1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
3.
Air National Guard
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When Air National Guard units are used under the jurisdiction of the state governor they are fulfilling their militia role. However, if federalized by order of the President of the United States and they are jointly administered by the states and the National Guard Bureau, a joint bureau of the Army and Air Force that oversees the National Guard of the United States. The ANG of the territories of Guam and the Virgin Islands have no aircraft assigned, ANG units typically operate under Title 32 USC. However, when operating under Title 10 USC all ANG units are operationally-gained by an active duty USAF major command. ANG units of the Combat Air Forces based in the Continental United States, conversely, CONUS-based ANG units in the Mobility Air Forces, plus the Puerto Rico ANGs airlift wing and the Virgin Islands ANGs civil engineering squadron are gained by the Air Mobility Command. The vast majority of ANG units fall under either ACC or AMC, established under Title 10 and Title 32 of the U. S. S. When not in a status, the Air National Guard operates under their respective state. The exception to rule is the District of Columbia Air National Guard. Because both state Air National Guard and the Air National Guard of the United States relatively go hand-in-hand, Air National Guard of the United States units or members may be called up for federal active duty in times of Congressionally sanctioned war or national emergency. The United States Air National Guard has about 110,000 men and women in service, even traditional part-time air guardsmen, especially pilots, navigators/combat systems officers, air battle managers and enlisted aircrew, often serve 100 or more man-days annually. As such, the concept of Air National Guard service as representing only one weekend a month, the Georgia Air National Guard and the Kansas Air National Guard previously flew the B-1B Lancer prior to converting to the E-8 Joint STARS and KC-135R Stratotanker, respectively. In addition, the 131st Fighter Wing of the Missouri Air National Guard transitioned from flying the F-15C/D Eagle at St and these proposals were eventually overruled and cancelled by the U. S. Congress. As state militia units, the units in the Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command and they are under the jurisdiction of the United States National Guard Bureau unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States. Air National Guard units are trained and equipped by the United States Air Force, the state ANG units, depending on their mission, are operationally gained by a major command of the USAF if federalized. Air National Guard personnel are expected to adhere to the moral and physical standards as their full-time active duty Air Force. The same ranks and insignia of the U. S. Air Force are used by the Air National Guard, the Air National Guard also bestows a number of state awards for local services rendered in a service members home state or equivalent. The creation of the regiments was caused by the perceived need to defend the Bay Colony against American Indians. This organization formed the basis of subsequent colonial and, post-independence, state and this distinction accounts for why there are no National Guard components in the U. S. Navy, U. S. Marine Corps or U. S. Coast Guard
4.
165th Airlift Wing
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The 165th Airlift Wing is a unit of the Georgia Air National Guard, stationed at Savannah Air National Guard Base, in the U. S. state of Georgia. If activated to service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command. The mission of the 165th Airlift Wing is to provide airlift of personnel, equipment. The 158th FIS becoming the flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 165th Headquarters, 165th Material Squadron, 165th Combat Support Squadron, in 1958, the 116th implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 128th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were committed to a five-minute runway alert. They traded in its Sabre interceptors for 4-engines C-97 Stratofreighter transports, with air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the squadron was re-designated the 128th Air Transport Squadron. In 1966 MATS became the Military Airlift Command and EASTAF became the MAC Twenty-First Air Force, the 116th ATG was upgraded to the C-124 Globemaster II strategic heavy airlifter in 1967. Due to requirements generated by the Vietnam War, missions were flown across the Pacific to Hawaii, Japan, on 8 August 1975, the first of the C-130E aircraft, aptly named Hercules, came to the City of Savannah at the international airport to replace the older C-124s. While the C-124s were being retired from the Air Force inventory, the 158th received seven new C-130H Hercules aircraft directly from the Lockheed Factory manufactured for the unit during September and October 1981. On 15 April 1992, the unit was redesignated the 165th Airlift Group, on 1 October 1995, the unit received its current designation, the 165th Airlift Wing. In 2005, the deployed aircraft and more than 100 personnel to Karshi-Khanabad, Uzbekistan. During this period, the unit airlifted more than 35,660 tons of cargo in support of the Global War on Terror, since the beginning of operations in the Persian Gulf, the 165th Airlift Wing has been integrally involved in air operations. Several elements of the wing have been deployed throughout the region, with airmen serving in Uzbekistan, Turkey, Kuwait, Iraq, in 2009, the 165th Airlift Wing deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. On 25 January 2010, a group of Airmen deployed from the 165th Airlift Wing to Haiti in support of the Haitian relief efforts. In January 2011, the last of six C-130H2 Hercules aircraft began a stint at Bagram Air Base. This was the time the 165th has deployed – to Iraq or Afghanistan – since September 11,2001. Deploying with the aircraft were more than 150 Georgia Guard Airmen, including all of the operations division. During the summer 0f 2011, Air Guard personnel from Savannah’s 165th Airlift Wing assisted the Georgia Forestry Commission in fighting wildfires in southern Georgia
5.
Air Combat Command
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Air Combat Command is one of ten Major Commands in the United States Air Force, reporting to Headquarters, United States Air Force at the Pentagon. ACC is headquartered at Langley Field, Joint Base Langley–Eustis, Virginia and its commander is General Herbert Hawk Carlisle, with Major General Jerry D. Harris Jr. as Vice Commander, and Chief Master Sergeant Steve K. McDonald as the Command Chief Master Sergeant, in addition, ACC augments the forces of the United States European Command, United States Pacific Command and United States Central Command when needed. Air Combat Command consists of approximately 98,000 active duty members, in 2015, responsibility for the B-1 Lancer bomber fleet was also transferred from ACC to AFGSC. Air Combat Command was created 1 June 1992 after the inactivation of the Tactical Air Command, Strategic Air Command, furthermore, ACC had some KC-135 and KC-10 aerial refueling tankers and C-130 tactical airlift aircraft in its composite, reconnaissance, and certain other combat wings. In 1993, control of the ICBM force was transferred to the Air Force Space Command until transferred again to Air Force Global Strike Command on 1 Dec 2009. S, Air Force and the U. S. Navy. Historically, combat command was an air unit designation. During 1941 and early 1942, the air units of the War Department, formerly known as the GHQ Air Force. The AFCC was dissolved in the reorganization of the United States Army, effective 9 March 1942, not long after activation, ACC underwent organizational and mission changes. The first such change was the transfer of the combat search. With the realigning of search and rescue units, ACC gained additional resources, the formal transfer took place on 1 February 1993, when the Air Rescue Service was assigned to ACC. On 2 July of the year, the ARS was disestablished. The USAF Combat Rescue School was subsequently assigned to the 57th Wing at Nellis AFB, one of the most significant changes for Air Combat Command resulted from an overhaul of flying training responsibilities. Following its activation, ACC was responsible for aircrew training, including initial weapon system. On 1 July 1993, the 58th and 325th Fighter Wings—F-16 and F-15 training units transferred from ACC to Air Education and Training Command. Concurrently, Luke AFB, Arizona, and Tyndall AFB, Florida, for which those respective wings were the host units, however, on 1 October 2012, both Tyndall AFB and the 325th Fighter Wing returned to the control of ACC. The next major change resulted from a fine-tuning of aerial refueling. From its activation, Air Combat Command had assumed ownership of some C-130 Hercules theater airlift assets and KC-10 Extender, there was historical precedent for the reassignment of C-130s to Air Combat Command
6.
Air Mobility Command
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Air Mobility Command is a Major Command of the U. S. Air Force. AMC is headquartered at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, east of St. Louis, the Commander of AMC is Gen Carlton D. Everhart II, with Lt Gen Wayne Schatz Jr as Vice Commander and CMSgt Shelina Frey as Command Chief Master Sergeant. Air Mobility Command was established on June 1,1992 and it was formed from elements of the inactivated Military Airlift Command and Strategic Air Command. AMC melded a worldwide system with a tanker force that had been freed from its strategic nuclear strike commitments by the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Air Mobility Commands mission is to provide global air mobility, the command also plays a crucial role in providing humanitarian support at home and around the world. Many special duty and operational aircraft and stateside aeromedical evacuation missions are also assigned to AMC. U. S. forces must be able to provide a rapid, tailored response with a capability to intervene against a foe, hit hard. Rapid global mobility lies at the heart of U. S. strategy in this environment, without the capability to project forces, there is no conventional deterrent. As the number of U. S. forces stationed overseas continue to decline, global interests remain, Air Mobility Command also has the mission of establishing bare air bases in contingencies. To accomplish this mission, AMC established two Contingency Response Wings, and operates the Eagle Flag exercise, in addition to its status as a MAJCOM of the Air Force, AMC is also the Air Force component command of the United States Transportation Command. It provides airlift, special missions, aerial refueling, and aeromedical evacuation for the United States armed forces]], AMC also operates VIP flights such as Air Force One, Air Force Two, and other Special Assignment Airlift Missions. Finally, AMC acts as the manager, on behalf of United States Transportation Command. Principal aircraft assets of the include, C-17 Globemaster III, C-5 Galaxy, C-130 Hercules, KC-135 Stratotanker, KC-10 Extender, C-40 Clipper, C-37 Gulfstream V. As of 2015, the command is preparing for the addition of the KC-46 Pegasus. Additional aircraft in support of high-profile VIP airlift include, VC-25, C-32, C-20 and these units train and exercise frequently and routinely provide augmentative operational support to AMCs active duty forces. Instead, they report to AMC via the National Guard Bureau, civil Reserve Air Fleet AMC has undergone considerable change since its establishment. Focusing on the mission of strategic air mobility, the command divested itself of infrastructure. The Air Rescue Service, intratheater aeromedical airlift forces based overseas, as a result of the Global War on Terrorism, on October 1,2003, AMC underwent a major restructuring, bringing a war fighting role to its numbered air force
7.
United States Air Force Tactical Air Control Party
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In conventional settings, TACPs are the principal Air Force liaison element to the United States Army. In this context, the TACP is an Air Force liaison element aligned with Army combat maneuver echelons from Corps to Battalion level, the TACP provides its aligned Army unit with expertise in planning and executing airpower in support of the land component commanders scheme of maneuver. The AOC is the senior TACS agency responsible for the centralized control, JTACs are specially trained and certified airmen who provide terminal control of airpower, usually in the form of Close Air Support missions. The TACP also provides USAF Intelligence, Space, Electronic Warfare, Weather and these liaisons serve as USAF subject-matter experts within their areas of expertise and assist in planning and integrating these functions with their aligned Army unit. All of these USAF liaison personnel are assigned to a USAF Air Support Operations Squadron, operationally, liaisons serve within a TACP aligned with an Army Brigade Combat Team, Division, or Corps. 1C4X1s and Air Liaison Officers serve in TACPs at Army echelons from battalion through corps, initial AFSC training took place at Hurlburt Field, FL until 2015, when it was moved to Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, TX. An ASOS is commanded by an Air Force Lieutenant Colonel who also serves as the senior Air Liaison Officer, for the purpose of this Wiki, only the TACP will be discussed. The TACP mission is to support the host Army division and its brigade combat teams. The BCT is the deployable unit in the US Army. TACPs are located on all major Army installations. Few 1C4X1s will ever be assigned to an Air Force base during their career, instead, 1C4X1s will be assigned to various ASOSs on Army installations throughout the U. S and overseas during their careers. Additionally, there are numerous ASOSs within the Air National Guard that have participated in combat operations world-wide supporting the Global War on Terror since 9/11. During a TACP assignment, 1C4X1s must continually possess a degree of self-motivation, enthusiasm. Organizationally, ASOCs are also Air Support Operations Squadrons and named as such, ASOCs are commanded by an Air Force LtCol. The ASOC manages allotted air resources and executes missions supporting its aligned Army units, 1C4X1s assigned to an ASOC fill a vital role by receiving air support requests from forward deployed JTACs. Once an air support request is received, the air support request is approved or disapproved by the ground commanders land component chain of command. Approved, but non-urgent, air support requests submitted after the time for inclusion on the next Air Tasking Order will become scheduled missions on the subsequent Air Tasking Order. If an air support request is disapproved, the disapproved request should be sent back to the unit with reasons for disapproval
8.
48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)
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The 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team is a modular infantry brigade of the Georgia Army National Guard. One of the oldest units in U. S. Army history and it is one of few units in the US military that also saw service as a unit of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. Today, the 48th INF BCT is part of the U. S. Armys Associated Units program where its aligned under the 3rd Infantry Division, a combined arms combat maneuver unit of the Regular Army. The 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team was originally organized on 23 April 1825, at Macon, Georgia as the Macon Volunteers and it mustered into Federal service on 18 February 1836, at Picolata, Florida, as Captain Seymors Company, 1st Battalion Georgia Volunteers. The unit was brought into Confederate service on 20 April 1861 at Macon, surrendered 9 April 1865 at Appomattox, Virginia. It reorganized on 11 April 1872 as the Macon Volunteers, and reorganized and redesignated 15 June 1874 as Company B and it reorganized and redesignated on 23 January 1891 as Company B, 2nd Infantry Regiment. The unit was redesignated on 21 December 1899, as Georgia State Troopers, the unit was drafted into federal service in August 1917 as Company B, 151st Machine Gun Battalion, an element of the 42nd Division. It demobilized in May 1919 at Camp Gordon, Georgia, the unit was reorganized and federally recognized 29 November 1920 in the Georgia National Guard at Macon, Georgia as Company H, 1st Infantry. Redesignated 8 March 1921 as Company B, 1st Infantry, redesignated 1 July 1922 as Company B, 122nd Infantry Regiment. It was reorganized and redesignated on 28 November 1922 as Headquarters Company, 59th Infantry Brigade and it was redesignated 11 August 1943 as the 30th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized. It was deactivated on 17 November 1945 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, from 1945 to 1973, the brigade underwent a series of redesignations culminating in its current form, the 48th Infantry Brigade. It reorganized and was federally recognized 12 December 1946 as Headquarters Company, 121st Infantry, converted and redesignated 1 November 1955 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command B, 48th Armored Division. Reorganized and redesignated 16 April 1963 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Brigade, converted and redesignated 1 January 1968 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3d Brigade, 30th Infantry Division. It consolidated on 1 December 1973 with the 182nd Military Police Company, uSArmypatches. com says the separate brigade insignia was Worn from 16 April 1974 –5 June 1999. The unit was inducted into service on 30 November 1990 at Fort Stewart. That year, more than 4,500 members of the unit were mobilized to participate in Operation Desert Storm. The unit completed training conducted at the Armys National Training Center in California, however, the brigade was criticized for being underprepared for war. The conflict ended before the brigade could be employed in the Persian Gulf, the unit was awarded the Georgia Special Operations Ribbon by the State of Georgia for the mobilization
9.
53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)
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The 53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team is a infantry brigade combat team of the Florida Army National Guard. The 53rd Infantry Brigade is the largest National Guard unit in the state of Florida, the brigade was one of fifteen enhanced readiness brigades, designed and trained to support active duty divisions. The brigade includes 32 units in Florida with 4,166 authorized personnel, the 53rd Infantry Brigade was originally part of the 27th Infantry Division, from November 1917 to 1919. When the 48th Armored Division was disbanded in 1968, its units in Florida became part of the 53rd Infantry Brigade, the distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the non-color bearing units of the 53d Armored Brigade on 9 January 1967. It was redesignated for the 53d Infantry Brigade on 25 July 1968, the brigade participated in hurricane relief operations in 1992 in response to Hurricane Andrew whereby the brigade was deployed for nearly two months to Miami. The U. S. Army has since done away with the program of directly augmenting active duty units with National Guard units, participating in the training were 65 per cent of the Florida Army National Guard. A convoy of 1,000 vehicles traveled from Miami to Panama City, Florida to be loaded on barges, the brigade also has a training relationship with the 82nd Airborne Division. Florida National Guard and U. S. Army Reserve officials joined U. S,1 December 2001, in announcing plans for a new joint training center that will be the future home of more than 1,700 military reservists. S. Construction of the new $53.5 million project began in 2002, the House Appropriations Committee originally allocated $45 million for the project. Rep. Young, the chairman, was crucial in securing the funds for the facilitys construction. The brigades three battalions were activated in late December 2002. They were sent to Fort Stewart, Georgia for training, following training at Fort Stewart, Georgia, the three infantry battalions deployed to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Assumed a physical security mission on the Jordan-Iraq border. S, Special Operations Forces and A-10 aircraft of the United States Air Force. In late April 2003, the battalion was attached to the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment and deployed into Iraq by air, while there, they provided local security and assisted in the reestablishment of the Iraqi Police and Ministerial Guard forces. The unit also conducted cordon and search operations, during one of these sweeps through the outskirts of Ar Ramadi on August 20,2003, members of the 1-124 Infantry captured Salem Musa Ijly. Also known as Abu Inas, Ijly was a Jordanian national and member of al-Qaida and he was also linked to a plot to assassinate Jordanian King Hussein.3 million in aid for repair or construction of numerous buildings, to include two hospitals,67 schools and 52 mosques. The 1-124 Infantry received the Valorous Unit Award for extraordinary heroism in operations, soldiers of the unit were presented 65 Bronze Stars,379 Army Commendation Medals, and 63 Purple Hearts. Despite serving 291 continuous days in combat operations, the unit brought home every Soldier who deployed with it, during their brief stay at the Jordanian Air Base, the unit conducted security operations, physical fitness training, and honed their combat skills
10.
Florida Army National Guard
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The Florida Army National Guard is Floridas component of the United States Army and the United States National Guard. In the United States, the Army National Guard comprises approximately one half of the federal armys available combat forces, federal coordination of various state Guard units are maintained through the National Guard Bureau. The Florida Army National Guard is composed of approximately 12,000 soldiers, the main state training grounds is Camp Blanding. Florida Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army, the same enlisted ranks and officer ranks and insignia used by the United States Army are used by Army National Guardsmen and the latter are eligible to receive all United States military awards. The Florida National Guard also bestows a number of awards for local services rendered in or to the state of Florida. The predecessor of the Florida Army National Guard was a Spanish militia that was formed in 1565. The subsequent militia served under the Spanish crown for 236 years, Great Britain for a 20 years, and the Confederate States of America for 5 years. In 1702-1704 an inter Indian Native American conflict started as part of Queen Annes War, involving the English armies on one side, the conflict later also escalated into the Yamasee War. After the end of the First Seminole War in 1821, the Florida provinces joined the United States, from 1835 to 1842 the Second Seminole War resulted in the elimination by force of most of the Native Americans from the territory. Florida was incorporated into the United States as a state in 1845, after Floridas incorporation into the United States problems with Seminoles continued until almost 1860. Some of the origins of the Florida ARNG today can be traced to the Florida State Troops. Todays 124th Infantry Regiment was reorganized and established in the Florida State Troops as five battalions between 1888-1892, the Militia Act of 1903 organized the various state militias into the present National Guard system. The Florida ARNG included elements of the 51st Infantry Division from 11 September 1946 to 1963 and it was originally headquartered at Tampa, Florida. The Florida ARNG also included the 48th Armored Division from 1954 to 1968, in 1986 the 1st Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment, was organized from pre-existing Florida ARNG aviation units at Jacksonville and Lakeland, the Lakeland unit relocating to Brooksville in 1999. The Florida Army National Guard was composed of approximately 9,950 soldiers in January 2001, unlike Army Reserve members, National Guard members cannot be mobilized individually, but only as part of their respective units. National Guard personnel typically serve One weekend a month, two weeks a year, with a portion working for the Guard in a full-time capacity. More specifically, current Department of Defense policy is that no Guardsman will be activated for a total of more than 24 months in one six-year enlistment period. The largest mobilization in history began in mid-2009
11.
29th Infantry Division (United States)
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The 29th Infantry Division, also known as the Blue and Gray, is an infantry division of the United States Army based in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. It is a formation of the United States Army National Guard and contains units from Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, formed in 1917, the division deployed to France as a part of the American Expeditionary Force during World War I. It supported a special Ranger unit tasked with clearing strong points at Omaha Beach, the rest of the 29th ID came ashore later then advanced to Saint-Lô, and eventually through France and into Germany itself. These actions have since been the subject of many motion pictures, following the end of World War II, the division saw frequent reorganizations and deactivations. Although the 29th did not see combat through most of the next 50 years, the 29th Division was first constituted on paper 18 July 1917, three months after the American entry into World War I, in the U. S. Army National Guard. Its artillery units were Marylands 110th Artillery Regiment, Virginias 111th Field Artillery Regiment, the division was actually organized on 25 August 1917 at Camp McClellan, Alabama. The division departed for the Western Front in June 1918 to join the American Expeditionary Force, the divisions advance detachment reached Brest, France on 8 June. In late September, the 29th received orders to join the U. S, First Armys Meuse-Argonne Offensive as part of the French XVII Corps. During its 21 days in combat, the 29th Division advanced seven kilometers, captured 2,148 prisoners, thirty percent of the division became casualties—170 officers and 5,691 enlisted men were killed or wounded. Shortly thereafter the Armistice with Germany was signed on November 11,1918, the division returned to the United States in May 1919. It demobilized on 30 May at Camp Dix, New Jersey, at the outbreak of World War II, the U. S. Army began buildup and reorganization of its fighting forces. The division was reactivated into active service on 3 February 1941, elements of the division were then sent to Fort Meade, Maryland for training. The 57th and 58th Brigades were inactivated as part of a removal of brigades from divisions. Instead, the division was based around three regiments, the 115th, the 116th, and 175th Infantry Regiments. The 29th Infantry Division, under the command of Major General Leonard Gerow, was sent to England on 5 October 1942 on RMS Queen Mary and it was based throughout England and Scotland, where it immediately began training for an invasion of northern Europe across the English Channel. In May 1943 the division moved to the Devon–Cornwall peninsula and started conducting simulated attacks against fortified positions, at this time the division was assigned to V Corps of the U. S. The cross-channel invasion of France finally came on June 6,1944, D-Day, otherwise known as Operation Overlord, the 29th Infantry Division sent the 116th Infantry to support the western flank of the veteran 1st Infantry Divisions 16th Infantry at Omaha Beach. The 116th Infantry was assigned four sectors of the beach, Easy Green, Dog Red, Dog White, most of the regiments tank support, launched from too far off-shore, foundered and sank in the channel
12.
Close air support
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The requirement for detailed integration because of proximity, fires or movement is the determining factor. CAS may need to be conducted during shaping operations with Special Operations Forces, if the mission requires detailed integration with the fire, the term battlefield air interdiction is not currently used in U. S. joint doctrine. Close air support requires excellent coordination with ground forces, in advanced modern militaries, this coordination is typically handled by specialists such as Joint Fires Observers s, Joint Terminal Attack Controllers s, and Forward Air Controllers s. The use of aircraft in the air support of ground forces dates back to World War I. By that point, the startling and demoralizing effect that attack from the air could have on the troops in the trenches had been made clear, at the Battle of the Somme,18 British armed reconnaissance planes strafed the enemy trenches after conducting surveillance operations. The success of this improvised assault spurred innovation on both sides, in 1917, following the Second Battle of the Aisne the British debuted the first ground-attack aircraft, a modified F. E 2b fighter carrying 20-lb bombs and mounted machine-guns. After exhausting their ammunition the planes returned to base for refuelling and rearming, other modified planes used in this role were the Airco DH.5 and Sopwith Camel—the latter was particularly successful in this role. Aircraft support was first integrated into a plan on a large scale at the 1917 Battle of Cambrai. British doctrine at the time came to two forms of air support, trench strafing, and ground strafing —attacking tactical ground targets away from the land battle. As well as strafing with machine-guns, the planes were modified with bomb racks, the Germans were also quick to adopt this new form of warfare and were able to deploy aircraft in a similar capacity at Cambrai. While the British used single-seater planes, the Germans preferred the use of heavier two-seaters with a machine gunner in the aft cockpit. The Germans adopted the powerful Hannover CL. II and built the first purpose built ground attack aircraft, during the 1918 Spring Offensive the Germans employed 30 squadrons, or Schlasta, of ground attack fighters and were able to achieve some initial tactical success. The British later deployed the Sopwith Salamander as a ground attack aircraft. It was during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of 1918 that Close Air Support was first proven to be an important factor in ultimate victory, combined with a ground assault led by General Edmund Allenby, three Turkish armies soon collapsed into a full rout. In the words of the squadrons official report, No 1 Squadron made six heavy raids during the day. The panic and slaughter beggared description, the close air support doctrine was further developed in the interwar period. Most theorists advocated the adaptation of fighters or light bombers into the role, during this period, airpower advocates crystallized their views on the role of air-power in warfare. Aviators and ground officers developed largely opposing views on the importance of CAS, the inter-war period saw the use of CAS in a number of conflicts, including the Russo-Polish War, the Spanish Civil War, colonial wars in the Middle East and the Gran Chaco War
United States
Georgia
Air Combat Command[4]
