1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Broadway (Manhattan)
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Broadway /ˈbrɔːdweɪ/ is a road in the U. S. state of New York. It is the oldest north–south main thoroughfare in New York City, dating to the first New Amsterdam settlement, the name Broadway is the English language literal translation of the Dutch name, Brede weg. Broadway is known widely as the heart of the American theatre industry, Broadway was originally the Wickquasgeck Trail, carved into the brush of Manhattan by its Native American inhabitants. Wickquasgeck means birch-bark country in the Algonquian language and this trail originally snaked through swamps and rocks along the length of Manhattan Island. Upon the arrival of the Dutch, the trail became the main road through the island from Nieuw Amsterdam at the southern tip. The Dutch explorer and entrepreneur David Pietersz. de Vries gives the first mention of it in his journal for the year 1642, the Dutch named the road Heerestraat. Although current street signs are simply labeled as Broadway, in a 1776 map of New York City, in the mid-eighteenth century, part of Broadway in what is now lower Manhattan was known as Great George Street. An 1897 City Map shows a segment of Broadway as Kingsbridge Road in the vicinity of what is now the George Washington Bridge. In the 18th century, Broadway ended at the town north of Wall Street, where traffic continued up the East Side of the island via Eastern Post Road. The western Bloomingdale Road would be widened and paved during the 19th century, on February 14,1899, the name Broadway was extended to the entire Broadway/Bloomingdale/Boulevard road. Broadway once was a street for its entire length. The present status, in which it runs one-way southbound south of Columbus Circle, on 6 June 1954, Seventh Avenue became southbound and Eighth Avenue became northbound south of Broadway. On 3 June 1962, Broadway became one-way south of Canal Street, with Trinity Place, northbound traffic on Broadway now needs to take Amsterdam Avenue to 73rd Street, make a sharp turn on the very narrow 73rd and then right turn on Broadway. Otherwise, and effectively, the traffic on Broadway has been diverted into Amsterdam Avenue. In August 2008, two lanes from 42nd to 35th Streets were taken out of service and converted to public plazas. Additionally, bike lanes were added on Broadway from 42nd Street down to Union Square, the city decided that the experiment was successful and decided to make the change permanent in February 2010. Additionally, portions of Broadway in the Madison Square and Union Square have been dramatically narrowed, Broadway runs the length of Manhattan Island, roughly parallel to the North River, from Bowling Green at the south to Inwood at the northern tip of the island. South of Columbus Circle, it is a southbound street
3.
Hudson River
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The Hudson River is a 315-mile river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, the river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, tidal waters influence the Hudsons flow from as far north as Troy. The river is named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who explored it in 1609, and after whom Canadas Hudson Bay is also named. The Dutch called the river the North River – with the Delaware River called the South River –, during the eighteenth century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving, the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting, the Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal, which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early-19th-century United States. The source of the Hudson River is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Park at an altitude of 4,322 feet, the river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream. From that point on, the stream is known as the Hudson River. Popular culture and convention, however, more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source, South of the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook, the Hudson River flows south into Sanford Lake. South of the outlet of the lake, the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson, the Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties, in the hamlet of North River, the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the Schroon River. Further south, the forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the Sacandaga River from the Great Sacandaga Lake, shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under Interstate 87, and through Glens Falls, just south of Lake George although receiving no streamflow from the lake. It next goes through Hudson Falls, at this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties. At this point the river has an altitude of 200 feet, further south the Hudson takes in water from the Batten Kill River and Fish Creek near Schuylerville. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties, the river then enters the heart of the Capital District. It takes in water from the Hoosic River, which extends into Massachusetts, shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the Mohawk River, the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in Waterford. Shortly thereafter, the river reaches the Federal Dam in Troy, at an elevation of 2 feet, the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River
4.
Boroughs of New York City
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New York City, in the U. S. state of New York, is composed of five county-level administrative entities called boroughs. They are Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, each borough is coextensive with a county of New York State. The county governments were dissolved when New York City consolidated in 1898, along all city, town. The term borough was adopted to describe a form of administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, the term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan. All of the boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the current boundaries were established. Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York, the borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. The borough of Staten Island was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Manhattan is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the citys skyscrapers. Manhattans population density of 72,033 people per mile in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States. Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world, most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions, Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. The borough also includes a neighborhood on the United States mainland. New York Citys remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs, Brooklyn, on the western tip of Long Island, is the citys most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, downtown Brooklyn is the only central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country, marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Historically a collection of towns and villages founded by the Dutch
5.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
6.
First Avenue (Manhattan)
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South of Houston Street, the roadway continues as Allen Street south to Division Street. Traffic on First Avenue runs northbound only, the southern portions of the Avenue were cut and laid out shortly after the plan was adopted. The northern sections of the Avenue would be graded and cut through at various intervals throughout the 19th century as the development of the island demanded. The IRT Second Avenue Line ran above First Avenue from Houston Street to 23rd Street before turning left at 23rd and this elevated line was torn down in 1942. First Avenue has carried traffic since June 4,1951. A protected bike lane was established along the side of the avenue south of 50th Street in 2011. First Avenue passes through a variety of residential neighborhoods. Between 42nd Street and 45th Street, it borders the United Nations headquarters complex and these fill the east side of the avenue from 14th to 23rd Streets. The avenue is very wide in this segment, and is separated by a median, the New York Veterans Affairs Medical Center, the NYC Health + Hospitals/Bellevue, and NYU Medical Center fill the blocks from there to 34th Street. Between 42nd and 47th streets, the avenue runs past United Nations Headquarters, here a local bypass, United Nations Plaza, splits from the main road, which runs through the First Avenue Tunnel, rejoining the local street at 49th Street. Crossing under the Queensboro Bridge and entering the Upper East Side, First Avenue runs through a number of areas of varying character. It serves as one of the shopping streets of the Yorkville neighborhood, historically a German and Hungarian neighborhood. In this district, First Avenue is also known as Bedpan Alley because of the number of hospitals located nearby. Crossing 96th Street, First Avenue runs through Spanish Harlem, a historically Puerto Rican neighborhood, before Puerto Rican migration in the 1950s, much of this district was populated by Italians and known as Italian Harlem. First Avenue in Italian Harlem was the site of a major open-air pushcart market in the late 19th, there is still a small Italian enclave in the Pleasant Valley district of East Harlem, between 114th and 120th Streets. The northern reaches of First Avenue, north of roughly 110th Street have also seen a significant increase in Mexican residents, First Avenue then connects to the Willis Avenue Bridge, which crosses the Harlem River at 125th Street and connects to Willis Avenue in the Bronx. The opening scene of Ghostbusters II was filmed at the intersection of First Avenue, in the Seinfeld TV series, Kramer describes the intersection of First Avenue and 1st Street as the nexus of the universe. This provided the name for a called the Nexus Lounge at that location
7.
Henry Hudson Parkway
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The Henry Hudson Parkway is an 11. 05-mile parkway in New York City. The southern terminus is at West 72nd Street in Manhattan, where the parkway continues south as the West Side Highway and it is often erroneously referred to as the West Side Highway throughout its entire course in Manhattan. The northern terminus is at the Bronx–Westchester county boundary, where it continues north as the Saw Mill River Parkway, all but the northernmost mile of the road is co-signed as New York State Route 9A. In addition, the entirety of the parkway is designated New York State Route 907V, the Henry Hudson Parkway was created by the Henry Hudson Parkway Authority, which was run by master builder Robert Moses. The highway itself was constructed from 1934–1937, the junction is numbered as exit 9, continuing the numbering scheme used on the West Side Highway. It heads northward along the west side of Manhattan, connecting to West 79th Street with a large interchange, the parkway continues in a northerly direction, running almost parallel to Riverside Drive north of West 158th Street. It passes under Interstate 95 and the George Washington Bridge as it continues its progression through Fort Washington Park, Fort Tryon Park and it then runs northward across the Henry Hudson Bridge into the Bronx. Upon entering the Bronx, the passes through Spuyten Duyvil and Riverdale as it continues northward. At exit 23, NY 9A leaves the parkway for U. S. Route 9 while the parkway enters Van Cortlandt Park, soon after it enters the park, the parkway has an interchange with the Mosholu Parkway, which connects it to I-87. Less than a mile farther on, the parkway becomes the Saw Mill River Parkway as it enters Westchester County, the Parkway was completed on October 12,1937, under New York master builder Robert Moses. It cost $109 million, twice as expensive as the $49 million Hoover Dam that was built in the same period, the Parkway was part of Mosess West Side Improvement and included covering the New York Central Railroads West Side Line, creating the Freedom Tunnel. The covered portion is used for the highway and also expands the Riverside Park designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. On May 12,2005, part of a wall at Castle Village collapsed onto the northbound lanes of the parkway, just north of the George Washington Bridge. The clean-up began quickly, and the road re-opened on May 15, the Henry Hudson Parkway is a candidate for designation as a New York State Scenic Byway, the first in New York City. New York Roads portal Henry Hudson Parkway at Alps Roads • New York State Highway Termini Background on the parkways history and the scenic byway initiative Historic American Engineering Record No. NY-334, Henry Hudson Parkway, Extending 11.2 miles from West 72nd Street to Bronx-Westchester border, New York, New York County, NY,94 photos,220 data pages,9 photo caption pages
8.
Main Street
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Main Street is a generic phrase used to denote a primary retail street of a village, town or small city in many parts of the world. It is usually a point for shops and retailers in the central business district. The term is used in Ireland, Scotland, the United States, Canada. In most of the United Kingdom the common description is High Street though Fore Street or Front Street is commonplace in some regions, in Jamaica the term is Front Street. The Main Street of America branding was used to promote U. S. Route 66 in its heyday, in the general sense, the term Main Street refers to a place of traditional values. Social realists from 1870 to 1930 used the name as a symbol of stifling conformity, sherwood Anderson, for example, wrote Winesburg, Ohio, A Group of Tales of Ohio Small Town Life in 1919. The best-selling 1920 novel Main Street was a critique of small town life, the locale was Gopher Prairie, presented as an ideal type of the Midwestern town, and the heroine, Carol Kennicott, was a more urbane, ideal-typical Progressive. Thus, in the 1949 movie adaptation of On The Town, Main Street Republicans, for example, see themselves as supporting those values as against urbane or Wall Street tendencies. Main Street is part of the iconography of American life, for example, the Army and Air Force Exchange Service, the outfit that operates the PX and BX stores on military bases, chose the name Main Street USA for its food courts. Main Street was a popular term during the crises in 2008 and 2009, the proposed bailout of U. S. financial system, the 2008 US presidential campaign. One widely reviewed book was Bailout, An Inside Account of How Washington Abandoned Main Street While Rescuing Wall Street by Neil Barofsky, a slang term popularized in the early 20th century, main drag, is also used to refer to a towns main street. These areas, which are designed to look like the street of a small town, house gift shops, restaurants and various services. While the architecture of these appears to be turn-of-the-20th-century, in fact these are decorative false-fronts on industrial-style buildings. Main Street, U. S. A. is also present at Disneyland Paris, at Tokyo Disneyland the area is named World Bazaar, but has the same look as Main Street, albeit housed under a decorative glass roof for protection from Japans unpredictable weather. Disneys design copied visual elements of small-town America seen in films by Frank Capra and others, disney wanted to embed the values and memories associated with life in small towns into an entertainment experience for tourists. Main Street Inc. is the name of a community revitalization program begun by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in the late 1970s, the core of the Main Street philosophy is the preservation of the historic built environment by engaging in historic preservation. Main Street focuses on an approach to revitalization based on the 4-point approach of design, promotion, economic restructuring. Originally targeted at small, traditional downtowns, the program has expanded to include towns of various sizes, in many communities, a merchants association or business improvement district serves a promotional role on behalf of the merchants of a downtown Main Street
9.
Harlem
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Harlem is a large neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Since the 1920s, Harlem has been known as a major African-American residential, cultural, originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlems history has been defined by a series of economic boom-and-bust cycles, African-American residents began to arrive by a lot in 1905, with numbers fed by the Great Migration. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem were the focus of the Harlem Renaissance, however, with job losses in the time of the Great Depression and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly. Harlems African-American population peaked in the 1950s, in the second half of the 20th century, Harlem became a major hub of African-American businesses. In 2008, the United States Census found that for the first time since the 1930s, less than half of residents were black, since New York Citys revival in the late 20th century, long-time residents of Harlem have been experiencing the effects of gentrification and new wealth. Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan, often referred to as Uptown by locals. Central Harlem is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east, Central Park on the south, Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west, and the Harlem River on the north. A chain of three large linear parks—Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Park and Jackie Robinson Park—are situated on steeply rising banks, on the east, Fifth Avenue and Marcus Garvey Park, also known as Mount Morris Park, separate this area from East Harlem. The bulk of the falls under Manhattan Community Board No.10. In the late 2000s, South Harlem, emerged from area redevelopment, the West Harlem neighborhoods of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights comprise part of Manhattan Community Board No.9. The two neighborhoods area is bounded by Cathedral Parkway on the South, 155th Street on the North, nicholas/Bradhurst/Edgecome Avenues on the East, and Riverside Park/the Hudson River on the west. Morningside Heights is located in the southern most section of West Harlem, Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street. The northern most section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights, the New York City Police Department patrols six precincts located within Harlem. The New York City Fire Department operates 9 firehouses in Harlem, as many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands. Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established, during the American Revolution, the British burned Harlem to the ground. It took a time to rebuild, as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century. After the American Civil War, Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868, the neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers, but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian
10.
Apollo Theater
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It was the home of Showtime at the Apollo, a nationally syndicated television variety show which showcased new talent, from 1987 to 2008, encompassing 1,093 episodes. The theater, which has a capacity of 1,506, opened its doors in 1914 as Hurtig & Seamons New Burlesque Theater and it became the Apollo in 1934, when it was opened to black patrons – previously it had been a whites-only venue. In 1983, both the interior and exterior of the building were designated as New York City Landmarks, and it is estimated that 1.3 million people visit the Apollo every year. The building which became the Apollo Theater was built in 1913-14 and was designed by architect George Keister. It was originally Hurtig and Seamons New Theater, which enforced a strict Whites Only policy, the theatre was operated by noted burlesque producers Jules Hurtig and Harry Seamon, who obtained a 30-year lease. It remained in operation until 1928, when Billy Minsky took over, the song I May Be Wrong by Harry Sullivan and Harry Ruskin, written in 1929, became the theme song of the theater. During the early 1930s, the fell into disrepair and closed once more. The show ran for an engagement and was highly praised by the press. Leo Brechers Harlem Opera House was another competing venue, to improve the shows at the Apollo, Cohen hired noted talent scout John Hammond to book his shows. However, the deal fell through when Cohen died, and the end result was the merger of the Apollo with the Harlem Opera House, the Opera House became a movie theater, but the Apollo, under the ownership of Brecher and Schiffman, continued to present stage shows. Schiffman hired Clarence Robinson as in-house producer, Originally, a show presented at the Apollo was akin to a vaudeville show. As the years progressed, such variety shows were presented less often, comic acts also appeared on the Apollo stage, including those who performed in blackface, such as Butterbeans and Susie, much to the horror of the NAACP and the elite of Harlem. Gospel acts which played the Apollo include the Staple Singers, Mahalia Jackson, The Clark Sisters, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Clara Ward and Sam Cooke with the Soul Stirrers. Performers of soul music on the Apollo stage included Ray Charles, Otis Redding and Aretha Franklin, and jazz was represented as well, by acts such as Art Blakey and Horace Silver. The theaters audience was often mixed, in the 1940s it was estimated that during the week about 40% of the audience was white, Jazz singer Anita ODay headlined for the week of September 21,1950, billed as the Jezebel of Jazz. Schiffman had first introduced a night at the Lafayette Theater, where it was known as Harlem Amateur Hour. At the Apollo, it was originally called Audition Night, but later became Amateur Night in Harlem, held every Monday evening and broadcast on the radio over WMCA, the Apollo grew to prominence during the Harlem Renaissance of the pre-World War II years. Fitzgeralds performances pulled in an audience at the Apollo and she won the opportunity to compete in one of the earliest of its Amateur Nights
11.
Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building
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It is named after Adam Clayton Powell Jr. the first African-American elected to Congress from New York. It was designed by the African-American architecture firm of Ifill Johnson Hanchard in the Brutalist style and it is the tallest building in Harlem, overtaking the nearby Hotel Theresa. The building was proposed in 1966 by then-Governor of New York State, Nelson Rockefeller, ground was broken in 1967 with the demolition of a Corn Exchange Bank building. In 1969 work was halted on the project as a result of demonstrators objecting to the makeup of the construction workforce. By mid-1970 the dispute was resolved and work resumed on the site, the building was completed in 1973 and was initially known as the Harlem State Office Building. While the building was criticized for lacking basic requirements such as a manager and fire equipment. In 1983 the building was renamed the Adam Clayton Powell Jr, State Office Building after the former U. S. Representative, the Rev. Adam Clayton Powell Jr. who had died in 1972, in 1994 the building was threatened with closure due to budget cuts, however, it remained open. However, others have embraced it as helping to focus the efforts in future development battles. In 2006, the Harlem Community Development Corporation partnered with the New York State Office of General Services to propose a redesign of the African Square that the building occupies, New York City portal Notes Media related to Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building at Wikimedia Commons
12.
Hotel Theresa
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The Hotel Theresa, located at 2082-96 Adam Clayton Powell Jr. The building, now a building known as Theresa Towers, was designated a New York City landmark in 1993 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. State Office Building across the street in 1973, the tallest building in Harlem and it was primarily an apartment hotel, but also accepted temporary guest as well. In its early years the hotel accepted only white guests, woods, an African American businessman, who in 1940 ended its racial segregation policy. The hotel had a two-story penthouse dining room which features views of Long Island Sound to the east and the Palisades to the west, as well as a bar and grill. In the 1940s and 1950s, the Theresa became a center of the life of the black community of Harlem. The hotel profited from the refusal of prestigious hotels elsewhere in the city to accept black guests, as a result, black businessmen, performers, and athletes were thrown under the same roof. The building was also the location of such institutions as A, philip Randolphs March on Washington Movement, the March Community Bookstore, and the Organization of Afro-American Unity created by Malcolm X after he left the Nation of Islam. According to the New York Times, Castro felt that Negroes would be sympathetic to his cause. Subsequent to Castros visit, other Third World leaders, such as Patrice Lumumba of the Belgian Congo, in October 1960, John F. Kennedy campaigned for the presidency at the hotel, along with Eleanor Roosevelt and other leading figures in the Democratic Party. Ron Brown, who was the United States Secretary of Commerce in the Clinton administration grew up in the hotel, where his father worked as manager, congressman Charles Rangel once worked there as a desk clerk. The hotel suffered from the deterioration of Harlem through the 1950s and 1960s. As African Americans of means now had alternatives, they stopped coming to Harlem, the owners had not upgraded or modernized the hotel in decades, and it was said to be dowdy at best. New owners began converting the building to office space beginning in 1966, the building reopened in 1970 as Theresa Towers, though a sign with the old name is still painted on the side of the building, and the old name is still commonly used. As well as housing commercial and professional tenants, it serves as a campus for Columbia Universitys Teachers College. Some scenes of Alfred Hitchcocks movie Topaz, the plot of which revolves around the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, are set in and in front of the Hotel Theresa, the Hotel Theresa is one of the settings in the novel Push and the film Precious. Precious Each One Teach One alternative school is on the nineteenth floor, wLIB-1190 AM maintained studios here from 1952-1962. List of New York City Landmarks List of former hotels in Manhattan National Register of Historic Places listings in New York County, New York Notes Sources Popkik, Waldorf of Harlem Media related to Hotel Theresa at Wikimedia Commons
13.
Studio Museum in Harlem
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The Studio Museum in Harlem, located at 144 West 125th Street between Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. The museums mission is to collect, preserve and interpret the art of African Americans, founded in 1968, it was the first such museum in the United States. Its scope includes exhibitions, artists-in-residence programs, educational and public programming, since opening, in a rented loft at Fifth Avenue and 125th Street, the Studio Museum has earned recognition for its role in promoting the works of artists of African descent. The Museums Artists-in-Residence program has supported over one hundred graduates who have gone on to highly regarded careers, the exhibitions program has also expanded the scope of art historical literature through the production of scholarly catalogues, brochures, and pamphlets. The basic concept was to create an uptown space focused on art by contemporary African-American artists that would be accessible to the community. Originally, the focused on workshops and exhibition programs that were designed to give artists a space to practice their craft, create works. This idea led the trustees of the museum to start an Artist-in-Residence program, williams and sculptor Mel Edwards physically cleaned up and prepared the former industrial loft space at the museums original location at 2033 Fifth Avenue for conversion into artists studios. To build up the collection, the museum solicited donations from artists, collectors, members of the Museums Board of Trustees. Directors since that time have been Edward Spriggs, Courtney Callender, Mary Schmidt Campbell, Kinshasha Holman Conwill, Lowery Stokes Sims, in 2001, architects Rogers Marvel Architects designed the buildings entry pavilion, exhibition spaces and auditorium, as well as other facilities. The museums Artist-in-Residence program celebrated its 40th year in 2010 and it has helped to cultivate the art-making practices and careers of more than one hundred artists, and the museum has fostered the careers of numerous museum professionals as well. Assistant Curator Naima Keith has brought many new exhibitions since 2011. Each year, the Studio Museum offers an 11-month studio residency for three local, national, or international emerging artists working in any media, each artist is granted a free non-living studio space and a stipend. Artists have access to the Museums studios and are expected to work in the studio a minimum of 20 hours per week and participate in open studios, at the end of the residency, an exhibition of the artists’ work is presented in the Museum’s galleries. Former Artists in Residence, The Studio Museums permanent collection contains approximately 2000 works, including drawings, pastels, prints, photographs, mixed-media works and installations. It comprises works created by artists during their residencies, as well as given to the Museum to create a historical framework for artists of African descent. List of African-American firsts List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City Studio Museum in Harlem official website, the Studio Museum in Harlem at Google Cultural Institute
14.
Mount Morris Bank Building
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Although an architectural standout when new in 1883, by the late 1970s it was vacant, and remained so for three decades, vandalized and deteriorating. In 2009 the city demolished, for safety, most of what remained after a 1997 fire, but in 2012 a developer undertook to rebuild it for commercial occupancy, and the building reöpened in May 2015. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, the bank initially rented space at 133 East 125th Street, just west of Lexington Avenue. Like its plainer neighbors, the building was designed for a mix of commercial and residential use, the basement, partially above ground, was initially occupied by the Mount Morris Safe Deposit Company at #83, which built and owned the building. There were six apartments on four floors above the commercial space, the apartments – called The Morris – were completely separated from the banking portion of the building. The Corn Exchange Bank merged with Chemical Bank in 1954 and became the Chemical Corn Exchange Bank, Chemical closed the branch in the mid 1960s and moved its operations to a new location nearby,3 following which various commercial tenants and a church occupied the building. In 2003 a community activist paid $10,000 for the building, planning a school, but she was unable to finance her project. The city repossessed the building in 2000 and in 2009 demolished all but the basement, developer Artimus Construction purchased the structure in 2012 and undertook to rebuild it for commercial and retail occupancy. The design, by Danois Architects, is not intended to be a copy of the original, but rather strongly suggestive of it. The Corn Exchange Building reöpened with an art fair in May 2015, list of New York City Landmarks National Register of Historic Places listings in New York County, New York Corn Exchange Bank Building Library of Congress website. Photos of the destroyed building East Harlem Preservation website. Corn Exchange Bank What About the Plastic Animals, photos of the partly destroyed building
15.
Harlem Children's Zone
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The HCZ is aimed at doing nothing less than breaking the cycle of generational poverty for the thousands of children and families it serves. In part because not enough time has passed, there is not evidence available that the HCZ achieves its central goal. S. The Obama administration announced a Promise Neighborhoods program, which hopes to replicate the success of the HCZ in poverty-stricken areas of other U. S. cities, providing this full network of services. Philadelphia, Miami, Chicago, Cleveland, and cities in Maryland, are planning or considering HCZ replication, author Paul Tough has discussed the HCZ replication proposal. In 2008 President Obama, inspired by the Harlem Children’s Zone immense progress toward breaking the cycle of poverty. Obama’s commitment to alleviating poverty is put into place with this initiative which uses HCZ’s “cradle to college” approach, “The initiative seeks to help selected local communities dramatically improve outcomes and opportunities for children and families in defined neighborhoods. The initiative will be diverse in its application, reflecting local needs, HCZ, in collaboration with the national action institute PolicyLink, assists in providing ongoing guidance for the Obama administration in this initiative. In 2010, the Obama administration allocated $75 million in the budget for the program. More than 330 communities across the nation applied for Promise Neighborhood planning grants, twenty-one communities were awarded one-year grants between $400,000 and $500,000. Planning grantees are given a year to produce a paradigm which will address the issues specific to their community in pursuit of an implementation grant. The grantees submitted their plans that summer, with the phase for Promise Neighborhoods expected to begin in September 2011. The 60 Minutes television program profiled the HCZ, including an interview with founder Geoffrey Canada, on 14 May 2006 and a follow up program on December 6,2009. Canada has also appeared twice in televised interviews with Charlie Rose on 2 January 2008 and 22 June 2004, and with Stephen Colbert on 8 December 2008, on 20 July 2009, and on 4 January 2011. The U. S. radio show This American Life produced an episode about the HCZ which aired on 26 September 2008,11 October 2008, and 14 August 2009. Barack Obama announced his plan in a 2008 presidential campaign speech in Washington, federal government would provide half of the funding with the rest coming from philanthropy and businesses at a cost of a few billion per year. Senator Obama also noted the HCZ in a 2007 campaign speech, the Wall Street Journal featured the HCZ in an article about the financial troubles experienced by this and other charitable organizations in the wake of the recession. The HCZ initiated a 100-day public service started on January 23,2009 to help counteract the effects of the economic downturn. An article in the January/February 2009 issue of Mother Jones showcases Geoffrey Canada, the HCZ, the author of this article, Paul Tough, published a book in August 2008 about the HCZ titled, Whatever It Takes, Geoffrey Canadas Quest to Change Harlem and America
16.
Commissioners' Plan of 1811
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It has been called the single most important document in New York Citys development, and the plan has been described as encompassing the republican predilection for control and balance. It was described by the Commission that created it as combining beauty, order, the legislature appointed a commission with sweeping powers in 1807, and their plan was presented in 1811. The Commissioners were Gouverneur Morris, a Founding Father of the United States, the lawyer John Rutherfurd, a former United States Senator, and their chief surveyor was John Randel Jr. who was 20 years old when he began the job. The Commissioners Plan is arguably the most famous use of the plan or gridiron and is considered by many historians to have been far-reaching. The gridiron as a concept for the layout of a town or city is not new, hippodamus went on to spread the grid to Pireaus, Rhodes and other cities in Greece. Most Muslim cities, for instance, are not built according to a strict gridiron, although there may be fractured grids within them, in France, England, and Wales, castra evolved into bastides, agricultural communities under a centralized monarchy. The gridiron idea spread with the Renaissance, although in cities, for instance London. In what would become the United States, the gridiron now predominates, by the time of the passage of the federal Land Ordinance of 1785, the grid plan was firmly established. Cities such as Anchorage, Alaska, Erie, Pennsylvania, Miami, Florida, there was significant variation in the size of the grids used. Carson City, Nevada, may have the smallest at 180-foot square and 60-foot streets, while Salt Lake City, the most popular appears to be the 300-foot square block with streets that are 60 feet to 80 feet wide. This size grid can be found in Anchorage, Bismarck, North Dakota, Missoula, Montana, Mobile, Alabama, Phoenix, Arizona, New Amsterdam, however, had not been laid out in a grid pattern by the Dutch. The streets of lower Manhattan were more organic, and incorporated Native American trails, cow paths, in all, the gridiron is the most pervasive city design on earth, and can be found in Italy and Greece, in Mexico, Central America, Mespoptamia, China Japan. They also began to lay assessments on property owners to pay for the cost of keeping the streets in repair, the first efforts at putting a grid onto Manhattan in some form came from private developers. In the early 1750s, Trinity Church laid out a small neighborhood around the new Kings College – which would later become Columbia University – in rectangular blocks. However, because the required landfill in the Hudson River, which wouldnt happen until much later. The second instance came when the powerful De Lancey family decided to break up part of their vast estate in the 1760s, and laid out of grid of streets centered on De Lancey Square. As royalists, their holdings were confiscated after the American Revolution, at about the same time as the Bayards, Petrus Stuyvesant, the great-grandson of Peter Stuyvesant, intended to lay out a small grid of streets, nine by four, to create a village on his estate. The orientation of the streets was to be true north-south and east-west, not shifted, the only street to actually be laid was the grids central east-west axis, Stuyvesant Street, which remains the one street in Manhattan oriented closely to true east and west
17.
Grid plan
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The grid plan, grid street plan or gridiron plan is a type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid. In the context of the culture of ancient Rome, the grid method of land measurement was called centuriation. The grid plan dates from antiquity and originated in multiple cultures, by 2600 BC, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, were built with blocks divided by a grid of straight streets, running north-south and east-west. Each block was subdivided by small lanes, the cities and monasteries of Gandhara, dating from the 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD, also had grid-based designs. Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan since 1959, was founded on the grid-plan of the nearby ruined city of Sirkap. A workers village at Giza, Egypt, housed a rotating labor force and was out in blocks of long galleries separated by streets in a formal grid. Many pyramid-cult cities used a common orientation, an axis from the royal palace. Hammurabi was a king of the Babylonian Empire who made Babylon one of the greatest cities in antiquity and he rebuilt Babylon, building and restoring temples, city walls and public buildings, and building canals for irrigation. The streets of Babylon were wide and straight, intersected approximately at right angles, the tradition of grid plans is continuous in China from the 15th century BC onward in the traditional urban planning of various ancient Chinese states. Guidelines put into form in the Kaogongji during the Spring and Autumn period stated. Three gates on each side of the lead into the nine main streets that crisscross the city. Teotihuacan, near modern-day Mexico City, is the largest ancient grid-plan site in the Americas, the citys grid covered eight square miles. Perhaps the most well-known grid system is spread through the colonies of the Roman Empire. The archetypal Roman Grid was introduced to Italy first by the Greeks, with such information transferred by way of trade, although the idea of the grid was present in Hellenic societal and city planning, it was not pervasive prior to the 5th century BC. However, it slowly gained primacy through the work of Hippodamus of Miletus, the concept of a grid as the ideal method of town planning had become widely accepted by the time of Alexander the Great. His conquests were a step in the propagation of the grid plan throughout colonies, some as far-flung as Taxila in Pakistan, that would later be mirrored by the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Greek grid had its streets aligned roughly in relation to the points and generally looked to take advantage of visual cues based on the hilly landscape typical of Greece. The Etruscan people, whose territories in Italy encompassed what would eventually become Rome and it was based on Greek Ionic ideas, and it was here that the main east-west and north-south axes of a town could first be seen in Italy
18.
Manhattanville, Manhattan
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Throughout the 19th century, Manhattanville bustled around a wharf active with ferry and daily river conveyances. It was the first station on the Hudson River Railroad running north from the city, with the construction of road and railway viaducts over the valley in which the town sat, Manhattanville, increasingly absorbed into the growing city, became a marginalized industrial area. In the early 2000s, the became the site of a major planned expansion of Columbia University. Manhattanville sits in a valley formerly called Moertje Davids Vly during the Dutch Colonial period, during the American Revolutionary War, the valley was also known as the Hollow Way, where the main action of the Battle of Harlem Heights began under the command of General George Washington. During the War of 1812 the valleys southern ridges figured as the site of the Manhattanville Pass, whose defense fortifications and breastworks included Fort Laight,4, which became the sites of Morningside Gardens Houses and PS36, respectively. In 1806, the village of Manhattanville was established in this valley around the crossroads of Bloomingdale Road and Manhattan Street, now roughly Broadway, the villages original streets were laid out by Jacob Schieffelin and other wealthy merchants, mostly Quakers, who had country seats in the area. Situated at approximately the latitude, Harlem and Manhattanville flourished together throughout the 19th century as the two most prominent villages in upper Manhattan. Manhattanvilles most prominent resident was industrialist Daniel F. Tiemann, owner of the D. F, Tiemann & Company Color Works, who was also Mayor of New York City from 1858 to 1859. Later noteworthy population changes occurred around the century following the opening of the Hudson River Railroad in 1850, with an influx of mostly Catholic Irish. After the American Civil War, the Jewish immigrant population that began to distinguish itself in Harlem gradually filtered into the blocks of Manhattanville. Other prominent 19th-century Manhattanville institutions included the Academy of Convent of the Sacred Heart, cuban, Dominican and Puerto Rican immigrants moved into the area during the 20th century. By the 1970s, the part of Manhattanville was being filled by Columbia and Barnard College students, staff and faculty. West 125th Street has experienced an economic upturn since the end of the 1990s. Many of the buildings below 125th Street have converted to cooperative ownership as the area experiences continuing gentrification, in collaboration with the community, the city has developed a plan for the 125th Street corridor focusing on reinforcing and building upon its strengths as an arts and cultural corridor. Manhattanville is the site of a major expansion of Columbia University. According to the plan, the plant of those blocks will be partly demolished to construct a new campus, secondary school and park land. Local residents feared the impact of the further gentrification from this expansion in addition to the possible, in 2006, Columbia built a new School of Social Work on Amsterdam Avenue at 122nd Street. In June 2007, the New York City Department of City Planning certified that Columbias application for the rezoning is complete and this action launched the public review and comment period under the citys Uniform Land Use Review Procedure, which lasted until the end of 2007
19.
Morningside Heights, Manhattan
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Morningside Heights is a neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, on the border of the Upper West Side and Manhattanville. The neighborhood is home to St. Lukes Hospital. Most of the neighborhood is part of New Yorks 10th congressional district since 2013, in the 17th century, the land that is now Morningside Heights was known as Vandewaters Heights, named for the landowner. On September 16,1776, the Battle of Harlem Heights was fought in Morningside Heights, a plaque by the Columbia University gate on 117th Street and Broadway commemorates this battle. Use of the name Morningside Heights for the neighborhood arose in the 1890s when development of the area commenced, however, other names such as Morningside Hill and Riverside Heights were used for the area. No single name was used for the neighborhood by the time Columbia University, Teachers College, the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine. Two names eventually gained the most use, Morningside Heights was preferred by the two colleges, while Cathedral Heights was preferred by St. Johns and St. Lukes. After about 1898, Morningside Heights became the most generally accepted, by the mid-20th century the increasing prevalence of Single Room Occupancy hotels led to attendant socioeconomic problems and a decline in the neighborhood. Jane Jacobs The Death and Life of Great American Cities presented the neighborhood as a key example of the failure of the urban planning techniques of the era, in 1951 the organization developed Morningside Gardens, a six-building apartment complex to house middle-income families from all ethnic backgrounds. Morningside Gardens, an experimental project, opened in 1957 between 123rd and LaSalle Streets, Broadway, and Amsterdam Avenue. Social problems in the area prompted Columbia to purchase much of the real estate. This process reached its nadir in 1968, when protests erupted in both the neighborhood and on Columbias campus over the proposal to build a gym in Morningside Park. The university was forced to abandon the plan. However, Columbia University has still expanded its presence in the neighborhood markedly over the last few decades, in January 2008 the university received approval from the City Council to expand significantly in nearby Manhattanville. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Morningside Heights was 55,929, covering an area of 465.11 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 120.2 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 46. 0% White,13. 6% African American,0. 2% Native American,13. 3% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 4% from other races, and 2. 9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23. 5% of the population, the label Academic Acropolis has been used to describe the area, which sits on a high natural point in Manhattan and contains numerous academic institutions. Much of the neighborhood is the campus of Columbia University, nASAs Goddard Institute for Space Studies is also located in the neighborhood, directly above Toms Restaurant in a building owned by Columbia University
20.
Astor Row
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Designed by Charles Buek, the houses were built between 1880 and 1883 in three spurts, on land John Jacob Astor had purchased in 1844 for $10,000. Astors grandson, William Backhouse Astor, Jr. was the force behind the development. The first group of houses, numbers 8 through 22, comprises freestanding pairs, while the remainder, the Astor Row houses were designated New York City Landmarks on August 11,1981. When William Backhouse Astor died, the houses were divided among his grandchildren, Mary, James, the new owners, the Brown Realty Company, defaulted on their mortgage, and the houses passed to the New York Savings Bank. The Astor Row townhouses rented originally for $1,100 per year and were so popular that for there was a waiting list for them. Generally, the houses were not well maintained, and the porches were gradually lost, in 1978, the second edition of the AIA Guide to New York City described the row as having restrained beauty which has been tarnished by years of economic distress. In 1981, New York City designated the row as landmarks, and money was raised to restore their facades, and improve their plumbing, heating systems. In 1992, Ella Fitzgerald performed at a benefit at Radio City Music Hall to raise money for the restoration, by the end of the 1990s, the porches and other decorative elements had been restored to almost all the buildings on the block. In August 2009, the New York Times would write the block is at the center of an intense but, as yet, the restoration of the row was overseen by Roberta Washington and Li/Saltzman. In his novel Home to Harlem, Claude McKay described Astor Row as the block beautiful, list of New York City Landmarks Adams, Michael Henry. The Sky Line, On Astor Row, past & Present On Astor Row in Harlem, Two Restorations Stand As Reminders Of What Once Was. Media related to Astor Row at Wikimedia Commons
21.
Second Avenue (Manhattan)
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Second Avenue is an avenue on the East Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan extending from Houston Street at its south end to the Harlem River Drive at 128th Street at its north end. A one-way street, vehicular traffic on Second Avenue runs southbound only, south of Houston Street, the roadway continues as Chrystie Street south to Canal Street. A bicycle lane in the left hand portion from 55th to 34th Street closes a gap in the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway, the bike lane extends from 125th Street all the way down to Houston Street. Second Avenue passes through a number of Manhattan neighborhoods including the Lower East Side, East Village, Gramercy Park, Murray Hill, Upper East Side, Yorkville and Spanish Harlem. Although the theaters are gone, many traces of Jewish immigrant culture remain, such as kosher delicatessens and bakeries, and the famous Second Avenue Deli. The Second Avenue Elevated train line ran above Second Avenue the full length of the north of 23rd Street. South of Second Avenue, it ran on First Avenue and then Allen, the elevated trains were noisy and often dirty. This depressed land values along Second Avenue during the late 19th, partially because of the presence of the El, most buildings constructed during this era were working class tenements. The line was torn down in 1942 because it was deteriorated and obsolete. Second Avenue maintains its modest architectural character today, despite running through a number of high income areas, Second Avenue has carried one-way traffic since June 4,1951, before which it carried traffic in both the northbound and southbound directions. On March 26,2015, a gas explosion and resulting fire in the East Village destroyed three buildings at 119,121 and 123 Second Avenue, between East 7th Street and St. At least twenty-two people were injured, four critically, and two people were listed as missing. Later, two men were dead in the debris of the explosion and were confirmed to be the ones listed as missing. The illegal taps were serving some of the apartments in the building, Con Ed turned off the gas to the building for 10 days until the taps were removed and the plumber who did the work certified to the citys Building Department that it had been completed. Neither the Building Department nor Con Ed was required by law to verify that the work had been done, in the days before the explosion, work was ongoing in the building for the installation of a new 4-inch gas line to service the apartments in 121. Con Ed workers inspected the installation just an hour before the explosion, There was no gas running through the new line. Shortly after, the owner of the restaurant smelled gas and called the landlord of the building, when the contractor in charge of the work being done and the landlords son opened the basement door, the explosion took place. Eleven other buildings were evacuated as a result of the explosion, several days later, some residents were allowed to return to some of the vacated buildings
22.
Triborough Bridge
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The Triborough Bridge, known officially as the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge since 2008, and sometimes referred to as the RFK Triborough Bridge, is a complex of three separate bridges in New York City. The bridges connect the boroughs of Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx via Randalls and Wards Islands and these are connected by an elevated highway viaduct across Randalls and Wards Islands and 14 miles of support roads. Also part of the complex is a grade-separated T-interchange on Randalls Island, the bridge complex was designed by chief engineer Othmar H. Ammann and architect Aymar Embury II, and has been called the biggest traffic machine ever built. The American Society of Civil Engineers designated the Triborough Bridge Project as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1986, the bridge is owned and operated by the MTA Bridges and Tunnels, part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Plans for connecting Manhattan, Queens and the Bronx were first announced by Edward A. Byrne, chief engineer of the New York City Department of Plant and Structures, in 1916. Construction began on October 25,1929 – Black Friday –, by the spring of 1932, the project was moribund. The project was resurrected by Robert Moses, who pushed the legislature to create the Triborough Bridge Authority to fund, build. Moses solved this problem in typical fashion by proposing new roads and parkways to feed into the bridge, which would connect it to the existing ones he had already built. The complex of roads included the Grand Central Parkway and Astoria Boulevard in Queens, an extension to the East River Drive in Manhattan, and Whitlock Avenue and Eastern Boulevard in the Bronx. While reformers embraced Moses plans, state and city officials were overwhelmed by their scale, Ickes, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and New York City Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia, over which Moses almost lost his job. The other major source of funding was from interest-bearing bonds issued by the Triborough Bridge Authority itself and these bonds were secured by future toll revenue. The scale of the Triborough Bridge project, including its approaches, was such that hundreds of apartment buildings were demolished to make way for it. The structure used concrete from factories from Maine to the Mississippi, to make the formwork for pouring the concrete, a forests worth of trees on the Pacific Coast was cut down. Robert Caro, the biographer of Moses, said about it, Triborough was not a bridge so much as a traffic machine, lehman, Public Works Administrator Ickes, Postmaster General James A. Farley and Moses, who acted as master of ceremonies. Due to the conflicts between himself and Moses, the attendance of Roosevelt was not certain until the last minute. The ceremonies were broadcast via a radio connection. Of this, $16 million came from the city and $9 million directly from the PWA, which also purchased $35 million worth of TBA bonds, which were eventually bought back and resold to the public. In the first year of the operation it generated $2.72 million in tolls – the equivalent of $46.4 million in 2015 – produced by 9.65 million vehicles
23.
FDR Drive
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The FDR Drive is a 9. 44-mile freeway-standard parkway on the east side of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Kennedy Bridge / Willis Avenue Bridge interchange, where it becomes the Harlem River Drive, all of the FDR Drive is designated New York State Route 907L, an unsigned reference route. By law, the current weight limits on the FDR Drive from 23rd Street to the Harlem River Drive in both directions is posted 8,000 pounds, buses are not allowed to use the roadway north of 23rd Street, because of clearance and weight issues. The FDR Drive features a mix of below-grade, at-grade, and elevated sections, the first sections of this roadway, originally named the East River Drive, were constructed in 1934, having been designed by Robert Moses. It was later renamed after Franklin Delano Roosevelt and is called the FDR Drive. Moses faced the difficulties of building a parkway/boulevard combination along the East River while minimizing disruptions to residents, future reconstruction designs from 1948 to 1966 converted the FDR Drive into the full parkway that is in use today. The section of highway from 23rd Street to 34th Street was built on wartime rubble dumped by cargo ships returning from Bristol, England, the German Luftwaffe bombed Bristol heavily. After delivering war supplies to the British, the ships crews loaded rubble onto the ships for ballast, then sailed back to New York, where construction crews made use of it. Exit 6, at 15th Street, is located near a Con Edison substation, which handles most of the electricity for lower Manhattan, and has been closed since the September 11,2001 attacks. City and ConEd officials believed it was too risky to allow easy access to such a critical piece of infrastructure. All signage of exit 6 was removed in early 2016, the East River Greenway runs below, beside or above the motor road from South Street to 34th Street and 60th Street to 124th Street. A plaque dedicating the East River Drive is visible on the roadway before entering the Gracie Mansion tunnel at 90th Street. FDR Drive starts at the tip of Manhattan at South and Whitehall streets. This section is known as the South Street Viaduct. From here, the road is at-grade, except for when it uses an underpass to dive below the Houston Street interchange, the ramp passed through a ConEdison facility that was deemed a potential terrorist target. East 15th and East 14th Streets were also vacated east of Avenue C, allowing only Con Edison, once past the 18th Street curve, it becomes elevated briefly until 25th Street in order to serve the 23rd Street interchange. After passing Waterside Plaza near 30th Street, the roadway again becomes elevated and this section is often referred to as the United Nations Tunnel, even though the northbound roadway is barely under the structure. The United Nations Headquarters was constructed on a platform above the roadway from 42nd to 48th Streets, in this unique tunnel, the southbound roadway is raised and runs over the northbound roadway for northbound access to and from the Queensboro Bridge interchange
24.
Willis Avenue Bridge
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The Willis Avenue Bridge is a swing bridge that carries road traffic northbound over the Harlem River between the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx, United States. It connects First Avenue in Manhattan with Willis Avenue in the Bronx, the New York City Department of Transportation is responsible for maintaining and operating the bridge. The bridge is part of the course for the annual New York City Marathon, the bridge opened in 1901, at an original construction cost of $1,640,523.11 and a land cost of $803,988.37. Major reinforcing work was done in 1916, due to its poor condition, the bridge was replaced starting in 2007 and converted to pedestrian-only traffic for three years, and then was dismantled once a sidewalk was put in on the new bridge. In November 2005, New York City sought to replace the bridge, in an effort to preserve the structure, the city offered it for sale for $1, with free delivery within 15 miles. Due to the logistics of moving the structure, there were no bids as of March 2007. Granite from the structure was given to a park while the metal part was moved via tug to Jersey City on April 12,2011, the steel melted. The Department of Transportation opted to construct a new structure to the south of the bridge at a projected cost of $417 million. On March 8,2007, when bidding for construction was opened and this will be the most costly bridge construction project by the New York City Department of Transportation. Weinshall expected the project to last five years with construction beginning around the end of 2007, the replacement bridge was constructed at Port of Coeymans,10 miles south of Albany. On July 13,2010, the bridge was shipped down the Hudson on two barges that were welded together, the new bridge is 350 feet long,65 feet high and 77 feet wide, it required three tugboats to propel it. The sight of the bridge caused a stir among onlookers all along the Hudson. After a stay at Port Jersey in Jersey City it was towed up the East River to its destination in the morning on July 26. Motor traffic was shifted to the new bridge on October 2,2010, though the walkway of the old bridge continued to serve pedestrians and cyclists for a few weeks. Just upstream, the Third Avenue Bridge carries southbound traffic across the Harlem River from the Bronx to Manhattan as the side of a one-way pair. That bridge was replaced in 2004, Willis Avenue Bridge is the name of a song by David Berkeley from his 2009 album Strange Light. The Willis Avenue Bridge carries the Bx15 bus route operated by MTA New York City Transit, the routes average weekday ridership is 19,951. NYCRoads. com, Willis Avenue Bridge Historic Overview New York City Department of Transportation - Willis Avenue Bridge
25.
Tenth Avenue (Manhattan)
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Tenth Avenue, known as Amsterdam Avenue between 59th Street and 193rd Street, is a north-south thoroughfare on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City. It carries uptown traffic as far as West 110th Street – also known as Cathedral Parkway, Tenth Avenue begins a block below Gansevoort Street and Eleventh Avenue in the West Village / Meatpacking District. For the southernmost stretch, Tenth Avenue runs southbound, north of 14th Street, Tenth Avenue runs uptown for 45 blocks as a one-way street until its intersection with West 59th Street, where it becomes Amsterdam Avenue but continues without interruption. Amsterdam Avenue continues as a one-way street northbound until Cathedral Parkway, Tenth Avenue runs through the Chelsea and Hells Kitchen neighborhoods on the west side of the borough, and then as Amsterdam Avenue, through the Upper West Side, Harlem and Washington Heights. Much of these areas were working class or poor for much of the 20th century, the street has long been noted for its commercial traffic, and had grade-level railroad lines through the early 20th century. In the 19th century, when the West Side Line ran along the Avenue, the lines were later elevated above street level. Amsterdam Avenue was intended to recall the Dutch roots of Manhattans earliest colonization in the 17th century. According to Sanna Feirsteins Naming New York, What is now Amsterdam Avenue was laid out in the 1811 Commissioners Plan as 10th Avenue and opened from 59th Street to Fort George Avenue in 1816. The name was changed in 1890 in a bid on the part of Upper West Side landowners to confer a measure of old-world cachet to their real estate investments in an area that had yet to catch on. The new avenue name supported the claim that this section would become the New City. Tenth Avenue and Amsterdam Avenue were converted to carry one-way traffic northbound in two stages, south of its intersection with Broadway the avenue was converted on November 6,1948. The rest to 110th Street was converted on December 6,1951, Amsterdam Avenue continues to carry two-way traffic north of 110th Street. During the real boom of the late 20th century, Amsterdam Avenue from roughly 59th Street to 96th Street became one of the citys most expensive residential districts. The M11 bus runs northbound along the avenue, north of 72nd Street, the M7 bus also runs northbound on the avenue, north of 110th Street, the M11 bus runs in both directions along Amsterdam Avenue. As part of the 7 Subway Extension, the 7 <7> was extended to 34th Street in 2015, an intermediate stop, Tenth Avenue, was originally planned but it was dropped from the official plans in 2008. The 1 train serves two stations along the Inwood portion of Tenth Avenue, 207th Street, and 215th Street, a protected bike lane was installed in 2016 from 72nd Street to 110th Street. The Rodgers & Hart play On Your Toes included the dance number Slaughter on Tenth Avenue, performed by Ray Bolger. It was later performed on stage, film and television and it has been performed by the New York City Ballet, and was featured in the film version of On Your Toes, danced by Eddie Albert and Vera Zorina
26.
Claremont Avenue
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Claremont Avenue is a short avenue in the Manhattan borough of New York City. It begins at 116th Street and runs north for a length of eleven blocks until it ends at Tiemann Place, south of 120th Street, the eastern side of Claremont Avenue features the heavily fortified backside of the Barnard College campus. The western side features various Columbia University professors apartments, as well as Columbia, north of 120th Street, Riverside Church is on the west and the Union Theological Seminary on the east sides of the street. Beyond this, the passes between Sakura Park to the west, and the International House of New York to the east. The Manhattan School of Music has occupied the former Juilliard School building at 130 Claremont Ave since Juilliard moved to Lincoln Center in 1969, for the last few blocks, apartment buildings line the street. An outcropping of schist interrupts the row of buildings on the west side of the street between La Salle Street and Tiemann Place, the intersection of 116th Street and Claremont has been cited as one of the windiest in New York City. Strong winds from the direction of Riverside Park are commonly believed to be funneled by the opposing curved façades of The Paterno and The Colosseum
27.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
28.
Grant Houses
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General Ulysses S. Grant Houses is a public housing project at the northern boundary of Morningside Heights in the borough of Manhattan, New York City. The complex is located between Broadway and Morningside Avenue, spanning oddly shaped superblocks from 123rd Street and La Salle Street to 125th Street, Grant Houses were completed in 1956 at a cost of $29.2 million. 1,940 apartment units are contained within the apartment buildings in the Grant Houses, with eight of the buildings at 21 stories, they were the tallest housing projects in New York City when built. The buildings are managed by the New York City Housing Authority, for maximum sunlight exposure they lie directly north of Morningside Gardens, a middle income cooperative in Morningside Heights. The redevelopment projects together aimed to retain the racially and economically mixed character of the Morningside-Manhattanville area before clearance, the New York Times noted the racial identification of the first five families to move into the Grant Houses, two white, two Negro and one Puerto Rican. New York City Housing Authority List of New York City Housing Authority properties Ray Chew, musical director of the Apollo Theater, lived here until age 7
29.
Gentrification
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Gentrification is a process of renovation of deteriorated urban neighborhoods by means of the influx of more affluent residents. This is a common and controversial topic in politics and in urban planning, conversations surrounding gentrification have evolved, as many in the social-scientific community have questioned the negative connotations associated with the word gentrification. Gentrification is typically the result of increased interest in a certain environment, early gentrifiers may belong to low-income artist or boheme communities, which increase the attractiveness and flair of a certain quarter. In addition to these benefits, gentrification can lead to population migration. The term gentrification has come to refer to a phenomenon that can be defined in different ways. Historians say that gentrification took place in ancient Rome and in Roman Britain, the word gentrification derives from gentry—which comes from the Old French word genterise, of gentle birth and people of gentle birth. In England, Landed gentry denoted the social class, consisting of gentlemen and this change has the potential to cause displacement of long-time residents and businesses. When long-time or original neighborhood residents move from an area because of higher rents, mortgages. Gentrification is a housing, economic, and health issue that affects a communitys history and culture and it often shifts a neighborhoods characteristics, e. g. racial-ethnic composition and household income, by adding new stores and resources in previously run-down neighborhoods. German geographers have a more distanced view on gentrification, actual gentrification is seen as a mere symbolic issue happening in a low amount of places and blocks, the symbolic value and visibility in public discourse being higher than actual migration trends. Gerhard Hard assumes that urban flight is more important than inner city gentrification. Volkskunde scholar Barbara Lang introduced the term symbolic gentrification with regard to the Mythos Kreuzberg in Berlin, Lang assumes that complaints about gentrification often come from those who have been responsible for the process in their youth. When former students and bohemians started raising families and earning money in better paid jobs, especially Berlin is a showcase of intense debates about symbols of gentrification, while the actual processes are much slower than in other cities. The citys Prenzlauer Berg district is, however, a child of the capitals gentrification. This leads to mixed feelings amidst the local population, the neologism Bionade-Biedermeier was coined about Prenzlauer Berg. It describes the milieu of the former quartier of the alternative scene. There are several approaches that attempt to explain the roots and the reasons behind the spread of gentrification, bruce London and J. John Palen compiled a list of five explanations, demographic-ecological, sociocultural, political-economical, community networks, and social movements. The first theory, demographic-ecological, attempts to explain gentrification through the analysis of demographics, population, social organization, environment and this theory frequently refers to the growing number of people between the ages of 25 and 35 in the 1970s, or the baby boom generation
30.
MAC Cosmetics
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MAC Cosmetics, stylized as M·A·C, is a cosmetics manufacturer founded in Toronto in 1984 by Frank Toskan and Frank Angelo. The company is headquartered in New York City and became part of the Estée Lauder Companies in 1998, MAC is an abbreviation for Make-up Art Cosmetics. Further, he realized how limited conventional products in the industry were to responding to the needs of the modern woman. For the first time ethnicity in makeup was addressed, Toskan began to craft a niche market in the world of makeup. Family joined forces including brother-in-law and chemist Victor Casale, MAC very quickly cultivated a following in both the fashion and the retail markets. Initially sold exclusively at the BAY in Canada it quickly expanded to Henry Bandel in New York, Nordstrom department stores welcomed the brand soon after marking MACs first foray into the mass North American retail market. Sachs, Macys, Dillards, and Bloomingdales rapidly followed suit as well as dozens of MAC owned stand alone stores. Unsolicited celebrity endorsement was key to MACs success as Madonna, Lady Diana, Linda Evangelista, Naomi Campbell, Cher, MAC continues to be the leader in creative cosmetic innovation worldwide. The companys products were intended for makeup professionals, but are sold directly to consumers worldwide. Frank Toskan stated that he first manufactured makeup for models, but then the models wanted this makeup for their sisters, friends, today, the brand continues to work with in fashion show professionals, From a niche brand, MAC has become a global brand. In the 1990s, the brand had over a hundred stores worldwide, in 1994, the company Estée Lauder took control of 51% of shares of MAC Cosmetics and began managing the business end while the two founders retained creative control. In 1997, co-founder Frank Angelo died of cardiac arrest during surgery at the age of 49, at that time, MAC had a revenue of US $250 million, which doubled ten years later. Estée Lauder Inc. completed the acquisition in 1998, and Frank Toskan decided to sell his shares shortly thereafter before leaving the company at the end of the same year. MAC Cosmetics is named one of the top three global brands, with an annual turnover of over $1 billion, and 500 independent stores. All stores are run by professional makeup artists, in September 2016, MAC Cosmetics launched the MAC Selena collection in collaboration with the estate of Selena Quintanilla Perez. A petition on Change. org proposed the idea of collaboration to MAC Cosmetics. Selenas sister, Suzette Quintanilla, worked with MAC to create the collection that really represented Selena. The collection sold out within hours not only at MAC stores but also at other retailers that carried the collection such as Nordstrom, Bloomingdales, fans stood in line for hours to get their hands on the collection but some did walk away empty handed
31.
Old Navy
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Old Navy is an American clothing and accessories retailing company owned by American multinational corporation Gap Inc. It has corporate operations in the Mission Bay neighborhood of San Francisco, the largest of the Old Navy stores are its flagship stores, located in New York City, the Mall of America, Seattle, Chicago, and San Francisco. In March 1994, Gap Warehouse was renamed Old Navy Clothing Co. in order to establish an image from its parent. It was named after a bar in Paris, the new stores were about 15,000 square feet, compared less than 10,000 square feet for Gap Warehouse stores. Later that year,42 other Old Navy stores opened, Old Navy had campy television ads featuring Morgan Fairchild and its mascot, Magic the dog. This mascot was changed in 2001 to Adam the Greaser due to his love for the classic Old Navy graphic t-shirts. The Old Navy division grew quickly, in 1997, it became the first retailer to pass $1 billion in its first four years in business, in 2001, Old Navy began its international expansion with the opening of 12 stores in Ontario, Canada. The brand also experimented, opening a shop inside one location in San Francisco in December 1995. This in turn did not work out for the company, and was terminated the following September and this may have been due to Adam wearing the shirts too often. In 2005, Old Navys then-president Dawn Robertson looked to address the competition she saw in Hollister Co. in addition to a new logo, several locations were built or remodeled to reflect the New Old Navy. One such location in St. Petersburg, Florida cost roughly $5 million to develop, also, advertisements began to be created in-house, and substituted the original kitschy and humorous feel for a high fashion and feminine directive. These stores proved to be an investment and Robertson was asked to leave the company. In 2011, Old Navy began a rebranding to emphasize a family-oriented environment. It targets Old Navys target customer and features better lighting, vibrant colors, layouts that make shopping easier, quick-change stations, by July 12, one third of the companys North American locations had adopted the redesign. In 2012, after years of Old Navy losing sales to rival retailer H&M. Larsson instituted a number of changes, including hiring designers away from Coach, Nike, Reebok, by 2015, Old Navys yearly sales had reached $6 billion per year in the United States, almost equaling those of Gaps Gap and Banana Republic divisions combined. Flagship stores also have collection business clothes for women, and maternity sections, previously, Old Navy attempted to launch a bath and body line, called ONbody. Old Navy is known for their signature denim wall of styles that never change, the styles are super skinny, skinny, original, and boot-cut, and are available in four different washes
32.
H&M
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H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB is a Swedish multinational clothing-retail company, known for its fast-fashion clothing for men, women, teenagers and children. H&M and its associated brands operate in 62 countries with over 4,000 stores and, as of 2015 and it is the second largest global clothing retailer, just behind Spain-based Inditex. The company was founded by Erling Persson in 1947, when he opened his first shop in Västerås, the shop, called Hennes, exclusively sold womens clothing. In 1968, Persson acquired the hunting apparel retailer Mauritz Widforss, which led to the inclusion of a collection in the product range. The company was listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1974, shortly after, in 1976, the first store outside of Scandinavia opened in London. H&M continued to expand in Europe, and began to online in 1998. The two-letter domain was registered in the early 1990s, but data on the first registration is lost, the first US store opened in 2000 on Fifth Avenue, New York. In 2008, the company announced in a release that it would begin selling home furnishings. Initially distributed through the online catalogue, there are now H&M Home stores located internationally. Its worth was estimated at $12–16 billion, H&M operated 2,325 stores at the end of 2011, and 2,629 stores at the end of August 2012. Its 3, 000th store opened in September 2013 in Chengdu, the first H&M store to open outside of Sweden was in Norway in 1964, and the first to open outside of Scandinavia was in the United Kingdom in 1976. H&Ms expansion outside of Europe started with the US in 2000, in November 2004, selected company stores offered an exclusive collection by fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld. In November 2005, the company launched a collection by Stella McCartney and, in November 2006, in March 2007, it launched another collaboration designed by the pop star Madonna. In June 2007 the company worked with game developers Maxis to create a stuff pack for the latters The Sims 2 computer game, in November 2007, the company launched a collection by Italian designer Roberto Cavalli. It was reported that the sold out very quickly. Also in 2007, another design with Kylie Minogue was launched in Shanghai, in the spring of 2008 the Finnish company Marimekko was selected as guest designer and was followed by Japanese Comme des Garçons in the fall. In 2008, H&M used the song Hang On by British singer-songwriter Lettie as background music to its UK website. For spring and summer 2009, the British designer Matthew Williamson created two exclusive ranges for the company – the first being a collection of womens clothes released in selected stores, the second collection saw Williamson branch into menswear for the first time, only in selected stores
33.
CVS Pharmacy
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CVS Pharmacy is a subsidiary of the American retail and health care company CVS Health, headquartered in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. It was originally named the Consumer Value Store and was founded in Lowell, the chain was owned by its original holding company Melville Corporation since its inception until its current parent company CVS Health was spun off into its own company in 1996. CVS Pharmacy is currently the largest pharmacy chain in the United States by number of locations, as the retail pharmacy division of CVS Health, it ranks as the 7th largest U. S. corporation according to Fortune 500 in 2016. CVS Pharmacys leading competitor Walgreens Boots Alliance ranked 37th. com and it also provides healthcare services through its more than 1,100 MinuteClinic medical clinics as well as their Diabetes Care Centers. Most of these clinics are located within CVS stores, CVS Pharmacy used to be a subsidiary of Melville Corporation, where its full name was initially Consumer Value Stores. Melville later changed its name to CVS Corporation in 1996 after Melville sold off many of its non-pharmacy stores, the last of its non-drugstore operations were sold in 1997. CEO Tom Ryan has said he now considers CVS to stand for Convenience, Value, during the companys days as a regional chain in the Northeast, many CVS stores did not include pharmacies. Today, the company seldom builds new stores without pharmacies and outside of New England is gradually phasing out any such shops, any new non-pharmacy store is usually built in a more urban setting where another CVS with a pharmacy exists within walking distance such as downtown Boston or Providence. These stores usually lack a pharmacy and a photo center but carry most of the general items that a normal CVS Pharmacy carries such as health and beauty items, sundries. CVS Pharmacy announced the closure of 70 stores in early 2017, the CVS name was used for the first time in 1964. That year, they had 17 retail locations, and 40 stores only five years later, in 1967, CVS began operation of its first stores with pharmacy departments, opening locations in Warwick and Cumberland, Rhode Island. CVS was acquired by the now-defunct Melville Corporation in 1969, boosting its growth, in 1972, CVS acquired 84 Clinton Drug and Discount Stores, which introduced CVS to Indiana and the Midwest. By 1974, CVS had 232 stores and sales of $100 million, in 1977, CVS acquired the 36-store New Jersey-based Mack Drug chain. By 1970, CVS operated 100 stores in New England and the Northeast, the chain had more than 400 stores by 1981. Sales reached $1 billion in 1985, partly due to the pharmacies being added to many of CVSs older stores, in 1980, CVS became the 15th largest pharmacy chain in the U. S. with 408 stores and $414 million in sales. In 1988, CVS celebrated its 25th anniversary, finishing the year with nearly 750 stores and sales of about $1.6 billion. In 1990, CVS acquired the 490-store Peoples Drug chain from Imsco, in 1994, CVS started PharmaCare Management Services. The parent company decided to focus on CVS in 1995, selling off Marshalls, the following year, they let go of Footaction/Footstar, Meldisco, Linens n Things, and Kay-Bee Toys, and the company changed its name from Melville Corporation to CVS Corporation
34.
Earthquake activity in the New York City area
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Although the eastern United States is not as seismically active as regions near plate boundaries, large and damaging earthquakes do occur there. Furthermore, when these rare eastern U. S. earthquakes occur, thus, earthquakes represent at least a moderate hazard to East Coast cities, including New York City and adjacent areas of very high population density. The largest known earthquake in this occurred in 1884 and had a magnitude of approximately 5. Two other earthquakes of approximately magnitude 5 occurred in this region in 1737 and 1783, more recently, the 2011 Virginia earthquake, a 5. There were some disruptions, including building evacuations and delays at airports, the New York City area is part of the geologically complex structure of the northern Appalachian Mountains. Beginning about 200 million years ago, the present-day Atlantic Ocean began to form as plate tectonic forces began to rift apart the continent of Pangaea. This means the area of damage from an earthquake in the northeastern U. S. could be larger than the area of damage caused by an earthquake of the magnitude in the western U. S. The cooler rocks in the northeastern U. S. contribute to the seismic energy propagating as much as ten times further than in the rocks of California. A magnitude 4.0 eastern U. S. earthquake typically can be felt as far as 100 km from its epicenter, but it infrequently causes damage near its source. A magnitude 5.5 eastern U. S. earthquake, although uncommon, can be felt as far as 500 km from its epicenter, earthquakes stronger than about magnitude 5.0 generate ground motions that are strong enough to be damaging in the epicentral area. In contrast, east of the Rocky Mountains this is rarely the case. The New York City area is far from the boundaries of the North American plate, which are in the center of the Atlantic Ocean, in the Caribbean Sea, and along the west coast of North America. The seismicity of the northeastern U. S. is generally considered to be due to ancient zones of weakness that are being reactivated in the stress field. The stress that causes the earthquakes is generally considered to be derived from present-day rifting at the Mid-Atlantic ridge, the northeastern U. S. has many known faults, but virtually all of the known faults have not been active for perhaps 90 million years or more. Also, the locations of the faults are not well determined at earthquake depths. Accordingly, few earthquakes in the region can be linked to known faults. Given the current geological and seismological data, it is difficult to determine if a fault in this region is still active today. As in most other areas east of the Rocky Mountains, the best guide to earthquake hazard in the northeastern U. S. is probably the locations of the past earthquakes themselves
35.
Rift
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In geology, a rift is a linear zone where the Earths crust and lithosphere are being pulled apart and is an example of extensional tectonics. Typical rift features are a central linear downfaulted depression, called a graben, or more commonly a half-graben with normal faulting, where rifts remain above sea level they form a rift valley, which may be filled by water forming a rift lake. The axis of the area may contain volcanic rocks, and active volcanism is a part of many. Major rifts occur along the axis of most mid-ocean ridges. Failed rifts are the result of rifting that failed to continue to the point of break-up. Typically the transition from rifting to spreading develops at a junction where three converging rifts meet over a hotspot. Two of these evolve to the point of spreading, while the third ultimately fails. Most rifts consist of a series of segments that together form the linear zone characteristic of rifts. The individual rift segments have a dominantly half-graben geometry, controlled by a single basin-bounding fault, segment lengths vary between rifts, depending on the elastic thickness of the lithosphere. Areas of thick colder lithosphere, such as the Baikal Rift have segment lengths in excess of 80 km, while in areas of warmer thin lithosphere, segment lengths may be less than 30 km. Along the axis of the rift the position, and in cases the polarity. Segment boundaries often have a complex structure and generally cross the rift axis at a high angle. These segment boundary zones accommodate the differences in fault displacement between the segments and are known as accommodation zones. Accommodation zones may be located where older crustal structures intersect the rift axis, in the Gulf of Suez rift, the Zaafarana accommodation zone is located where a shear zone in the Arabian-Nubian Shield meets the rift. At the onset of rifting, the part of the lithosphere starts to extend on a series of initially unconnected normal faults. In subaerial rifts, drainage at this stage is generally internal, as the rift evolves, some of the individual fault segments grow, eventually becoming linked together to form the larger bounding faults. Subsequent extension becomes concentrated on these faults, the longer faults and wider fault spacing leads to more continuous areas of fault-related subsidence along the rift axis. Significant uplift of the rift shoulders develops at this stage, strongly influencing drainage, during rifting, as the crust is thinned, the Earths surface subsides and the Moho becomes correspondingly raised
36.
Crust (geology)
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In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or natural satellite, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle. The crust of the Earth is composed of a variety of igneous, metamorphic. The crust is underlain by the mantle, the upper part of the mantle is composed mostly of peridotite, a rock denser than rocks common in the overlying crust. The boundary between the crust and mantle is conventionally placed at the Mohorovičić discontinuity, a boundary defined by a contrast in seismic velocity, the crust occupies less than 1% of Earths volume. The crust of the Earth is of two types, oceanic and continental. The oceanic crust is 5 km to 10 km thick and is composed primarily of basalt, diabase, the continental crust is typically from 30 km to 50 km thick and is mostly composed of slightly less dense rocks than those of the oceanic crust. Some of these less dense rocks, such as granite, are common in the continental crust, both the continental and oceanic crust float on the mantle. Because the continental crust is thicker, it both to greater elevations and greater depth than the oceanic crust. The slightly lower density of continental rock compared to basaltic oceanic rock contributes to the higher relative elevation of the top of the continental crust. As the top of the continental crust reaches elevations higher than that of the oceanic, the temperature of the crust increases with depth, reaching values typically in the range from about 200 °C to 400 °C at the boundary with the underlying mantle. The crust and underlying relatively rigid uppermost mantle make up the lithosphere, because of convection in the underlying plastic upper mantle and asthenosphere, the lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move. The temperature increases by as much as 30 °C for every kilometer locally in the part of the crust. Earth has probably always had some form of basaltic crust, in contrast, the bulk of the continental crust is much older. The oldest continental crustal rocks on Earth have ages in the range from about 3.7 to 4, some zircon with age as great as 4.3 billion years has been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane. The average age of the current Earths continental crust has been estimated to be about 2.0 billion years, most crustal rocks formed before 2.5 billion years ago are located in cratons. Such old continental crust and the underlying mantle asthenosphere are less dense than elsewhere in Earth, formation of new continental crust is linked to periods of intense orogeny, these periods coincide with the formation of the supercontinents such as Rodinia, Pangaea and Gondwana. The continental crust has a composition similar to that of andesite. The most abundant minerals in Earths continental crust are feldspars, which make up about 41% of the crust by weight, followed by quartz at 12%, Continental crust is enriched in incompatible elements compared to the basaltic ocean crust and much enriched compared to the underlying mantle
37.
East River
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The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is not a river despite its name. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound River. The tidal strait changes its direction of flow frequently, and is subject to fluctuations in its current. The waterway is navigable for its length of 16 miles. Technically a drowned valley, like the other waterways around New York City, the distinct change in the shape of the strait between the lower and upper portions is evidence of this glacial activity. The upper portion, running perpendicular to the glacial motion, is wide, meandering. The lower portion runs north-south, parallel to the glacial motion and it is much narrower, with straight banks. The bays that exist, as well as those used to exist before being filled in by human activity, are largely wide. The stretch has since been cleared of rocks and widened, washington Irving wrote of Hell Gate that the current sounded like a bull bellowing for more drink at half tide, whilte at full tide it slept as soundly as an alderman after dinner. He said it was like a peaceable fellow enough when he has no liquor at all, or when he has a skinful, but who, the river is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles. Why the river turns to the east as it approaches the three lower Manhattan bridges is currently geologically unknown, in the stretch of the river between Manhattan Island and the borough of Queens, lies Roosevelt Island, a narrow 2-mile long island consisting of 147 acres. Politically part of Manhattan, it begins at around the level of East 46th Street of that borough and it is connected to Queens by the Roosevelt Island Bridge, to Manhattan by the Roosevelt Island Tramway, and to both by a subway station. The Queensboro Bridge runs across Roosevelt Island, but no longer has an elevator connection to it. The abrupt termination of the island on its end is due to an extension of the 125th Street Fault. The Bronx River drains into the East River in the section of the strait. North of Randalls Island, it is joined by the Bronx Kill. Along the east of Wards Island, at approximately the midpoint, it narrows into a channel called Hell Gate
38.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
39.
Earthquake
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An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earths lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to people around. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type, Earthquakes are measured using measurements from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe and these two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause damage over larger areas. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the damage to structures it causes. At the Earths surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground, when the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity, in its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts. An earthquakes point of rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter, tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and aseismically only if there are no irregularities or asperities along the surface that increase the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities and this leads to a form of stick-slip behavior, once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the portion of the fault. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic waves, frictional heating of the fault surface and this process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the elastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of a total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth or is converted into heat generated by friction
40.
Fault (geology)
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In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movement. Large faults within the Earths crust result from the action of tectonic forces. Energy release associated with movement on active faults is the cause of most earthquakes. A fault plane is the plane that represents the surface of a fault. A fault trace or fault line is the intersection of a plane with the ground surface. A fault trace is also the line commonly plotted on maps to represent a fault. Since faults do not usually consist of a single, clean fracture, the two sides of a non-vertical fault are known as the hanging wall and footwall. By definition, the wall occurs above the fault plane. This terminology comes from mining, when working a tabular ore body, because of friction and the rigidity of rocks, they cannot glide or flow past each other easily, and occasionally all movement stops. A fault in ductile rocks can also release instantaneously when the rate is too great. The energy released by instantaneous strain-release causes earthquakes, a common phenomenon along transform boundaries, slip is defined as the relative movement of geological features present on either side of a fault plane, and is a displacement vector. A faults sense of slip is defined as the motion of the rock on each side of the fault with respect to the other side. In practice, it is only possible to find the slip direction of faults. Based on direction of slip, faults can be categorized as, strike-slip. Dip-slip, offset is predominantly vertical and/or perpendicular to the fault trace, oblique-slip, combining significant strike and dip slip. The fault surface is usually vertical and the footwall moves either left or right or laterally with very little vertical motion. Strike-slip faults with left-lateral motion are known as sinistral faults. Those with right-lateral motion are known as dextral faults
41.
Central Park
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Central Park is an urban park in Manhattan, New York City. Central Park is the most visited park in the United States, with 40 million visitors in 2013. The park was established in 1857 on 778 acres of city-owned land, construction began the same year and the parks first area was opened to the public in the winter of 1858. Construction continued during the American Civil War farther north, and was expanded to its current size of 843 acres in 1873, Central Park was designated a National Historic Landmark by the U. S. Department of the Interior in 1962. The Conservancy is a organization that contributes 75 percent of Central Parks $65 million annual budget and is responsible for all basic care of the 843-acre park. Between 1821 and 1855, New York City nearly quadrupled in population, as the city expanded northward up Manhattan, people were drawn to the few existing open spaces, mainly cemeteries, to get away from the noise and chaotic life in the city. Since Central Park was not part of the original Commissioners Plan of 1811, John Randel, Jr. surveyed the grounds. The only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is still visible, it is embedded in a rock just north of the present Dairy and the 65th Street Transverse, the bolt marks the location where West 65th Street would have intersected Sixth Avenue. The state appointed a Central Park Commission to oversee the development of the park, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux developed what came to be known as the Greensward Plan, which was selected as the winning design. The Greensward Plan called for some 36 bridges, all designed by Vaux, ranging from rugged spans of Manhattan schist or granite, to lacy Neo-Gothic cast iron, several influences came together in the design. Landscaped cemeteries, such as Mount Auburn and Green-Wood had set examples of idyllic, naturalistic landscapes, the most influential innovations in the Central Park design were the separate circulation systems for pedestrians, horseback riders, and pleasure vehicles. The crosstown commercial traffic was entirely concealed in sunken roadways, screened with densely planted shrub belts so as to maintain a rustic ambiance, before the construction of the park could start, the area had to be cleared of its inhabitants. Most lived in villages, such as Harsenville, the Piggery District, or Seneca Village, or in the school. Approximately 1,600 residents were evicted under the rule of eminent domain during 1857, Seneca Village and parts of the other communities were razed to make room for the park. During the parks construction, Olmsted fought constant battles with the park commissioners, between 1860 and 1873, most of the major hurdles to construction were overcome and the park was substantially completed. The work was documented with technical drawings and photographs. More gunpowder was used to clear the area than was used at the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War, the parks commissioners assigned a name to each of the original 18 gates in 1862. The names were chosen to represent the diversity of New York Citys trades, for example, Mariners Gate for the entrance at 85th Street
Media related to 125th Street (Manhattan) at Wikimedia Commons