1.
1804
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As of the start of 1804, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – Haiti gains independence from France and becomes the first black republic, february 14 – The First Serbian Uprising begins as an intro into Serbian Revolution. By 1817, Principality of Serbia proclaims self-rule from Ottoman Empire, february 15 – New Jersey becomes the last northern state to abolish slavery. February 16 – First Barbary War, Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the pirate-held frigate USS Philadelphia at Tripoli to deny her further use by the captors, february 18 – Ohio University is chartered by the Ohio General Assembly. February – The 1804 Haiti Massacre, a cleansing, eradicates the white population on Haiti. March 7 John Wedgwood founds the Royal Horticultural Society, Thomas Charles is instrumental in founding the British and Foreign Bible Society. March 10 – Louisiana Purchase, In St. Louis, a ceremony is conducted to transfer ownership of Louisiana Territory from France to the United States. March 17 – First performance of Friedrich Schillers play Wilhelm Tell, march 21 – The Napoleonic Code is adopted as French civil law. April 2 – Forty merchantmen are wrecked when a convoy led by the HMS Apollo runs aground off Portugal, April 26 – Henry Addington resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. May 10 – William Pitt the Younger begins his term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. May 14 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition departs from Camp Dubois, may 18 – Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of the French by the French Senate. May 21 – Père Lachaise Cemetery a 118 acres cemetery in Paris, june 9 – Beethovens Symphony No.3 in E–flat premiered in Vienna. June 15 – The Twelfth Amendment to the U. S, constitution is ratified by New Hampshire, and arguably becomes effective. July 11 – Alexander Hamilton is shot during a duel with Aaron Burr, july 27 – The Twelfth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution ratified by Tennessee, removing doubt surrounding adoption, september 1 – German astronomer K. L. Harding discovers the asteroid Juno. November 3 – The Treaty of St. November 20 – Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat, december 2 – Coronation of Napoleon I, At the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, Napoleon crowns himself as the first Emperor of the French in a thousand years. Witnessing this, Simón Bolívar dedicates himself to liberating Venezuela from Spanish rule, december 3 – Thomas Jefferson defeats Charles C. Pinckney in the United States presidential election, december 12 – Spain declares war on the United Kingdom
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1802 in the United States
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Events from the year 1802 in the United States. April 19 – The Judiciary Act of 1802 is enacted, reorganizing the court system. April 30 – The Enabling Act of 1802 authorizes the creation of Ohio from the Northwest Territory, June 1 – William Thornton is appointed the first superintendent of the United States Patent Office. July 4 – At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens, october 2 – First Barbary War, Fighting ends between Sweden and Tripoli. The United States also negotiates peace, but war continues over the size of compensation, october 12 – Joseph Gardner Swift and Simeon Magruder Levy become the first graduates of the United States Military Academy. U. S. House of Representatives elections,142 representatives are elected,36 more than the 7th Congress, First Barbary War April 2 – Archibald Dixon, U. S. Senator from Kentucky from 1852 to 1855 April 4 – Dorothea Dix, mental health reformer May 10 – James Westcott, senator from Florida from 1845 to 1849 June 10 – James W. Bradbury, U. S. Senator from Maine from 1847 to 1853 June 30 – Benjamin Fitzpatrick, senator from Alabama from 1848 to 1849 and from 1853 to 1861 August 10 – Dixon Hall Lewis, U. S. Senator from Alabama from 1844 to 1848 November 5 – James F. Trotter, senator from Mississippi in 1838 May 22 – Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States A Register of Marriages and Deaths,1802. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.24,2, pp. 207–211 W. L. McAtee. Journal of Benjamin Smith Barton on a Visit to Virginia,1802, 7/8, pp. 85–117 Elizabeth G. McPherson. The Southern States and the Reporting of Senate Debates, 1789-1802, the Journal of Southern History, Vol.12, No. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol.14,1, pp. 26–28 C. Richard Arena. Philadelphia-Mississippi Valley trade and deposit closure of 1802, why the United States Military Academy was Established in 1802. 1, pp. 16–28 Elizabeth Gaspar Brown, Augustus B, a Jeffersonians Recommendations for A Lawyers Education,1802. The American Journal of Legal History, Vol.13, No,2, pp. 139–144 Jerry W. Knudson. The Jeffersonian Assault on the Federalist Judiciary, 1802–1805, Political Forces, the American Journal of Legal History, Vol.14, No. 1, pp. 55–75 Howard A. Ohline, georgetown, South Carolina, Racial Anxieties and Militant Behavior,1802
4.
1803 in the United States
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Events from the year 1803 in the United States. February 24 – Marbury v. Madison, The Supreme Court of the United States establishes the principle of judicial review, march 1 – Ohio is admitted as the 17th U. S. state, retroactive from August 7,1953. April 30 – Louisiana Purchase is made by the United States from France, july 4 – The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people. October 20 – The Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, doubling the size of the United States, barely three weeks later, on December 20, France transfers the same land to the United States as the Louisiana Purchase. S. September 27 – Samuel Francis Du Pont, rear admiral September 29 – Mercator Cooper, sea captain October 24 – Albert Smith White, U. S. Senator from Indiana from 1839 to 1845 November 14 – Jacob Abbott, childrens writer December 18 or 27 – William Allen, U. S. S. December 30 – Francis Lewis, signatory of the Declaration of Independence Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont, Father of the American Revolution William Verstille, the Commercial Privileges of the Treaty of 1803. The American Historical Review, Vol.7, No, an American Literary Incident of 1803. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.70,3, pp. 270–280 Robert Mills, Hennig Cohen. An Unpublished Diary by Robert Mills,1803, the South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol.51, No. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol.14,1, pp. 26–28 Jerry W. Knudson. The Jeffersonian Assault on the Federalist Judiciary, 1802–1805, Political Forces, the American Journal of Legal History, Vol.14, No. 1, pp. 55–75 John F. Hoadley, the Emergence of Political Parties in Congress, 1789-1803. The American Political Science Review, Vol.74, No,3, pp. 757–779 John W. Wagner. New York City Concert Life, 1801-5,2, pp. 53–69 Kevin M. Gannon. Escaping Mr. Jeffersons Plan of Destruction, New England Federalists, Journal of the Early Republic, Vol.21, No. 3, pp. 413–443 Peter S. Onuf, the Wilson Quarterly, Vol.27, No. Media related to 1803 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
5.
1805 in the United States
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Events from the year 1805 in the United States. February 11 – Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, son of Sacagawea is born with Meriwether Lewis aiding in the babys delivery, February 15 – Harmony Society formally established in the U. S. at Harmony, Pennsylvania. March 1 – Justice Samuel Chase is acquitted of impeachment charges by the U. S. Senate, march 3 – Louisiana Territory is created. March 4 – Thomas Jefferson is sworn in for a term as President of the United States. April 7 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition departs Fort Mandan for the Pacific Ocean April 27 – Battle of Derne, United States Marines, june 4 – The First Barbary War ends between Tripoli and the United States of America. June 11 – Detroit burns to the ground, most of the city is destroyed, june 30 – Michigan Territory is effective. July 4 – Louisiana Territory is effective, october 18 – Lewis and Clark Expedition spot Mount Hood. November 7 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition arrives at the Pacific Ocean, First Barbary War Lewis and Clark Expedition February 11 – Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, son of Sacagawea, American explorer, guide, fur trapper, trader, and Military Scout. June 14 – Robert Anderson, United States Army officer during the American Civil War July 10 – Jacob M. Howard, october 9 – William M. Gwin, United States Senator from California from 1850 till 1855 and from 1857 till 1861. December 23 – Joseph Smith, Jr, American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. Robert Alexander John Ames John Sloss Hobart Timeline of the Lewis, effects of Lightning on the House of Capt. Daniel Merry, and Several Other Houses in the Vicinity, on the Evening of the 11th of May 1805. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol.3,1, pp. 86–91 William Lattimore to his Constituents,1805. The American Historical Review, Vol.29, No,3, pp. 506–510 W. H. G. Armytage. A Sheffield Quaker in Philadelphia 1804-1806,3, pp. 192–205 Rollo G. Silver. Belcher & Armstrong Set up Shop,1805, studies in Bibliography, Vol.4, pp. 201–204 Dorothy Wollon, Margaret Kinard. Sir Augustus J. Foster and The Wild Natives of the Woods, the William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.9, No. 2, pp. 191–214 Jerry W. Knudson, the Jeffersonian Assault on the Federalist Judiciary, 1802–1805, Political Forces and Press Reaction. The American Journal of Legal History, Vol.14, No,1, pp. 55–75 Charles Merrill Mount
6.
1806 in the United States
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Events from the year 1806 in the United States. March 29 – Construction is authorized of the National Road, may 30 – Andrew Jackson kills a man in a duel after the man had accused Jacksons wife of bigamy. July 15 – Pike expedition, Near St. Louis, Missouri, august 14 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition makes its return to the Mandan Indians while making its return trip to St. Louis. September 23 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition reaches St. Louis, Missouri, ending a successful exploration of the Louisiana Territory and the Pacific Northwest. November 15 – Pike expedition, During his second exploratory expedition, noah Webster publishes A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, his first American English dictionary. Observations on the Total Eclipse of the Sun June 16,1806, memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol.3, No. 1, pp. 18–22 Simeon De Witt, observations on the Eclipse of 16 June 1806, Made by Simeon De Witt Esq. of Albany, State of New-York, Addressed to Benjamin Rush M. D. to Be by Him Communicated to the American Philosophical Society. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.6, pp. 300–302 The Massachusetts Election in 1806, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Second Series, Vol.20, pp. 1–21 Herbert E. Bolton. Papers of Zebulon M. Pike, 1806-1807, the American Historical Review, Vol.13, No. William and Mary College, July 4,1806, the William and Mary Quarterly, Second Series, Vol.3, No. 3, pp. 201–205 Elizabeth Heyward Jervey, marriage and Death Notices from the Charleston Courier 1806. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol.30,2, pp. 117–124 W. E. Hollon. Zebulon Montgomery Pikes Mississippi Voyage, 1805-1806, the Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol.32, No. 4, pp. 445–455 W. H. G. Armytage, a Sheffield Quaker in Philadelphia 1804-1806. Impressment in the Monroe-Pinkney Negotiation, 1806-1807, the American Historical Review, Vol.57, No. 2, pp. 352–369 George S. Snyderman, halliday Jacksons Journal of a Visit Paid to the Indians of New York. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.101, No,6, Studies of Historical Documents in the Library of the American Philosophical Society, pp. 565–588 John H. Reinoehl. Some Remarks on the American Trade, Jacob Crowninshield to James Madison 1806, the William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.16, No
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Star-Spangled Banner (flag)
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The Star-Spangled Banner, or the Great Garrison Flag, was the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the naval portion of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. In Baltimores preparation for an attack on the city, Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the citys harbor. The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag, the largest battle flag ever flown at the time, the smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag, to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather. Available documentation shows that this flag was sewn by local flagmaker Mary Young Pickersgill under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $405.90. George Armistead, the commander of Fort McHenry, specified a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance. Mary Pickersgill stitched the flag from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting, assisted by her daughter, the flag has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the United States Congresss Flag Act of 1794, represent Vermont, the stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued, the flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet. Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet wide, and each of the stars measures about 2 feet in diameter, the flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown. The Flag was flown over the fort when 5,000 British soldiers, the bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the evening of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Key, an American lawyer, being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the Garrison Flag still flying at dawn of the morning of the 14th, the poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled The Star-Spangled Banner, and a portion of it would later be adopted as the United States National Anthem. Since its arrival at the Smithsonian, the flag has undergone multiple preservation efforts, the flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact. It remained in the possession of Major Armistead, who was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Eben Appleton, Colonel Armisteads grandson, inherited the flag in 1878, in 1907, he lent it to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 it was made a formal gift. Today it is housed in the National Museum of American History, one of the Smithsonian Institution museums on the National Mall in Washington. The flag was given to the museum in 1912, and has undergone multiple restoration efforts after being restored by Amelia Fowler in 1914. Due to environmental and light damage a four phase restoration project began in May 1999, in the first phase, the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration
9.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
10.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
11.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
12.
Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he was elected the second Vice President of the United States, Jefferson was primarily of English ancestry, born and educated in colonial Virginia. He graduated from the College of William & Mary and briefly practiced law and he became the United States Minister to France in May 1785, and subsequently the nations first Secretary of State in 1790–1793 under President George Washington. Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System, as President, Jefferson pursued the nations shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies. He also organized the Louisiana Purchase, almost doubling the countrys territory, as a result of peace negotiations with France, his administration reduced military forces. Jeffersons second term was beset with difficulties at home, including the trial of former Vice President Aaron Burr, American foreign trade was diminished when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807, responding to British threats to U. S. shipping. In 1803, Jefferson began a process of Indian tribe removal to the newly organized Louisiana Territory. Jefferson mastered many disciplines, which ranged from surveying and mathematics to horticulture and he was a proven architect in the classical tradition. Jeffersons keen interest in religion and philosophy earned him the presidency of the American Philosophical Society and he shunned organized religion, but was influenced by both Christianity and deism. He was well versed in linguistics and spoke several languages and he founded the University of Virginia after retiring from public office. He was a letter writer and corresponded with many prominent and important people throughout his adult life. His only full-length book is Notes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson owned several plantations which were worked by hundreds of slaves. Most historians now believe that, after the death of his wife in 1782, he had a relationship with his slave Sally Hemings and fathered at least one of her children. Various modern scholars are more critical of Jeffersons private life, pointing out the discrepancy between his ownership of slaves and his political principles, for example. Presidential scholars, however, consistently rank Jefferson among the greatest presidents, Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13,1743, at the family home in Shadwell in the Colony of Virginia, the third of ten children. He was of English and possibly Welsh descent and was born a British subject and his father Peter Jefferson was a planter and surveyor who died when Jefferson was fourteen, his mother was Jane Randolph. Peter Jefferson moved his family to Tuckahoe Plantation in 1745 upon the death of a friend who had named him guardian of his children, the Jeffersons returned to Shadwell in 1752, where Peter died in 1757, his estate was divided between his sons Thomas and Randolph. Thomas inherited approximately 5,000 acres of land, including Monticello and he assumed full authority over his property at age 21
13.
Democratic-Republican Party
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The new party controlled the presidency and Congress, as well as most states, from 1801 to 1825, during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress, and included many politicians who had opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves Republicans after their ideology Republicanism and they distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism. The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement and the short-lived National Republican Party, the term Democratic-Republican is used especially by modern political scientists for the first Republican Party. It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans, historians typically use the title Republican Party. An Anti-Administration faction met secretly in the capital to oppose Hamiltons financial programs. Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism, Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities. Foreign affairs took a role in 1794–95 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy, the party denounced many of Hamiltons measures as unconstitutional, especially the national bank. The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast and it demanded states rights as expressed by the Principles of 1798 articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law. Above all, the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers, Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists. The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election, the Federalists—too elitist to appeal to most people—faded away, and totally collapsed after 1815. The Republicans dominated the First Party System, despite internal divisions, the party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress. They included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, by 1824, the caucus system had practically collapsed. After 1800, the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England, by 1824, the party was split four ways and lacked a center, as the First Party System collapsed. The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions, one remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828. Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828, the precise date of founding is disputed, but 1791 is a reasonable estimate, some time by 1792 is certain. The elections of 1792 were the first ones to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis, in most states the congressional elections were recognized, as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it, as a struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest
14.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
15.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
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Aaron Burr
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Aaron Burr Jr. was an American politician. He was the vice president of the United States, serving during President Thomas Jeffersons first term. Burr served as a Continental Army officer in the Revolutionary War, after which he became a successful lawyer, the highlight of Burrs tenure as president of the senate was the Senates first impeachment trial, that of Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase. In 1804, the last full year of his term as vice president. Burr was never tried for the duel, and all charges against him were eventually dropped. After leaving Washington, Burr traveled west seeking new opportunities, both economic and political and his activities eventually led to his arrest on charges of treason in 1807. The subsequent trial resulted in acquittal, but Burrs western schemes left him with large debts, in a final quest for grand opportunities, he left the United States for Europe. He remained overseas until 1812, when he returned to the United States to practice law in New York City, there he spent the rest of his life in relative obscurity. Aaron Burr Jr. was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1756 as the child of the Reverend Aaron Burr Sr. a Presbyterian minister. His mother Esther Burr was the daughter of Jonathan Edwards, the noted Calvinist theologian, Burr had an older sister Sarah, named for her maternal grandmother. She later married Tapping Reeve, founder of the Litchfield Law School in Litchfield, Burrs father died in 1757, and his mother the following year, leaving him and his sister orphans when he was two years old. He and his sister first lived with their grandparents, but Sarah Edwards also died in 1757. Young Aaron and Sally were placed with the William Shippen family in Philadelphia, in 1759, the childrens guardianship was assumed by their 21-year-old maternal uncle Timothy Edwards. The next year, Edwards married Rhoda Ogden and moved with the children to Elizabeth, New Jersey, rhodas younger brothers Aaron Ogden and Matthias Ogden became the boys playmates. The three boys, along with their neighbor Jonathan Dayton, formed a group of friends that lasted their lifetimes, Aaron Burr was admitted to the sophomore class of the College of New Jersey at the age of 13, after being rejected once at age 11. Aside from being occupied with studies, he was a part of the American Whig Society and Cliosophic Society. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1772 at age 16 and he studied theology for an additional year, before rigorous theological training with Joseph Bellamy, a Presbyterian. He changed his career two years later, at age 19, when he moved to Connecticut to study law with his brother-in-law Tapping Reeve
17.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
18.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
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John Marshall
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John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and he was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801. Most notably, he reinforced the principle that courts are obligated to exercise judicial review. Thus, Marshall cemented the position of the American judiciary as an independent, in particular, he repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law, and supported an expansive reading of the enumerated powers. Some of his decisions were unpopular, nevertheless, Marshall built up the third branch of the federal government, and augmented federal power in the name of the Constitution, and the rule of law. John Marshall was of almost entirely English ancestry, though his mother also had some distant Scottish ancestry as well, the oldest of fifteen, John had eight sisters and six brothers. Also, several cousins were raised with the family, from a young age, he was noted for his good humor and black eyes, which were strong and penetrating, beaming with intelligence and good nature. Marshall loved his home, built in 1790, in Richmond, Virginia, for approximately three months each year, Marshall lived in Washington during the Courts annual term, boarding with Justice Story during his final years at the Ringgold-Carroll House. Marshall also left Richmond for several weeks each year to serve on the court in Raleigh. He also maintained the D. S. Tavern property in Albemarle County, Marshall himself was not religious, and although his grandfather was a priest, never formally joined a church. He did not believe Jesus was a divine being, and in some of his opinions referred to a deist Creator of all things. He was an active Freemason and served as Grand Master of Masons in Virginia in 1794–1795 of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free, while in Richmond, Marshall attended St. The Marshall family occupied Monumental Churchs pew No.23 and entertained the Marquis de Lafayette there during his visit to Richmond in 1824, Thomas Marshall was employed in Fauquier County as a surveyor and land agent by Lord Fairfax, which provided Marshall with a substantial income. In the early 1760s, the Marshall family left Germantown and moved about 30 miles miles to Leeds Manor on the slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the banks of Goose Creek, Thomas Marshall built a frame house. Thomas Marshall was not yet established, so he leased it from Colonel Richard Henry Lee. The Marshalls called their new home the Hollow, and the ten years they resided there were John Marshalls formative years, in 1773, the Marshall family moved once again. Thomas Marshall, by then a man of means, purchased an estate adjacent to North Cobbler Mountain in Delaplane
20.
Nathaniel Macon
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Nathaniel Macon was an American politician who served as a U. S. Senator and Representative from North Carolina, during his political career he was spokesman for the Old Republican faction of the Democratic-Republican Party that wanted to strictly limit the United States federal government. Macon was born near Warrenton, North Carolina, and attended the College of New Jersey and he was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1791 to 1815, from 1801 to 1807 he was the fifth Speaker of the House. He served in the Senate from 1815 until his resignation in 1828 and he was president of the North Carolina Constitutional Convention of 1835. Nathaniel Macon was the son of Maj. Gideon Macon and Priscilla Jones, Gideon Macon was born in Virginia, but moved to North Carolina in the early 1740s. He and Priscilla were married in North Carolina in 1744, Gideon Macon built Macon Manor and became a prosperous tobacco planter. Nathaniel, born at Macon Manor, was the child of Gideon and Priscilla. Upon his death, Gideon possessed 3,000 acres of land, Nathaniel was bequeathed two parcels of land and all of his father’s blacksmithing tools. Gideon also left his son three slaves, George, Robb, and Lucy. In 1766, Priscilla Macon, now the wife of Col. James Ransom, for this purpose, they engaged Mr. Charles Pettigrew who later became the Principal of the Academy of Edenton in 1733. The two brothers and their neighbors, Joseph and Benjamin Hawkins, were instructed by him from 1766–1773, three of the four boys continued on to further their education at the College of New Jersey at Princeton. Nathaniel’s father’s parents were John Macon and Ann Hunt, both of Virginia, nathaniel’s paternal great-grandparents were Col. Gideon Macon and Martha Woodward. Gideon and Martha Woodward Macon were also the great-grandparents of Martha Dandridge who married George Washington, therefore, Nathaniel Macon was the second cousin of Martha Dandridge Washington. Nathaniel met Hannah Plummer in 1782 in Warrenton, North Carolina and her parents were Virginians, as were Nathaniels, and they were well connected. Nathaniel was a man, over 6 feet, and considered attractive. However, after a number of months of courtship, Hannah, one story often told of Hannahs courtship involves Nathaniel challenging an unnamed potential suitor to a card game, with Hannah as the prize. The offer was accepted, and Nathaniel lost the card game, upon losing, he turned to Hannah and exclaimed notwithstanding I have lost you fairly—love is superior to honesty—I cannot give you up. This won her favor, with he and Hannah marrying soon afterwards and their wedding took place on October 9,1783, and their marriage was an affectionate one
21.
North Carolina
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North Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U. S. states. The state is divided into 100 counties, the most populous municipality is Charlotte, which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City. The state has a range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell. The climate of the plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a highland climate. North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, the United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region. So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, the most famous of these is the Queen Annes Revenge, which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the states most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population. It consists of rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet in the west, the western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, the Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet, the highest point east of the Mississippi River. North Carolina has 17 major river basins, the five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico, while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins,11 originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four are contained entirely within the states border – the Cape Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico basin. Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state, the climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, especially in the coastal plain. These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast, the coastal plain averages around 1 inch of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all. North Carolina experiences severe weather in summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain
22.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
23.
8th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1803 to March 4,1805, during the last two years of the first administration of U. S. President Thomas Jefferson. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Second Census of the United States in 1800, both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority. S. It was formerly a portion of the District of Louisiana, january 11,1805, Michigan Territory was organized. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. Following the 1800 census, the size of the House was increased to 142 seats from 108, Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Lists of committees and their party leaders, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
24.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
25.
Jonathan Trumbull Jr.
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Jonathan Trumbull Jr. was an American politician who served as the second Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. And his wife Faith Robinson, daughter of Rev. John Robinson, Trumbull graduated from Harvard College in 1759, and gave the valedictory address when he received his masters degree in 1762. His brother John Trumbull was a painter of the Revolution. Carrying on the tradition of public service, Trumbull began with town and colony offices, lister, grand juror, surveyor of highways, justice of the peace. In 1774 he was elected deputy, the first of seven terms representing Lebanon. He served in the legislature three times, from 1774 to 1775, from 1779 to 1780, and in 1788. Trumbull served in the Continental Army as paymaster general of the Northern Department from 28 July 1775 to 29 July 1778 and he was included in the general orders of June 8,1781, Jonathan Trumbull. Junior, is appointed Secretary to the Commander in Chief and to be respected accordingly and he served for the duration of the war as aide-de-camp to General George Washington until 28 December 1783. After the war, he became a member of the Connecticut Society of the Cincinnati. Elected to the First, Second, and Third Congresses, Trumbull served in the United States House of Representatives from March 4,1789 to March 3,1795. He was the Speaker of the House in the Second Congress and he did not seek re-election for a fourth term and instead ran for the United States Senate. When Trumbull was elected to the United States Senate, he served from March 4,1795 to June 10,1796, on June 10,1796, he resigned from the United States Senate to become Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut. When the Governor died in December 1797, he became governor and was re-elected to eleven consecutive terms until his death in Lebanon, as a wedding present, his father built the Jonathan Trumbull House for him and his bride. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts, Trumbull died August 7,1809, aged 69 years and 134 days. He is interred at Trumbull Cemetery, Lebanon, Connecticut and he was one the original members of the board of trustees of Bacon Academy. Trumbull, Connecticut Trumbull County, Ohio Jonathan Trumbull Jr. at Find a Grave National Governors Association Notable Names Data Base
26.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
27.
David Hall (Delaware governor)
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For other persons named David Hall, see David Hall David Hall was an American lawyer and politician from Lewes, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, and member of the Democratic-Republican Party, Hall was born in Lewes, Delaware, son of David and Mary Kollock Hall. His grandfather was Nathaniel Hall, who known as the Indian Fighter and he came to Delaware from Connecticut in 1700. His father, David Hall, Sr. was a well known farmer from around Lewes, who was a Justice of the Peace, in 1776, David Jr. married Catherine Tingley, daughter of Samuel Tingley, the Rector of St. Peters Episcopal Church. They had six children, Elizabeth, Mary, Jane, Catherine, Lydia, in time he built a home at 107 Kings Highway, across the road from the Zwaanendael Museum. They were members of the Lewes Presbyterian Church, Hall studied law and was admitted to the Bar in New Castle, Delaware, in 1773. Following Haslets death at Princeton in January 1777, he became the leader of the regiment and he led the regiment at the Battle of Brandywine and again at the Battle of Germantown where he was wounded on October 4,1777. The following year he spent recovering, recruiting new soldiers in Wilmington, when the Delaware Regiment went to South Carolina in April 1780, Hall did not go. Responding to his requests, the General Assembly authorized some payment, but it was never enough. Meanwhile Hall pursued his law practice in Lewes and entered politics and he was a Jeffersonian Democrat-Republican, like most Presbyterians, but in Anglican Lewes, he was in the minority. He was badly beaten by Federalist Richard Bassett, when he ran for Governor in 1798 and he ran again in 1801 against Episcopalian Nathaniel Mitchell, a professed Deist, and a person openly critical of Methodists. Hall served as Governor from January 19,1802 until January 15,1805, during this time Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours bought the old Jacob Broom cotton mills on Brandywine Creek and began his gunpowder business. This was also the point of the greatest abolitionist sentiment in Delaware and he was an unsuccessful candidate for the U. S. House in 1805 against James M. Broom, and again in 1812 for the seat won by the Federalist candidate, Thomas Cooper. The next year he was named a judge of the Sussex County Court of Common Pleas, Hall died at Lewes, and is buried there in the Lewes Presbyterian Church cemetery. The Col. David Hall House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, elections were held the first Tuesday of October. The Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and had a three-year term, judges of the Courts of Common Pleas were selected by the General Assembly for the life of the person appointed. History of the State of Delaware, a History of Delaware Through its Governors. Newark, Delaware, University of Delaware Press, munroe, John A. Federalist Delaware 1775-1815
28.
John Milledge
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John Milledge was an American politician. He fought in the American Revolution and later served as United States Representative, 26th Governor of Georgia, Milledge was a founder of Athens, Georgia, and the University of Georgia. John Milledge was born in Savannah, the grandson of a settler of Georgia. He was tutored privately and studied law, after being admitted to the bar, he opened a law practice in Savannah. At the onset of the Revolutionary War, Milledge was part of a group that took colonial governor Sir James Wright as a prisoner in 1775 and he also took part in a raid of Savannahs royal armory to procure gunpowder for the revolutionary cause. When the British captured Savannah, Milledge escaped to South Carolina and he participated in the Siege of Savannah in an attempt to drive the British forces out. In 1778, he served as an aide to Governor John Houstoun in a campaign against the British in East Florida. In 1781, as a colonel in the Georgia militia, he helped to recapture Augusta, milledges political career began in 1779, when he was elected to the patriot general assembly. After serving as the general of Georgia, Milledge was member of the Georgia General Assembly. While in the General Assembly, he spoke out forcefully against the Yazoo Land Acts, in 1792, the House of Representatives declared the seat of Anthony Wayne vacant due to disputes over his residency. Milledge was elected to the Second Congress to fill this vacancy and served from November 22,1792, later, Milledge would be elected to the Fourth and Fifth Congresses, serving from March 4,1795 to March 3,1799. In 1801, he was elected to Congress, this time as a Democratic-Republican. Milledge was Governor of Georgia from 1802 to 1806, as governor, he created Georgias first land lottery, to combat corruption in the distribution of former Creek lands to settlers. He also reorganized the militia, and built a road from Georgia to Tennessee passing through Cherokee lands. In 1803, Milledgeville, Georgia, state capital from 1804 to 1868, was named in his honor, in 1806, he was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of James Jackson. He was a loyal and enthusiastic supporter of the policies of President Thomas Jefferson, in the 10th United States Congress, he was named President pro tempore of the Senate. He served as a Senator from June 19,1806, until November 14,1809, while serving in the U. S. House of Representatives, Milledge was named to a commission to establish a site for the state University of Georgia. On July 25,1801 Milledge bought with his own some land on the Oconee River for the school
29.
Governor of Kentucky
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of government in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Fifty-seven men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky, the governors term is four years in length, since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the states history, four men have served two terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U. S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years immediately before the United States Presidential Election, the current governor is Matt Bevin, who was first elected in 2015. The governors powers are enumerated in the state constitution, there have been four constitutions of Kentucky—adopted in 1792,1799,1850, and 1891, respectively—and each has enlarged the governors authority. Among the powers appropriated to the governor in the constitution are the ability to grant pardons, veto legislation, the governor serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces and is empowered to enforce all laws of the state. Because Kentuckys governor controls so many appointments to commissions, the office has been considered one of the most powerful state executive positions in the United States. The history of the office of Governor is largely one of long periods of domination by a single party, Federalists were rare among Kentuckians during the period of the First Party System, and Democratic Republicans won every gubernatorial election in the state until 1828. The Second Party System began when the Democratic-Republicans split into Jacksonian Democrats, beginning with the election of Thomas Metcalfe in 1828, the Whigs dominated the governorship until 1851, with John Breathitt being the only Democrat elected during that period. Since 1931, only four Republicans have served as governor of Kentucky, current governor Matt Bevin, in all four Kentucky constitutions, the first power enumerated to the governor is to serve as commander-in-chief of the states militia and military forces. In 1799, a stipulation was added that the governor would not personally lead troops on the battlefield unless advised to do so by a resolution of the General Assembly. Such a case occurred in 1813 when Governor Isaac Shelby, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, was asked to lead a band of Kentucky troops to aid William Henry Harrison at the Battle of the Thames. For his service, Shelby received the Thanks of Congress and the Congressional Gold Medal, the 1891 constitution further required that, with each application for a pardon, the governor file a statement of the reasons for his decision thereon, which. Shall always be open to public inspection and this requirement was first proposed by a delegate to the 1850 constitutional convention, but it was rejected at that time. The power of the governor to adjourn the General Assembly for a period of up to four months if the two houses cannot agree on a time to adjourn appears in all four constitutions, the governor is also empowered to convene the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions. This was an important provision in the days of the Commonwealth. Taylor claimed a state of insurrection existed in the capital, the 1891 constitution added a provision that the governor must specify the reason for any specially-called legislative session, and that no other business could be considered during the session. There is, however, no requirement that the legislature conduct any business during the called session
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James Garrard
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James Garrard was a farmer and Baptist minister who served as the second governor of Kentucky from 1796 to 1804. After serving in the Revolutionary War, Garrard moved west to the part of Virginia that is now Bourbon County and he held several local political offices and represented the area in the Virginia House of Delegates. He was chosen as a delegate to five of the ten conventions that secured Kentuckys separation from Virginia. Garrard was among the delegates who tried to exclude guarantees of the continuance of slavery from the document. In 1795, he sought to succeed Isaac Shelby as governor, in a three-way race, Benjamin Logan received a plurality, but not a majority, of the electoral votes cast. Logan protested Garrards election to state attorney general John Breckinridge and the state senate, a Democratic-Republican, Garrard opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts and favored passage of the Kentucky Resolutions. He lobbied for education, militia and prison reforms, business subsidies. In 1798, the states first governors mansion was constructed, due in part to the confusion resulting from the 1795 election, he favored calling a constitutional convention in 1799. Because of his views, he was not chosen as a delegate to the convention. During his second term, he applauded Thomas Jeffersons purchase of Louisiana from France as a means of dealing with the closure of the port at New Orleans to U. S. goods. Late in his term, his Secretary of State, Harry Toulmin, persuaded him to some doctrines of Unitarianism. He also clashed with the legislature over the appointment of a registrar for the land office, leaving him embittered. He retired to his estate, Mount Lebanon, and engaged in agricultural and commercial pursuits until his death on January 19,1822, Garrard County, Kentucky, created during his first term, was named in his honor. James Garrard was born in Stafford County, Virginia, on January 14,1749 and he was second of three children born to Colonel William and Mary Garrard. Garrards mother died sometime between 1755 and 1760, afterward, his father married Elizabeth Moss, and the couple had four more children. William Garrard was the county lieutenant of Stafford County, by virtue of which he held the rank of colonel and was in command of the county militia, the Garrard family was moderately wealthy, and the Stafford County courthouse was built on their land. During his childhood, James worked on his fathers farm and he was educated in the common schools of Stafford County and studied at home, acquiring a fondness for books. Early in life, he associated himself with the Hartwood Baptist Church near Fredericksburg, on December 20,1769, Garrard married his childhood sweetheart, Elizabeth Mountjoy
31.
Christopher Greenup
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Christopher Greenup was an American politician who served as a U. S. Representative and the third Governor of Kentucky, after his service in the war, Greenup helped settle the trans-Appalachian regions of Virginia. He became involved in politics, and played a role in three of the ten statehood conventions that secured the separation of Kentucky from Virginia in 1792. He became one of the states first representatives, and served in the Kentucky General Assembly before being elected governor in a race where, due to his immense popularity, following his term as governor, he became less active in the political arena. He died on April 27,1818, Greenup County, Kentucky and its county seat were both named in his honor. Christopher Greenup was most likely born in Fairfax County, Virginia around 1750 and his parents were John and Elizabeth Greenup. His early education was attained at the schools of the area. He learned surveying and studied law under Colonel Charles Binns at Charles City County, during the Revolutionary War, he first served as a lieutenant on the Continental Line and later attained the rank of colonel in the Virginia militia. In 1781, Greenup helped settle the area now known as Lincoln County, Kentucky where he spent time as a surveyor and he was admitted to practice law in the county court in 1782. Following Virginias creation of Kentucky County in 1783, he was admitted to the bar of the court of Harrodsburg. In 1783, he one of the original trustees of Transylvania Seminary He purchased two lots of land in Lexington and served as the clerk of the towns trustees. In 1785, Greenup was elected to represent Fayette County for a term in the Virginia House of Delegates. During his service, he was appointed to a committee with Benjamin Logan, the committee was also responsible for revising acts and surveys related to land and water surveys in the area. The committee ultimately recommended the creation of three new counties – Bourbon, Madison, and Mercer, when Mercer County was created later that year, Greenup was appointed a justice there. During this time, Greenup continued to practice law in Fayette County and he was a founding member of the Danville Political Club and in 1787, he joined the Kentucky Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge. Future Kentucky Governors Isaac Shelby and James Garrard, as well as future Supreme Court justice Thomas Todd were also members of the Society, in 1789, he helped organize the Kentucky Manufacturing Society. Later, he was appointed to the Kentucky River Company, a dedicated to improving infrastructure on the Kentucky River. On July 9,1787, during a return to Virginia, Greenup married Mary Catherine Pope of Hanover County, Virginia
32.
Governor of Maryland
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The Governor of Maryland heads the executive branch of the government of the State of Maryland, and is the commander-in-chief of the states National Guard units. The Governor is the official in the state and has a broad range of appointive powers in both the State and local governments, as specified by the Maryland Constitution. Because of the extent of constitutional powers, the Governor of Maryland has been ranked as being among the most powerful Governors in the United States. The current Governor is Larry Hogan, a Republican who defeated Lt, Governor Anthony Brown on November 4,2014. Like most state chief executives in the United States, the Governor is elected by the citizens of Maryland to serve a four-year term, under the Constitution of Maryland, the Governor can run any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. This makes it possible for a governor to run for the office again after remaining out of office for at least one term. An eligible candidate for Governor must be at least 30 years old, and also a resident of, the Governor, like all statewide officials in Maryland, is elected in the even-numbered years in which the election for President of the United States does not occur. The main constitutional responsibility of the Governor of Maryland, and any other States chief executive, is to out the business of the state. The Governor also has some say in these laws, since the Governor has the ability to any bill sent to his or her desk by the Maryland General Assembly. Every year, the Governor must present a budget to the Maryland General Assembly. The Assembly may, however, increase funds for the Legislative, the Governor has the power to veto any law that is passed by the General Assembly, including a line item veto, which can be used to strike certain portions of appropriations bills. The Legislature then has the power to override a Governors veto by vote of three-fifths of the number of members in each house, the Governor also sits on the Board of Public Works, whose other two members are the Comptroller and the Treasurer. This Board has broad powers in overseeing and approving the spending of state funds and they must approve state expenditures of all general funds and capital improvement funds, excluding expenditures for the construction of state roads, bridges, and highways. The Governor appoints almost all military and civil officers of the State government, subject to advice, any officer appointed by the Governor, except a member of the General Assembly, is removable by him or her, if there is a legitimate cause for removal. Among the most prominent of the Governors appointees are the 24 secretaries and heads of departments that make up the Governors Cabinet. The Governor of Maryland is the Chairman of the Governors Executive Council which coordinates all state government functions, hunter-Cevera Adjutant General - Gen. Linda Singh Other members of the Governors Staff may be invited to Cabinet meetings as attendees. The Governor also oversees several sub-cabinets that coordinate the activities of a function of state government that involves several state departments or agencies. In times of emergency, the Governor may exercise emergency powers
33.
Governor of Massachusetts
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the head of the executive branch of Massachusetts state government and serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The current governor is Charlie Baker, the Governor of Massachusetts is the chief executive of the Commonwealth, and is supported by a number of subordinate officers. He, like most other officers, senators, and representatives, was originally elected annually. In 1918 this was changed to a term, and since 1966 the office of governor has carried a four-year term. The Governor of Massachusetts does not receive a mansion, other official residence, instead, he resides in his own private residence. The title His Excellency is a throwback to the appointed governors of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The first governor to use the title was Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, in 1699, since he was an Earl, the title was retained until 1742, when an order from King George II forbade its further use. However, the framers of the state constitution revived it because they found it fitting to dignify the governor with this title, the governor also serves as commander-in-chief of the Commonwealths armed forces. According to the constitution, whenever the chair of the governor is vacant. The first time came into use was five years after the constitutions adoption in 1785. Most recently, Jane Swift became acting governor upon the resignation of Paul Cellucci, under this system, the lieutenant governor retains his or her position and title as lieutenant governor and becomes acting governor, not governor. The lieutenant governor, when acting as governor, is referred to as the lieutenant governor, the Massachusetts Constitution does not use the term acting governor. When the constitution was first adopted, the Governors Council was charged with acting as governor in the event that both the governorship and lieutenant governorship were vacant. This occurred in 1799 when Governor Increase Sumner died in office on June 7,1799, acting Governor Gill never received a lieutenant and died on May 20,1800, between that years election and the inauguration of Governor-elect Caleb Strong. The Governors Council served as the executive for ten days, the councils chair, the lieutenant governor does not succeed but only discharges powers and duties as acting governor. The governor has a 10-person cabinet, each of whom oversees a portion of the government under direct administration, see Government of Massachusetts for a complete listing. The tradition of the ceremonial door originated when departing Governor Benjamin Butler kicked open the front door, incoming governors usually choose at least one past governors portrait to hang in their office. The governor-elect is then escorted by the sergeant-at-arms to the House Chamber and sworn in by the president before a joint session of the House
34.
Caleb Strong
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Caleb Strong was a Massachusetts lawyer and politician who served as the sixth and tenth Governor of Massachusetts between 1800 and 1807, and again from 1812 until 1816. A leading member of the Massachusetts Federalist Party, his political success delayed the decline of the Federalists in Massachusetts, a successful Northampton lawyer prior to 1774, Strong was politically active in the rebel cause during the American Revolutionary War. He played a role in the development of the United States Constitution at the 1788 Philadelphia Convention. He also played a role in the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789. Although he sought to retire from politics after losing the 1807 governors race and he refused United States Army requests that state militia be placed under army command, and in 1814 sought to engage Nova Scotia Governor John Coape Sherbrooke in peace talks. The state and federal governments weak defense of Massachusetts northern frontier during Strongs tenure contributed to the drive for Maines statehood. Caleb Strong was born on January 9,1745, in Northampton and he received his early education from Rev. Samuel Moody, and entered Harvard College in 1760, graduating four years later with high honors. He was shortly thereafter afflicted with smallpox, which blinded him. He studied law with Joseph Hawley, was admitted to the bar in 1772, Hawley was also a political mentor, shaping Strongs views on relations between the colonies and Great Britain. Strong and Hawley were both elected to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1774, when the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, Strong was unable to serve in the military because of his damaged sight, but he was otherwise active in the Patriot cause. He served on the Northampton Committee of Safety and in local offices. He was a delegate to the 1779 Massachusetts Constitutional Convention, and was elected to the committee drafted the state constitution. He then served on the first governors council and in the senate from 1780 to 1789. Strongs legal practice thrived during the war years, and was one of the most successful in Hampshire County. He became a judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1775, and was appointed county attorney of Hampshire County the following year, on more than one occasion he was offered a seat on the states supreme court, but rejected the position on account of its inadequate salary. Strong was described by a contemporary as meticulously detailed in his preparation of legal paperwork, in 1781 Strong was one of the lawyers who worked on a series of legal cases surrounding Quock Walker, a former slave seeking to claim his freedom. One of the cases, Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Nathaniel Jennison, Strong was elected as a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention that drafted the U. S. A committed Federalist, Strong opposed the idea of the Electoral College as a means of electing the president, although he initially opposed proposals that the number of senators should be equal for all states, he eventually changed his mind, enabling passage of the Connecticut Compromise
35.
Governor of New Hampshire
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The Governor of the State of New Hampshire is the head of the executive branch of New Hampshires state government. The governor is elected at the state general election in November of even-numbered years. New Hampshire is one of two states, along with bordering Vermont, to hold gubernatorial elections every two years as opposed to every four. Currently, the states 82nd governor is Republican Chris Sununu, who has served since January 5,2017, in New Hampshire, the governor has no term limit of any kind. No governor has served more than three terms since the 18th century with the exception of John Lynch, who won an unprecedented fourth term on November 2,2010. John Taylor Gilman had been the last governor before Lynch to serve longer than six years, unlike in many other states in which Executive Councils are merely advisory, the Executive Council of New Hampshire has a strong check on the governors power. The five-member council has a veto over many actions of the governor, the governor has the sole power to veto bills and to command the National Guard while it is not in federal service. To be qualified to be governor, one must be 30 years of age, a registered voter, starting in 1679, the colonial governors had been known as President of New Hampshire. From 1786 to 1791, President of the State of New Hampshire was the style of the position. The New Hampshire Constitution was amended in 1791 to replace President with Governor, list of Governors of New Hampshire New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu New Hampshire State Constitution - EXECUTIVE POWER – GOVERNOR A New Nation Votes, American Election Returns, 1787-1825
36.
John Taylor Gilman
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John Taylor Gilman was a farmer, shipbuilder and statesman from Exeter, New Hampshire. He represented New Hampshire in the Continental Congress in 1782–1783 and was Governor of New Hampshire for 14 years, from 1794 to 1805, Gilman was born in Exeter, in the Province of New Hampshire. His family had settled in Exeter since its earliest days and he lived in the Ladd-Gilman house, now a part of the American Independence Museum. He received an education before he entered into the family shipbuilding. Aged 22, he read aloud a Dunlap Broadside brought to New Hampshire on July 16,1776 to the city of Exeter, the American Independence Museum commemorates his brave act every year at their American Independence Festival, where a role-player reads the Declaration in its entirety to festival-goers. Gilman was one of the Minutemen of 1775 and a selectman in 1777 and 1778, Gilman served as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1779 and 1781 and was a delegate to the Convention of the States in Hartford, Connecticut, in October 1780. He served as a member of the Continental Congress in 1782 and 1783 and he was the New Hampshire Treasurer in 1791 and moderator in 1791–1794,1806,1807, 1809–1811,1817,1818, and 1820–1825. Gilman served a Governor of New Hampshire between 1794 and 1805 and was a candidate for re-election in 1805. He was again a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1810 and 1811 and he was elected Governor and served from 1813 to 1816 and declined to be a candidate for renomination for Governor in 1816. He was an ex officio trustee of Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire and he was president of the board of trustees of Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire, 1795–1827, and donor of the oldest property, the Yard, upon which the older buildings stand. Gilman was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814, Gilman was married to Deborah Gilman, the daughter of Major General Nathaniel Folsom of Exeter. He died in Exeter on September 1,1828 and he is the first Governor of New Hampshire not to have a place in the state named after him. The town of Gilmanton, settled by 24 members of the extended Gilman clan, was named for the family as a whole, gilmans Congressional Biography Gilman, John Taylor, 1753–1828, Guide to Research Collections
37.
Governor of New Jersey
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The Governor of the State of New Jersey is head of the executive branch of New Jerseys state government. The office of governor is a position, for which elected officials serve four-year terms. Governors cannot be elected to more than two terms, but there is no limit on the total number of terms they may serve. The official residence for the governor is Drumthwacket, a located in Princeton, New Jersey. The first Governor of New Jersey was William Livingston, who served from August 31,1776, the current governor is Chris Christie, who assumed office on January 19,2010, and was elected for his second term on November 5,2013. The governor is elected by the voters to become the political and ceremonial head of the state. The governor performs the functions of the state, and is not directly subordinate to the federal authorities. The governor assumes additional roles, such as being the Commander-in-Chief of the New Jersey National Guard forces, much like the President of the United States, the governor appoints the entire cabinet, subject to confirmation by the New Jersey Senate. The governor is responsible for appointing two constitutionally created officers, the New Jersey Attorney General and the Secretary of State of New Jersey. State law allows for a salary of $175,000. Jon Corzine accepted a salary of $1 per year as governor. Jim McGreevey, his predecessor, took home a salary of $157,000. Before this amendment was passed, the president of the New Jersey Senate would have become governor or acting governor in the event that office of governor became vacant. This dual position was more powerful than that of an elected governor, as a result of the constitutional amendment passed in 2005, Governor Richard Codey was the final person to wield such power. Monmouth Sheriff Kim Guadagno was sworn in as New Jerseys first lieutenant governor, on January 19,2010, under Governor Chris Christie. The Center on the American Governor, at Rutgers Eagleton Institute of Politics, was established in 2006 to study the governors of New Jersey and, to a lesser degree, the governors of other states. The project is in the process of creating new archives, similar to the Byrne and Kean archives, List of Governors of New Jersey List of colonial governors of New Jersey Governorship of Chris Christie Official website
38.
Joseph Bloomfield
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Joseph Bloomfield was the fourth Governor of New Jersey. The township of Bloomfield, New Jersey is named for him, Joseph Bloomfield was born in Woodbridge in the Province of New Jersey to Moses Bloomfield, a physician, and Sarah Ogden on October 18,1753. Moses Bloomfield was a surgeon and an abolitionist, Joseph was educated at Reverend Enoch Green’s school in Deerfield Township, New Jersey, where Enoch was the pastor of the local Presbyterian Church. Bloomfield studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1775 and began his law practice in Bridgeton and he entered the Continental Army as captain of the 3rd New Jersey Regiment on February 9,1776. He attained the rank of major on November 28,1776 and he was wounded at the Battle of Brandywine in September 1777. He resigned from the Continental Army on October 28,1778, from 1795 to 1800 he served as Mayor of Burlington, New Jersey. At the start of the War of 1812 he was commissioned as a general in the United States Army on March 13,1812. He served until June 15,1815 along the Canada–US border, Joseph married Mary McIlvaine, the daughter of William McIlvaine, a physician from Burlington, New Jersey. Her brother, Col. Joseph McIlvaine, was the father of Joseph McIlvaine, after the death of his first wife, he married Isabella Ramsey, the daughter of John Ramsey. He practiced law in Burlington, New Jersey and was the registrar of the admiralty court from 1779 to 1783 and he served as the New Jersey Attorney General from 1783 to 1792 and as a trustee of Princeton College from 1793 until his death. He was elected Governor of New Jersey as a Democratic-Republican and served in office from 1801–1802, in 1814, Bloomfield was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. Bloomfield ran for, but was not elected to, the Seventeenth Congress, in 1796, what had been known as the Old First Church was formed and was named the Presbyterian Society of Bloomfield in honor of Joseph Bloomfield. When the Township of Bloomfield was formed, the name was taken from the name of the church, Bloomfield died in Burlington, New Jersey on October 3,1823, and was buried in Saint Marys Episcopal Churchyard in Burlington. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, biography of Joseph Bloomfield, New Jersey State Library New Jersey Governor Joseph Bloomfield, National Governors Association Joseph Bloomfield at Find a Grave
39.
Governor of New York
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The Governor of the State of New York is the chief executive of the U. S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the branch of New Yorks state government. The current governor is Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, Cuomo won the November 2010 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 56th governor of the state of New York on January 1,2011. Cuomo was re-elected on November 5,2014, defeating his Republican challenger Robert Astorino, unlike the other government departments that compose the executive branch of government, the governor is themselves head of the state Executive Department. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy style of His/Her Excellency while in office, the governor of New York is often considered a potential candidate for President. Ten governors have been major-party candidates for president, and four, Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, six New York governors have gone on to serve as vice president. Additionally two Governors of New York, John Jay and Charles Evans Hughes, have served as Chief Justice of the United States, the office of Governor was established by the first New York State Constitution in 1777 to coincide with the calendar year. An 1874 amendment extended the term of office back to three years, but the 1894 constitution again reduced it to two years, the most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years. The state constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor, originally, in the event of the death, resignation or impeachment of the governor, or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor would take on the governors duties and powers. Since the 1938 constitution, the lieutenant governor becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office. Although no provision exists in the constitution for it, precedent set in 2009 allows the governor to appoint a lieutenant governor should a vacancy occur, should the president pro tempore be unable to fulfill the duties, the speaker of the assembly is next in the line of succession. The lieutenant governor is elected on the ticket as the governor
40.
George Clinton (vice president)
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George Clinton was an American soldier and statesman, considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He and John C. Calhoun are the people to have served as US Vice President under two different presidents. Clinton was born in Little Britain, Province of New York and his political interests were inspired by his father, who was a farmer, surveyor, and land speculator, and served as a member of the New York colonial assembly. George Clinton was the brother of General James Clinton and the uncle of New Yorks future governor, George was tutored by a local Scottish clergyman. During the French and Indian War he first served on the privateer Defiance operating in the Caribbean, before enlisting in the provincial militia and he and his brother James were instrumental in capturing a French vessel. His fathers survey of the New York frontier so impressed the governor that he was offered a position as sheriff of New York City. After the war, he read law in New York City under the attorney William Smith and he returned home and began his legal practice in 1764. He became district attorney the following year and he was a member of the New York Provincial Assembly for Ulster County from 1768 to 1776, aligned with the anti-British Livingston faction. His brother James was a member of the Provincial Convention that assembled in New York City on April 20,1775, James Clinton and Christopher Tappan, lifetime residents of the area, were sent to scout appropriate locations. In December 1775 the New York Provincial Congress commissioned him brigadier general in the militia tasked with defending the Highlands of the Hudson River from British attack. To this end he built two forts and stretched a giant chain across the river to keep the British forces in New York City from sailing northward, on March 25,1777, he was commissioned a brigadier general in the Continental Army. In June 1777, he was elected at the same time Governor and he formally resigned the Lieutenant Governors office and took the oath of office as Governor on July 30. He was re-elected five times, remaining in office until June 1795, although he had been elected governor, he retained his commission in the Continental Army and commanded forces at Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery on October 6,1777. He remained in the Continental Army until it was disbanded on November 3,1783 and he was known for his hatred of Tories and used the seizure and sale of Tory estates to help keep taxes down. A supporter and friend of George Washington, he supplied food to the troops at Valley Forge, rode with Washington to the first inauguration, in 1783, Clinton became an original member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati and served as its president from 1794 to 1795. In 1783, at Dobbs Ferry, Clinton and Washington negotiated with General Sir Guy Carleton for the evacuation of the British troops from their posts in the United States. In 1787–88, Clinton publicly opposed adoption of the new United States Constitution, twentieth-century historian Herbert Storing identifies Clinton as Cato, the pseudonymous author of the Anti-Federalist essays which appeared in New York newspapers during the ratification debates. However, the authorship of the essays is disputed, Clinton withdrew his objections after the Bill of Rights was added
41.
Morgan Lewis (governor)
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Morgan Lewis was an American lawyer, politician, and military commander. The second son of Francis Lewis, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Lewis fought in the American Revolutionary War and he served in the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate and was New York State Attorney General and governor of New York. Morgan Lewis was born on October 16,1754, of Welsh descent, the son of Francis Lewis, Lewis grew up in Elizabethtown, New Jersey. However, based on his fathers advice, he attended the College of New Jersey, graduating in 1773 and he read law alongside John Jay. His studies were interrupted by service during the American Revolutionary War. He was admitted to the bar in 1783, from September 1,1776, to the end of the war he was a colonel and the Quartermaster General for the Northern Department. In 1774, he joined the American Revolution as a volunteer in the Continental Army, Lewis was then made a captain of a regiment of the New York militia. Once the 2nd New York militia regiment was organized, he was promoted to the rank of major. In 1775, he planned and executed the attack on Stone Arabia, and was in command at the battle of Crown Point. He was prominent throughout the campaign ended with the surrender of John Burgoyne at Saratoga. After the Revolution, Lewis completed his studies while living in Albany, New York. In 1779, the tax list showed him living there with personal property valued at $2,000, later, he qualified for a bounty right as a member of the city regiment of the Albany County Militia. During that time, he acquired some Albany property and he was elected to the New York State Assembly,1789 and 1792, and the New York State Senate from 1811 to 1814. He was New York State Attorney General and later Justice and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New York and he served as governor of New York from 1804 to 1807, defeating Vice President Aaron Burr in the race to succeed future vice president George Clinton as governor. During his tenure, the United States Military Academy at West Point was established, the militia system was restructured. On April 30,1807, he was defeated in his run for re-election by Daniel D. Tompkins, Tompkins received 35,074 votes, and Morgan Lewis received 30,989 votes. He then returned home to Staatsburg, Dutchess County, New York, having given up the practice of law, Lewis established a cloth factory, and for several years devoted himself to manufacturing. The failure of a house to which his goods were assigned caused him to discontinue the business
42.
Governor of North Carolina
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The Governor of North Carolina is the head of the executive branch of North Carolinas state government and serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The current governor is Roy Cooper who took office on January 1,2017, among other responsibilities, the governor heads the Council of State. The Governor of North Carolina was the last state chief executive to receive veto power, the Governor of North Carolina has extensive powers of appointment of executive branch officials, some judges, and members of boards and commissions. Nevertheless, the office has an amount of institutional power compared to governors in other states. Originally, under the first North Carolina Constitution, the office was very weak, dudley became the first governor elected by the people in 1836. Governors served two-year terms from 1836 until a new constitution was adopted in 1868, since then, well into the twentieth century, the North Carolina state constitution made the states governor one of the weakest in the nation. Until an amendment was added to the constitution in 1971, North Carolina Governors could only serve a single four-year term. After the amendment was passed, in 1980 James B. Hunt became the first governor in history to be elected to a second term. Governors are still limited to two consecutive four-year terms, but they may run for further non-consecutive terms. Governor Hunt did just that, winning election to a third, the Lieutenant Governor is also limited to two consecutive four-year terms. North Carolina was also the last state in the Union to give its governors veto power over legislation, after the state gained its independence from Britain, the state constitution deliberately weakened the executive branch of state government and strengthened the legislative branch. Since the end of Reconstruction in the 1870s the overwhelming majority of the governors have been Democrats. The only Republican to be elected Governor between 1876 and 1972 was Daniel L. Russell, who served 1897–1901, even so, Republicans have still had difficulty in winning gubernatorial elections in North Carolina, and the office has usually remained in Democratic hands. The Governor lives in the North Carolina Executive Mansion, a Queen Anne style Victorian house in downtown Raleigh and his or her principal office is located in the North Carolina State Capitol. com North Carolina Encyclopedia
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Media related to 1804 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
