in the militia during the American Revolution and his grandsons Andrew Gregg Curtin and James Xavier McLanahan were also prominent Pennsylvania politicians. Andrew passed away May 20,1835, in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, Centre County, Pennsylvania, having lived a life of 79 years. Two Pennsylvania townships are named after Gregg, one in Centre County, biographical Directory, U. S. Congress, Gregg, Andrew, retrieved 2007-06-14
9.
John Gaillard
–
Gaillard was born in St. Stephens district, South Carolina, on September 5,1765. He was elected to the United States Senate in place of Pierce Butler, who resigned, during his tenure, Gaillard voted for the War of 1812. He served as President pro tempore of the Senate in the part of the 11th Congress and at least part of every Congress from the 13th to the 18th. He was also the Acting Vice President, or next in line to the presidency, from November 25,1814, in his memoir Thirty Years View, Thomas H. There was probably not an instance of disorder or a scene in the chamber during his long-continued presidency. Gaillard died in Washington D. C on 26 February 1826 and was interred in the Congressional Cemetery, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
10.
John Pope (Kentucky politician)
–
John Pope was a United States Senator from Kentucky, a member of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky, Secretary of State of Kentucky, and the third Governor of Arkansas Territory. Pope was born in Prince William County, Virginia in 1770 and he lost his arm during his youth and was known as One-Arm Pope. He graduated from the College of William & Mary, studied law and moved to Springfield and he practiced law in Washington, Shelby, and Fayette County, Kentucky. Pope served as the elector from Kentucky in 1801, and was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1802. He served in the House again from 1806 to 1807, Pope was elected as a Jeffersonian Republican to the United States Senate, serving from 1807 to 1813, and served as President pro tempore of the Senate during the Eleventh Congress. Pope was Secretary of State of Kentucky from 1816 to 1819, from 1829 to 1835, he served as the Governor of Arkansas Territory. During his term as governor he arranged for the construction of the Old State House which remains the oldest surviving state capitol west of the Mississippi River, John Pope died in Springfield, Kentucky, and is buried in the Springfield Cemetery. Pope was married to the sister-in-law of President John Quincy Adams, Pope County, Arkansas is named for him. Thomas S. Hinde, close friend and adviser, allen, William B. Bradley & Gilbert. The Life and Times of John Pope -1770-1845, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Encyclopedia of Arkansas Profile Kentucky Secretary of State
11.
Joseph Bradley Varnum
–
Joseph Bradley Varnum was a U. S. politician of the Democratic-Republican Party from Massachusetts. Joseph Bradley Varnum was born in Dracut, Massachusetts, Middlesex County, January 29,1750 or 1751, at the age of eighteen, he was commissioned captain by the committee of Massachusetts Bay Colony, and in 1787 colonel by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He was made general in 1802, and in 1805 major general of the state militia. He also served as a Justice of the Massachusetts Court of Common Pleas and as Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Court of General Sessions. In 1794, Varnum was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives, during his last four years in the House, he served as its Speaker. Varnum was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1811 to fill the vacancy in the term, Varnum died in Dracut, and his body is interred in Varnum Cemetery. His brother was James Mitchell Varnum, on March 3,1805, Varnum submitted a Massachusetts Proposition to amend the Constitution and Abolish the Slave Trade. This proposition was tabled until 1807, when under Varnums leadership the amendment moved through Congress, president Thomas Jefferson signed it into law on March 3,1807. Magazine of American History 20, 405–14, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Attribution, This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Varnum
12.
Party leaders of the United States Senate
–
The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate, the Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate are the second-ranking members of each partys leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues, because they are the second ranking member of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 52 Republicans,46 Democrats, the current leaders are Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Democratic Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York. The current Assistant Majority Leader is Republican John Cornyn of Texas, the current Assistant Minority Leader/Whip is Democrat Dick Durbin of Illinois. The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority, John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917, the Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate is absent, for these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a deal of discretionary power. The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920, the Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925. gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority
13.
Democratic-Republican Party
–
The new party controlled the presidency and Congress, as well as most states, from 1801 to 1825, during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress, and included many politicians who had opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves Republicans after their ideology Republicanism and they distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism. The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement and the short-lived National Republican Party, the term Democratic-Republican is used especially by modern political scientists for the first Republican Party. It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans, historians typically use the title Republican Party. An Anti-Administration faction met secretly in the capital to oppose Hamiltons financial programs. Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism, Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities. Foreign affairs took a role in 1794–95 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy, the party denounced many of Hamiltons measures as unconstitutional, especially the national bank. The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast and it demanded states rights as expressed by the Principles of 1798 articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law. Above all, the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers, Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists. The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election, the Federalists—too elitist to appeal to most people—faded away, and totally collapsed after 1815. The Republicans dominated the First Party System, despite internal divisions, the party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress. They included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, by 1824, the caucus system had practically collapsed. After 1800, the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England, by 1824, the party was split four ways and lacked a center, as the First Party System collapsed. The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions, one remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828. Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828, the precise date of founding is disputed, but 1791 is a reasonable estimate, some time by 1792 is certain. The elections of 1792 were the first ones to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis, in most states the congressional elections were recognized, as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it, as a struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest
14.
United States Senate
–
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
15.
United States House of Representatives
–
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
16.
Washington, D.C.
–
Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
17.
James Madison
–
James Madison, Jr. was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He is hailed as the Father of the Constitution for his role in drafting and promoting the United States Constitution. Madison inherited his plantation Montpelier in Virginia and therewith owned hundreds of slaves during his lifetime and he served as both a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and as a member of the Continental Congress prior to the Constitutional Convention. After the Convention, he one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution. His collaboration with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay produced The Federalist Papers, Madisons political views changed throughout his life. During deliberations on the Constitution, he favored a national government. In 1789, Madison became a leader in the new House of Representatives and he is noted for drafting the first ten amendments to the Constitution, and thus is known also as the Father of the Bill of Rights. He worked closely with President George Washington to organize the new federal government, breaking with Hamilton and the Federalist Party in 1791, he and Thomas Jefferson organized the Democratic-Republican Party. In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Jefferson and Madison drafted the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, as Jeffersons Secretary of State, Madison supervised the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the nations size. Madison succeeded Jefferson as president in 1809, was re-elected in 1813, after the failure of diplomatic protests and a trade embargo against the United Kingdom, he led the U. S. into the War of 1812. The war was a morass, as the United States had neither a strong army nor financial system. As a result, Madison afterward supported a national government and military, as well as the national bank. Madison has been ranked in the aggregate by historians as the ninth most successful president, James Madison, Jr. was born on March 16,1751, at Belle Grove Plantation near Port Conway, Virginia, to father James Madison, Sr. and mother Nelly Conway Madison. He grew up as the oldest of twelve children, Nelly and James Sr. had seven more boys and four girls. Three of James Jr. s brothers died as infants, including one who was stillborn, in the summer of 1775, his sister Elizabeth and his brother Reuben died from a dysentery epidemic that swept through Orange County because of contaminated water. His father, James Madison, Sr. was a planter who grew up on a plantation, then called Mount Pleasant. He later acquired more property and slaves, and with 5,000 acres, he became the largest landowner, James Jr. s mother, Nelly Conway Madison, was born at Port Conway, the daughter of a prominent planter and tobacco merchant. In these years, the colonies were becoming a slave society, in which slave labor powered the economy
18.
Presidency of James Madison
–
The presidency of James Madison began on March 4,1809, when James Madison was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4,1817. Madison, the fourth United States president, took office after defeating Charles Cotesworth Pinckney decisively in the 1808 presidential election and he was re-elected four years later, defeating DeWitt Clinton in the 1812 election. During his 8-year presidency, domestic affairs took a backseat to foreign affairs. S, the war was an administrative morass, as the United States had neither a strong army nor financial system. The British entered Washington and set fire to the White House, however, a few notable naval and military victories, climaxed by General Andrew Jacksons triumph at New Orleans, convinced Americans that the war had been gloriously successful. One domestic issue that did stand somewhat apart from the war itself was the struggle over the rechartering of the Bank of the United States, banks power to control the nations financial business. When these interests killed the drive, the U. S. confronted the British without the means to support war loans or to easily obtain government credit. In 1816, with Madisons support, the Second Bank was chartered with a twenty-year term, with Jeffersons second term winding down, and his decision to retire widely known, Madison emerged as the leading presidential contender in the Democratic-Republican Party in 1808. He was opposed by Rep. John Randolph, who had earlier with Jefferson and Madison, Incumbent Vice President George Clinton. The partys congressional caucus, which chose the candidate, easily selected Madison over the others, the main issue of the election was the Embargo Act of 1807, a general embargo placed on all ships and vessels in U. S. ports and harbors. The banning of exports had hurt merchants and other commercial interests and these economic difficulties revived the Federalist opposition, especially in trade-dependent New England. This election was the first of two instances in American history in which a new president would be elected but the incumbent vice president would continue in office. In the 1812 contest Madison was reelected president by the narrowest margin of any election since the election of 1800 and he received 128 electoral votes to 89 for his opponent DeWitt Clinton, the lieutenant governor of New York. Clinton, like Madison, was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts won the vice presidency with 131 votes Jared Ingersoll’s 86. On April 20,1812, Vice President George Clinton died, seeking a northerner to replace him as Madisons running mate, a party Congressional nominating caucus was held, and nominated Gerry. This election was the first war time election of a president, while the war was largely popular there were many who either opposed the war or, opposed how it was being prosecuted. DeWitt Clinton was nominated to oppose Madison by dissident group of New York Democratic-Republicans, dismayed about their prospects of beating Madison, a group of top Federalists met with Clintons supporters to discuss a unification strategy. Difficult as it was for them to join forces, they nominated Clinton for President and Jared Ingersoll, in the Northeast Madison carried only Pennsylvania and Vermont, but Clinton received no votes south of Maryland. The election proved to be the last one of significance for the Federalist party, Gerry served as vice president until his death on November 23,1814,1 year,264 days into his term
19.
1809 in the United States
–
Events from the year 1809 in the United States. February 11 – Robert Fulton patents the steamboat, february 17 – Miami University is established on the township of land required to be set aside for it under the conditions of the Miami Purchase in 1794. February 20 – A decision by the Supreme Court of the United States states that the power of the government is greater than any individual state. March 1 – Illinois Territory is effective, march 4 – James Madison succeeds Thomas Jefferson as the President of the United States. May 5 – Mary Dixon Kies becomes the first recipient of a patent granted to a woman by the United States Patent and she invented a technique of weaving straw with silk and thread. October 11 – Along the Natchez Trace in Tennessee, explorer Meriwether Lewis dies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinders Stand and it is considered an alleged suicide though some evidence suggests murder. December 30 – Wearing masks at balls is forbidden in Boston, following refitting, the USS Constitution is recommissioned as the flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron. T. Hunter, Virginian lawyer, politician, 14th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, 2nd Confederate States Secretary of State July 24 – Charles W. Appleton, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Vol.11, Thomas H. Shoemaker. A List of the Inhabitants of Germantown and Chestnut Hill in 1809, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.16, No. 1, pp. 42–63 An Itinerary to Niagara Falls in 1809, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.24, No. Governor Harrison and the Treaty of Fort Wayne,1809, indiana Magazine of History, Vol.11, No. 4, pp. 352–367 Charles Lyon Chandler, United States Shipping in the La Plata Region, 1809-1810. The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol.3, No, Journal of a Tour from Philadelphia Thro the Western Counties of Pennsylvania in the Months of September and October,1809. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.50,1, pp. 64–78 A trip from Fort Wayne to Fort Dearborn in 1809. Indiana Magazine of History, Vol.36, No,1, pp. 45–51 Edwin J. Hipkiss. Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts, Vol.45,259, pp. 12–14 Noble E. Cunningham Jr. The Diary of Frances Few, 1808-1809, the Journal of Southern History, Vol.29, No. 3, pp. 345–361 William G. McLoughlin, Thomas Jefferson and the Beginning of Cherokee Nationalism,1806 to 1809
20.
1810 in the United States
–
Events from the year 1810 in the United States. June 4 – The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves is founded in Dedham, june 23 – John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company. September 8 – The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor with 33 employees of John Jacob Astors newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a 6-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship arrives at the mouth of the Columbia River, september 23 – The Republic of West Florida declares independence from Spain. October 27 – The United States annexes the Republic of West Florida, the first steamboat on the Ohio River sails. Notes of a Visit to Philadelphia, Made by a Moravian Sister in 1810, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.36, No. 3, pp. 346–361 Governor Gerrys Latin Speech,1810, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.59, S. E. Morison. Forcing the Dardanelles in 1810, With Some Account of the Early Levant Trade of Massachusetts, the New England Quarterly, Vol.1, No. On a Collection of Birds from Georgia and Carolina Made about 1810 by John Abbot,2, pp. 113–117 Edward C. Carter II. Birth of a political economist, Mathew Carey and the fight of 1810-1811. 3, pp. 274–288 J. Meredith Neil, plain and Simple Principles for an American Art,1810. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.93,3, pp. 410–416 Richard W. Gronet. United States and the Invasion of Texas, 1810-1814,3, pp. 281–306 Raymond A. Mohl. The Grand Fabric of Republicanism a Scotsman Describes South Carolina 1810-1811, the South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.71, No. An Overlooked Printed Catalogue of Plants in the Botanick Garden of South-Carolina,1810,2, pp. 365–367 Joanna Bowen Gillespie. Filiopietism as Citizenship,1810, Letters from Martha Laurens Ramsay to David Ramsay Jr, Early American Literature, Vol.29, No. 2, pp. 141–165 Media related to 1810 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
21.
1811 in the United States
–
Events from the year 1811 in the United States. January 22 – The Casas Revolt begins in San Antonio, Texas, march 22 – The Commissioners Plan of 1811 for Manhattan is presented. July 9 – British explorer David Thompson posts a notice at the confluence of the Columbia, october 11 – Inventor John Stevens boat, the Juliana, begins operation as the first steam-powered ferry. November 7 – Battle of Tippecanoe, American troops led by William Henry Harrison defeat the Native American chief Tecumseh, december 16 – The New Madrid earthquake in Mississippi Valley near New Madrid reverses the course of the river for a while. Other earthquakes along the fault occur on January 23,1812, January 5 – Richard Brodhead, United States Senator from Pennsylvania from 1851 to 1857. January 16 – William Alexander Richardson, United States Senator from Illinois from 1863 till 1865, January 17 – George S. Houston, Governor of Alabama from 1874 till 1878 and United States Senator from Alabama in 1879. February 4 – Asa Biggs, United States Senator from North Carolina from 1855 till 1858, February 24 Edward Dickinson Baker, English-born United States Senator from Oregon from 1860 till 1861. Henry Smith Lane, United States Senator from Indiana from 1836 to 1837, august 6 – Judah P. Scott. President Madisons Foreign Policy—The Views of An American Merchant Abroad in 1811, the Journal of Modern History, Vol.16, No. 4, pp. 294–298 D. Fedotoff White, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.75, No. 1, pp. 3–24 Willard E. Wight, Robert J. Miller, the Journals of the Reverend Robert J. Miller, Lutheran Missionary in Virginia,1811 and 1813. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.61,2, pp. 141–166 Willard E. Wight. Two Lutheran Missionary Journals,1811,1813, the South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.55, No. 1, pp. 6–14 Florence G. Watts, lieutenant Charles Larrabees Account of the Battle of Tippecanoe,1811. Indiana Magazine of History, Vol.57, No,3, pp. 225–247 Donald R. Hickey. The Federalists and the Coming of the War, 1811-1812, Indiana Magazine of History, Vol.75, No. 1, pp. 70–88 Raymond W. Champagne Jr. Thomas J. Rueter, jonathan Roberts and the War Hawk Congress of 1811-1812. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.104,4, pp. 434–449 Raymond H. Hammes
22.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
23.
West Florida
–
West Florida was a region on the north shore of the Gulf of Mexico, which underwent several boundary and sovereignty changes during its history. The province was established by the British in 1763 out of lands ceded from the Spanish, as its name suggests, it was formed out of the Western part of formerly Spanish Florida, along with lands taken from French Louisiana, West Floridas capital was Pensacola. The colony included most of what is now the Florida Panhandle, plus parts of the modern U. S. states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Great Britain established West and East Florida out of land taken from France and Spain after the French and Indian War. As the newly acquired territory was too large to govern from one administrative center, British West Floridas government was based in Pensacola, and the colony included the part of formerly Spanish Florida which lay west of the Apalachicola, plus parts of formerly French Louisiana. It thus comprised all territory between the Mississippi and Apalachicola Rivers, with a boundary which shifted several times over the subsequent years. Both West and East Florida remained loyal to the British crown during the American Revolution, Spain invaded West Florida and captured Pensacola in 1781, and after the war Britain ceded both Floridas to Spain. However, the lack of defined boundaries led to a series of disputes between Spanish West Florida and the fledgling United States known as the West Florida Controversy. Disagreements with the Spanish government led American and English settlers between the Mississippi and Perdido Rivers to declare that area the independent Republic of West Florida in 1810, within months it was annexed by the United States, which claimed the region as part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. In 1819 the United States negotiated the purchase of the remainder of West Florida and all of East Florida in the Adams–Onís Treaty, and in 1822 both were merged into the Florida Territory. The area known as West Florida was originally claimed by Spain as part of La Florida, in 1698 the settlement of Pensacola was established in order to check French expansion into the area. Beginning in the late 17th century the French established settlements in the region as part of colonial Louisiana, notably including Mobile, after years of contention the Perdido River was agreed upon as the boundary between French Louisiana and Spanish Florida. Before 1762 France had owned and administered the land west of the Perdido River as part of La Louisiane. A secret treaty in 1762 had effectively, upon being revealed in 1764, ceded to Spain all of French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, notably, Spain failed to make good by occupancy its title to Louisiana until 1769, when it took formal possession. Spain also ceded to Great Britain its territory of La Florida, in exchange for Cuba, as a result, for the next two decades, the British controlled nearly all of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico east of the Mississippi River. Most of the Spanish population left Florida at that time, and its colonial government records were relocated to Havana, East Florida consisted of most of the formerly Spanish Florida, and retained the old Spanish capital of St. Augustine. West Florida comprised the land between the Mississippi and Apalachicola Rivers, with Pensacola designated as its capital, the northern boundary was arbitrarily set at the 31st parallel north. Many English Americans and Scotch-Irish Americans moved to the territory at this time, the Governor of West Florida in November 1763 was George Johnstone, his lieutenant governor, Montfort Browne, was a major landowner in the province who heavily promoted its development. Seven General Assemblies were convoked between 1766 and 1778, in 1764, the British moved the northern boundary to the 32° 22′ north latitude, extending from the Yazoo to the Chattahoochee River, which included the Natchez District and the Tombigbee District
24.
United States Statutes at Large
–
Each act and resolution of Congress is called a slip law, which is classified as either public law or private law, and designated and numbered accordingly. At the end of a Congress session, slip laws are compiled into Statutes at Large and they are part of a three-part model for publication of federal statutes consisting of slip laws, session laws, and codification. Today, large portions of slip laws denominated as public laws are now drafted as amendments to the United States Code. Once enacted into law, an Act will be published in the Statutes at Large and will add to, modify, provisions of a public law that contains only enacting clauses, effective dates, and similar matters are not generally codified. Private laws also are not generally codified, some portions of the United States Code have been enacted as positive law and other portions have not been so enacted. Publication of the United States Statutes at Large began in 1845 by the firm of Little, Brown. During Little, Brown and Companys time as publisher, Richard Peters, George Minot, in 1874, Congress transferred the authority to publish the Statutes at Large to the Government Printing Office under the direction of the Secretary of State. 633, was enacted July 30,1947 and directed the Secretary of State to compile, edit, index,980, was enacted September 23,1950 and directed the Administrator of General Services to compile, edit, index, and publish the Statutes at Large. Since 1985 the Statutes at Large have been prepared and published by the Office of the Federal Register of the National Archives, sometimes very large or long Acts of Congress are published as their own volume of the Statutes at Large. For example, the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 was published as volume 68A of the Statutes at Large. Volumes 1 to 18 of the Statutes at Large made available by the Library of Congress Volumes 1 to 64 of the Statutes at Large made available by the Congressional Data Coalition via LEGISWORKS
25.
United States Constitution
–
The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government, Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure used by the thirteen States to ratify it. In general, the first ten amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, offer specific protections of individual liberty, the majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections. Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures, Amendments to the United States Constitution, unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide, are appended to the document. All four pages of the original U. S, according to the United States Senate, The Constitutions first three words—We the People—affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. From September 5,1774 to March 1,1781, the Continental Congress functioned as the government of the United States. The process of selecting the delegates for the First and Second Continental Congresses underscores the revolutionary role of the people of the colonies in establishing a governing body. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was the first constitution of the United States and it was drafted by the Second Continental Congress from mid-1776 through late-1777, and ratification by all 13 states was completed by early 1781. Under the Articles of Confederation, the governments power was quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions, but lacked enforcement powers, implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures. The Continental Congress could print money but the currency was worthless, Congress could borrow money, but couldnt pay it back. No state paid all their U. S. taxes, some paid nothing, some few paid an amount equal to interest on the national debt owed to their citizens, but no more. No interest was paid on debt owed foreign governments, by 1786, the United States would default on outstanding debts as their dates came due. Internationally, the Articles of Confederation did little to enhance the United States ability to defend its sovereignty, most of the troops in the 625-man United States Army were deployed facing – but not threatening – British forts on American soil. They had not been paid, some were deserting and others threatening mutiny, spain closed New Orleans to American commerce, U. S. officials protested, but to no effect. Barbary pirates began seizing American ships of commerce, the Treasury had no funds to pay their ransom, if any military crisis required action, the Congress had no credit or taxing power to finance a response. Domestically, the Articles of Confederation was failing to bring unity to the sentiments and interests of the various states
26.
State legislature (United States)
–
A state legislature in the United States is the legislative body of any of the 50 U. S. states. The formal name varies from state to state, in 25 states, the legislature is simply called the Legislature, or the State Legislature, while in 19 states, the legislature is called the General Assembly. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legislature is called the General Court, while North Dakota, every state except Nebraska has a bicameral legislature, meaning that the legislature consists of two separate legislative chambers or houses. In each case the smaller chamber is called the Senate and is referred to as the upper house. This chamber typically, but not always, has the power to confirm appointments made by the governor. Members of the chamber represent more citizens and usually serve for longer terms than members of the larger chamber. In 41 states, the chamber is called the House of Representatives. Five states designate the larger chamber the Assembly and three states call it the House of Delegates, members of the larger chamber usually serve for terms of two years. The larger chamber customarily has the power to initiate taxing legislation. In 1964, the United States Supreme Court announced the one man, one vote standard, Nebraska originally had a bicameral legislature like the other states, but the lower house was abolished following a referendum, effective with the 1936 elections. The remaining unicameral legislature is called the Nebraska Legislature, but its members continue to be called senators, as a legislative branch of government, a legislature generally performs state duties for a state in the same way that the United States Congress performs national duties at the national level. During a legislative session, the legislature considers matters introduced by its members or submitted by the governor, businesses and other special interest organizations often lobby the legislature to obtain beneficial legislation, defeat unfavorably perceived measures, or influence other legislative action. A legislature also approves the operating and capital budgets, which may begin as a legislative proposal or a submission by the governor. Under the terms of Article V of the U. S, under Article II, state legislatures choose the manner of appointing the states presidential electors. Formerly, state legislatures appointed the U. S, Senators from their respective states until the ratification of the 17th Amendment in 1913 required the direct election of Senators by the states voters. Generally, the bodies and their committees use either Masons Manual of Legislative Procedure or an amended form thereof. During official meetings, a parliamentarian is available to ensure that legislation. The lawmaking process begins with the introduction of a bill in either the House of Representatives or the Senate, bills may be introduced in either house, sometimes with the exception of bills increasing or decreasing revenue, which must originate in the House of Representatives
27.
Federalist Party
–
The Federalist Party was the first American political party. It existed from the early 1790s to 1816, its remnants lasted into the 1820s, the Federalists called for a strong national government that promoted economic growth and fostered friendly relationships with Great Britain, as well as opposition to revolutionary France. The party controlled the government until 1801, when it was overwhelmed by the Democratic-Republican opposition led by Thomas Jefferson. The Federalist Party came into being between 1792 and 1794 as a coalition of bankers and businessmen in support of Alexander Hamiltons fiscal policies. These supporters developed into the organized Federalist Party, which was committed to a fiscally sound, the only Federalist president was John Adams, although George Washington was broadly sympathetic to the Federalist program, he remained officially non-partisan during his entire presidency. Federalist policies called for a bank, tariffs, and good relations with Great Britain as expressed in the Jay Treaty negotiated in 1794. Hamilton developed the concept of implied powers and successfully argued the adoption of that interpretation of the United States Constitution, the Jay Treaty passed, and the Federalists won most of the major legislative battles in the 1790s. They held a strong base in the cities and in New England. After the Democratic-Republicans, whose base was in the rural South, won the election of 1800. They recovered some strength by their opposition to the War of 1812. On taking office in 1789, President Washington nominated New York lawyer Alexander Hamilton to the office of Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton wanted a strong national government with financial credibility. James Madison was Hamiltons ally in the fight to ratify the new Constitution, Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788, even though both Hamilton and Madison played major roles. Parties were considered to be divisive and harmful to republicanism, No similar parties existed anywhere in the world. By 1790 Hamilton started building a nationwide coalition and his attempts to manage politics in the national capital to get his plans through Congress, then, brought strong responses across the country. In the process, what began as a capital faction soon assumed status as a faction and then, finally. The Federalist Party supported Hamiltons vision of a centralized government. In foreign affairs, they supported neutrality in the war between France and Great Britain, the majority of the Founding Fathers were originally Federalists. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and many others can all be considered Federalists and these Federalists felt that the Articles of Confederation had been too weak to sustain a working government and had decided that a new form of government was needed
28.
Classes of United States Senators
–
The three classes of United States Senators are made up of 33 or 34 Senate seats each. The purpose of the classes is to determine which Senate seats will be up for election in a given year, the three groups are staggered so that one of them is up for election every two years, rather than having all 100 seats up for election at once. For example, the 33 Senate seats of Class 1 were elected in 2012, the 33 seats of Class 2 were up for election in 2014, the three classes were established by Article I, Section 3, Clause 2 of the U. S. Constitution. The actual division was performed by the Senate in May 1789 by lot. A senators description as junior or senior senator is not related to his or her class, rather, a states senior senator is the one with the greater seniority in the Senate. This is mostly based on length of service, when the Founding Fathers agreed to give six-year terms to Senators, they also decided to stagger the elections, so that a third of the Senate was up for election every two years. At the same time, they wanted more frequent elections, as opposed to waiting every six years and this was achieved in May 1789, several weeks after the first Senate assembled. To decide on how to implement this, on May 11 the Senate appointed a committee consisting of Senators Ellsworth, Carroll, in accordance with their recommendation, on May 14 the Senate divided the members into three classes, Thursday, May 14,1789. That three papers of a size, numbered 1,2, and 3, be, by the Secretary, rolled up and put into a box, and drawn by Mr. Langdon, Mr. Wingate. On the following day, May 15, the expiration of each class was determined by drawing lots. Upon the expiration of a term of any length, someone starts a new six-year term as senator. Because each state is represented by two Senators, regardless of population, each Senate class collectively represents a different number of people than each other Senate class. When a new state is admitted to the Union, its two senators have terms that correspond to those of two different classes, among the three classes defined below, a coin toss determines which new senator enters which of the classes selected to be expanded. This means at least one of any new states first pair of senators has a term of less than six years, when the last state, Hawaii, was admitted in 1959, candidates for the Senate ran either for seat A or seat B. The new Senators, in a process managed by the Secretary of the Senate, should a 51st state be admitted, it would receive senators in Classes 1 and 2, at which point all three Classes would have 34 senators. US Senate class page Current Class 1, Current Class 2, Current Class 3, A2013 analysis of the partisan leanings of each class
29.
James Hillhouse
–
James Hillhouse was an American lawyer, real estate developer, and politician from New Haven, Connecticut. He represented Connecticut in both the U. S. House and Senate, Hillhouse was born in Montville, Connecticut, the son of William Hillhouse and Sarah Hillhouse. At the age of seven, he was adopted by his childless uncle and aunt, James Abraham and he attended the Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, Connecticut and graduated from Yale College in 1773. At Yale he was a member of the Linonian Society and he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1775 and practiced law in New Haven. During the Revolutionary War, Hillhouse served as captain of the Second Company of the Governors Foot Guard, during the successful British invasion of New Haven on July 5,1779, he commanded troops alongside Aaron Burr with Yale student volunteers. Hillhouse was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1780 to 1785, during the Sixth Congress he was President pro tempore of the Senate. Hillhouse was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1813, in 1814-10 he was a Connecticut delegate to the Hartford Convention, and treasurer of Yale College from 1782 to 1832. Hillhouse made major contributions to the beautification of New Haven and he was active in the drive to plant the elm trees that gave New Haven the nickname of the Elm City. Hillhouse Avenue and James Hillhouse High School in New Haven are named for him and he died in New Haven on December 29,1832 and is interred at the Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven, Connecticut. He was a nephew of Matthew Griswold, and uncle of Thomas Hillhouse, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
30.
Samuel W. Dana
–
Samuel Whittlesey Dana was an American lawyer and politician from Middletown, Connecticut. He represented Connecticut in both the U. S. House of Representatives and Senate, born in Wallingford, Connecticut, Dana graduated from Yale College in 1775. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1778, according to the family tradition, this last Richard was the son of a French Huguenot that settled in England in 1629. Dana was a member of the Connecticut General Assembly from 1789 to 1796, afterward he was elected to the United States House of Representatives to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Uriah Tracy, and served from January 3,1797 to May 10,1810. Dana was elected as a Federalist in 1810 to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James Hillhouse and he was reelected in 1814 and served from December 4,1810, to March 3,1821. He was one of the 13 Senators who voted against war with Britain on June 17,1812, in 1814, Dana was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. Dana was mayor of Middletown from 1822 until his death in 1830 and he was also the presiding judge of the Middlesex County Court from 1825 until his death. Dana died in Middletown, Middlesex County, Connecticut, July 21,1830 and he is interred at Washington Street Cemetery, Middletown. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, American National Biography Dictionary of American Biography Dana, Samuel Whittlesey. Samuel W. Dana at Find a Grave Govtrack US Congress
31.
Chauncey Goodrich
–
Chauncey Goodrich was an American lawyer and politician from Connecticut who represented that state in the United States Congress as both a senator and a representative. Goodrich was born in Durham, Connecticut, the son of Elizur Goodrich and he was graduated from Yale in 1776 and taught school afterward. From 1779 to 1781 he taught at Yale, after studying law, he was admitted to the Connecticut bar in 1781, practicing in Hartford. He served in the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1793 to 1794 and he was re-elected to the Fifth and Sixth Congresses, serving from March 4,1795 to March 3,1801. In the Sixth Congress, he served with his brother Elizur Goodrich, returning to Connecticut, he resumed his law practice and was on the Governors Council from 1802 to 1807. The Connecticut General Assembly elected him to the United States Senate to complete the term of Uriah Tracy, who died, on June 17,1812, he voted against war with Britain, but the vote for war was 19 to 13. He served in the Senate in the Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth and he was elected to that office in 1813, having also been elected Mayor of Hartford in 1812. He served as both Mayor and Lieutenant Governor until his death in Hartford, in 1814-15 he was a Connecticut delegate to the Hartford Convention. Goodrich was married to Mary Ann Wolcott, daughter of Oliver Wolcott and his nephew Chauncey Allen Goodrich was the son-in-law of Noah Webster and edited his Dictionary after Websters death. Chauncey Allen Goodrichs sister Nancy was married to Henry Leavitt Ellsworth, lawyer, patent Commissioner and son of Founding Father and Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth. William Wolcott Ellsworth, twin brother of Henry Leavitt, was married to another of Noah Websters daughters, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Connecticut election results for U. S. Senate,1807 Goodrich, Elizur
32.
Samuel White (U.S. politician)
–
Samuel White was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served as U. S, White was born December 1770, in Mispillion Hundred, Kent County, Delaware, near Harrington, close to Whitleysburg, the son of Judge Thomas White. The future Methodist Bishop, Francis Asbury, hid in this house during the Revolutionary War years of 1778–1780, methodists were generally suspected of being Loyalists, and Thomas White was arrested on this charge. While in the White home, Asbury, developed many of the ideas that would shape the future of American Methodism, converted by Asbury, the previously devout Anglican family became members of the Methodist Church. Samuel White was admitted to the Delaware Bar in 1793 after graduating from Cokesbury College in Maryland, White served two years as a captain in the United States Army, and was named adjutant general of Delaware in 1803. Upon the resignation of Dr. Henry Latimer in 1801, White was chosen as U. S. Senator. He was then elected for terms of his own in 1802 and 1808. White strongly opposed slavery, but was known for his opposition to the Louisiana Purchase. Upon the mere condition that no citizen of the United States should ever settle within its limits. During the U. S. Wilson Cary Nicholas, then congressman from Virginia, called out, whereupon White at once replied, It is a mock trial, and I am ready to give the gentleman, if he is offended, satisfaction at any time or place. The sentiment in favor of dueling was so strong at that time that it not appear on the records that the president of the senate administered any rebuke to the contestants. Mr. White had a reputation as a marksman. By the time of his last session in the U. S. Congress he was one of only a very few Federalists still in office, White died at Wilmington and is buried there in the Old Swedes Episcopal Church Cemetery. The General Assembly chose the U. S. Senators, who took office March 4 for a six-year term, in this case he was initially completing the existing term, the vacancy caused by the resignation of Henry Latimer
33.
Outerbridge Horsey
–
There are at least seven Outerbridge Horseys. Nathanial Horsey married Martha Outerbridge in Accomack, Virginia, Nathaniel was the son of Nathaniel Horsey and Sarah Revell and the grandson of Stephen Horsey and Sarah Williams. Stephen arrived in Northamption County, VA from England c.1643 and was a settler and leader in Somerset County. Among the children of Nathaniel and Martha Horsey was Outerbridge Horsey who was born in 1715 and he married Mary Dixon and had five sons, Nathaniel, Outerbridge, Stephen, Isaac and William. Outerbridge Horsey died before 3 November 1785 in Somerset County, MD and he was the son of Outerbridge Horsey I. He was born in Rehobeth, Coventry Parish, Somerset County and he lived in Ohio with his brother Stephen. Outerbridge Horsey III, was the son of William Horsey and Eleanor Wailes and he was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as Delaware Attorney General, Horsey was born March 5,1777 in Little Creek Hundred, near Laurel, Delaware. First living in Georgetown, Delaware, he moved to Wilmington, and studied the law there under James A. Bayard and he was admitted to the New Castle County bar in December 1807, and began a practice in Wilmington. He married Eliza Lee, daughter of Thomas Lee of Maryland, after representing Sussex County in the State House from the 1801 session through the 1803 session, Horsey was appointed Attorney General of Delaware and served from 1806 to 1810. In 1810 he was elected to the U. S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of U. S and he was reelected in 1814, and served from January 12,1810, to March 3,1821. While in the Senate he strongly opposed the War of 1812, accordingly, he became a member of the Committee of Safety and was actively involved in preparing the defenses of Wilmington and Fort Union there. Several years later, he parted ways with the Delaware General Assembly which had passed a resolution asking Delawares congressmen to vote against any extension of slavery. Horsey did not feel U. S. Congress had the right to slavery in Missouri, or anywhere else in the Louisiana Purchase. Understanding the unpopularity of this position he did not seek reelection when his term ended, during the 16th Congress, he served as Chairman of the Committee on the District of Columbia. Horsey died June 9,1842 at Needwood, his wifes estate near Petersville in Frederick County, Maryland and is buried in St. John’s Cemetery, Frederick, Maryland. A frequent supporter of education, Horsey, early in his career, urged the establishment of a library in Georgetown, elections were held the first Tuesday of October. Members of the State House took office on the first Tuesday of January for a term of one year, the General Assembly chose the U. S Senators, who took office March 4 and served for a six-year term
34.
James A. Bayard (elder)
–
James Asheton Bayard Sr. was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served as U. S, Bayard was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, son of Dr. James Asheton Bayard and Ann Hodge. The Bayards descended from a sister of Dutch Director-General Petrus Stuyvesant and came to Bohemia Manor, Cecil County, upon the premature death of his parents, the younger James went to live with his uncle, Colonel John Bubenheim Bayard, in Philadelphia. He graduated from Princeton College in 1784, studied law under General Joseph Reed and Jared Ingersoll, was admitted to the Delaware Bar in 1787, Bayard married February 11,1795, Ann or Nancy Bassett, the daughter of wealthy Delaware lawyer and U. S. They had six children, Richard, Caroline, James Jr. Edward, Mary, Bayard was first elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1796, and served there for three terms, from March 4,1797 until March 3,1803. While in the U. S. House he was distinguished as an orator and constitutional lawyer and he especially distinguished himself as one of the managers appointed in 1798 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against William Blount, a U. S. Blount was accused of inciting the Creeks and Cherokees to help the British take New Orleans from the Spanish. While the U. S. House impeached him, under Bayards leadership and this set an important precedent for the future with regard to the limitations on actions which could be taken by U. S. Congress against its members and former members. Bayard also played an important part in the U. S. presidential election of 1800. With the vote tied in the Electoral College, it was a group of Federalists led by Bayard who broke the deadlock by agreeing to allow the election of Thomas Jefferson by the House of Representatives. When it seemed the Federalists were about to vote for Aaron Burr, Bayard is believed to have followed the advice of Alexander Hamilton and it was also believed he struck a deal with the incoming Jefferson, to refrain from the wholesale removal of Federalists from appointed positions. The young Bayard enlisted Representative Samuel Smith to deal with Jefferson on Federalist control of the Philadelphia, while that was never proved, Jefferson allowed the Federalist office holders to remain employed. Just before John Adams left office as U. S. President he used the provisions of the Judiciary Act of 1801 to make many midnight judicial appointments, among those was Bayards father-in-law, Richard Bassett. Resigning as Governor of Delaware Bassett took a position as a federal judge, Bayard himself declined an appointment as Minister to France offered by President John Adams in 1801. So effective was Bayard in opposing Jeffersons government that all out effort was made by the Democratic-Republicans to unseat him in his attempt at a fourth term in 1802, Caesar A. Rodney, nephew of the Revolutionary President of Delaware Caesar Rodney, beat Bayard by 15 votes. However, two later, in 1804, the result was reversed with Bayard besting Rodney. In the best Delaware tradition, the two remained friends throughout and he began a term of his own the following March 1805, was reelected six years later, in 1810, and served until his resignation on March 3,1813. By his own admission, it mattered little who represented Delaware, if they were a Federalist, as the possibility of war became more likely, he urged caution, thinking of the lack of preparedness of the military and especially of the vulnerability of coastal Delaware
35.
William H. Crawford
–
William Harris Crawford was an American politician and judge during the early 19th century. He served as United States Secretary of War from 1815 to 1816 and United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1816 to 1825 and he moved with his family to Edgefield County, South Carolina in 1779, and to Columbia County, Georgia in 1783. Crawford was educated at schools in Georgia and at Richmond Academy in Augusta. After his fathers death, Crawford became the main financial provider. He later studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1799, also in 1799, Crawford was appointed by the state legislature to prepare a digest of Georgias statutes. William H. Crawford influenced Georgia politics for decades, in 1803, Crawford was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, and he served until 1807. He allied himself with senator James Jackson and their enemies were the Clarkites, led by John Clark. In 1802, he shot and killed Peter Lawrence Van Alen, four years later on December 16,1806, Crawford faced Clark himself in a duel, resulting in Crawfords left wrist being shattered by a shot from Clark, but he eventually recovered. In 1807, Crawford joined the 10th United States Congress mid-term as the junior U. S, senator from Georgia when the Georgia legislature elected him to replace George Jones, an appointee who had held the office for a few months after the death of Abraham Baldwin. Crawford was elected President pro tempore in 1811, when Vice President George Clinton died on April 20,1812, Crawford, as President pro tempore, became the first Acting Vice President until March 4,1813. In 1811, Crawford declined to serve as Secretary of War in the Madison administration, in the Senate, he voted for several acts leading up to the War of 1812, and he supported the United States entry into the war, but was ready for peace. Crawford said, Let it then be the wisdom of this nation to remain at peace, upon Crawfords return, Madison appointed him as Secretary of War. After slightly more than a year of service in that post. He remained in position through the rest of Madisons term and Monroes entire administration. Crawford was again a candidate for the Democratic-Republican presidential nomination in 1824. However, Crawford was put out of the running because of a stroke he suffered in 1823 that was brought on by a prescription given to him by his physician. The Democratic-Republican Party split around this time and one of the splinter groups nominated Crawford, despite Crawfords improved health, he finished third in the electoral vote, behind New Orleans war hero Andrew Jackson and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. Refusing Adamss request that he remain at the Treasury, Crawford then returned to Georgia, Crawford remained an active judge until his death a decade later
36.
Charles Tait
–
Charles Tait was an American politician. A Democratic Republican, he served as a United States Senator from Georgia, born near Hanover, Virginia, Charles Tait moved to Georgia in 1783 with his parents, who settled near Petersburg, where he completed preparatory studies. Tait attended Wilkes Academy, Washington, Georgia in 1786 and 1787 and Cokesbury College in Abingdon, Tait was a professor of French in Cokesbury College from 1789 to 1794, while he also read law and was admitted to the Georgia bar in 1795. He was a rector and professor at Richmond Academy, Augusta, Georgia from 1795 to 1798 and he was presiding judge of the western circuit court of Georgia from 1803 to 1809. He was elected as a Democratic Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Milledge in 1809 and he was reelected in 1813, serving from November 27,1809 to March 3,1819. During the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Congress he was chairman on the Committee on Naval Affairs, after serving in the Senate, he moved to Wilcox County, Alabama in 1819. On May 10,1820, Tait was nominated by President James Monroe to a new seat on the United States District Court for the District of Alabama and he was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 13,1820, and received his commission the same day. On March 10,1824, the District was subdivided, and Tait was reassigned by operation of law to the newly created Northern District, Tait continued in service as the sole federal judge assigned to both districts until his resignation on February 1,1826. Tait then lived as a planter at what is now called the Dellet House in Claiborne and he declined a mission to Great Britain in 1828. In 1833-34, Tait hosted Timothy Abbott Conrad, a paleontologist from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Conrad described dozens of species of fossil mollusks from Claiborne Bluff alone, making it a popular destination among paleontologists. Charles Tait died near Claiborne on October 7,1835 and was interred in Dry Forks Cemetery on his estate in Wilcox County. Mitchell, Milledgeville, Georgia / Chas Tait Troup-Clarke Political Feud historical marker United States Congress, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Charles Tait at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center
37.
Buckner Thruston
–
Buckner Thruston was a Democratic-Republican U. S. Senator from Kentucky, and later a long-serving United States federal judge, born in Gloucester County, Virginia, Thruston received an A. B. from the College of William & Mary at Williamsburg, Virginia. He read law and moved to Lexington, Kentucky in 1788 and he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law. He was a member of the Virginia assembly in 1789, resuming his practice from 1791 to 1792. After Kentucky was organized as a state, Thruston was elected clerk of the first Kentucky Senate in 1792 and he was appointed one of Kentuckys three commissioners to settle the boundary dispute between the states of Kentucky and Virginia. He also served as a judge of the Kentucky State District Court in 1791 and he was also appointed the United States judge of the court of the Territory of Orleans in 1804, but declined the appointment. Instead, he maintained his practice from 1803 to 1805. Thruston was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4,1805, to December 18,1809, when he resigned, having been appointed to a judicial position. He received his commission on December 14,1809 and served on the bench for over years, from January 1810 until his death, in Washington. He was interred in the Congressional Cemetery and his son, Charles Mynn Thruston, was a politician and Union Army general. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, buckner Thruston at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Buckner Thruston, O Say Can You See, Early Washington, law & Family This person page networks the involvement of William Cranch in the legal records and proceedings of the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia between 1800 and 1845
38.
Henry Clay
–
Henry Clay, Sr. was an American lawyer and planter, statesman, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives. He served three terms as Speaker of the House of Representatives and served as Secretary of State under President John Quincy Adams from 1825 to 1829. Clay ran for the presidency in 1824,1832 and 1844, however, he was unsuccessful in all of his attempts to reach his nations highest office. Despite his presidential losses, Clay remained a dominant figure in the Whig Party, Clay was a dominant figure in both the First and Second Party systems. After serving two stints in the Senate, Clay won election to the House of Representatives in 1810 and was elected Speaker of the House in 1811. Clay would remain a prominent public figure until his death 41 years later in 1852, a leading war hawk, Speaker Clay favored war with Britain and played a significant role in leading the nation into the War of 1812. In 1814, Clays tenure as Speaker was interrupted when Clay traveled to Europe, Clay ran for president in 1824 and lost, finishing fourth in a four-man contest. No candidate received a majority, and so the election was decided in the House of Representatives. Clay maneuvered House voting in favor of John Quincy Adams, who appointed him as Secretary of State. Opposing candidate Andrew Jackson denounced the actions of Clay and Adams as part of a corrupt bargain, Clay returned to the Senate in 1831. He continued to advocate his American System, and become a leader of the opposition to President Andrew Jackson, President Jackson opposed federally-subsidized internal improvements and a national bank as a threat to states rights, and the president used his veto power to defeat many of Clays proposals. In 1832, Clay ran for president as a candidate of the National Republican Party, following the election, the National Republicans united with other opponents of Jackson to form the Whig Party, which remained one of the two major American political parties until after Clays death. In 1844, Clay won the Whig Partys presidential nomination, Clays opposition to the annexation of Texas, partly over fears that such an annexation would inflame the slavery issue, hurt his campaign, and Democrat James K. Polk won the election. Clay later opposed the Mexican–American War, which resulted in part from the Texas annexation, Clay returned to the Senate for a final term, where he helped broker a compromise over the status of slavery in the Mexican Cession. Known as The Great Compromiser, Clay brokered important agreements during the Nullification Crisis, as part of the Great Triumvirate or Immortal Trio, along with his colleagues Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun, he was instrumental in formulating the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Compromise Tariff of 1833, and he was viewed as the primary representative of Western interests in this group, and was given the names Harry of the West and The Western Star. As a plantation owner, Clay held slaves during his lifetime, Henry Clay was born on April 12,1777, at the Clay homestead in Hanover County, Virginia, in a story-and-a-half frame house. It was a home for a common Virginia planter of that time
39.
Samuel Smith (Maryland)
–
Samuel Smith was a United States Senator and Representative from Maryland, a mayor of Baltimore, Maryland, and a general in the Maryland militia. He was the brother of cabinet secretary Robert Smith, born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Smith moved with his family to Baltimore, Maryland, in 1759. He attended an academy, and engaged in mercantile pursuits until the American Revolutionary War, at which time he served as captain, major. Prior to the war, as a captain, he was sent to Annapolis to arrest Governor Eden. Smiths force numbered 200 soldiers plus Major Robert Ballard of Virginia, Major Simeon Thayer of Rhode Island, however, another account stated that Thayer did not reach Fort Mifflin until October 19. With the British army closing in on Philadelphia, the force had to reach Fort Mifflin by a circuitous route. The fort was overwhelmed by weeks of British bombardment and was abandoned. After the war, Smith engaged in the shipping business, from 1790 to 1792, Smith was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates. At the time of the war with France in 1794, he was appointed brigadier general of the Maryland militia. Smith served as a general of Maryland militia during the War of 1812. The American victory there can largely be attributed to Smiths preparation for the British invasion, Smith entered into national politics when he was elected to the Third United States Congress, serving from March 4,1793, until March 4,1803. As a Congressman, Smith served as chairman of the U. S. House Committee on Commerce, Smith entered into the Senate election in 1802, and was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate. He was re-elected in 1808 and served from March 4,1803 until March 4,1815, while senator, Smith served as President pro tempore of the Senate during the Ninth and Tenth Congresses. In the House, Smith served as chairman of the U. S. House Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Treasury, and as a member of the Committee on Ways and Means. On December 17,1822, Smith resigned as congressman, having been elected as a Democratic Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William Pinkney. In March–April 1824, Samuel Smith was honored with a vote at the Democratic-Republican Party Caucus to be the partys candidate for U. S. Vice President at the later that year. Smith served as President pro tempore of the Senate again during the Twentieth and Twenty-first Congresses and he was re-elected in 1826 and served until March 4,1833
40.
Philip Reed
–
Philip Reed was a United States Senator representing Maryland from 1806 to 1813. Born near Chestertown, Maryland, in 1760, Reed completed preparatory studies and served with the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, attaining the rank of captain of infantry. He participated in the Battle of Stony Point in 1779, Reed was seriously wounded at the Battle of Camden in 1780. He was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1787, sheriff of Kent County, Maryland from 1791 to 1794, Reed was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate in 1806 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Robert Wright. He was reelected the same year and served from November 25,1806 to March 3,1813 and he led a successful defense in the Battle of Caulks Field in August 1814. After the War, Reed was elected to the Fifteenth Congress, in 1828, he served as vice president of the Maryland Society of the Cincinnati. He died in Huntingtown, Maryland, and is interred in the cemetery of Christ Church near Chestertown, titles of Nobility Amendment United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Philip Reed at Find a Grave 1902 Gravestone Dedication Philip Reed – Delmarva Heritage Series
41.
James Lloyd (Massachusetts politician)
–
James Lloyd was a merchant, businessman and Federalist party politician from Massachusetts during the early years of the United States. He twice served as United States Senator, notably succeeding John Quincy Adams after the latter lost the party due to his support of the Embargo Act of 1807. James Lloyd was born in Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay, to James Lloyd, a medical doctor, Lloyd was educated at Boston Latin School and Harvard College, where he received a BA in 1787 and an MA in 1790. He got a job as a merchant clerk, in which capacity he traveled to Russia in 1792, Lloyd became a successful merchant, and was a close business associate of Francis Cabot Lowell. With Lowell, he was a major stakeholder the construction of Bostons India Wharf and Central Wharf and he served as the first president of the Boston Manufacturing Company, the first major textile mill in the nation. In 1800 Lloyd was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, in 1808, he won election to the United States Senate. Adams resigned his seat early, and Lloyd was appointed to fill the remainder of his term and he served until his resignation on May 1,1813, due to poor health. On June 17,1812, he voted against declaring war on Britain, on February 28,1812, Lloyd gave a speech in the Senate of the United States on the Bill Concerning the Naval Establishment. Upon the resignation of Senator Harrison Gray Otis in 1822, he was elected and reelected, serving until his resignation on May 23,1826. He was one of the last Federalist Party members to serve in the Senate, Lloyd died in New York City and is buried in Kings Chapel Burying Ground in Boston. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1811, James Lloyd, Lambs Biographical Dictionary United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, political Graveyard This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
.jpg)
