1.
1822
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As of the start of 1822, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 7 – The first group of freed slaves from the United States arrive to the west coast of Africa, january 13 – The design of the modern-day flag of Greece is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus for their naval flag. February 6 – Chinese junk Tek Sing sinks in the South China Sea with the loss of around 1600 people on board, february 9 – The invading Haitian forces led by Jean-Pierre Boyer arrive in Santo Domingo to overthrow the newly founded Dominican Republic. February 24 – The first Swaminarayan temple, Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir at Ahmedabad in the British Raj, is inaugurated. March 31 – Greek War of Independence, Start of Chios massacre, may 24 – Battle of Pichincha, Simón Bolívar secures the independence of Quito. May 25 – Execution of Christos Palaskas and Alexis Noutsos by Odysseas Androutsos forces, may 26 –116 people die in the Grue Church fire, the biggest fire disaster in Norways history. June 6 – Alexis St. Martin accidentally shot in the stomach, july 3 – Charles Babbage publishes a proposal for a difference engine, a forerunner of the modern computer for calculating logarithms and trigonometric functions. Construction of a version will proceed under British Government sponsorship 1823–32. July 8 – The Chippewas turn over a tract of land in Ontario to the United Kingdom. July 13 – Greek War of Independence, Greeks defeat Ottoman forces at Thermopylae, july 26 – Guayaquil Conference, José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar. July 27 – Guayaquil Conference, Simón Bolívar and General José de San Martín meet in Guayaquil, july 31 – The last public whipping is carried out in Edinburgh. August 12 – St Davids College is founded in Wales by Thomas Burgess, August 15–29 – Visit of King George IV to Scotland. August 22 – The English ship Orion lands at Yerba Buena, now named San Francisco, september 7 – Brazilian independence, Brazil declares its independence from Portugal. September 16 George Canning is appointed British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, constituent Congress of Peru begins its first session. September 22 – Portugal approves its first Constitution, september 27 – Jean-François Champollion announces his success in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs using the Rosetta Stone in a letter to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris. October 12 – Pedro I of Brazil is declared the constitutional Emperor of Brazil, October 31 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of the First Mexican Empire dissolves the countrys Congress of the Union and replaces it with a military junta. October–December – Congress of Verona, Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain, November 9 – Action of 9 November 1822, USS Alligator engages three pirate schooners off Cuba as part of the West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States. November 13 Greek War of Independence, Nafplio falls to the Greek rebels, congregation of St. Basil founded in France
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1820 in the United States
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Events from the year 1820 in the United States. March 3 &6 – Slavery in the United States, The Missouri Compromise becomes law, march 15 – Maine is admitted as the 23rd U. S. state. April 24 – The Land Act of 1820 reduces the price of land in the Northwest Territory, August 7 – The 1820 United States Census is conducted, eventually determining a population of 9,638,453 of which 1,538,022 are slaves. December 3 – U. S. presidential election,1820, James Monroe is re-elected, mount Rainier erupts over what is today Seattle. Indiana University is founded as the Indiana State Seminary and renamed the Indiana College in 1846, era of Good Feelings February 1 – George Hendric Houghton, Episcopal clergyman February 4 – David C. Senator from California from 1857 to 1859 February 6 – Henry Howard Brownell, poet and historian February 8 – William Tecumseh Sherman, senator from Delaware from 1859 to 1871 July 5 – Luke Pryor, U. S. Senator from Alabama in 1880 July 23 – Julia Gardiner Tyler, First Lady of the United States July 31 – John W. Garrett, banker, railroad president and philanthropist August 26 – James Harlan, U. S. Senator from Iowa from 1865 to 1866 August 30 – George Frederick Root, songwriter September 3 – George Hearst, senator from California from 1869 to 1873 December 12 – James L. Pugh, U. S. Senator from Alabama from 1880 to 1897 December 21 – William H. Osborn, railroad president and philanthropist December 29 – John S. Barbour, navy commander July 10 – William Wyatt Bibb, U. S. A geographical, historical, commercial, and agricultural view of the United States of America, media related to 1820 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
4.
1821 in the United States
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Events from the year 1821 in the United States. March 5 – James Monroe is sworn in for his term as President of the United States. June 27 – The New Hampton School is founded in the state of New Hampshire, July 10 – The United States takes possession of its newly bought territory of Florida from Spain. August 4 – The Saturday Evening Post relaunched, august 10 – Missouri is admitted as the 24th U. S. state. September 3 – The 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane strikes New York City, september 18 – Amherst College is founded in Massachusetts. November 16 – American Old West, The Santa Fe Trail is used by the first White American. Era of Good Feelings January 2 – Napoleon LeBrun, architect January 8 – James Longstreet, breckinridge, 14th Vice President of the United States from 1857 to 1861, U. S. Senator from Kentucky in 1861 February 4 – Frederick Goddard Tuckerman, sonneteer February 19 – Francis Preston Blair, senator from Missouri from 1871 to 1873 April 12 Samuel G. Arnold, U. S. Senator from Rhode Island from 1862 to 1863 Adonijah Welch, U. S, senator from Florida from 1868 to 1869. April 15 – Joseph E. Brown, U. S, senator from Georgia from 1880 to 1891 July 6 – Edmund Pettus, U. S. S. Senator from California from 1863 to 1869 October 7 – Richard H
5.
1823 in the United States
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Events from the year 1823 in the United States. President, James Monroe Vice President, Daniel D, august The Arikara War is fought between the Arikara nation and the United States, the first American military conflict with the Plains Indians. Hugh Glass is attacked and mauled by a Grizzly bear and left for dead and he crawls 200 miles before reaching help, events depicted in The Revenant. November 15 – Lone Horn succeeds his father, and becomes chief of the Minneconjou Sioux, december 23 – A Visit From St. Nicholas, attributed to Clement Clarke Moore, is first published. United States jurisprudence first affirms the enduring rights of indigenous landholders, orford Parish of East Hartford, Connecticut separates and is incorporated as the Town of Manchester by a special act of the Connecticut General Assembly. Farwell, United States Senator from Illinois from 1887 till 1891, July 9 – Phineas Gage, improbable head injury survivor July 24 – Arthur I. Boreman, United States Senator from West Virginia from 1869 to 1875, august 4 – Oliver P. Morton, United States Senator from Indiana from 1867 to 1877. August 15 – Orris S. Ferry, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1867 till 1875, September 14 – Benjamin Harvey Hill, United States Senator from Georgia from 1877 till 1882. November 18 – Charles H. Bell, United States Senator from New Hampshire in 1879. November 23 – Eliza Hendricks, wife of Thomas A. Hendricks, Second Lady of the United States January 21 – Gideon Olin, politician April 23 – John Williams Walker, U. S. Senator from Alabama from 1819 to 1822 September 28 – Charlotte Melmoth, tragic actress October 8 – Martin D. Hardin, Senator from Kentucky from 1816 to 1817 Media related to 1823 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
6.
1824 in the United States
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Events from the year 1824 in the United States. April – The United States Literary Gazette, a semi-monthly, begins publication and it publishes poetry by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and William Cullen Bryant, among many others. April 15 – To defend the Cherokees possession of their land, chief John Ross petitions Congress, may 15 – A boiler explosion occurs on the steamship Aetna, en route in New York Harbor, killing more than ten passengers and injuring many more. May 26 – Arkansas Territory split created Indian Territory, august 16 – Lafayette visits the United States, departing on September 7,1825. November 5 – Stephen Van Rensselaer establishes the Rensselaer School, which is known as Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - the oldest technological university in the English-speaking world. November – Andrew Jackson receives more votes than John Quincy Adams in the U. S. presidential election. November 15 – Quapaw cede a considerable tract between the Arkansas and the Saline River. December 3 – U. S. presidential election,1824, None of the four candidates for U. S. President gain a majority of the electoral votes, december 24 Chief Pushmataha of the Choctaw Nation dies in Washington. The Chi Phi Fraternity is founded at Princeton University, Iowa tribe removed to a reservation in Kansas. A treaty between several tribes and the United States Government establish a Half-Breed Tract in present-day Lee County, harmony Society establishes the settlement of Economy, Pennsylvania. Era of Good Feelings A. B. plot January 21 – Stonewall Jackson, Confederate general March 9 – Leland Stanford, March 26 – Levi P. Morton, the 22nd Vice President of the United States from 1889 till 1893. April 20 – Alfred H. Colquitt, United States Senator from Georgia from 1883 till 1894, july 25 – Richard J. Oglesby, United States Senator from Illinois from 1873 till 1878. Media related to 1824 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
James Monroe
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James Monroe was an American statesman who served from 1817 to 1825 as the fifth President of the United States. Monroe was the last president among the Founding Fathers of the United States as well as the Virginian dynasty, born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe was of the planter class and fought in the American Revolutionary War. He was wounded in the Battle of Trenton with a ball to his shoulder. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress. He took a part in the new government, and in 1790 he was elected to the Senate of the first United States Congress. He gained experience as an executive as the Governor of Virginia and rose to prominence as a diplomat in France. During the War of 1812, Monroe served in roles as Secretary of State. As president, he sought to ease tensions, embarking on a tour of the country that was well received. As nationalism surged, partisan fury subsided, and the Era of Good Feelings ensued, until the Panic of 1819 struck, and a dispute over the admission of Missouri embroiled the country in 1820. Monroe supported the founding of colonies in Africa for freed slaves that would form the nation of Liberia, whose capital. His presidency concluded the first period of American presidential history before the beginning of Jacksonian democracy, following his retirement in 1825, Monroe was plagued by financial difficulties. He died in New York City on July 4,1831 and he has been ranked in the aggregate by scholars as the 16th most successful president. James Monroe was born on April 28,1758, in his parents house located in a area of Westmoreland County. The marked site is one mile from the community known today as Monroe Hall. The James Monroe Family Home Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and his father Spence Monroe was a moderately prosperous planter who also practiced carpentry. His mother Elizabeth Jones married Spence Monroe in 1752 and they had several children and his paternal great-grandfather Patrick Andrew Monroe emigrated to America from Scotland in the mid-17th century. In 1650 he patented a large tract of land in Washington Parish, Westmoreland County, also among James Monroes ancestors were French Huguenot immigrants, who came to Virginia in 1700. First tutored at home by his mother Elizabeth, between the ages of 11 and 16, the young Monroe studied at Campbelltown Academy, a run by Reverend Archibald Campbell of Washington Parish
12.
Democratic-Republican Party
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The new party controlled the presidency and Congress, as well as most states, from 1801 to 1825, during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress, and included many politicians who had opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves Republicans after their ideology Republicanism and they distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism. The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement and the short-lived National Republican Party, the term Democratic-Republican is used especially by modern political scientists for the first Republican Party. It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans, historians typically use the title Republican Party. An Anti-Administration faction met secretly in the capital to oppose Hamiltons financial programs. Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism, Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities. Foreign affairs took a role in 1794–95 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy, the party denounced many of Hamiltons measures as unconstitutional, especially the national bank. The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast and it demanded states rights as expressed by the Principles of 1798 articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law. Above all, the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers, Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists. The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election, the Federalists—too elitist to appeal to most people—faded away, and totally collapsed after 1815. The Republicans dominated the First Party System, despite internal divisions, the party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress. They included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, by 1824, the caucus system had practically collapsed. After 1800, the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England, by 1824, the party was split four ways and lacked a center, as the First Party System collapsed. The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions, one remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828. Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828, the precise date of founding is disputed, but 1791 is a reasonable estimate, some time by 1792 is certain. The elections of 1792 were the first ones to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis, in most states the congressional elections were recognized, as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it, as a struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest
13.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
14.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
15.
Daniel D. Tompkins
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Daniel D. Tompkins was an American politician. He was the fourth Governor of New York, and the sixth Vice President of the United States, a jurist by background, he was notable as one of the most enterprising governors in the War of 1812. To help organize the militia, he often invested his own capital when the legislature would not approve the necessary funds. After the war, he failed to recover these massive loans, despite endless litigation, which took a toll on his health, Tompkins was frequently absent from Senate meetings and died soon after leaving office. Tompkins was baptized Daniel Tompkins, but added the middle initial D. while a student at Columbia College to distinguish himself from another Daniel Tompkins there, there is controversy as to what the middle initial stood for, some have suggested Decius. The generally accepted conclusion is that it did not stand for anything, Daniel D. Tompkins was born in Scarsdale, Westchester County, New York, at his home, the estate of Fox Meadow. He was the son of Sarah Ann and Jonathan Griffin Tompkins and he graduated from Columbia College in New York City in 1795. Tompkins studied law and in 1797 was admitted to the bar and his brother, Caleb Tompkins, was a United States Representative from New York from 1817 to 1821. On February 20,1798, Daniel Tompkins, a 23-year-old lawyer of the City married 16-year-old Hannah Minthorne, at the time of the marriage, her father Mangle Minthorne was Assistant Alderman on the Common Council, and young Tompkins had designs on a political career. Hannah was ill in the year before her husband became vice president and their children Hannah and Minthorne were named after their mother, and Hannah and Minthorne streets in Staten Island are named for them. Hannah survived her husband by four years, she died on February 18,1829, in Tompkinsville. She and her husband are buried in the Minthorne family vault at St. Marks-in-the-Bouwerie, in lower Manhattan. On April 30,1807, he defeated the incumbent Governor Morgan Lewis – Tompkins received 35,074 votes, Lewis 30,989 – and he was reelected in 1810, defeating Jonas Platt – Tompkins 43,094 votes, Jonas Platt 36,484. In 1813 he defeated Stephen Van Rensselaer – Tompkins 43,324 votes, Van Rensselaer 39,718 – and in 1816, he beat Rufus King – Tompkins 45,412 votes, King 38,647. Tompkins was supported by DeWitt Clinton in his first run for office, during the War of 1812, Tompkins proved to be one of the most effective war governors. He played an important role in reorganizing the militia and promoted the formation of a standing state military force based on select conscription. Tompkins was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814, in 1815 Tompkins established a settlement along the eastern shore of Staten Island that came to be called Tompkinsville. He built a dock along the waterfront in the neighborhood in 1817, in 1816 he purchased much of the land later known as Tompkinsville from the Church of St. Andrew, but his financial troubles later led the church to foreclose
16.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
17.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
18.
John Marshall
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John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and he was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801. Most notably, he reinforced the principle that courts are obligated to exercise judicial review. Thus, Marshall cemented the position of the American judiciary as an independent, in particular, he repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law, and supported an expansive reading of the enumerated powers. Some of his decisions were unpopular, nevertheless, Marshall built up the third branch of the federal government, and augmented federal power in the name of the Constitution, and the rule of law. John Marshall was of almost entirely English ancestry, though his mother also had some distant Scottish ancestry as well, the oldest of fifteen, John had eight sisters and six brothers. Also, several cousins were raised with the family, from a young age, he was noted for his good humor and black eyes, which were strong and penetrating, beaming with intelligence and good nature. Marshall loved his home, built in 1790, in Richmond, Virginia, for approximately three months each year, Marshall lived in Washington during the Courts annual term, boarding with Justice Story during his final years at the Ringgold-Carroll House. Marshall also left Richmond for several weeks each year to serve on the court in Raleigh. He also maintained the D. S. Tavern property in Albemarle County, Marshall himself was not religious, and although his grandfather was a priest, never formally joined a church. He did not believe Jesus was a divine being, and in some of his opinions referred to a deist Creator of all things. He was an active Freemason and served as Grand Master of Masons in Virginia in 1794–1795 of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free, while in Richmond, Marshall attended St. The Marshall family occupied Monumental Churchs pew No.23 and entertained the Marquis de Lafayette there during his visit to Richmond in 1824, Thomas Marshall was employed in Fauquier County as a surveyor and land agent by Lord Fairfax, which provided Marshall with a substantial income. In the early 1760s, the Marshall family left Germantown and moved about 30 miles miles to Leeds Manor on the slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the banks of Goose Creek, Thomas Marshall built a frame house. Thomas Marshall was not yet established, so he leased it from Colonel Richard Henry Lee. The Marshalls called their new home the Hollow, and the ten years they resided there were John Marshalls formative years, in 1773, the Marshall family moved once again. Thomas Marshall, by then a man of means, purchased an estate adjacent to North Cobbler Mountain in Delaplane
19.
Philip Pendleton Barbour
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Philip Pendleton Barbour was Speaker of the United States House of Representatives and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He is the individual to serve as both Speaker of the House, and as a Justice on the Supreme Court. Appointed by President Andrew Jackson to the United States Supreme Court in 1835, Justice Barbour was a staunch pro-slavery, Jacksonian Democrat, whose tenure on the Court expedited a commitment to state sovereignty and strict constructionism. Barbour was born near Gordonsville, Orange County, Virginia, as the son of planter, Thomas Barbour and he was named for his ancestor Philip Pendleton, through whom he was related to politician and judge, Edmund Pendleton. The family was one of the First Families of Virginia, descended from a Scottish merchant who marries a Miss Taliaferro and made his home in nearby Culpeper County, Virginia. Like his brother James Barbour, Philip attended common and private schools before beginning formal studies under Virginia jurist, St. George Tucker in Williamsburg. Financial circumstances caused him to leave Philip in 1799 and he soon moved to Kentucky to make his fortune, where after a year reading law, he was admitted to the bar, and began practicing law in Bardstown. After another year, friends persuaded him to return to Virginia and resume his studies at William and Mary College, so in 1802, in 1804, Barbour married a local planters daughter, Frances Johnson, with whom he had one son named Sextus Barbour. Barbour practices law for eight years before he started his life as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1812 to 1814. Throughout this shift in power, Barbour remained an advocate of Jeffersonian Old Republican principles of states rights. Jefferson formed the Old Republican party in opposition to Alexander Hamiltons Federalist party, Old Republicans advocated for a limited federal government and strong state and local governments. The Constitutional interpretation of textualism that modern Justices like Justice Antonin Scalia, Barbour’s reputation for constitutional conservatism grew with his opposition to the Bonus Bill of 1817. The Bill permitted the federal funding of internal improvement projects such as building roads like that being constructed to connect Buffalo, New York to New Orleans, Louisiana, Barbour viewed federally funded internal projects as outside the sphere of Congress’ powers and therefore unconstitutional and undermining state sovereignty. His opposition to restrictions on slave states served to foment his passion for states’ rights. As a Congressman, Barbour was the first prominent politician to openly contest the constitutionality of protective tariffs, claiming the tariffs to be unjust and unconstitutional. Barbour unsuccessfully argued that the Supreme Court had no jurisdiction over the case since the law banning the sale of foreign lottery tickets was not meant to affect Virginia. Therefore, the law was a rather than a national issue because the law did not need to affect all states. He also maintained that the Court had no jurisdiction because a state was a party in the case, Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828 led to the bifurcation of the Old Republican Party into the Jacksonian Democratic Republicans and the opposing National Republicans
20.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
21.
17th United States Congress
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The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the third Census of the United States in 1810. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority, march 5,1821, Second inauguration of James Monroe as President of the United States. July 10,1821, The United States took possession of its newly-bought Florida Territory from Spain, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. During this congress, two Senate seats were added for the new state of Missouri, for the beginning of this congress, six seats from Massachusetts were reapportioned to the new state of Maine,3 Stat.555. During this congress, one House seat was added for the new state of Missouri,3 Stat.547. President, Daniel D. Tompkins President pro tempore, John Gaillard, elected December 3,1821 Speaker, Philip P. Barbour, elected December 4,1821 This list is arranged by chamber, Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
22.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
23.
Israel Pickens
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Born in Concord, North Carolina, Pickens graduated from Jefferson College in 1802, studied law and was admitted to the bar. Pickens married Martha Lenoir in 1814, the daughter of North Carolina statesman William Lenoir, in both 1821 and 1823 Pickens beat Dr. Henry Chambers by a vote of 9,114 to 7,129 and 6,942 to 4,604 respectively. He only served from February 17 to November 27,1826, in addition to politics, Pickens participated in the American Colonization Society and was interested in scientific research. Pickens died in Matanzas, Cuba in 1827 and he was originally buried in a family graveyard but his remains were later moved to City Cemetery, Greensboro, Alabama. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Alabama Department of Archives & History
24.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
25.
Oliver Wolcott Jr.
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Oliver Wolcott, Jr. was an American politician. He was United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1795 to 1800, born in Litchfield, Connecticut, Wolcott was the son of Oliver Wolcott, Sr. and Laura Collins Wolcott. He was able to graduate from Yale University in 1778, despite serving in the Continental Army from 1777 to 1779 and he later read law and studied at Litchfield Law School to be admitted to the bar in 1781. He was a clerk in Connecticuts Office of the Committee on the Pay Table from 1781 to 1782, Wolcott was appointed in 1784 as one of the commissioners to mediate claims between the U. S. and the state of Connecticut. After serving as comptroller of Connecticut from 1788–90, he was named auditor of the federal treasury. He was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by George Washington in 1795 to succeed Alexander Hamilton, in 1799, as Secretary of the Treasury, he designed the United States Customs Service flag. He was appointed as a committee member pertaining to the construction of the monument at Groton Heights, commemorating the battle fought there on September 6,1781. Wolcott was one of President John Adams so-called midnight judges, appointed to a new seat as a judge on the United States circuit court for the Second Circuit. 89, almost on the eve of Jeffersons inauguration in 1801, nominated by Adams on February 18,1801, Wolcott was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 20,1801, and received his commission the same day. Wolcotts service was terminated on July 1,1802, due to abolition of the court, from 1803 to 1815 he operated in private business in New York City, afterwards retiring to Litchfield and farming. Wolcott lost a campaign for Governor of Connecticut in 1816, running as a Toleration Republican and he ran again in 1817 and won, following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather as governor, and serving ten years in the post. His tenure was noted for the growth and moderate policies that attended it. Additionally, he presided over a convention that created a new constitution in 1818. Nevertheless, he was defeated for reelection as Governor of Connecticut in 1827, whipple met with Oney, discussed why she had escaped and tried to ascertain the facts of the case. In their correspondence, Washington said that he wanted to avoid controversy, Washington made another attempt to apprehend her in 1798. This time he asked his nephew, Burwell Bassett Jr. to convince her to return or to take her by force, wolcotts involvement with this case ended with the first attempt to return Oney Judge to slavery. Wolcott died in New York City and is interred at East Cemetery in Litchfield, Wolcott was the last surviving member of the Washington Cabinet. The town of Wolcott, Connecticut was named in honor of Oliver, Jr. and his father Oliver, about 1798, Fort Washington on Goat Island in Newport, Rhode Island was renamed Fort Wolcott
26.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
27.
John Collins (governor)
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John Collins was an American manufacturer and politician from Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party and served as Governor of Delaware from 1821 to 1822 and he was born at Collins Mill Pond, in Nanticoke Hundred, Sussex County, Delaware, the son of Captain John and Mary Houston Collins. Captain John Collins had mined bog ore from his property and served twelve years in the Delaware General Assembly, the sister of the younger John, married future Governor David Hazzard. The younger John himself married Jane Hall, daughter of former Governor David Hall, and had six children, Theophilus, John, Joseph, Sarah, Catherine and their home was at the Collins Mill Pond in Nanticoke Hundred, where he continued the operation of a mill. It is believed they were members of the Methodist Church, Collins was elected Governor in 1820 by defeating the Federalist candidate, a longtime member of the General Assembly, Jesse Green. He was Governor from January 16,1821 until his death on April 16,1822, Collins was known for his interest in improving public education. It was during his term that a transit duty began being assessed to support the beginning of a new college in Newark. He also appointed Willard Hall, the father of public education. Both of these actions would achieve results in later years, Collins died at Collins Mill Pond, in Nanticoke Hundred, Sussex County, Delaware. He is buried there on the family farm, no known portrait of John Collins exists. Elections were held on the first Tuesday of October, the Governor takes office the third Tuesday in January, and had a three-year term. History of the State of Delaware, history of Delaware Through its Governors. Philadelphia, L. J. Richards & Co
28.
Caleb Rodney
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Caleb Rodney was an American merchant and politician from Lewes, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, Rodney was born in Lewes, Delaware, son of John and Ruth Hunn Rodney, brother of former Governor Daniel Rodney, and distantly related to President Caesar Rodney. He married Elizabeth West and had five children, Hannah, Hester, Penelope, Eliza and they were members of St. Peters Episcopal Church in Lewes. He ran a store at the corner of 2nd and Market Streets there, Rodney served in the State House for four sessions from 1802 through 1805, when he was elected to the State Senate and served for four more sessions from 1806 through 1809. He was back in the State House for two sessions in 1812 and 1813, and then returned to the State Senate for one session in 1816, in October 1816, he ran for the U. S. Congress, but lost the election. So, the year he was returned to his old seat in the State Senate. He was the Speaker in the last two sessions and, therefore, became Governor upon the death of Governor John Collins and he then served as Governor from April 23,1822 until January 21,1823. Rodney was known as an opponent of slavery, expressing the desire that the institution could be ended through continued manumissions, Rodney died at Lewes, Delaware and is buried there, at St. Peters Episcopal Church Cemetery. No known portrait of Caleb Rodney exists, elections were held the first Tuesday of October. Members of the General Assembly took office the first Tuesday of January, State Senators had a three-year term and State Representatives had a one-year term. The Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and had a three-year term, History of the State of Delaware. A History of Delaware Through its Governors, philadelphia, L. J. Richards & Co. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States Delaware’s Governors Caleb Rodney at Find a Grave The Political Graveyard
29.
John Clark (governor)
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John Clark was an American farmer and politician from Blackbird Hundred in New Castle County, Delaware, near Smyrna. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, Clark was born at New Bristol in what is now Blackbird Hundred, New Castle County, just north of Smyrna, Delaware, son of William Clark. In 1784 he married Sarah Cook Corbit, daughter of Governor John Cook and they lived at Clearfield Farm in what is now Blackbird Hundred in a house since used as an administrative office for the correctional facility located there. He was a member of the Presbyterian Church, Clark was unusual politically in that he was a Federalist and a Presbyterian from New Castle County. The more typical Federalist was an Episcopalian or Methodist and from Kent or Sussex County, the more typical Democratic-Republican was a Presbyterian from New Castle County. Nevertheless, in 1816 he defeated the Federalist candidate, Manaen Bull of Laurel in Sussex County, as Governor he was one of a succession advocating improvements in public education. Carol Hoffecker in Democracy in Delaware relates how he argued that Delaware had a special need to educate its people because the state lacked vacant land for an expanding population. Therefore, he said much reliance must be placed on the talents of our citizens for the support of our power. The General Assembly responded by appropriating a laughable $1,000 to each county for this purpose, medieval sounding punishments, like nailing ears to a pillory post, continued to be meted out in the penal system. The soil was exhausted and, due to the resulting out migration. An immediate, and permanent, consequence was that it lost its seat in the U. S. House of Representatives. Clark died at Smyrna and is buried in the Duck Creek Presbyterian Churchyard, now Holy Hill Cemetery, there is no known portrait of John Clark. Elections were held the first Tuesday in October, members of the Delaware General Assembly took office in the first Tuesday of January. State Representatives had a term of one year, the Governor takes office the third Tuesday in January, and had a three-year term. History of the State of Delaware, history of Delaware Through its Governors. Philadelphia, L. J. Richards & Co
30.
Governor of Illinois
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The Governor of Illinois is the chief executive of the State of Illinois and the various agencies and departments over which the officer has jurisdiction, as prescribed in the state constitution. It is an elected position, votes being cast by popular suffrage of residents of the state. The governor is responsible for enacting laws passed by the Illinois General Assembly, Illinois is one of 14 states with no gubernatorial term-limit. The current governor is Republican Bruce Rauner, who succeeded Pat Quinn in 2015, the term of office of Governor of Illinois is four years, and there is no limit on the number of terms a governor may serve. Inauguration takes place on the second Monday in January following a gubernatorial election, a single term ends four years later. Its first occupant was Governor Joel Aldrich Matteson, who took residence at the mansion in 1855 and it is one of three oldest governors residences in continuous use in the United States. The governor is given the use of an official residence on the state fair grounds. Governors have traditionally used this part of the year. Six Illinois governors have been charged with crimes during or after their governorships, four were convicted, len Small, governor from 1921 to 1929, was indicted in office for corruption. He was acquitted, thereafter, eight of the received state jobs. Among his defense lawyers was a governor, Joseph W. Fifer, who asserted in pre-trial hearings. William G. Stratton, governor from 1953 to 1961, was acquitted of tax evasion in 1965 and he was prosecuted by future Illinois governor Jim Thompson. He was sentenced to seven years in prison five years of probation following his release. Former governor Jim Thompson, whom Ryan had served under as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in the 1980s, was manager of the law firm that defended Ryan. In August 2010, he was convicted of lying to the FBI in connection with the investigation, but the jury deadlocked on 23 other charges. Blagojevich was retried on 20 counts from his 2010 trial and on June 27,2011, Blagojevich was convicted on 17 counts of fraud, acquitted on one count, on December 7,2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in prison. List of Governors of Illinois 1. α Current governor of Illinois, in 2015, the Council of State Governments reported that Rauner had returned all but $1 of his salary to the State of Illinois. However, the pay rate for the title of Governor in Illinois remains at $177,412, Illinois Office of the Governor Illinois Executive Mansion Burial places of Illinois Governors Article V in the Illinois Constitution list of government help in Illinois
31.
Shadrach Bond
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Shadrach Bond was a representative from the Illinois Territory to the United States Congress. In 1818, he was elected Governor of Illinois, becoming the new states first chief executive, in an example of American politics during the Era of Good Feelings, Bond was elected to both positions without opposition. Bond was born in 1773 in Frederick, Maryland and he had twelve Illinois Country connections through his uncle, also, named Shadrach Bond, a scout with George Rogers Clarks Illinois Regiment in the American Revolutionary War. Because they held some of the offices in Illinois, the two Bonds are sometimes confused, the uncle is usually known as Shadrach Bond, Sr. The young Bond learned from his uncle of the farmland of the Illinois Territory, and emigrated to the American Bottom. Bond would be an Illinois farmer for the remainder of his life, Shadrach Bond was made a Freemason in Temple Lodge No. 26, Reisters Town, Baltimore County, Maryland, when he moved to Illinois, he became a member of lodge The Western Star Lodge No. 107, Kaskaskia, Territory of Indiana on December 27,1806, Bond was elected Illinois first Grand Master when the first Illinois Grand Lodge was constituted on December 11,1822. Bond was elected to the Indiana Territoral Council, after Illinois Territory was organized, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives. When Illinois was admitted to the Union, Bond was elected the first governor, as Illinoiss first governor, Bond led a new state that had sterling prospects but almost no transportation infrastructure or cash in hand. Bond made transportation his top priority as governor, the road was built and eventually taken over by the state of Illinois as a state highway. After almost two centuries of improvements, much of it is now part of Illinois Route 13, Bond was less successful in his advocacy for a canal that would connect Lake Michigan and the Illinois River. The canal was built in the 1840s, long after Bond had left office. Governor Bond was deeply concerned about arson, the Illinois criminal law made arsonists eligible for the death penalty, along with persons guilty of rape and murder. The governor was by no means exclusively concerned with appearing to be tough on crime and he took steps to abolish the whipping post and pillory for misdemeanor offenses. Bonds most controversial act was his attempt to veto an act passed by the General Assembly to create a non-capitalized State Bank of Illinois, the bank was ready to issue banknotes based on the prospect of future economic growth within Illinois. Bond considered this dishonorable and felt there should be no banks chartered by the state government of Illinois until the State had enough specie to support the value of its banknotes. The undercapitalized bank was chartered anyway, and promptly went bankrupt, after Bonds single term as governor, he returned to his Kaskaskia farm
32.
Edward Coles
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Edward Coles was a planter and politician, elected as the second Governor of Illinois. From an old Virginia family, as a young man Coles was a neighbor and associate of presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe, as well as secretary to President James Madison. An anti-slavery advocate throughout his life, Coles inherited a plantation and slaves. He manumitted 19 slaves in 1819, and acquired land for them, in Illinois, he twice led political campaigns that prevented the legitimization of slavery in the new state. Coles corresponded with and advised both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to free their slaves, in his final years in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he helped shape early historians views of the presidents republican ideals. Coles was born on December 15,1786 at Enniscorthy, a plantation in central Virginias Albemarle County on the Hardware River and he was the youngest male among ten surviving children of John Coles and Rebecca Tucker. Young Coles earliest teachers were prominent lawyer Wilson Cary Nicholas and Mr. White who lived by Dyers Store, after a term at Hampden-Sydney College in Hampden-Sydney, Virginia, Coles transferred to the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. While at William and Mary, Coles was strongly influenced by the enlightenment ideals taught by the Rt, the teacher and cleric considered slavery morally indefensible, but a problem without a clear solution. Young Coles determined not to be a slaveholder and not to live where slavery was accepted, keeping quiet ensured that Coles would inherit slaves, thus providing him with the opportunity to give freedom. When his father died in 1808, Coles received 12 slaves, after John Coles estate was settled on Christmas Eve,1808, Edward Coles revealed his emancipation plans to his family, to great consternation. As he sorted through the challenges posed by family resistance and Virginia law and he went to Kentucky in the summer of 1809 to investigate a land claim of his uncle Travis Tucker, but came home without plans to move to that new state. Coles placed his plantation for sale in December,1809, despite the real estate market during the depression of 1807. However, for years he received no offers, and so continued to operate it through an overseer. Coles turned down offers to exchange his slaves for other property, the Coles family was one of the First Families of Virginia. His great-grandfather, Walter Coles, had been an officer in Ireland who moved to what became Richmond, Virginia. Edward Coless father John developed Enniscorthy from a camp into a profitable farm. Edward Coles maternal grandfather was born in Bermuda, and related to Virginia jurist St. George Tucker and his mothers maternal ancestors were among the first & most respectable settlers at old Jamestown. Edward’s elder brother, Isaac A. Coles, served as secretary to both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison during their administrations
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Governor of Indiana
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The Governor of Indiana is the chief executive of the state of Indiana. The governor is elected to a term, and responsible for overseeing the day-to-day management of the functions of many agencies of the Indiana state government. The governor also shares power with other executive officers, who manage other state government agencies. The governor works out of the Indiana Statehouse and holds official functions at the Indiana Governors Residence in the capital of Indianapolis. The 51st and current governor is Republican Eric Holcomb, the position of governor has developed over the course of two centuries. The governors powers are established in Article V of the Constitution of Indiana, constitutionally, the governor has very limited executive authority to manage the government of the state, most exercisable powers over state agencies are held by independent elected cabinet heads. The governor works in concert with the legislature and the state supreme court to govern the state. The governor has the power to veto legislation passed by the General Assembly, if vetoed, a bill is returned to the General Assembly for reconsideration. Unlike other states, most of which require a supermajority to override a veto. One of the governors most important political powers is the ability to call a session of the General Assembly. During a two-year period, the assembly can meet on its own for no more than 91 days, and this can give the governor considerable influence in the body which will often compromise on issues with him or her in exchange for a special legislative session. Among his other powers, the governor can call out the defense force or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster. The governor is also charged with the enforcement of all the states laws, the governor also has the ability to grant a pardon or commutation of sentence of any person convicted of a crime in the state, except in cases of treason or impeachment. In addition to powers, governors also have a considerable degree of statutory authority. Most of the authority exercised by governors on a basis is derived from statute. The governor also can influence the court system through the appointment of judges. Justices of the peace and superior courts judges are elected in Indiana, if a vacancy occurs the governor may make an appointment, the authority to make such appointments gives the governor considerable sway in setting the makeup of the judiciary. The annual salary of the governor of Indiana is US$111,688, additionally, he receives $6,000 annually for discretionary spending and expenses
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Jonathan Jennings
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Jonathan Jennings was the first governor of Indiana and a nine-term congressman from Indiana. Born in either Hunterdon County, New Jersey, or Rockbridge County, Virginia, Jennings became involved in a dispute with the territorial governor, William Henry Harrison, that soon led him to enter politics and set the tone for his early political career. In 1808 Jennings moved to the part of the Indiana Territory and settled near Charlestown. He was elected as the Indiana Territorys delegate to the U. S. Congress by dividing the pro-Harrison supporters, by 1812 he was the leader of the anti-slavery and pro-statehood faction of the territorial government. Jennings and his allies took control of the territorial assembly. As a congressional delegate Jennings aided passage of the Enabling Act in 1816 and he was elected president of the Indiana constitutional convention, held in Corydon in June 1816, where he helped draft the states first constitution. Jennings supported the effort to ban slavery in the state and favored a strong branch of government. In August 1816 Jennings was elected to serve as the first governor of Indiana at age 32 and he pressed for the construction of roads and schools, and negotiated the Treaty of St. Marys to open up central Indiana to American settlement. Ineligible for another term as Indiana governor under the state constitution, shortly before completion of his second term as governor in 1822, Jennings was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives, before retiring from public service in 1831. In Congress Jennings promoted federal spending on internal improvements, Jennings had been a heavy drinker of alcohol for much of his life. His addiction worsened after the death of his first wife, Ann, Jenningss alcoholism led to defeat in his reelection campaign in 1830. In retirement his condition worsened and he was unable to work his farm, when his finances collapsed, his creditors sought to take his land holdings and Charlestown farm. Senator John Tipton purchased Jenningss farm and permitted him to living there. After Jenningss death, his estate was sold, but it left no funds to purchase a headstone for his grave, historians have offered varied interpretations of Jenningss life and impact on the development of Indiana. More critical historians during the era, such as Logan Eseray, described Jennings as a crafty and self-promoting politician. Among the modern historians, Randy Mills places Jenningss importance between the two extremes, but agreed with Woolens assessment that the state owes him more than she can compute. Jonathan Jennings, the son of Jacob and Mary Kennedy Jennings, was born in either Readington Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, or Rockbridge County, Virginia and he was the sixth of the Jenningss eight children. His father was a doctor, Presbyterian missionary, and a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church
35.
Ratliff Boon
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Ratliff Boon was the second Governor of Indiana from September 12 to December 5,1822, taking office following the resignation of Governor Jonathan Jennings after his election to Congress. Ratliff Boon was born January 18,1781 in Franklin County, North Carolina, at a young age he moved with his parents to Warren County, Kentucky where he attended a public grade school and later apprenticed as a gunsmith in Danville, Kentucky. In 1801 he was married to Delilah Anderson, together the couple had seven children, in 1809 he moved to what is now Boon Township of Warrick County, Indiana. Boonville, the county seat, was named in his honor. At the outbreak of the War of 1812, Boon joined the Indiana Territorial militia, Warrick County was organized in 1813 and Boon was appointed by Governor Thomas Posey to the position of County Treasurer. In 1816 he was elected to the first state legislature where he served two one-year terms, during his terms, his primary accomplishment was successfully promoting legislation to divide Warrick County into three separate counties. He was elected to the senate in December 1818 but resigned after winning the election to become the second Lieutenant Governor in December 1819. Christopher Harrison had resigned his position as Lieutenant Governor after a scandal, two other men briefly competed against Boon for the position, but he defeated them in the general election,7,397 votes to his closest competitors 3,882. In 1820 the legislature passed laws to lower the wolf population, wolves had been creating havoc on the frontier. They offered a reward for wolf pelts, Boon capitalized on the new law. His success led to the repeal of the law which quickly became a drain on the states limited resources. In 1822 he was re-elected as Lieutenant Governor on a ticket with William Hendricks and his proposal was adopted by the General Assembly, which organized county governments and created three seats in the assembly to provide representation to the subjects of the census. Boon returned to the lieutenant governors office and remained in position until January 30,1824. His resignation occurred just days before Hendricks also resigned, therefore, the two resignations caused the governorship to devolve upon James B. Ray, the only Indiana Senate President-Pro-Tempore to be elevated to the position of governor, Boon was elected as a Jacksonian and served in Congress from March 4,1825 to March 3,1827. He was unsuccessful in his attempt in 1826, defeated by Thomas H. Blake who ran on an internal improvement platform which Boons party was opposed to. During the term he sat out of office, he was instrumental in establishing the Democratic Party in Indiana, up until that time, there were no formal political parties in the state, and all politicians loosely affiliated with the Democratic-Republican Party. He ran again for the office in 1828, and won and he served in Congress again from March 4,1829 to March 3,1839
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William Hendricks
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He led much of his family into politics and founded one of the largest political families in Indiana. He was the uncle of Thomas Andrews Hendricks, who was also Governor of Indiana, Hendricks County was named in his honor. His term as governor was spent repairing the states finances to later large scale internal improvements. The establishment of the framework of the states public school system. Hendricks was born in Ligonier Valley, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania on November 12,1782 and his father was a prominent man in the community and a state legislator. He was the brother of Thomas Hendricks and John Hendricks, the uncle of Vice President Thomas Andrews Hendricks, and he attended a common school in Ligonier Valley where he was a classmate of Jonathan Jennings and William W. Wick, who later became his close political allies. After completion of the lower grades Hendricks attended Jefferson College until 1810, after completing college he moved west to Ohio where his older brother Obadiah operated a law practice, and briefly lived in his home. He studied law with him a time and was admitted to the bar. From 1810 to 1812 he made a living as a teacher while he studied law in Cincinnati and lived in the home of his sister. He remained there until he was admitted to the bar, after 1813 he moved to Madison in the Indiana Territory. Madison remained his home for the rest of his life, during his early days in there, he set up a printing press he brought with him from Cincinnati, and became the proprietor of the Western Eagle, the second newspaper to be printed in the territory. His paper and the positions he supported helped him to gain popularity in the local community. The anti-slavery eastern part of the territory was at that time locked in a struggle with the pro-slavery western party for control of the territorial government, the Western Eagle combated the pro-slavery Vincennes Sun, and garnered considerable support from the eastern settlers. He later used his press to print the first codification of Indiana state laws during his term as governor. Hendricks married Ann Parker Paul of Hardin County, Kentucky and she was the daughter of Colonel John Paul, who was the founder of Madison. The couple had two sons, the older William Hendricks Jr became a state legislator, both sons were killed during the American Civil War. Ann outlived her husband by some years, and died at Madison on September 12,1887. In February 1813 Hendricks was elected clerk of the legislature in Vincennes
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Governor of Kentucky
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of government in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Fifty-seven men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky, the governors term is four years in length, since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the states history, four men have served two terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U. S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years immediately before the United States Presidential Election, the current governor is Matt Bevin, who was first elected in 2015. The governors powers are enumerated in the state constitution, there have been four constitutions of Kentucky—adopted in 1792,1799,1850, and 1891, respectively—and each has enlarged the governors authority. Among the powers appropriated to the governor in the constitution are the ability to grant pardons, veto legislation, the governor serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces and is empowered to enforce all laws of the state. Because Kentuckys governor controls so many appointments to commissions, the office has been considered one of the most powerful state executive positions in the United States. The history of the office of Governor is largely one of long periods of domination by a single party, Federalists were rare among Kentuckians during the period of the First Party System, and Democratic Republicans won every gubernatorial election in the state until 1828. The Second Party System began when the Democratic-Republicans split into Jacksonian Democrats, beginning with the election of Thomas Metcalfe in 1828, the Whigs dominated the governorship until 1851, with John Breathitt being the only Democrat elected during that period. Since 1931, only four Republicans have served as governor of Kentucky, current governor Matt Bevin, in all four Kentucky constitutions, the first power enumerated to the governor is to serve as commander-in-chief of the states militia and military forces. In 1799, a stipulation was added that the governor would not personally lead troops on the battlefield unless advised to do so by a resolution of the General Assembly. Such a case occurred in 1813 when Governor Isaac Shelby, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, was asked to lead a band of Kentucky troops to aid William Henry Harrison at the Battle of the Thames. For his service, Shelby received the Thanks of Congress and the Congressional Gold Medal, the 1891 constitution further required that, with each application for a pardon, the governor file a statement of the reasons for his decision thereon, which. Shall always be open to public inspection and this requirement was first proposed by a delegate to the 1850 constitutional convention, but it was rejected at that time. The power of the governor to adjourn the General Assembly for a period of up to four months if the two houses cannot agree on a time to adjourn appears in all four constitutions, the governor is also empowered to convene the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions. This was an important provision in the days of the Commonwealth. Taylor claimed a state of insurrection existed in the capital, the 1891 constitution added a provision that the governor must specify the reason for any specially-called legislative session, and that no other business could be considered during the session. There is, however, no requirement that the legislature conduct any business during the called session
38.
John Adair
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John Adair was an American pioneer, soldier, and politician. He was the eighth Governor of Kentucky and represented the state in both the U. S. House and Senate. A native of South Carolina, Adair enlisted in the militia and served in the Revolutionary War, during which he was twice captured. Following the War, he was elected as a delegate to South Carolinas convention to ratify the United States Constitution. After moving to Kentucky in 1786, Adair participated in the Northwest Indian War, popular for his service in two wars, he entered politics in 1792 as a delegate to Kentuckys constitutional convention. Adair was elected to a total of eight terms in the state House of Representatives between 1793 and 1803 and he served as Speaker of the Kentucky House in 1802 and 1803, and was a delegate to the states Second Constitutional Convention in 1799. After a long battle, he was acquitted of any wrongdoing. The negative publicity kept him out of politics for more than a decade and he returned to the State House in 1817, and Isaac Shelby, his commanding officer in the War who was serving a second term as governor, appointed him adjutant general of the state militia. In 1820, Adair was elected governor on a platform of financial relief for Kentuckians hit hard by the Panic of 1819. Following his term as governor, Adair served one undistinguished term in the United States House of Representatives, John Adair was born January 9,1757, in Chester County, South Carolina, a son of Scottish immigrants Baron William and Mary Adair. He was educated at schools in Charlotte, North Carolina, during the British victory over the Colonists at the August 16,1780, Battle of Camden, Adair was taken as a prisoner of war. He contracted smallpox and was treated harshly by his captors during his months-long imprisonment, subsequently, he was released via a prisoner exchange. In 1781, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the South Carolina militia, and fought in the drawn Battle of Eutaw Springs, the wars last major battle in the Carolinas. Edward Lacey was elected sheriff of Chester County after the war and he was chosen as a delegate to the South Carolina convention to ratify the U. S. Constitution. In 1784, Adair married Katherine Palmer and they had twelve children, ten of them daughters. One married Thomas Bell Monroe, who served as Adairs Secretary of State and was appointed to a federal judgeship. In 1786, the Adairs migrated westward to Kentucky, settling in Mercer County, enlisting for service as a captain in the Northwest Indian War in 1791, Adair was soon promoted to major and assigned to the brigade of James Wilkinson. On November 6,1792, a band of Miamis under the command of Little Turtle encountered Adair, when the Miami attacked, Adair ordered Lieutenant George Madison to attack their right flank while Adair led 25 men to attack the left flank
39.
Governor of Louisiana
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This is a list of the Governors of Louisiana, from acquisition by the United States in 1803 to the present day, for earlier governors of Louisiana see List of colonial governors of Louisiana. In 1803, Europe was about to become involved in a continental war, the French Empire, led by Napoleon, had begun an aggressive expansionist policy which challenged the interests of United Kingdom. When the Haitian Revolution, with British support, overthrew the French colonial rule on that island, to finance this, Napoleon sold the colony of Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. From 1804 to 1812, the area which would eventually become the modern state was known as the Territory of Orleans. The vast area to the north was called the Louisiana Territory, notes † Murdered/Died in office This is a table of congressional, other governorships, and other federal offices held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Louisiana except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Louisiana who are living at this time. The most recent governor, and also the most recently serving governor, Louisiana Secretary of State website Cemetery Memorials by La-Cemeteries
40.
Thomas Bolling Robertson
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Thomas Bolling Robertson is a career foreign service officer, ambassador, and member of the Senior Foreign Service with the rank of Minister-Counselor. He was the U. S. Ambassador to Slovenia 2004–2008, president George W. Bush nominated Robertson as U. S. Ambassador to Slovenia on February 6,2004. The U. S. Senate confirmed his nomination on May 6,2004, Ambassador Robertson has served twice at the American Embassy in Budapest, Hungary, as Chief of the Political Section and as the Deputy Chief of Mission from 1998 until March 2001. From March until August 2001, he served in Hungary as the U. S. Chargé dAffaires a. i, between tours in Budapest, Ambassador Robertson served as the Law Enforcement Counselor at the American Embassy in Moscow from 1995-1997. Ambassador Robertson is currently the Dean of Leadership and Management at the Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State, Biography of Thomas B. Robertson United States Embassy in Ljubljana, Biography of the ambassador
41.
Governor of Maine
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The Governor of Maine is the chief executive of the State of Maine. Before Maine was admitted to the Union in 1820, Maine was part of Massachusetts, the current Governor of Maine is Paul LePage, a Republican, elected in the 2010 elections, and was re-elected in 2014. The next election is in 2018, the governor of Maine receives a salary of $70,000, which as of 2016 is the lowest by $20,000 of the 50 state governors. Under Article V, Section 4, a person must as of the commencement of the term in office, be 30 years old, for 15 years a citizen of the United States, a governor must retain residency in Maine throughout his or her term. Section 5 provides that a person shall not assume the office of Governor while holding any office under the United States, Maine. Governors are elected directly for four-years terms, with a limit of two elected terms. Thus, a governor can serve a number of terms. Elections are by popular vote, but if two people tie for first place, the Legislature meets in joint session to choose between them, the governor is commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the State, and of the militia except when under federal control. He or she also has the power to grant pardons, reprieves and this clemency power also includes juvenile offenses. The Governor oversees the executive branch, which includes Maines state agencies and his cabinet is often considered to be the states commissioners, which are generally nominated by the governor but legally chosen by the Maine Legislature. As of April 2014, the current cabinet is as follows, the Governors office initially said he might return in 2015, but later said that Rier officially retired on April 17,2015. LePage nominated Acting Commissioner William Beardsley as permanent commissioner, but pulled the nomination in the face of Democratic opposition and he announced on February 11,2016 that he would leave Beardsley in place as Deputy Commissioner once his Acting role expired and be the Commissioner himself. LePage said he did so out of a desire to not put Beardsley through being rejected by the Legislature and her first official act was to reappoint Beardsley as Deputy Commissioner and he remains the cabinet member for the department on the Cabinet website. In November 2016, LePage appointed Robert Hasson, an educator, as a new temporary deputy education commissioner. Beardsley resigned, citing personal reasons, on December 14,2016, Hasson was named Acting Commissioner of the department by Gov. LePage. Hasson was later nominated as permanent commissioner and confirmed by the Legislature on March 29,2017, under current law, if there is a vacancy in the office of governor, the president of the Maine Senate becomes governor. The current Senate president is Republican Michael Thibodeau as of December 3,2014, the Blaine House in Augusta is the official governor’s mansion, and is located across the street from the Maine State House. It became the residence in 1919, and is named for James G. Blaine
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Benjamin Ames
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Benjamin Ames was the third Governor of the U. S. state of Maine, who served from December 5,1821 to January 2,1822. He was born in Andover, Massachusetts, and attended Harvard University and he died in 1835 in Houlton, Maine. He was a resident of Bath, Maine while in the Legislature, Ames served as a County Attorney from 1807 to 1811 and then Common Pleas Court judge until 1814. He was the first Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives, upon the resignation of William D. Williamson, Ames served as governor for about a month until Daniel Rose took office. Ames was elected to the Maine Senate in 1824, serving as the fourth President of the Senate, with the elections of 1827, he returned to the state Maine House of Representatives. Past presidents - Benjamin Ames, Democratic-Republican,1824, people. maine. com governor list http, //www. nndb. com/gov/927/000051774/ accessed September 13,2005 http, //www. maine. gov/legis/lawlib/govs. htm accessed September 13,2005
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