1.
1797
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As of the start of 1797, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 3 – The Treaty of Tripoli, a treaty between the United States and Ottoman Tripolitania, is signed at Algiers. January 7 – The parliament of the Cisalpine Republic adopts the Italian green-white-red tricolour as the official flag, January 26 – The Treaty of the Third Partition of Poland is signed in St. Petersburg by the Russian Empire, Austria and the Kingdom of Prussia. February 2 – Siege of Mantua, Field marshal Dagobert von Wurmser capitulates the fortress city to the French, only 16,000 men of the garrison are capable of marching out as prisoners of war. February 3 – Battle of Faenza, A French corps under General Claude Victor-Perrin defeats the forces from the Papal States at Castel Bolognese near Faenza, Italy. February 12 – First performance of Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, with the music composed in January by Joseph Haydn which also becomes the tune to the Deutschlandlied, the German national anthem. February 14 – The Battle of Cape St Vincent, part of the French Revolutionary Wars, The British Royal Navy under Admiral Sir John Jervis defeats a larger Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, Portugal. February 18 – Spanish Governor José María Chacón peacefully surrenders the colony of Trinidad to a British naval force commanded by Sir Ralph Abercromby, february 19 – Treaty of Tolentino, Pope Pius VI signs a peace treaty with Revolutionary France. He is forced to deliver works of art, treasures, territory, february 22 – The last invasion of Britain begins, French forces under the command of American Colonel William Tate land near Fishguard in Wales. February 25 – William Tate surrenders to the British at Fishguard, february 26 – The Bank of England issues the first one-pound and two-pound notes. March 4 – Inauguration of John Adams, John Adams is sworn in as the second President of the United States, march 5 – Protestant missionaries from the London Missionary Society land in Tahiti from the Duff. March 16 – Battle of Valvasone, The Austrian army led by Archduke Charles fights a rearguard action at the crossing of the Tagliamento river but is defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte at Valvasone, april 16 – Spithead and Nore mutinies in the British Royal Navy. April 17 – Veronese Easter, Citizens of Verona, Italy, april 18 – Armistice of Leoben, On behalf of the French Republic a delegation under Napoleon Bonaparte signs a peace treaty with the Holy Roman Empire at Leoben. May 10 – The first ship of the United States Navy, may 12 – War of the First Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte conquers Venice, ending the city and Republic of Venices 1,100 years of independence. The last doge of Venice, Ludovico Manin, steps down, the Venetian Ghetto is thrown open. May 30 – William Wilberforce marries Barbara Ann Spooner, june 29 – Napoleon Bonaparte creates in a decree the birth of the Cisalpine Republic. He appoints ministers and establishes the first constitution, july 24 – Horatio Nelson is wounded at the Battle of Santa Cruz, losing an arm. August 29 – Massacre of Tranent, British troops attack protestors against enforced recruitment into the militia at Tranent in Scotland, october – The XYZ Affair inflames tensions between France and the United States
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1795 in the United States
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Events from the year 1795 in the United States. January 29 – The Naturalization Act of 1795 replaces and repeals the Naturalization Act of 1790, february 7 – The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed. May 1 – Battle of Nuuanu, Kamehameha I of the Island of Hawaii defeats the Oahuans, solidifying his control of the islands of the archipelago. June 8 – George Washington submits the Jay Treaty to the United States Senate for ratification, august 2 – The Treaty of Greenville is signed between the Western Confederacy and the United States, ending the Northwest Indian War. October 27 – The United States and Spain sign the Treaty of Madrid, Northwest Indian War Slavery April 17 – George Edmund Badger, United States Senator from North Carolina from 1846 to 1855. June 2 – William S. Fulton, United States Senator from Arkansas from 1836 till 1844, august 31 – William Lee D. Ewing, United States Senator from Illinois in 1834. September 22 – Jesse Speight, United States Senator from Mississippi from 1845 till 1847, november 2 – James K. Polk, 11th President of the United States from 1845 till 1849. December 1 – James Whitcomb, United States Senator from Indiana from 1849 till 1852, Spain and the United States in 1795. The American Historical Review, Vol.4, No, documents on the Blount Conspiracy, 1795-1797. The American Historical Review, Vol.10, No, Edmund Randolph on the British Treaty,1795. The American Historical Review, Vol.12, No, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol.10, No. Harry Innes and the Spanish Intrigue, 1794-1795, the Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol.15, No. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.3, elihu Hubbard Smith and the New York Friendly Club, 1795-1798. Postscript to the Jay Treaty, Timothy Pickering and Anglo-American Relations, the William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.23, No. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.91, the Virginia Amendments of 1795, An Episode in the Opposition to Jays Treaty. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.75, forward Wheat for New England, The Correspondence of John Taylor of Caroline with Jeremiah Wadsworth, in 1795. Edwin R. Baldridge Jr. Talleyrands visit to Pennsylvania, 1794-1796, the Republican Harmony of Nathaniel Billings. Journal of Research in Music Education, Vol.18, No, emerging Republicanism and the Standing Order, The Appropriation Act Controversy in Connecticut,1793 to 1795
4.
1796 in the United States
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Events from the year 1796 in the United States. S. July 11 – The United States takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain under the terms of the Jay Treaty July 14 – The de Portolá Expedition sets out from San Diego to find the Port of Monterey. July 22 – Surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company name an area in Ohio Cleveland after Gen. Moses Cleaveland, august 31 – John McKinly, the first President of Delaware, dies in Wilmington, Delaware. September 17 – U. S. President George Washington issues his Farewell Address, november 2 – John Adams defeats Thomas Jefferson in the U. S. presidential election. November 4 – The Treaty of Tripoli is signed at Tripoli, november 10 – The de Portolá Expedition returns from its terminus point to San Diego after failing to find Vizcaínos Port of Monterey. Electoral College meets to elect John Adams president, panic of 1796–1797 February 18 – John Bell, United States Senator from Tennessee from 1847 till 1859. April 10 – Thomas Fitzgerald, United States Senator from Michigan from 1848 till 1849, July 24 – John M. Clayton, United States Senator from Delaware from 1829 till 1836, from 1845 till 1849 and from 1853 till 1856. September 26 – Richard H. Bayard, United States Senator from Delaware from 1841 till 1845, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Vol.19 Henry S. Parsons. William and Mary College in 1796, the William and Mary Quarterly, Second Series, Vol.15, No. Early Party Machinery in the United States, Pennsylvania in the Election of 1796, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.60, No. The Westward Migration of a Planter Pioneer in 1796, the William and Mary Quarterly, Second Series, Vol.21, No. The Tennessee Constitution of 1796, A Product of the Old West, the Journal of Southern History, Vol.9, No. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.3, amelia Simmons Fills a Need, American Cookery,1796. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.14, washingtons Farewell, the French Alliance, and the Election of 1796. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol.43, No, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.91, No. Edwin R. Baldridge Jr. Talleyrands visit to Pennsylvania, 1794-1796, the Significance of Thomas Pinckneys Candidacy in the Election of 1796. The South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.76, No, an English Immigrant Views American Society, Benjamin Henry Latrobes Virginia Years, 1796-1798. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.85, advertisements For Runaway Slaves, Indentured Servants, and Apprentices in the Pennsylvania Gazette, 1795–1796
5.
1798 in the United States
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Events from the year 1798 in the United States. February 17 – Federalist Congressman Roger Griswold of Connecticut attacks Vermont Representative Matthew Lyon with a stick in the chambers of the United States House of Representatives. March – The XYZ Affair begins, souring relations between the United States and France, april – U. S. House of Representatives elections begin in New York and continue into 1799. April 7 – The Mississippi Territory is organized from territory ceded by Georgia, july 7 Quasi-War, The United States Congress rescinds treaties with France, sparking the war. In the action of USS Delaware vs La Croyable, the newly formed United States Navy makes its first capture, july 9 – Quasi-War, The Act Further to Protect the Commerce of the United States is approved by Congress, authorizing the President to use military force against France. July 11 – The United States Marine Corps is established by Congress, july 14 – The Alien and Sedition Acts become United States law, making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the United States government. July 16 – The Relief of Sick and Disabled Seamen Act is signed into law, creating the Marine Hospital Service, september – Charles Brockden Brown publishes the first significant American novel, the Gothic fiction Wieland, or, The Transformation, an American Tale. October 2 – The Treaty of Tellico is signed between the United States and the Cherokee Nation, november 16 – The Kentucky state legislature passes the first of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, authored by Thomas Jefferson. December 24 – The Virginia state legislature passes the second of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, eli Whitney contracts with the U. S. federal government for 10,000 rifles, which he produces with interchangeable parts. Quasi-War January 4 – William Crosby Dawson, United States Senator from Georgia from 1849 till 1855, January 5 – James Semple, United States Senator from Illinois from 1843 till 1847. January 18 – Augustus Seymour Porter, United States Senator from Michigan from 1840 till 1845, february 20 – Richard M. Young, United States Senator from Illinois from 1837 till 1843. Dallas, Second Lady of the United States December 3 – Alfred Iverson, organization of the Provisional Army of the United States in the Anticipated War with France, 1798-1800. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.38,2, pp. 129–132 Letters from William and Mary College, 1798–1801. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.29, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.59. Guns for Charleston, A Case of Lend-Lease in 1798-1799, the Journal of Southern History, Vol.14, No. 3, pp. 401–408 Patricia Holbert Menk, D. M. Erskine, Letters from America, 1798-1799. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.6, unofficial Ambassador, George Logans Mission to France,1798. William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.7, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol.11, No
6.
1799 in the United States
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Events from the year 1799 in the United States. S. and France. February 9 – Quasi-War, In the Action of 9 February 1799, March 1 – Federalist James Ross becomes President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate. March 29 – New York passes a law aimed at gradually abolishing slavery in the state, april 10 – Ellicotts Stone is placed by a U. S. -Spanish survey party headed by Andrew Ellicott. July 8 – The Russian-American Company is founded, December 3 – The Kentucky state legislature passes the second of its resolutions as part of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. Although the first of Kentuckys resolutions were authored by Thomas Jefferson, Carolina Gold Rush, 12-year-old Conrad John Reed finds what he describes as a heavy yellow rock along Little Meadow Creek in Cabarrus County, North Carolina and makes it a doorstop in his home. Conrads father John Reed learns that the rock is actually gold in 1802, reconstruction of The Cabildo in New Orleans is completed. Quasi-War January 6 – Jedediah Smith, explorer, hunter, trapper and fur trader March 8 – Simon Cameron, journalist, editor, april 3 – John Pendleton King, United States Senator from Georgia from 1833 till 1837. April 12 – Samuel McRoberts, United States Senator from Illinois from 1841 till 1843, november 15 – James A. Bayard, Jr. United States Senator from Delaware from 1851 till 1864. November 29 – Amos Bronson Alcott, educator and writer December 27 – Walter T. Colquitt, june 6 – Patrick Henry, first & sixth Governor of Virginia from 1776 till 1779 and from 1784 till 1786. December 14 – George Washington, first President of the United States from 1789 till 1797, effects of Lightning on Several Persons in the House of Samuel Carey Esq. of Chelsea, August 2,1799. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol.3, organization of the Provisional Army of the United States in the Anticipated War with France, 1798-1800. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.38,2, pp. 129–132 Letters from William and Mary College, 1798–1801. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.29, the Forgotten Army, Recruiting for a National Emergency. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.56,3, pp. 267–279 George W. Kyte. Guns for Charleston, A Case of Lend-Lease in 1798-1799, the Journal of Southern History, Vol.14, No. Penological Pioneering in the Walnut Street Jail, 1789-1799, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol.39, No. D. M. Erskine, Letters from America, 1798-1799, the William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.6, No. Charles Caleb Cotton and Julien Dwight Martin, the Letters of Charles Caleb Cotton, 1798-1802
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Star-Spangled Banner (flag)
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The Star-Spangled Banner, or the Great Garrison Flag, was the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the naval portion of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. In Baltimores preparation for an attack on the city, Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the citys harbor. The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag, the largest battle flag ever flown at the time, the smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag, to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather. Available documentation shows that this flag was sewn by local flagmaker Mary Young Pickersgill under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $405.90. George Armistead, the commander of Fort McHenry, specified a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance. Mary Pickersgill stitched the flag from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting, assisted by her daughter, the flag has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the United States Congresss Flag Act of 1794, represent Vermont, the stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued, the flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet. Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet wide, and each of the stars measures about 2 feet in diameter, the flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown. The Flag was flown over the fort when 5,000 British soldiers, the bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the evening of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Key, an American lawyer, being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the Garrison Flag still flying at dawn of the morning of the 14th, the poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled The Star-Spangled Banner, and a portion of it would later be adopted as the United States National Anthem. Since its arrival at the Smithsonian, the flag has undergone multiple preservation efforts, the flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact. It remained in the possession of Major Armistead, who was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Eben Appleton, Colonel Armisteads grandson, inherited the flag in 1878, in 1907, he lent it to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 it was made a formal gift. Today it is housed in the National Museum of American History, one of the Smithsonian Institution museums on the National Mall in Washington. The flag was given to the museum in 1912, and has undergone multiple restoration efforts after being restored by Amelia Fowler in 1914. Due to environmental and light damage a four phase restoration project began in May 1999, in the first phase, the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration
9.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
10.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
11.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
12.
George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine
13.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
14.
John Adams
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John Adams was an American patriot who served as the second President of the United States and the first Vice President. He was a lawyer, diplomat, statesman, political theorist, and, as a Founding Father and he was also a dedicated diarist and correspondent, particularly with his wife and closest advisor Abigail. He collaborated with his cousin, revolutionary leader Samuel Adams, Adams was a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress, where he played a leading role in persuading Congress to declare independence. He assisted Thomas Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776, as a diplomat in Europe, he helped negotiate the eventual peace treaty with Great Britain, and acquired vital governmental loans from Amsterdam bankers. Adams was the author of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780 which influenced American political theory. Adamss credentials as a revolutionary secured for him two terms as President George Washingtons vice president and also his own election in 1796 as the second president. In his single term as president, he encountered fierce criticism from the Jeffersonian Republicans, as well as the dominant faction in his own Federalist Party, led by his rival Alexander Hamilton. Adams signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, and built up the army, the major accomplishment of his presidency was a peaceful resolution of the conflict in the face of Hamiltons opposition. Due to his strong posture on defense, Adams is often called the father of the American Navy and he was the first U. S. president to reside in the executive mansion, now known as the White House. In 1800, Adams lost re-election to Thomas Jefferson and retired to Massachusetts and he eventually resumed his friendship with Jefferson upon the latters own retirement by initiating a correspondence which lasted fourteen years. He and his wife established a family of politicians, diplomats, Adams was the father of John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States. He died on the anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. Modern historians in the aggregate have favorably ranked his administration, John Adams was born on October 30,1735 to John Adams Sr. and Susanna Boylston. He had two brothers, Peter and Elihu. Adams birthplace was then in Braintree, Massachusetts, and is preserved at Adams National Historical Park, Adams mother was from a leading medical family of present-day Brookline, Massachusetts. His father was a Congregationalist deacon, a farmer, a cordwainer, the Deacon also served as a selectman and supervised the building of schools and roads. Adams often praised his father and recalled their close relationship, though raised in modest surroundings, Adams felt an acute responsibility to live up to his familys heritage of reverence. Journalist Richard Brookhiser wrote that Adams Puritan ancestors believed they lived in the Bible, England under the Stuarts was Egypt, they were Israel fleeing
15.
Federalist Party
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The Federalist Party was the first American political party. It existed from the early 1790s to 1816, its remnants lasted into the 1820s, the Federalists called for a strong national government that promoted economic growth and fostered friendly relationships with Great Britain, as well as opposition to revolutionary France. The party controlled the government until 1801, when it was overwhelmed by the Democratic-Republican opposition led by Thomas Jefferson. The Federalist Party came into being between 1792 and 1794 as a coalition of bankers and businessmen in support of Alexander Hamiltons fiscal policies. These supporters developed into the organized Federalist Party, which was committed to a fiscally sound, the only Federalist president was John Adams, although George Washington was broadly sympathetic to the Federalist program, he remained officially non-partisan during his entire presidency. Federalist policies called for a bank, tariffs, and good relations with Great Britain as expressed in the Jay Treaty negotiated in 1794. Hamilton developed the concept of implied powers and successfully argued the adoption of that interpretation of the United States Constitution, the Jay Treaty passed, and the Federalists won most of the major legislative battles in the 1790s. They held a strong base in the cities and in New England. After the Democratic-Republicans, whose base was in the rural South, won the election of 1800. They recovered some strength by their opposition to the War of 1812. On taking office in 1789, President Washington nominated New York lawyer Alexander Hamilton to the office of Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton wanted a strong national government with financial credibility. James Madison was Hamiltons ally in the fight to ratify the new Constitution, Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788, even though both Hamilton and Madison played major roles. Parties were considered to be divisive and harmful to republicanism, No similar parties existed anywhere in the world. By 1790 Hamilton started building a nationwide coalition and his attempts to manage politics in the national capital to get his plans through Congress, then, brought strong responses across the country. In the process, what began as a capital faction soon assumed status as a faction and then, finally. The Federalist Party supported Hamiltons vision of a centralized government. In foreign affairs, they supported neutrality in the war between France and Great Britain, the majority of the Founding Fathers were originally Federalists. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and many others can all be considered Federalists and these Federalists felt that the Articles of Confederation had been too weak to sustain a working government and had decided that a new form of government was needed
16.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
17.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
18.
Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he was elected the second Vice President of the United States, Jefferson was primarily of English ancestry, born and educated in colonial Virginia. He graduated from the College of William & Mary and briefly practiced law and he became the United States Minister to France in May 1785, and subsequently the nations first Secretary of State in 1790–1793 under President George Washington. Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System, as President, Jefferson pursued the nations shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies. He also organized the Louisiana Purchase, almost doubling the countrys territory, as a result of peace negotiations with France, his administration reduced military forces. Jeffersons second term was beset with difficulties at home, including the trial of former Vice President Aaron Burr, American foreign trade was diminished when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807, responding to British threats to U. S. shipping. In 1803, Jefferson began a process of Indian tribe removal to the newly organized Louisiana Territory. Jefferson mastered many disciplines, which ranged from surveying and mathematics to horticulture and he was a proven architect in the classical tradition. Jeffersons keen interest in religion and philosophy earned him the presidency of the American Philosophical Society and he shunned organized religion, but was influenced by both Christianity and deism. He was well versed in linguistics and spoke several languages and he founded the University of Virginia after retiring from public office. He was a letter writer and corresponded with many prominent and important people throughout his adult life. His only full-length book is Notes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson owned several plantations which were worked by hundreds of slaves. Most historians now believe that, after the death of his wife in 1782, he had a relationship with his slave Sally Hemings and fathered at least one of her children. Various modern scholars are more critical of Jeffersons private life, pointing out the discrepancy between his ownership of slaves and his political principles, for example. Presidential scholars, however, consistently rank Jefferson among the greatest presidents, Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13,1743, at the family home in Shadwell in the Colony of Virginia, the third of ten children. He was of English and possibly Welsh descent and was born a British subject and his father Peter Jefferson was a planter and surveyor who died when Jefferson was fourteen, his mother was Jane Randolph. Peter Jefferson moved his family to Tuckahoe Plantation in 1745 upon the death of a friend who had named him guardian of his children, the Jeffersons returned to Shadwell in 1752, where Peter died in 1757, his estate was divided between his sons Thomas and Randolph. Thomas inherited approximately 5,000 acres of land, including Monticello and he assumed full authority over his property at age 21
19.
Democratic-Republican Party
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The new party controlled the presidency and Congress, as well as most states, from 1801 to 1825, during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress, and included many politicians who had opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves Republicans after their ideology Republicanism and they distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism. The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement and the short-lived National Republican Party, the term Democratic-Republican is used especially by modern political scientists for the first Republican Party. It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans, historians typically use the title Republican Party. An Anti-Administration faction met secretly in the capital to oppose Hamiltons financial programs. Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism, Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities. Foreign affairs took a role in 1794–95 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy, the party denounced many of Hamiltons measures as unconstitutional, especially the national bank. The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast and it demanded states rights as expressed by the Principles of 1798 articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law. Above all, the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers, Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists. The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election, the Federalists—too elitist to appeal to most people—faded away, and totally collapsed after 1815. The Republicans dominated the First Party System, despite internal divisions, the party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress. They included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, by 1824, the caucus system had practically collapsed. After 1800, the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England, by 1824, the party was split four ways and lacked a center, as the First Party System collapsed. The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions, one remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828. Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828, the precise date of founding is disputed, but 1791 is a reasonable estimate, some time by 1792 is certain. The elections of 1792 were the first ones to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis, in most states the congressional elections were recognized, as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it, as a struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest
20.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
21.
Oliver Ellsworth
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While at the Federal Convention, Ellsworth moved to strike the word National from the motion made by Edmund Randolph of Virginia. Randolph had moved successfully to call the government the National Government of United States, Ellsworth moved that the government should continue to be called the United States Government. Ellsworth was born in Windsor, Connecticut, to Capt. David and he entered Yale in 1762, but transferred to the College of New Jersey at the end of his second year. He continued to study theology and, while attending, helped found the American Whig–Cliosophic Society along with Aaron Burr and he received his A. B. degree, Phi Beta Kappa after 2 years. Soon afterward, however, Ellsworth turned to the law, after four years of study, he was admitted to the bar in 1771 and later became a successful lawyer and politician. Oliver Ellsworth was the grandfather of Henry L. Ellsworths son Henry W. Ellsworth, from a slow start, Ellsworth built up a prosperous law practice. In 1777, he became Connecticuts state attorney for Hartford County and that same year, he was chosen as one of Connecticuts representatives in the Continental Congress. He served on various committees until 1783, including the Marine Committee, the Board of Treasury, Ellsworth was also active in his states efforts during the Revolution, having served as a member of the Committee of the Pay Table that supervised Connecticuts war expenditures. In 1777 he joined the Committee of Appeals, which can be described as a forerunner of the Federal Supreme Court, while serving on it, he participated in the Olmstead case that first brought state and federal authority into conflict. In 1779, he assumed duties as a member of the Council of Safety. His first judicial service was on the Supreme Court of Errors when it was established in 1785, in May 1787, Ellsworth joined the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia as a delegate from Connecticut along with Roger Sherman and William Samuel Johnson. More than half of the 55 delegates were lawyers, eight of whom, the words United States had already been used in the Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation as well as Thomas Paines The American Crisis. It was Ellsworths proposal to retain the earlier wording to sustain the emphasis on a rather than a single national entity. Three weeks earlier, on May 30,1787, Edmund Randolph of Virginia had moved to create a government consisting of a supreme legislative, an executive. Ellsworth accepted Randolphs notion of a division, but moved to strike the phrase national government. From this day forward the United States was the title used in the Convention to designate the government. Ellsworth played a role in the passage of the Connecticut Plan. Ellsworths version of the compromise was adopted by the Convention, to gain the passage of the Connecticut Plan its proponents needed support of three southern states, Georgia and the two Carolinas, complementing the small state coalition of the North
22.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
23.
Jonathan Dayton
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Jonathan Dayton was an American politician from the U. S. state of New Jersey. Dayton was arrested in 1807 for treason in connection with Aaron Burrs conspiracy, Dayton was never tried, Dayton was born in Elizabethtown in New Jersey. He was the son of Elias Dayton, a merchant who was prominent in politics and had served as a militia officer in the French. He graduated from the academy, run by Tapping Reeve and Francis Barber. He then attended the College of New Jersey and he left the College of New Jersey in 1775 to fight in the Revolution, though he would later receive an honorary degree in 1776. Dayton was 15 at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War in 1775, on January 1,1777, he was commissioned a lieutenant and served as paymaster. He saw service under Washington, fighting in the battles of Brandywine Creek and he remained with Washington at Valley Forge and helped push the British from their position in New Jersey into the safety of New York City. In October 1780, Dayton and an uncle were captured by loyalists, Dayton again served under his father in the New Jersey Brigade. On March 30,1780, at age 19, he was promoted to rank of captain and transferred to the 2nd New Jersey Regiment, where he took part in the Battle of Yorktown. The Revolutionary War pension records indicate that he served as Aid-de-Camp to General Sullivan on his expedition against the Indians from May 1 – November 30,1779. On July 19,1799, Dayton was offered a commission as Major General in the Provisional United States Army, after the war, Dayton studied law and created a practice, dividing his time between land speculation, law, and politics. After serving as a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention and he was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1786–1787, and again in 1790, and served in the New Jersey Legislative Council in 1789. Dayton was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1789 and he served as speaker for the Fourth and Fifth Congress. Like most Federalists, he supported the policies of Alexander Hamilton. He supported the Louisiana Purchase and opposed the repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801, Dayton was exonerated, but his association with Burr effectively ended his political career. Dayton married Susan Williamson and had two daughters, susans Revolutionary War Pension Application W.6994 states that the marriage occurred on March 28,1779. After resuming his career in New Jersey, Dayton died on October 9,1824. He was interred in a grave that is now under the St. Johns Episcopal Church in Elizabeth
24.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
25.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
26.
4th United States Congress
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It met at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from March 4,1795 to March 4,1797, during the last two years of George Washingtons Presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the First Census of the United States in 1790, the Senate had a Federalist majority, and the House had a Democratic-Republican majority. September 17,1796, Washingtons Farewell Address warned against partisan politics, June 24,1795, Treaty of London March 7,1796, Treaty of Madrid June 1,1796, Tennessee admitted as a state, formerly the Territory South of the River Ohio, Sess. 47,1 Stat.491 This was the first Congress to have organized political parties, details on changes are shown below in the Changes in membership section. Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district, skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress There were 10 resignations,2 new seats, and 1 election to replace an appointee. There was a 1-seat gain for both the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans, There were 9 resignations,1 death of a Representative-elect, and 1 new seat. There was a 1-seat gain for both the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans, lists of committees and their party leaders. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
27.
5th United States Congress
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The Fifth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from March 4,1797 to March 4,1799, the apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the First Census of the United States in 1790. Both chambers had a Federalist majority. S, followed by naval skirmishes but no war is declared April 30,1798, The U. S. Department of the Navy was established, Sess. 35,1 Stat.553 June 18,1798, Alien and Sedition Acts,54,1 Stat.566 June 25,1798, Alien and Sedition Acts, Sess. 58,1 Stat.570 July 6,1798, Alien and Sedition Acts,66,1 Stat.577 July 9,1798, Act Further to Protect the Commerce of the United States, Sess. 68,1 Stat.578 July 11,1798, The United States Marine Corps was established,72,1 Stat.594 July 14,1798, Alien and Sedition Acts, Sess. 74,1 Stat.596 July 16,1798, Marine Hospital Service Act,77,1 Stat.605 April 7,1798 - Mississippi Territory was organized, Sess. It was formerly a portion of Georgia and South Carolina June 7,1797, July 7,1797, Existing treaties with France were rescinded, Sess. 67,1 Stat.578 Details on changes are shown below in the Changes in membership section, senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress There were 9 resignations,2 deaths,1 expulsion,1 late selection, neither party had a net gain of seats. There were 9 resignations and 3 deaths, the Federalists had a 1-seat net loss and the Democratic-Republicans had a 1-seat net gain. Lists of committees and their party leaders, otis of Massachusetts, elected April 8,1789 Doorkeeper, James Mathers of New York, elected April 7,1789 Chaplain, William White, Episcopalian, elected December 9,1790 Clerk, Jonathan W. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
28.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
29.
Oliver Wolcott
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Oliver Wolcott, Sr. was an American politician. He was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and also the Articles of Confederation as a representative of Connecticut and he was a major general for the Connecticut Militia in the Revolutionary War serving under George Washington. Wolcott was born in Windsor, Connecticut, the youngest of fourteen children of the colonial governor Roger Wolcott and he attended Yale College, graduating in 1747 as the top scholar in his class. Upon graduation, New York governor George Clinton granted Wolcott a captain’s commission to raise a company to fight in the French. Serving as captain, Wolcott served on the northern frontier defending the Canadian border against the French until the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, at the end of the war, Wolcott moved to newly settled Goshen in northwestern Connecticut to practice and study medicine with his brother, Alexander. He then moved to Litchfield and became a merchant and was appointed by his father sheriff of the newly created Litchfield County, Connecticut and he married Lorraine Collins of Guilford, Connecticut, on January 21,1755. They had five children, Oliver, Oliver, Jr. Laura, Mariann, Wolcott had two careers during the war years, one of Connecticut’s principal delegates to the Continental Congress and a militia officer. Wolcott participated in the American Revolutionary War as brigadier general and then major general in the Connecticut militia, as a representative in the Continental Congress, Wolcott was a strong advocate for independence. Early in the struggle with Great Britain, Wolcott made it clear that the colonists would not give up their rights. In February 1776, Wolcott himself stated, “Our difference with Great Britain has become very great… What matters will issue in, I cannot say, Wolcott saw extensive militia service during the American Revolution. On August 11,1776, Connecticut officials ordered him to march the Seventeenth Regiment of militia to New York, upon arriving at Washington’s camp, Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull appointed Wolcott brigadier general in command of all the state’s militia regiments in New York. Along with support to Washington, Wolcott led 300—400 volunteers from his brigade to help General Horatio Gates, in May 1779, Wolcott was promoted to major general in command of all Connecticut Militia. That summer he saw combat in protecting the coastline from Tryon’s raids and he was largely unsuccessful in his combat with Major General William Tryon. ”Apart from his role as a militia officer, he was active in congress and his home was extremely busy during the war. General George Washington at Woloctts home and bullets were manufactured for the war efforts, the Continental Congress appointed Wolcott Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and he was elected to the Congress in 1775. He became seriously ill in 1776 and did not sign the Declaration of Independence until some time later, at the beginning of the Revolution, Congress had made Wolcott a commissioner of Indian affairs to persuade the northern Indian nations to remain neutral. His qualifications for this came from his early experience on the northern front of the French. Now he was asked along with Richard Butler and Arthur Lee, beyond his post war diplomatic role, Wolcott aspired to higher office. He was elected Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut as a Federalist in 1786 and he was reelected to the position, holding the office until his death at the age of seventy-one
30.
Jonathan Trumbull Jr.
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Jonathan Trumbull Jr. was an American politician who served as the second Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. And his wife Faith Robinson, daughter of Rev. John Robinson, Trumbull graduated from Harvard College in 1759, and gave the valedictory address when he received his masters degree in 1762. His brother John Trumbull was a painter of the Revolution. Carrying on the tradition of public service, Trumbull began with town and colony offices, lister, grand juror, surveyor of highways, justice of the peace. In 1774 he was elected deputy, the first of seven terms representing Lebanon. He served in the legislature three times, from 1774 to 1775, from 1779 to 1780, and in 1788. Trumbull served in the Continental Army as paymaster general of the Northern Department from 28 July 1775 to 29 July 1778 and he was included in the general orders of June 8,1781, Jonathan Trumbull. Junior, is appointed Secretary to the Commander in Chief and to be respected accordingly and he served for the duration of the war as aide-de-camp to General George Washington until 28 December 1783. After the war, he became a member of the Connecticut Society of the Cincinnati. Elected to the First, Second, and Third Congresses, Trumbull served in the United States House of Representatives from March 4,1789 to March 3,1795. He was the Speaker of the House in the Second Congress and he did not seek re-election for a fourth term and instead ran for the United States Senate. When Trumbull was elected to the United States Senate, he served from March 4,1795 to June 10,1796, on June 10,1796, he resigned from the United States Senate to become Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut. When the Governor died in December 1797, he became governor and was re-elected to eleven consecutive terms until his death in Lebanon, as a wedding present, his father built the Jonathan Trumbull House for him and his bride. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts, Trumbull died August 7,1809, aged 69 years and 134 days. He is interred at Trumbull Cemetery, Lebanon, Connecticut and he was one the original members of the board of trustees of Bacon Academy. Trumbull, Connecticut Trumbull County, Ohio Jonathan Trumbull Jr. at Find a Grave National Governors Association Notable Names Data Base
31.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
32.
Gunning Bedford Sr.
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Gunning Bedford Sr. was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, and a member of the Federalist Party and he is often confused with his cousin, Gunning Bedford Jr. who was a delegate to the U. S. Bedford was born on a farm in New Castle Hundred, near the town of New Castle, son of William and Catherine Jacquett Bedford. William Bedford was the grandson of another William Bedford who came to Delaware from Virginia around 1680, Gunning Bedford was educated at the Academy of Pennsylvania and married Mary Read, the sister of George Read in 1769. They lived at 6 The Strand in New Castle and were members of Immanuel Episcopal Church and he began his career as a merchant at New Castle, but later studied law, and was admitted to the Delaware Bar in 1779. Bedford was elected to four terms in the House of Assembly beginning with the 1783/84 session and he was elected a delegate to the U. S. Congress under the Articles of Confederation in 1786/87, but resigned shortly afterwards on January 15,1787. He then was elected to a term on the Legislative Council beginning with the 1788/89 session, in October 1795 he was the Federalist candidate for Governor, defeating Dr. Archibald Alexander, a retired army surgeon. He served as Governor from January 19,1796 until his death on September 30,1797, Bedford died at New Castle and is buried there in the Immanuel Episcopal Church Cemetery. He was the second Governor of Delaware to die in office, elections were held October 1 and members of the General Assembly took office on October 20 or the following weekday. State Legislative Councilors had a term and State Assemblymen had a one-year term. Beginning in 1792 elections were held on the first Tuesday of October, also in 1792 the State Legislative Council was renamed the State Senate and the State House of Assembly became the State House of Representatives. The State President became the Governor and was popularly elected and he takes office the third Tuesday in January and had a three-year term. History of the State of Delaware, history of Delaware Through its Governors. Munroe, John A. Federalist Delaware 1775-1815, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University. Philadelphia, L. J. Richards & Co, ward, Christopher L. Delaware Continentals, 1776-1783. Wilmington, DE, Historical Society of Delaware, Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Biography by Russell Pickett Delaware’s Governors Gunning Bedford Sr
33.
Jared Irwin
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Jared Irwin served twice as elected Governor of Georgia and. He first was elected to office as a reformer based on public outrage about the Yazoo land scandal and he signed a bill that nullified the Yazoo Act, which had authorized the land sales. Challenges to land purchased under the former act led to the United States Supreme Courts hearing the case Fletcher v. Peck. In a landmark decision, the Court upheld the land contracts, Jared Irwin was born in 1750 in what was then Anson County, North Carolina. His family moved to Burke County, Georgia when he was young, Irwin fought in the American Revolution, in which he entered the army as a private. During the war, he demonstrated leadership and was promoted to the rank of colonel and he was a member of the state convention that adopted the Constitution of 1789. Soon after the end of the war, Georgia and other states rapidly tried to develop their frontier lands and it was an environment ripe for scandal and speculation, which took place in Georgia and other states. Because of public outrage about millions of acres of lands being sold for low prices to insider speculators. On February 13,1796, less than two months after taking office, Irwin signed the bill nullifying the Yazoo Act, to make a public statement, he burned a copy of the Yazoo Act on the grounds of the capital. The legislature had just moved the capital to Louisville in response to the scandal, during his second term, Irwin administered the states second land lottery, as land sales and development were still a priority for the state. After some negotiation, Clarke agreed to surrender, provided that he, Clarke and his followers departed, and the militia burned down the new settlements and fortifications. Irwin died on March 1,1818, aged approximately 68 years, a resident of Washington County, Irwin was buried near Ohoopee Baptist Church. The towns of Irwinville and Irwinton, and the county of Irwin were named after him, obituary Jared Irwin at Find a Grave The Political Graveyard
34.
Governor of Kentucky
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of government in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Fifty-seven men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky, the governors term is four years in length, since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the states history, four men have served two terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U. S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years immediately before the United States Presidential Election, the current governor is Matt Bevin, who was first elected in 2015. The governors powers are enumerated in the state constitution, there have been four constitutions of Kentucky—adopted in 1792,1799,1850, and 1891, respectively—and each has enlarged the governors authority. Among the powers appropriated to the governor in the constitution are the ability to grant pardons, veto legislation, the governor serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces and is empowered to enforce all laws of the state. Because Kentuckys governor controls so many appointments to commissions, the office has been considered one of the most powerful state executive positions in the United States. The history of the office of Governor is largely one of long periods of domination by a single party, Federalists were rare among Kentuckians during the period of the First Party System, and Democratic Republicans won every gubernatorial election in the state until 1828. The Second Party System began when the Democratic-Republicans split into Jacksonian Democrats, beginning with the election of Thomas Metcalfe in 1828, the Whigs dominated the governorship until 1851, with John Breathitt being the only Democrat elected during that period. Since 1931, only four Republicans have served as governor of Kentucky, current governor Matt Bevin, in all four Kentucky constitutions, the first power enumerated to the governor is to serve as commander-in-chief of the states militia and military forces. In 1799, a stipulation was added that the governor would not personally lead troops on the battlefield unless advised to do so by a resolution of the General Assembly. Such a case occurred in 1813 when Governor Isaac Shelby, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, was asked to lead a band of Kentucky troops to aid William Henry Harrison at the Battle of the Thames. For his service, Shelby received the Thanks of Congress and the Congressional Gold Medal, the 1891 constitution further required that, with each application for a pardon, the governor file a statement of the reasons for his decision thereon, which. Shall always be open to public inspection and this requirement was first proposed by a delegate to the 1850 constitutional convention, but it was rejected at that time. The power of the governor to adjourn the General Assembly for a period of up to four months if the two houses cannot agree on a time to adjourn appears in all four constitutions, the governor is also empowered to convene the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions. This was an important provision in the days of the Commonwealth. Taylor claimed a state of insurrection existed in the capital, the 1891 constitution added a provision that the governor must specify the reason for any specially-called legislative session, and that no other business could be considered during the session. There is, however, no requirement that the legislature conduct any business during the called session
35.
James Garrard
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James Garrard was a farmer and Baptist minister who served as the second governor of Kentucky from 1796 to 1804. After serving in the Revolutionary War, Garrard moved west to the part of Virginia that is now Bourbon County and he held several local political offices and represented the area in the Virginia House of Delegates. He was chosen as a delegate to five of the ten conventions that secured Kentuckys separation from Virginia. Garrard was among the delegates who tried to exclude guarantees of the continuance of slavery from the document. In 1795, he sought to succeed Isaac Shelby as governor, in a three-way race, Benjamin Logan received a plurality, but not a majority, of the electoral votes cast. Logan protested Garrards election to state attorney general John Breckinridge and the state senate, a Democratic-Republican, Garrard opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts and favored passage of the Kentucky Resolutions. He lobbied for education, militia and prison reforms, business subsidies. In 1798, the states first governors mansion was constructed, due in part to the confusion resulting from the 1795 election, he favored calling a constitutional convention in 1799. Because of his views, he was not chosen as a delegate to the convention. During his second term, he applauded Thomas Jeffersons purchase of Louisiana from France as a means of dealing with the closure of the port at New Orleans to U. S. goods. Late in his term, his Secretary of State, Harry Toulmin, persuaded him to some doctrines of Unitarianism. He also clashed with the legislature over the appointment of a registrar for the land office, leaving him embittered. He retired to his estate, Mount Lebanon, and engaged in agricultural and commercial pursuits until his death on January 19,1822, Garrard County, Kentucky, created during his first term, was named in his honor. James Garrard was born in Stafford County, Virginia, on January 14,1749 and he was second of three children born to Colonel William and Mary Garrard. Garrards mother died sometime between 1755 and 1760, afterward, his father married Elizabeth Moss, and the couple had four more children. William Garrard was the county lieutenant of Stafford County, by virtue of which he held the rank of colonel and was in command of the county militia, the Garrard family was moderately wealthy, and the Stafford County courthouse was built on their land. During his childhood, James worked on his fathers farm and he was educated in the common schools of Stafford County and studied at home, acquiring a fondness for books. Early in life, he associated himself with the Hartwood Baptist Church near Fredericksburg, on December 20,1769, Garrard married his childhood sweetheart, Elizabeth Mountjoy
36.
Governor of Maryland
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The Governor of Maryland heads the executive branch of the government of the State of Maryland, and is the commander-in-chief of the states National Guard units. The Governor is the official in the state and has a broad range of appointive powers in both the State and local governments, as specified by the Maryland Constitution. Because of the extent of constitutional powers, the Governor of Maryland has been ranked as being among the most powerful Governors in the United States. The current Governor is Larry Hogan, a Republican who defeated Lt, Governor Anthony Brown on November 4,2014. Like most state chief executives in the United States, the Governor is elected by the citizens of Maryland to serve a four-year term, under the Constitution of Maryland, the Governor can run any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. This makes it possible for a governor to run for the office again after remaining out of office for at least one term. An eligible candidate for Governor must be at least 30 years old, and also a resident of, the Governor, like all statewide officials in Maryland, is elected in the even-numbered years in which the election for President of the United States does not occur. The main constitutional responsibility of the Governor of Maryland, and any other States chief executive, is to out the business of the state. The Governor also has some say in these laws, since the Governor has the ability to any bill sent to his or her desk by the Maryland General Assembly. Every year, the Governor must present a budget to the Maryland General Assembly. The Assembly may, however, increase funds for the Legislative, the Governor has the power to veto any law that is passed by the General Assembly, including a line item veto, which can be used to strike certain portions of appropriations bills. The Legislature then has the power to override a Governors veto by vote of three-fifths of the number of members in each house, the Governor also sits on the Board of Public Works, whose other two members are the Comptroller and the Treasurer. This Board has broad powers in overseeing and approving the spending of state funds and they must approve state expenditures of all general funds and capital improvement funds, excluding expenditures for the construction of state roads, bridges, and highways. The Governor appoints almost all military and civil officers of the State government, subject to advice, any officer appointed by the Governor, except a member of the General Assembly, is removable by him or her, if there is a legitimate cause for removal. Among the most prominent of the Governors appointees are the 24 secretaries and heads of departments that make up the Governors Cabinet. The Governor of Maryland is the Chairman of the Governors Executive Council which coordinates all state government functions, hunter-Cevera Adjutant General - Gen. Linda Singh Other members of the Governors Staff may be invited to Cabinet meetings as attendees. The Governor also oversees several sub-cabinets that coordinate the activities of a function of state government that involves several state departments or agencies. In times of emergency, the Governor may exercise emergency powers
37.
John Hoskins Stone
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John Hoskins Stone was an American planter, soldier, and politician from Charles County, Maryland. During the Revolutionary War he led the 1st Maryland Regiment of the Continental Army, after the war he served in the state legislature and was the seventh Governor from 1794 to 1797. John was born at his fathers plantation of Poynton Manor in Charles County and his family had been prominent since early colonial days when William Stone had served as governor a hundred years before his birth. His parents were David and Elizabeth Stone and his elder brothers included Thomas and Michael. John had been baptized in the Anglican Church, after the split caused by the revolution he was an active Episcopalian. He married Anne Couden in February 1781, and the couple would have six children, five of whom lived to adulthood, Couden, Anne, Elizabeth, Robert Couden, in 1775, Stone joined the newly organized Maryland Battalion led by Colonel William Smallwood as a Lieutenant. He was soon promoted to Captain of the battalions first company, the battalion became part of the 1st Maryland Regiment of the Continental Army, and went north to fight in the war. They fought in the Battles of Brooklyn and White Plains, then, in late 1776, when Smallwood was promoted to Brigadier General, Stone became the Lieutenant Colonel of the regiment. When the Continental Line was re-organized early in 1777, General Smallwood had earned additional responsibility as a brigade commander, Stone was made Colonel and commander of the 1st Maryland. He led the regiment in the Battles of Princeton, Brandywine and he was wounded at Germantown and as a result was lame for the rest of his life. Colonel Stone was back in command by the Battle of Monmouth. His unit was active in the defense of New Jersey. His career ended when he was wounded again in the Battle of Stony Point on July 14,1779 and this time his wounds were more serious and he resigned his commission on August 1. Stone returned home to Maryland and was made a member of the states Executive Council and he served there from 1779 until 1785. Charles County elected him to the Maryland House of Delegates in 1785 and he was returned annually until 1787, and again in 1790. Stone was then returned to the state Council in 1791 and 1792, john was elected to a single three-year term as Governor of Maryland, and served from 1794 to 1797 before returning to private life. He died in 1804 at Annapolis, Maryland at the age of 55, and was buried there
38.
John Henry (Maryland politician)
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John Henry was the eighth Governor of Maryland and member of the United States Senate. He was born at his familys estate, located near Vienna in Dorchester County and he was a member of the Episcopal Church and the United States Democratic-Republican Party. Originally, he was a member of the Federalist Party and he attended West Nottingham Academy in Cecil County, Maryland and graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1769, he then studied law at the Middle Temple in London. He returned to the United States in 1775 and practiced law in Dorchester County, Henry served as a member of Maryland House of Delegates from 1777 to 1780 and a member of the Maryland State Senate from 1780 to 1790. He was elected as an inaugural Senator from Maryland, serving 1789 as a Federalist till his resignation on December 10,1797 and he received 2 electoral votes for President of the United States in the 1796 election. He served as Governor of Maryland from 1797 to 1798 and he died in Dorchester County, at Weston, the same estate where he had been born. Henry is buried in Christ Episcopal Church Cemetery in Cambridge, henry’s Congressional biography John Henry – Delmarva Heritage Series
39.
Governor of Massachusetts
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the head of the executive branch of Massachusetts state government and serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The current governor is Charlie Baker, the Governor of Massachusetts is the chief executive of the Commonwealth, and is supported by a number of subordinate officers. He, like most other officers, senators, and representatives, was originally elected annually. In 1918 this was changed to a term, and since 1966 the office of governor has carried a four-year term. The Governor of Massachusetts does not receive a mansion, other official residence, instead, he resides in his own private residence. The title His Excellency is a throwback to the appointed governors of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The first governor to use the title was Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, in 1699, since he was an Earl, the title was retained until 1742, when an order from King George II forbade its further use. However, the framers of the state constitution revived it because they found it fitting to dignify the governor with this title, the governor also serves as commander-in-chief of the Commonwealths armed forces. According to the constitution, whenever the chair of the governor is vacant. The first time came into use was five years after the constitutions adoption in 1785. Most recently, Jane Swift became acting governor upon the resignation of Paul Cellucci, under this system, the lieutenant governor retains his or her position and title as lieutenant governor and becomes acting governor, not governor. The lieutenant governor, when acting as governor, is referred to as the lieutenant governor, the Massachusetts Constitution does not use the term acting governor. When the constitution was first adopted, the Governors Council was charged with acting as governor in the event that both the governorship and lieutenant governorship were vacant. This occurred in 1799 when Governor Increase Sumner died in office on June 7,1799, acting Governor Gill never received a lieutenant and died on May 20,1800, between that years election and the inauguration of Governor-elect Caleb Strong. The Governors Council served as the executive for ten days, the councils chair, the lieutenant governor does not succeed but only discharges powers and duties as acting governor. The governor has a 10-person cabinet, each of whom oversees a portion of the government under direct administration, see Government of Massachusetts for a complete listing. The tradition of the ceremonial door originated when departing Governor Benjamin Butler kicked open the front door, incoming governors usually choose at least one past governors portrait to hang in their office. The governor-elect is then escorted by the sergeant-at-arms to the House Chamber and sworn in by the president before a joint session of the House
40.
Samuel Adams
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Samuel Adams was an American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was a cousin to fellow Founding Father, President John Adams. Adams was born in Boston, brought up in a religious, a graduate of Harvard College, he was an unsuccessful businessman and tax collector before concentrating on politics. His 1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter calling for colonial non-cooperation prompted the occupation of Boston by British soldiers, continued resistance to British policy resulted in the 1773 Boston Tea Party and the coming of the American Revolution. Parliament passed the Coercive Acts in 1774, at which time Adams attended the Continental Congress in Philadelphia which was convened to coordinate a colonial response, Adams returned to Massachusetts after the American Revolution, where he served in the state senate and was eventually elected governor. Samuel Adams later became a figure in American history. Accounts written in the 19th century praised him as someone who had been steering his fellow colonists towards independence long before the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. This view gave way to negative assessments of Adams in the first half of the 20th century, both of these interpretations have been challenged by some modern scholars, who argue that these traditional depictions of Adams are myths contradicted by the historical record. Samuel Adams was born in Boston in the British colony of Massachusetts on September 16,1722, an Old Style date that is sometimes converted to the New Style date of September 27. Adams was one of children born to Samuel Adams, Sr. and Mary Adams in an age of high infant mortality. Adamss parents were devout Puritans and members of the Old South Congregational Church, the family lived on Purchase Street in Boston. Adams was proud of his Puritan heritage, and emphasized Puritan values in his political career, Samuel Adams, Sr. was a prosperous merchant and church deacon. Deacon Adams became a figure in Boston politics through an organization that became known as the Boston Caucus. The Boston Caucus helped shape the agenda of the Boston Town Meeting, Deacon Adams rose through the political ranks, becoming a justice of the peace, a selectman, and a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. In the coming years, members of the party became known as Whigs or Patriots. The younger Samuel Adams attended Boston Latin School and then entered Harvard College in 1736 and his parents hoped that his schooling would prepare him for the ministry, but Adams gradually shifted his interest to politics. After graduating in 1740, Adams continued his studies, earning a degree in 1743. Adamss life was affected by his fathers involvement in a banking controversy
41.
Increase Sumner
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Increase Sumner was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician from Massachusetts. He was the governor of Massachusetts, serving from 1797 to 1799. Trained as a lawyer, he served in the government of Massachusetts during the American Revolutionary War. Appointed to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court the same year, he served there as a justice until 1797. He was elected governor of Massachusetts three times by wide margins, but died shortly after the start of his third term. His descendants include his son William H. Sumner, for whom the Sumner Tunnel in Boston, Massachusetts is named, Increase Sumner was born on November 27,1746 in Roxbury, Province of Massachusetts Bay, one of eight children of Increase Sumner and Sarah Sharp. The elder Increase Sumner was a farmer descended from early settlers of Dorchester, he held a number of public offices including coroner for Suffolk County. In 1752 Sumner enrolled in the school in Roxbury, now Roxbury Latin School. Sumner excelled at school, and over the resistance of his father was enrolled at Harvard College in 1763, after graduating from Harvard, Sumner took charge of the Roxbury school, where he taught for two years while he apprenticed law under Samuel Quincy, the provincial solicitor general. He sought to study under John Adams, but the latter had enough students, Adams wrote that Sumner was a promising genius, and a studious and virtuous youth. Sumner was admitted to the bar in 1770 and opened a law office in Roxbury that year, Sumner was chosen a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1776 where he represented the town of Roxbury. In 1777 he participated in a convention to draft a new constitution. He continued to serve in the congress until the state constitution was adopted in 1780. This post he held for two years, in June 1782 he was elected to the Confederation Congress by the state legislature, replacing Timothy Danielson, who resigned, but Sumner never actually took the seat. In August 1782 Governor John Hancock nominated him as a justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court to replace James Sullivan. He accepted this position instead of the seat, and served from 1782 to 1797. Details on his record are sparse, in part because few official court records survive from the time. Sumner did take detailed notes of many of the cases he heard, the period when he served in the Supreme Judicial Court included a time of great turmoil in Massachusetts
42.
Governor of New Hampshire
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The Governor of the State of New Hampshire is the head of the executive branch of New Hampshires state government. The governor is elected at the state general election in November of even-numbered years. New Hampshire is one of two states, along with bordering Vermont, to hold gubernatorial elections every two years as opposed to every four. Currently, the states 82nd governor is Republican Chris Sununu, who has served since January 5,2017, in New Hampshire, the governor has no term limit of any kind. No governor has served more than three terms since the 18th century with the exception of John Lynch, who won an unprecedented fourth term on November 2,2010. John Taylor Gilman had been the last governor before Lynch to serve longer than six years, unlike in many other states in which Executive Councils are merely advisory, the Executive Council of New Hampshire has a strong check on the governors power. The five-member council has a veto over many actions of the governor, the governor has the sole power to veto bills and to command the National Guard while it is not in federal service. To be qualified to be governor, one must be 30 years of age, a registered voter, starting in 1679, the colonial governors had been known as President of New Hampshire. From 1786 to 1791, President of the State of New Hampshire was the style of the position. The New Hampshire Constitution was amended in 1791 to replace President with Governor, list of Governors of New Hampshire New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu New Hampshire State Constitution - EXECUTIVE POWER – GOVERNOR A New Nation Votes, American Election Returns, 1787-1825
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John Taylor Gilman
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John Taylor Gilman was a farmer, shipbuilder and statesman from Exeter, New Hampshire. He represented New Hampshire in the Continental Congress in 1782–1783 and was Governor of New Hampshire for 14 years, from 1794 to 1805, Gilman was born in Exeter, in the Province of New Hampshire. His family had settled in Exeter since its earliest days and he lived in the Ladd-Gilman house, now a part of the American Independence Museum. He received an education before he entered into the family shipbuilding. Aged 22, he read aloud a Dunlap Broadside brought to New Hampshire on July 16,1776 to the city of Exeter, the American Independence Museum commemorates his brave act every year at their American Independence Festival, where a role-player reads the Declaration in its entirety to festival-goers. Gilman was one of the Minutemen of 1775 and a selectman in 1777 and 1778, Gilman served as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1779 and 1781 and was a delegate to the Convention of the States in Hartford, Connecticut, in October 1780. He served as a member of the Continental Congress in 1782 and 1783 and he was the New Hampshire Treasurer in 1791 and moderator in 1791–1794,1806,1807, 1809–1811,1817,1818, and 1820–1825. Gilman served a Governor of New Hampshire between 1794 and 1805 and was a candidate for re-election in 1805. He was again a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1810 and 1811 and he was elected Governor and served from 1813 to 1816 and declined to be a candidate for renomination for Governor in 1816. He was an ex officio trustee of Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire and he was president of the board of trustees of Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire, 1795–1827, and donor of the oldest property, the Yard, upon which the older buildings stand. Gilman was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814, Gilman was married to Deborah Gilman, the daughter of Major General Nathaniel Folsom of Exeter. He died in Exeter on September 1,1828 and he is the first Governor of New Hampshire not to have a place in the state named after him. The town of Gilmanton, settled by 24 members of the extended Gilman clan, was named for the family as a whole, gilmans Congressional Biography Gilman, John Taylor, 1753–1828, Guide to Research Collections
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