1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Camp Atterbury
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Camp Atterbury, located in south-central Indiana, about 4 miles west of Edinburgh, Indiana, serves as a military and civilian training base under the auspices of the Indiana National Guard. The camp is named in memory of William Wallace Atterbury, a New Albany, Indiana, during its peak years during World War II, Camp Atterburys primary mission was to provide combat training for the U. S. Army. Numerous auxiliary and service units, as well as four U. S. Army divisions, Wakeman Hospital Center, the camps 6, 000-bed hospital and convalescent center, became the largest in the Fifth Service Command. It trained medical personnel and treated an estimated 85,000 patients during the war, between 1943 and 1946, a portion of the camp was used an internment compund for an estimated 15,000 soldiers, most of them Italian and German prisoners of war. A small chapel that the Italian prisoners built in 1943 is the only remaining POW-related structure. Camp Atterbury also served as a reception and separation center during the war. Its separation center, one of eighteen such facilities in the United States, Camp Atterbury and Wakeman Hospital were deactivated in December 1946. After World War II, Camp Atterbury remained on stand-by status until 1950, after the U. S. Army discontinued its use as a military installation in December 1968, the Indiana National Guard assumed responsibility for oversight of the camp. Since 1969 the camp had continued to serve as a military and it supports the Indiana National Guard and its missions, the Camp Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center, and the Muscatatuck Urban Training Center. War Department issued orders to consider sites for a new U. S. Army training center in Indiana. The site, which portions of Johnson, Bartholomew, and Brown Counties, was was selected because of its terrain, its location near larger urban areas. On April 28,1941, the U. S, War Department announced its intention to establish a military training camp that would be capable of housing 30,000 men. On January 14,1942, about a month after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the United States entry into World War II, War Department announced its decision to proceed with its plan to build the military training center in southern Indiana. Initial land acquisition for the camp encompassed 40,351.5348 acres in 643 tracts, the land acquisition cost an estimated $3.8 million. In addition to the land, the site encompassed numerous farmsteads, the town of Kansas, fifteen cemeteries, four of the areas fifteen cemeteries remained intact, the gravesites in the other cemeteries were exhumed and relocated. Initial work at the site began in February 1942, various civilian contractors built the camp over a period of six months from February to August 1942. At the peak of construction in June 1942, there were 14,491 workers on the payroll, an estimated 700 vehicles and daily bus service provided transportation from nearby towns and an on-site concession tent served meals to 600 workers at a time. Other names that had been considered were Camp Johnson, Camp Bartholomew, in addition, Camp Atterbury was nicknamed Mudbury during its construction because of its muddy grounds, the result of heavy spring rains during 1942
3.
Army Superior Unit Award
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The Army Superior Unit Award was created in 1985. The award is composed of a green and red ribbon, enclosed within a gold frame. Background, As part of the Army Cohesion and Stability Study of 1980 and this recommendation was based on the fact that present Army unit awards were for combat service only. While all MACOM\ and most of the Army Staff supported the proposal, in 1984, the Vice Chief of Staff, Army, directed that a Peacetime Unit Award be developed and submitted for approval. As a result of the criteria and lack of approving awards. This change deleted the words unique and national interest, only two units were awarded the ASUA prior to the revision. The first ASUA was awarded to the 164th Military Police Company, 59th Ordnance Brigade, Miesau, West Germany, the second went to the 3d Battalion, 502d Infantry, 101st Airborne Division. This recommendation was based on the fact that the award was being presented to units with a significant number of civilians assigned and this change permitted issue of an emblem to both military and civilian personnel. The Secretary of the Army approved the recommendation on 12 December 1991, other personnel may wear this decoration while serving with an organization to indicate the unit has been awarded the Army Superior Unit Award
4.
First United States Army
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It now serves as a mobilization, readiness and training command. First Army was established on 10 August 1918 as an army when sufficient American military manpower had arrived in France during World War I. As an element of the American Expeditionary Forces in the stages of World War I it was the first of three field armies established under the AEF. Serving in its ranks were many figures who played important roles in World War II. First Army was inactivated in April 1919, the field armies were established to provide organizational structure for large military organizations that might be mobilized in time of national need. First Army was located in the northeast United States and was activated on 11 September 1933 at Fort Jay, Governors Island, initially activated as a paper army, it was commanded by General Dennis E. Nolan. Until 1942, First Armys commander was always the senior commander of one of its three corps areas, since First Army was only a paper organization in its early days, its staff was the existing staff of the corps areas. The overall mission of the First Army was commanding and training army, army reserve. In the years after World War I, Conner was a mentor in the careers of Dwight Eisenhower. Passed over as a candidate for Army Chief of Staff for Douglas MacArthur, in 1938 First Army came under command of General Hugh A. Drum. Drum who along with a buildup of the Army in 1939 and it began to establish and develop its own staff and participated in the large scale Army maneuvers in Louisiana and North Carolina between 1939 and 1941. As the United States entered World War II, Drum was assigned a new command of the newly established Eastern Defense Command, responsible for coastal, Drum retired in 1943 when he reached mandatory retirement age. Headquarters, First Army was activated In January 1944 at Bristol, upon going ashore on 6 June 1944, D-Day, First Army came under 21st Army Group and commanded all American ground forces during the invasion. Three American divisions were landed by sea at the Western end of the beaches, on Utah Beach the assault troops made good time, but Omaha Beach came nearest of all of the five landing areas to disaster. First Army captured much of the gains of the Allied forces in Normandy. Once the beachheads were joined up, its troops struck west and isolated the Cotentin Peninsula, when the American Mulberry harbour was wrecked by a storm, Cherbourg became even more vital. After the capture of Cherbourg, First Army struck south, in Operation Cobra, its forces finally managed to break through the German lines. The newly established Third Army was then fed through the gap, the Army then passed from the control of 21st Army Group to the newly arrived 12th Army Group
5.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
6.
United States Army Reserve
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The United States Army Reserve is the federal reserve force of the United States Army. Together, the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard constitute the Army element of the Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces. On 30 June 2016, Lieutenant General Charles D. Luckey became the 33rd Chief of Army Reserve, on 23 April 1908 Congress created the Medical Reserve Corps, the official predecessor of the Army Reserve. This organization provided a pool of trained Reserve officers and enlisted men for use in war. The Organized Reserve included the Officers Reserve Corps, Enlisted Reserve Corps, the Organized Reserves were redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps. Recognizing the importance of the Organized Reserve to the World War II effort, Congress authorized retirement, a tentative troop basis for the Organized Reserve Corps, prepared in March 1946, outlined 25 divisions, three armored, five airborne, and 17 infantry. These divisions and all other Organized Reserve Corps units were to be maintained in one of three categories, labeled Class A, Class B, and Class C. The troop basis listed nine divisions as Class A, nine as Class B, eventually the War Department agreed and made the appropriate changes. Although the dispute over Class A units lasted several months, the War Department proceeded with the reorganization of the Organized Reserve Corps divisions during the summer of 1946. That all divisions were to begin as Class C units, progressing to the categories as men and equipment became available. Also, the War Department wanted to take advantage of the pool of trained reserve officers, by that time Army Ground Forces had been reorganized as an army group headquarters that commanded six geographic armies. The armies replaced the nine areas of the prewar era. The First United States Army declined to support a division. After the change, the Organized Reserve Corps had four airborne, the Second Army insisted upon the number 80 for its airborne unit because the division was to be raised in the prewar 80th Divisions area, not that of the 99th. Finally, the 103rd Infantry Division, organized in 1921 in New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona, was moved to Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, a major problem in forming divisions and other units in the Organized Reserve Corps was adequate housing. While many National Guard units owned their own armories, some dating back to the nineteenth century, although the War Department requested funds for needed facilities, Congress moved slowly in response. During the summer and fall of 1951 the six army commanders in the United States, staff agencies, the army commanders urged that all divisions in the Organized Reserve Corps be infantry divisions because they believed that the reserves could not adequately support armored and airborne training. They thought thirteen, rather than twelve, reserve divisions should be maintained to provide a geographic distribution of the units
7.
Army National Guard
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The Army National Guard, in conjunction with the Air National Guard, is a militia force and a federal military reserve force of the United States. They are simultaneously part of two different organizations, the National Guard of the states, territories and the District of Columbia. The Army National Guard is divided into units stationed in each of the 50 states. Members or units of the Army National Guard may be ordered, temporarily or indefinitely, if mobilized for federal service, the member or unit becomes part of the Army National Guard of the United States, which is a reserve component of the United States Army. Individuals volunteering for active service may do so subject to the consent of their governors. Governors generally cannot veto involuntary activations of individuals or units for federal service, the President may also call up members and units of the Army National Guard, in its status as the militia of the several states, to repel invasion, suppress rebellion, or enforce federal laws. The Army National Guard of the United States is one of two organizations administered by the National Guard Bureau, the other being the Air National Guard of the United States. The Director of the Army National Guard is the head of the organization, Militia members were required to equip themselves, take part in regular training, and report to their units when called. This war resulted in hundreds of deaths, hundreds of Native Americans sold into slavery or scattered throughout North America, the militias of the Southern New England colonies fought Native Americans again in King Philips War from 1675 to 1676. This conflict led to the defeat of the Narragansets, further straining relationships between Native Americans and white Europeans, but enabling continued white settlement of New England. In addition, the colonists had little interest in paying the taxes to maintain permanent garrisons of British troops, the militias were also an early experiment in democracy, with company grade officers often elected by their men, and the higher officers appointed by colonial governors or legislatures. The colonies did not exert centralized control over the militias or coordinate their efforts, Training typically took place during musters each summer, with militia members reporting for inspection and undergoing several days of training in drill and ceremony. Militia members served throughout the Revolution, often near their homes, Militia units served in combat, as well as carrying out guard duty for prisoners, garrisoning of forts, and local patrols. On some occasions, militia members performed ineffectively, as at the Battle of Camden in North Carolina, on other occasions they performed capably, including the Battles of Lexington and Concord, Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Bennington, Battles of Saratoga, and Battle of Cowpens. Perhaps the most important role played by the militia was off the battlefield, during the period of the Articles of Confederation, the weak federal government reduced the Continental Army to a handful of officers and soldiers. The Articles of Confederation required each state to maintain a militia, such consent was not forthcoming in an era when the population still harbored a distrust of a standing army, so Congress largely left the defense of the new nation to the state militias. During the Constitutional Convention in 1787, Federalist delegates argued for a federal government. Federalists anticipated using the military to defend the country if it were attacked, anti-Federalists advocated limited federal government, and wanted continued state control over the militias
8.
87th Infantry Division (United States)
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The 87th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War I and World War II. 87th Division was a National Army division allocated to Arkansas, Louisiana, was activated at Camp Pike, Arkansas on 25 August 1917. Went overseas in September 1918, was utilized as a pool of laborers, Returned to the Continental US in January 1919 to Camp Dix, New Jersey, and was deactivated in February 1919. Was reassigned to the Organized Reserve program in 1921, and allocated to Alabama, Louisiana, activated,15 December 1942 at Camp McCain, Mississippi. Training, Moved to the Tennessee Maneuver Area on 3 December 1943, for the Second Army #4 Tennessee Maneuvers, Consolidated to Fort Jackson, South Carolina on 20 January 1944 for divisional training. Staged at Camp Kilmer, at Stelton, New Jersey, on 10 October 1944 until it received its Port Call to the New York Port of Embarkation in Brooklyn, overseas, Deployed to the European Theater on 17 October 1944. Arrived England on 12 November 1944, and Staged for movement to France, assigned to US 3rd Army on 25 November 1944. Arrived Le Havre, France 28 November 1944, was further assigned to US III Corps on 4 December 1944, and to US XII Corps on 11 December 1944, and to US XV Corps on 21 December 1944, and to US VIII Corps on 29 December 1944. Crossed into Belgium on 12 January 1945, and returned to XII Corps on 14 January 1945, crossed into Luxembourg on 21 January 1945, and assigned to VIII Corps on 25 January 1945. Due to discontinuity of German railroad system, 87th ID was routed to Germany by returning to Belgium on 3 February 1945, entered Germany 16 March 1945, and remained to VE Day. Returned to Continental US at New York Port of Embarkation on 11 July 1945, was at Fort Benning on VJ Day. 87th Infantry Division was deactivated on 21 September 1945, at Fort Benning, awards, Medal of Honor-1, Distinguished Service Cross-9, Distinguished Service Medal-1, Silver Star-364, Legion of Merit −20, Soldiers Medal −41, Bronze Star −1,542, Air Medal −49. Commanders, MG Percy W. Clarkson, MG Eugene M. Landrum, MG Frank L. Culin, the 87th Infantry Division arrived in Scotland,22 October 1944, and trained in England,23 October-30 November. It landed in France, 1–3 December, and moved to Metz, the division then shifted to the vicinity of Gross Rederching near the Saar-German border on 10 December and captured Rimling, Obergailbach, and Guiderkirch. The 87th was moving into Germany when, on 16 December 1944, the Division was placed in SHAEF reserve, 24–28 December, then thrown into the Bulge battle in Belgium,29 December. In a fluctuating battle, it captured Moircy on 30 December, on 2 January 1945, it took Gérimont, on 10 January Tillet, and reached the Ourthe by the 13 January. On 15 January 1945, the moved to Luxembourg to relieve the 4th Infantry Division along the Sauer. The 87th moved to the vicinity of St. Vith,28 January, and attacked and captured Schlierbach, Selz, after the fall of Neuendorf,9 February, the division went on the defensive until 26 February, when Ormont and Hallschlag were taken in night attacks
9.
First Army Division East
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First Army Division East is a division of the First United States Army. With its new role, the First Army developed two subordinate multi-component headquarters – one division to support the eastern United States and the other to support the western United States. First Army Division West was activated at Fort Carson, Colorado, First Army Division East was activated on 7 March 2007, and is headquartered at Fort Knox, Kentucky. The division is organized into seven brigades located throughout the eastern United States with 52 total battalions, 4th Saber Cavalry Brigade – Fort Knox, Kentucky. Formerly the 85th Divisions 4th Brigade, 157th Spartan Infantry Brigade – Camp Atterbury, Indiana. Formerly the 87th Divisions 5th Brigade, 174th Patriot Infantry Brigade – Fort Drum, New York. Formerly the 78th Divisions 2nd Brigade, 177th Mudcats Armored Brigade – Camp Shelby, Mississippi. Formerly the 87th Divisions 3rd Brigade, 188th Battle Ready Infantry Brigade – Fort Stewart, Georgia. Formerly the 87th Divisions 4th Brigade
10.
79th Infantry Division (United States)
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The 79th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War I and World War II. May 1919 Inactivated, June 1919 The division was first activated at Camp Meade, MD in August 1917, composed primarily of draftees from Maryland, after a year of training the division sailed overseas in July 1918. The 79th Division saw extensive combat in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive area where it earned the name of Cross of Lorraine for their defense of France, the division was inactivated June 1919 and returned to the United States. Throughout its entire World War I campaign, the division suffered 6,874 casualties with 1,151 killed and 5,723 wounded. Private Henry Gunther, the last American soldier to be killed in action during World War I, Gen. Ira T. Wyche, Brig. Gen. Leroy H. Watson, Maj. Gen. Anthony C. McAuliffe, Brig. Gen. Leroy H. Watson, returned to U. S.10 December 1945. The division was activated at Camp Pickett, Virginia on June 15,1942 and it participated in the Tennessee Maneuver Area, after which it moved to Camp Laguna near Yuma, Arizona, where it trained in the desert. It was then ordered to Camp Phillips, Kansas for training in winter conditions, at the beginning of April 1944, the division reported to the Port of Embarkation at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts. The division arrived in Liverpool on April 17 and began training in amphibious operations, the division took Fort du Roule after a heavy engagement and entered Cherbourg,25 June. It held a line at the Ollonde River until 2 July 1944 and then returned to the offensive. On 26 July, the 79th attacked across the Ay River, took Lessay, crossed the Sarthe River and entered Le Mans,8 August, the advance continued across the Seine,19 August. Heavy German counterattacks were repelled, 22–27 August, and the reached the Therain River,31 August. The division held a line along the Lauter River, at Wissembourg from 20 December 1944 until 2 January 1945. The German attempt to establish a bridgehead west of the Rhine at Gambsheim resulted in furious fighting, the 79th beat off German attacks at Hatten and Rittershoffen in an 11-day battle before withdrawing to new defensive positions south of Haguenau on the Moder River,19 January 1945. The division remained on the defensive along the Moder until 6 February 1945, the division then went on occupation duty, in the Dortmund, Sudetenland, and Bavarian areas successively, until its return to the United States and inactivation. Total battle casualties,15,203 Killed in action,2,476 Wounded in action,10,971 Missing in action,579 Prisoner of war,1,18618 April 1944, VIII Corps, Third Army. 29 May 1944, Third Army but attached to VII Corps,30 June 1944, Third Army, but attached to First Army. 1 August 1944, VIII Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group,24 August 1944, XV Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group, but attached to First Army
United States
Headquarters and Headquarters Company
313th Infantry Regiment
314th Infantry Regiment
Troop C, 9th Cavalry – Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania
1st Battalion, 315th Infantry (Mechanized) – Germantown, Pennsylvania
6th Battalion, 68th Armor – Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
4th Battalion, 77th Armor - location uncertain
3rd Battalion, 42nd Field Artillery – Bristol, Pennsylvania
157th Support Battalion – Edgemont, Pennsylvania
420th Engineer Company – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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2nd Battalion, 289th Regiment (Maneuver)
1st Battalion, 290th Regiment (Brigade Support Battalion)
2nd Battalion, 307th Regiment (Field Artillery)
1st Battalion, 335th Regiment (Maneuver)
1st Battalion, 345th Regiment (Brigade Engineer Battalion)
1st Battalion, 362nd Regiment (Air Defense Artillery))
2nd Battalion, 337th Regiment (Training Support Battalion)
2nd Battalion, 338th Regiment (Training Support Battalion)
3rd Battalion, 411th Regiment (Logistics Support Battalion),
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document "Lineage & Honors for 157th Infantry Brigade".