1.
1819
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As of the start of 1819, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 2 – The Panic of 1819, the first major financial crisis in the United States. January 25 – Thomas Jefferson founds the University of Virginia, january 29 – Sir Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore. February 6 – A formal treaty between Hussein Shah of Johor and the British Sir Stamford Raffles establishes a settlement in Singapore. February 15 – The United States House of Representatives agrees to the Tallmadge Amendment barring slaves from the new state of Missouri, march 1 – The U. S. naval vessel USS Columbus is launched in Washington, D. C. March 6 – McCulloch v. Maryland, The U. S. Supreme Court rules that the Bank of the United States is constitutional, march 20 – Burlington Arcade opens in London. March 23 – In Mannheim, Duchy of Baden, German dramatist August von Kotzebue is assassinated by Karl Ludwig Sand, april 7 – The Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from serfdom. May 22 – The SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, the ship arrives at Liverpool, England on June 20. August 6 – Norwich University is founded by Captain Alden Partridge in Vermont as the first private school in the United States. August 7 – Battle of Boyacá, Simón Bolívar is victorious over the Royalist Army in Colombia, Colombia acquires its definitive independence from Spanish rule. August 16 – Peterloo Massacre, The cavalry charges into a crowd of protesters in Manchester, UK, resulting in 15 deaths, september 20 – The Carlsbad Decrees are issued throughout the German Confederation. October 15 – Desolation Island in the South Shetland Islands of the Antarctic is discovered by Captain William Smith in the Williams, december 14 – Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U. S. state. December 17 – The Republic of Gran Colombia is formally established with Simón Bolívar as its first president, the ʻAi Noa Movement takes power in Hawaii. The city of Fernandina of Jagua is founded in Cuba, the African Slave Trade Patrol is founded to stop the slave trade on the coast of West Africa
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1817 in the United States
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Events from the year 1817 in the United States. U. S. Congress passes law to split the Mississippi Territory, after Mississippi drafts a constitution, march 4 – James Monroe succeeds James Madison as President of the United States of America. April 15 – The first American school for the deaf opens in Hartford, april 29 – The Rush–Bagot Treaty, between the U. S. and the United Kingdom, is signed. May – The General Convention of the Episcopal Church founds the General Theological Seminary while meeting in New York City, july 4 – At Rome, New York, construction on the Erie Canal begins. July 12 – Benjamin Russell, in his Columbian Centinel newspaper, coins the phrase Era of Good Feelings, november 20 – The first Seminole War begins in Florida. December 10 – Mississippi is admitted as the 20th U. S. state, December 30 – Hawaii plants coffee for the first time. Senator from California from 1861 to 1867 December 23 – Warren Felt Evans, writer December 29 – Eli M. Saulsbury, senator from Delaware from 1871 to 1889 December 31 – James Thomas Fields, publisher Date unknown – George R. Riddle, U. S. Senator from Delaware from 1864 to 1867, civil engineer and lawyer January 16 – Alexander J. Jewett, the United States Congress of 1817 and Some of its Celebrities. The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol.17, No,2, pp. 139–144 Marine Hospitals of New England in 1817. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.50, the Coming of the English to Indiana in 1817 and Their Hoosier Neighbors. Indiana Magazine of History, Vol.15, No, morris Birkbecks Estimate of the People of Princeton in 1817. Indiana Magazine of History, Vol.21, No, the Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol.9, No. 1, pp. 31–59 John Perry Pritchett, selkirks Return from Assiniboia Via The United States to the Canadas, 1817-1818. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol.32, No,3, pp. 399–418 Lucius Gaston Moffatt, Joseph Médard Carrière. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol.49,3, pp. 131–154 Sidney Walter Martin. Ebenezer Kelloggs Visit to Charleston,1817, the South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol.49, No. The Prophet and the Mummyjums, Isaac Bullard and the Vermont Pilgrims of 1817, the Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol.56, No. 4, pp. 290–299 Patricia Tyson Stroud, the Founding of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1812 and Its Journal in 1817
4.
1818 in the United States
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Events from the year 1818 in the United States. April 14 – United States Coast Survey operations suspended until August 9,1832, may 23 – First Seminole War, Andrew Jacksons army enters Pensacola, Florida unopposed as the Spanish forces retreated to Fort Barrancas. May 28 – First Seminole War, Fort Barrancas surrenders to Andrew Jackson, August 1 – The Topographical Bureau of the US War Department is founded. December 3 – Illinois is admitted as the 21st U. S. state, First Seminole War Era of Good Feelings January 28 – George S. Boutwell, United States Senator from Massachusetts from 1851 till 1853. March 10 – George W. Randolph, lawyer, planter, Confederate general, 3rd Confederate States Secretary of War March 12 – John S. Hager, september 17 – William Henry Barnum, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1876 till 1879. The Illinois Constitutional Convention of 1818, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol.6, No. 3, pp. 327–424 The Diocese of Baltimore in 1818, archbishop Maréchals Account to Propaganda, October 16,1818. The Catholic Historical Review, Vol.1, No,4, pp. 439–453 Charles H. Rammelkamp, Thos Lippincott. Thomas Lippincott, a Pioneer of 1818 and His Diary, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol.10, No. 2, pp. 237–255 Leona Rostenberg, Timothy Fuller, Diary of Timothy Fuller, In Congress, January 12-March 15,1818. The New England Quarterly, Vol.12, No,3, pp. 521–529 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, J. H. Easterby. Charles Cotesworth Pinckneys Plantation Diary, April 6-December 15,1818, the South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol.41, No. 4, pp. 135–150 Leo M. Kaiser, Stephen F. Austins Oration of July 4,1818. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol.64, No,1, pp. 71–79 Alfred Owen Aldridge. The Character of a North American as Drawn in Chile,1818,3, pp. 489–494 John Faucheraud Grimké, Thomas Smith Grimké, Adrienne Koch. A Family Crisis, Letters from John Faucheraud Grimké and Thomas Smith Grimké to Henry Grimké,1818, the South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.69, No. 3, pp. 171–192 Stephen W. Stathis, dr. Bartons Case and the Monroe Precedent of 1818. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.32,3, pp. 465–474 Ernest F. Dibble
5.
1820 in the United States
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Events from the year 1820 in the United States. March 3 &6 – Slavery in the United States, The Missouri Compromise becomes law, march 15 – Maine is admitted as the 23rd U. S. state. April 24 – The Land Act of 1820 reduces the price of land in the Northwest Territory, August 7 – The 1820 United States Census is conducted, eventually determining a population of 9,638,453 of which 1,538,022 are slaves. December 3 – U. S. presidential election,1820, James Monroe is re-elected, mount Rainier erupts over what is today Seattle. Indiana University is founded as the Indiana State Seminary and renamed the Indiana College in 1846, era of Good Feelings February 1 – George Hendric Houghton, Episcopal clergyman February 4 – David C. Senator from California from 1857 to 1859 February 6 – Henry Howard Brownell, poet and historian February 8 – William Tecumseh Sherman, senator from Delaware from 1859 to 1871 July 5 – Luke Pryor, U. S. Senator from Alabama in 1880 July 23 – Julia Gardiner Tyler, First Lady of the United States July 31 – John W. Garrett, banker, railroad president and philanthropist August 26 – James Harlan, U. S. Senator from Iowa from 1865 to 1866 August 30 – George Frederick Root, songwriter September 3 – George Hearst, senator from California from 1869 to 1873 December 12 – James L. Pugh, U. S. Senator from Alabama from 1880 to 1897 December 21 – William H. Osborn, railroad president and philanthropist December 29 – John S. Barbour, navy commander July 10 – William Wyatt Bibb, U. S. A geographical, historical, commercial, and agricultural view of the United States of America, media related to 1820 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
6.
1821 in the United States
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Events from the year 1821 in the United States. March 5 – James Monroe is sworn in for his term as President of the United States. June 27 – The New Hampton School is founded in the state of New Hampshire, July 10 – The United States takes possession of its newly bought territory of Florida from Spain. August 4 – The Saturday Evening Post relaunched, august 10 – Missouri is admitted as the 24th U. S. state. September 3 – The 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane strikes New York City, september 18 – Amherst College is founded in Massachusetts. November 16 – American Old West, The Santa Fe Trail is used by the first White American. Era of Good Feelings January 2 – Napoleon LeBrun, architect January 8 – James Longstreet, breckinridge, 14th Vice President of the United States from 1857 to 1861, U. S. Senator from Kentucky in 1861 February 4 – Frederick Goddard Tuckerman, sonneteer February 19 – Francis Preston Blair, senator from Missouri from 1871 to 1873 April 12 Samuel G. Arnold, U. S. Senator from Rhode Island from 1862 to 1863 Adonijah Welch, U. S, senator from Florida from 1868 to 1869. April 15 – Joseph E. Brown, U. S, senator from Georgia from 1880 to 1891 July 6 – Edmund Pettus, U. S. S. Senator from California from 1863 to 1869 October 7 – Richard H
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
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Samuel Seymour's 1819 illustration of a Kansa war dance
Media related to 1819 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
