1.
1845
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As of the start of 1845, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 10 – Elizabeth Barrett receives a letter from the younger poet Robert Browning on May 20 they meet for the first time in London. She begins writing her Sonnets from the Portuguese, january 23 – The United States Congress establishes a uniform date for federal elections, which will henceforth be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. January 29 – The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe is published for the first time, february 1 – Anson Jones, President of the Republic of Texas, signs the charter officially creating Baylor University. Baylor is the oldest university in the State of Texas operating under its original name, february 7 – In the British Museum, a drunken visitor smashes the Portland Vase, which takes months to repair. February 28 – The United States Congress approves the annexation of Texas, march 1 – President John Tyler signs a bill authorizing the United States to annex the Republic of Texas. March 3 Florida is admitted as the 27th U. S. state, the United States Congress passes legislation overriding a presidential veto for the first time. March 4 – James K. Polk is sworn in as President of the United States, march 11 – New Zealand Wars open with the Flagstaff War, Chiefs Kawiti and Hone Heke lead 700 Māoris in the burning of the British colonial settlement of Kororāreka. March 13 – The Violin Concerto by Felix Mendelssohn premieres in Leipzig, march 17 – Stephen Perry patents the rubber band in the United Kingdom. March 30 – Due to different transition dates to the Gregorian calendar, april 10 – A great fire destroys much of the American city of Pittsburgh. April 20 – Ramón Castilla becomes president of Peru, may – Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave written by himself is published by the Boston Anti-Slavery Society. May 2 – A suspension bridge collapses in Great Yarmouth, England, leaving around 80 dead, may 19 – HMS Erebus and HMS Terror with 134 men, comprising Sir John Franklins expedition to find the Northwest Passage, sail from Greenhithe on the Thames. They will last be seen in August entering Baffin Bay, may 30 – Fatel Razack is the first ship to bring indentured labourers from India to Trinidad and Tobago, landing in the Gulf of Paria with 227 immigrants. July 20 – Charles Sturt enters the Simpson Desert in central Australia, july 26–August 10 – Isambard Kingdom Brunels iron steamship Great Britain makes the transatlantic crossing from Liverpool to New York, the first screw propelled vessel to make the passage. July 28 – HMS Terror and HMS Erebus of the Franklin Expedition go missing in the Davis Strait west of Greenland while searching for the Northwest Passage. August 9 – The Aberdeen Act is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom empowering the British Royal Navy to search Brazilian ships as part of the abolition of the trade from Africa. August 10 – The French Consul in Zanzibar receives the letter sent by Eugène Maizan during his expedition into tropical Africa. August 28 – The journal Scientific American begins publication, september 9 – Potato blight breaks out in Ireland, beginning of the Great Famine
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1843 in the United States
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Events from the year 1843 in the United States. President, John Tyler Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Roger B, taney Speaker of the House of Representatives, John White, John Winston Jones Congress, 27th, 28th January – Edgar Allan Poes short story The Tell-Tale Heart is first published. February 6 – The Virginia Minstrels perform the first minstrel show, March 21 – The world does not end, contrary to the first prediction by American preacher William Miller. April 30–May 16 – Naval Battle of Campeche, Naval Battle between the Mexican Navy versus the Texas Navy and the Yucatán Navy, the battle features the most advanced warships of its day. May 22 – The first major wagon train sfor the American Northwest sets out one thousand pioneers from Elm Grove. July 1 – Ulysses S. Grant graduates from West Point 21st from a class of 39, July 12 – Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy, Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, proclaims a revelation recommending polygamy. August 19 – Edgar Allan Poes short story The Black Cat is first published, august 23 – Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna announces that the annexation of Texas by the United States would be considered an act of war by Mexico. October 13 – In New York City, Henry Jones and 11 others found Bnai Brith, november 28 – Ka La Kuokoa, The Kingdom of Hawaii is officially recognized by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and July Monarchy France as an independent nation. Saint Louis University School of Law becomes the first law school west of the Mississippi River Abbeville, Louisiana is founded by descendants of Acadians from Nova Scotia. Senator from Minnesota from 1895 to 1923 February 3 – William Cornelius Van Horne, North American railway magnate February 27 – Thomas Lowry, lawyer and businessman March 8 – Arthur Brown, U. S. Senator from Utah from 1896 to 1897 March 17 – Henry Ware Lawton, general March 23 – Joseph F. Johnston, senator from Minnesota from 1883 to 1889 July 15 – Alfred W. Benson, U. S. Senator from Kansas from 1906 to 1907 July 19 – Francis J. Higginson, senator from Illinois from 1841 to 1843 March 31 – George A. Waggaman, U. S. Senator from Louisiana from 1831 to 1835 April 17 – Samuel Morey, inventor April 25 – John McCracken Robinson, U. S
4.
1844 in the United States
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Events from the year 1844 in the United States. President, John Tyler Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Roger B, taney Speaker of the House of Representatives, John Winston Jones Congress, 28th January 15 – The University of Notre Dame receives its charter from Indiana. March 12 – The Columbus and Xenia Railroad, the first railroad that is planned to be built in Ohio, is chartered. May 24 – The first electrical telegram is sent by Samuel F. B. Morse from the U. S. Capitol in Washington, D. C. to the B&O Railroad outer depot in Baltimore, Maryland, saying What hath God wrought. June 22 – Influential North American fraternity Delta Kappa Epsilon is founded at Yale University, july 3 – The United States signs The Sino-American Treaty of Wanghia with the Chinese Government. October 22 – The Great Disappointment, Millerites find that the Second Coming of Jesus does not occur as predicted by preacher William Miller, december 4 – U. S. presidential election,1844, James K. Polk defeats Henry Clay. The first ever cricket match is played in New York City between Canada and the United States. Seward August 1 – Levi Ankeny, United States Senator from Washington from 1903 till 1909, june 3 – Garret Hobart, 24th Vice President of the United States from 1897 till 1899. January 13 – Alexander Porter, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1833 till 1837, april 21 – Henry Baldwin, Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court from 1830 till 1844. June 27 – Joseph Smith Jr. religious leader and founder of Mormonism, media related to 1844 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
5.
1846 in the United States
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Events from the year 1846 in the United States. In this year, the United States declares war on Mexico, President, James K. Polk Vice President, George M. Dallas Chief Justice, Roger B. January 31 – The City of Milwaukee is incorporated in Wisconsin, merging Juneautown, Kilbourntown, solomon Juneau is elected first mayor. February 10 – Many Mormons begin their migration west from Nauvoo, Illinois to the Great Salt Lake, february 19 – In Austin, Texas, the newly formed Texas state government is officially installed. February 26 – The Liberty Bell is cracked while being rung for George Washingtons birthday, april 25 – Mexican-American War, Open conflict begins over border disputes of Texas boundaries. May 8 – Mexican-American War – Battle of Palo Alto, Zachary Taylor defeats a Mexican force north of the Rio Grande at Palo Alto, may 13 – Mexican-American War, The United States declares war on Mexico. June 10 – Mexican-American War, The California Republic declares independence from Mexico, june 14 – Bear Flag Revolt, American settlers in Sonoma, California start a rebellion against Mexico and proclaim the California Republic. June 15 – The Oregon Treaty establishes the 49th parallel as the border between the United States and Canada, from the Rocky Mountains to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, july 7 – Battle of Monterey, Acting on instructions from Washington, D. C. Commodore John Drake Sloat orders his troops to occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena thus beginning the United States annexation of California, august 10 – Establishment of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D. C. November – The Donner Party becomes snowbound, december 28 – Iowa is admitted as the 29th U. S. state. The portion of the District of Columbia that was ceded by Virginia in 1790 is re-ceded to Virginia, elias Howe patents the sewing machine. Mexican–American War March 25 – William Lee D. Ewing, United States Senator from Illinois in 1834, september 5 – James Alexander, Jr. United States Representative from Ohio from 1837 till 1839. September 15 – Samuel A. Foote, 28th Governor of Connecticut from 1834 till 1835, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1827 till 1833. December 29 – Alexander Barrow, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1841 till 1846, with an introductory essay by Catherine Drinker Bowen. Media related to 1846 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons Smithsonian exhibit
6.
1847 in the United States
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Events from the year 1847 in the United States. President, James K. Polk Vice President, George M. Dallas Chief Justice, Roger B. Taney Speaker of the House of Representatives, John Wesley Davis, Robert Charles Winthrop Congress, January 13 – The Treaty of Cahuenga ends the fighting in the Mexican-American War in California. Fremont is appointed Governor of the new California Territory, January 17 – Saint Anthony Hall is founded at Columbia University, New York City, New York. January 30 – Yerba Buena, California is renamed San Francisco, february 5 – A rescue effort, called the First Relief, leaves Johnsons Ranch to save the ill-fated Donner Party. These California bound emigrants became snowbound in the Sierra Nevada in the winter of 1846–1847, march 1 – The state of Michigan formally abolishes the death penalty. March 9 – Mexican-American War, United States forces under General Winfield Scott invade Mexico near Veracruz, march 29 – Mexican-American War, United States forces led by General Winfield Scott take Veracruz after a siege. May 7 – In Philadelphia, the American Medical Association is founded, june 1 – Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America is founded at New York University. July 1 – The United States issues its first postage stamps, featuring George Washington, july 24 – After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City. July 29 – The Cumberland School of Law is founded at Cumberland University in Lebanon, at the end of 1847 only 15 law schools exist in the United States. November 29 – The Whitman massacre, Dr. Marcus Whitman, his wife Narcissa, the North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the railroad town of Goldsborough, and the Wayne county seat is moved to the new town. Mexican–American War January 28 – William V. Allen, United States Senator from Nebraska from 1893 till 1899, february 11 – Thomas A. Edison, American Inventor and Businessman. March 13 – Francis S. White, United States Senator from Alabama from 1914 till 1915, march 18 – William OConnell Bradley, United States Senator from Kentucky from 1895 till 1899. March 29 – John D. Works, United States Senator from California from 1911 till 1917, September 23 – Victoria Woodhull, American leader of the womans suffrage movement September 30 – James Taliaferro, United States Senator from Florida from 1899 till 1911. May 1 – Jesse Speight, United States Senator from Mississippi from 1845 till 1847, july 22 – Henry W. Edwards, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1823 till 1838. August 6 – Henry M. Ridgely, United States Senator from Delaware from 1827 till 1829, november 1 – Jabez W. Huntington, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1840 till 1847. November 29 – Narcissa Whitman, pioneer missionary Media related to 1847 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
John Tyler
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John Tyler was the tenth President of the United States. He was also, briefly, the tenth Vice President, elected to office on the 1840 Whig ticket with William Henry Harrison. Tyler became president after Harrisons death in April 1841, only a month after the start of the new administration. Still, the circumstances of his rise to the presidency. A firm believer in manifest destiny, President Tyler sought to strengthen and preserve the Union through territorial expansion, Tyler, born to an eminent Virginia family, came to national prominence at a time of political upheaval. In the 1820s the nations only political party, the Democratic-Republicans, though initially a Democrat, his opposition to Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren led him to ally with the Whig Party. Tyler served as a Virginia state legislator, governor, U. S. representative and he was put on the ticket to attract states rights Southerners to what was then a Whig coalition to defeat Van Burens re-election bid. Harrisons death made Tyler the first vice president to succeed to the presidency without being elected to the office, because of the short duration of Harrisons one-month term, Tyler served longer than any president in U. S. history who was never elected to the office. A strict constructionist, Tyler found much of the Whig platform unconstitutional, believing that the president should set policy instead of deferring to Congress, he attempted to bypass the Whig establishment, most notably Kentucky Senator Henry Clay. Most of Tylers Cabinet resigned soon into his term, and the Whigs, dubbing him His Accidency, though Tyler was not the first president to veto bills, he was the first to see his veto overridden by Congress. Although he faced a stalemate on domestic policy, he had several achievements, including the Webster–Ashburton Treaty with Britain. He initially sought election to a term as president, but after failing to gain the support of either Whigs or Democrats. When the American Civil War began in 1861, Tyler sided with the Confederate government, although some have praised Tylers political resolve, his presidency is generally held in low esteem by historians. He is considered an obscure president, with presence in American cultural memory. John Tyler was born on March 29,1790, like his future running mate William Henry Harrison, he hailed from Charles City County, Virginia, both descended from aristocratic and politically entrenched families. The Tyler family traced its lineage to colonial Williamsburg in the 17th century, the elder Tyler served four years as Speaker of the House of Delegates before becoming a state court judge. He subsequently served as governor and as a judge on the U. S. District Court at Richmond and his wife, Mary Marot, was the daughter of a prominent plantation owner, Robert Booth Armistead. She died of a stroke when her son John was seven years old, with his two brothers and five sisters, Tyler was raised on Greenway Plantation, a 1, 200-acre estate with a six-room manor house his father had built
12.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
13.
James K. Polk
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James Knox Polk was the 11th President of the United States. Polk was born in Pineville, North Carolina, and moved to Tennessee to study law, after building a successful law practice, he was elected to the Tennessee legislature and then to the United States House of Representatives in 1825. He left Congress to serve as Governor of Tennessee from 1839 to 1841, after losing re-election as governor in 1840, and losing in another gubernatorial election in 1842, Polk was a dark horse candidate for president in 1844. Though he entered the convention hoping to be nominated for vice president, in the general election, he defeated Henry Clay of the rival Whig Party in large part due to his promise to annex the Republic of Texas. True to his pledge to serve only one term as President, Polk left office in March 1849. He died of cholera three months later, scholars have ranked him favorably on lists of greatest presidents for his ability to promote, obtain support for, and achieve all of the major items on his presidential agenda. However, he has also criticized for leading the country into war against Mexico. Polk has been called the least known consequential president, James Knox Polk, the first of ten children, was born on November 2,1795 in a log house in what is now Pineville, North Carolina in Mecklenburg County, just outside Charlotte. His father, Samuel Polk, was a slaveholder, successful farmer and his mother, Jane Polk, was a descendant of a brother of the Scottish religious reformer John Knox. She named her firstborn after her father James Knox, like many early Scots-Irish settlers in the North Carolina mountains, the Knox and Polk families were Presbyterian. While Polks mother Jane remained a devout Presbyterian her entire life, when the parents took the young James to a Presbyterian church to be baptized, the father Samuel refused to declare his belief in Christianity, and the minister refused to baptize the child. In 1803, most of Polks relatives moved to the Duck River area in what is now Maury County, Middle Tennessee, the family grew prosperous, with Samuel Polk turning to land speculation and becoming a county judge. His health was problematic and in 1812 his pain became so unbearable that he was taken to Dr. Ephraim McDowell of Danville, Kentucky, Polk was awake during the operation with nothing but brandy available for anesthetic, but it was successful. The surgery may have left Polk sterile, as he did not sire any children, when Polk recovered, his father offered to bring him into the mercantile business, but Polk refused. In July 1813, Polk enrolled at the Zion Church near his home, a year later he attended an academy in Murfreesboro, where he may have met his future wife, Sarah Childress. At Murfreesboro, Polk proved a promising student, in January 1816, Polk was admitted into the University of North Carolina as a second-semester sophomore. The Polk family had connections with the university, then a school of about 80 students, Sam Polk was their land agent for Tennessee. While there, Polk joined the Dialectic Society where he took part in debates
14.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
15.
Tennessee
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Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
16.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
17.
George M. Dallas
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George Mifflin Dallas was an American politician and diplomat who served as Mayor of Philadelphia, U. S. Senator from Pennsylvania and the 11th Vice President of the United States, George Mifflin Dallas was born on July 10,1792, to Alexander James Dallas and Arabella Maria Smith Dallas in Philadelphia. His father, born in Kingston, Jamaica and educated in Edinburgh, was the Secretary of the Treasury under United States President James Madison, George Dallas was given his middle name after Thomas Mifflin, another politician who was good friends with his father. Dallas was the second of six children, another of whom, Alexander, during Dallass childhood, the family lived in a mansion on Fourth Street, with a second home in the countryside, situated on the Schuylkill River. He was educated privately at Quaker-run preparatory schools, before studying at the College of New Jersey, while at College, he participated in several activities, including the American Whig–Cliosophic Society. Afterwards, he studied law, and was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1813, Dallas did not have much enthusiasm at the time for legal practice, and wanted to fight in the War of 1812, a plan that he dropped due to his fathers objection. Dallas enjoyed the opportunities offered to him by being in Russia, in August 1814, he arrived in Washington, D. C. and delivered a preliminary draft of Britains peace terms. Since the job did not entail a large workload, Dallas found time to develop his grasp of politics and he later became the counsel to the Second Bank of the United States. After the War of 1812 ended, Pennsylvanias political climate was chaotic, the other faction was called the Amalgamators, headed by the future President James Buchanan. Voters elected Dallas Mayor of Philadelphia as the candidate of the Family party, Dallas served less than fifteen months—from December 13,1831, to March 4,1833. He was chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs, Dallas declined to seek re-election, in part due to a fight over the Second Bank of the United States, and in part because his wife did not want to leave Philadelphia for Washington. Dallas resumed the practice of law, was general of Pennsylvania from 1833 to 1835. He was appointed by President Martin Van Buren as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia from 1837 to 1839, Dallas was offered the role of Attorney General, but declined, and resumed his legal practice. In the lead-up to the 1844 presidential election, Dallas worked to help Van Buren win the Democratic nomination over Dallass fellow Pennsylvanian, at the May 1844 Democratic National Convention in Baltimore, James K. Polk and Silas Wright were nominated as the Democratic ticket. However, when Wright declined the nomination, they chose Dallas as his replacement, Dallas, who was not at the convention, was woken up at his home by convention delegates who had traveled to Philadelphia to tell him the news. Dallas somewhat reluctantly accepted the nomination, the Democratic candidates won the popular vote by a margin of 1. 5%, and won the election with an electoral vote of 170 out of 275. Dallas was influential as the officer of the Senate, where he worked to support Polks agenda. Though Dallas was unsuccessful in preventing Polk from appointing Buchanan as Secretary of State, as Vice President, Dallas sought to maneuver himself into contention for the presidency in the 1848 election, as Polk had promised to serve only one term
18.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
19.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
20.
Roger B. Taney
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Roger Brooke Taney was the fifth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864. He delivered the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. S and he was the first Roman Catholic appointed both to a presidential cabinet, as Attorney General under President Andrew Jackson, as well as to the Court. Taney, a Jacksonian Democrat, was made Chief Justice by Jackson, Taney was a believer in states rights. He inherited slaves from his father but manumitted them and gave pensions to the older ones and he believed that power and liberty were extremely important and if power became too concentrated, then it posed a grave threat to individual liberty. He opposed attempts by the government to regulate or control matters that would restrict the rights of individuals. From Prince Frederick, Maryland, he had practiced law and politics simultaneously, after abandoning the Federalist Party as a losing cause, he rose to the top of the states Jacksonian machine. He was bought and sold and treated as an article of merchandise and traffic. The court also declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, thus permitting slavery in all of the countrys territories, Taney died during the final months of the American Civil War on the same day that his home state of Maryland abolished slavery. Roger Brooke Taney was born on March 17,1777 in Calvert County, Maryland and he was the second son, and the third of seven children born to a slaveholding family of tobacco planters in Calvert County, Maryland. He received an education from a series of private tutors. After instructing him for a year, his last tutor, David English, at the age of 15 he entered Dickinson College in Pennsylvania, graduating with honors in 1795. As a younger son with no prospect of inheriting the family plantation and he read law and in 1799 was admitted to the bar. He quickly distinguished himself as one of Marylands most promising young lawyers, Taney married Anne Phoebe Charlton Key, sister of Francis Scott Key, on January 7,1806. In 1799, the year he began practicing as an attorney, Taney was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates. He ran for re-election in 1800, but lost, returning to private practice, he served as a director of the State Bank Branch in Frederick, Maryland, from 1810 to 1815. He was elected the Maryland State Senate in 1816, serving until 1821—this time as a Democratic Republican and he was also a director of the Frederick County Bank from 1818 to 1823, when he returned to private practice. When the 1824 presidential election divided the party supporters and opponents of Andrew Jackson, Taney became a staunch Jacksonian Democrat. In 1833, as secretary of the Treasury, Taney ordered an end to the deposit of Federal money in the Second Bank of the United States, an act that killed the institution
21.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
22.
John Winston Jones
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John Winston Jones was an American politician and lawyer. Born 22 November 1791 in Amelia County, Virginia, he graduated from the College of William and he practiced law in Chesterfield County, Virginia before being appointed Prosecuting Attorney for Virginias 5th Judicial Circuit in 1818. He was a delegate to the constitutional convention 1829 -1830. Jones was elected as a Democratic Congressman from Virginia and served from 1835 to 1845 and he was the Speaker of the House between 1843 and 1845. He then returned to his native Virginia to serve as Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1847, Jones was elected to a second state House term in November, but did not attend the session due to illness. He resigned his seat on December 17, and was succeeded by his son, Jones died 29 January 1848 at his Dellwood plantation northwest of Petersburg, Virginia, and is buried there. John Winston Jones is also related to the photographer O,1835, Jones was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives with 68. 09% of the vote, defeating Whig William Segar Archer. 1839, Jones was re-elected with 58. 51% of the vote,1841, Jones was re-elected with 69. 47% of the vote, defeating Independents Junius E. Leigh and Thomas Miller. Clerk of the House of Delegates, supervising, speakers and Clerks of the Virginia House of Delegates, 1776-2007. Richmond, Virginia, Virginia House of Delegates, Dellwood Plantation Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
23.
John Wesley Davis
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John Wesley Davis was an American physician and Democratic politician, active in the mid-1800s. He is best known for serving as the fourth Governor of the Oregon Territory, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Davis was born in New Holland, Pennsylvania, on April 16,1799, and later moved to Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, with his parents. Davis graduated from Baltimore Medical College in 1821, then moved to Carlisle, Indiana, in 1823 and he married Ann Hoover on November 19,1820. Davis started his career as an unsuccessful candidate for the Indiana Senate in 1828. He instead became a court judge in Indiana from 1829 to 1831. He was elected a member of the Indiana House of Representatives four times, serving terms beginning in 1831,1841,1851 and he was Speaker of the Indiana House from 1832 to 1833 and again from 1841 to 1842 and 1851 to 1852. Representative from Indiana in the 24th, 26th, 28th and 29th Congresses and was Speaker of the U. S. House in the 29th Congress, from 1848 to 1850 he was U. S. In 1852 he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention from Indiana, Davis was appointed to the office of Governor of the Oregon Territory in 1853 by President Franklin Pierce. His appointment was not welcomed by Oregonians, however, and he left office just over a year later, with the returning to his predecessor. Davis died in Carlisle, Indiana on August 22,1859 and he was buried at City Cemetery in Carlisle. John Wesley Davis at Find a Grave Davis, John Wesley politicalgraveyard. com Oregon State Library – Governors of Oregon Photographs – Short biography and photograph
24.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
25.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
26.
28th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1843 to March 4,1845, during the third and fourth years of John Tylers presidency. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Sixth Census of the United States in 1840, the Senate had a Whig majority, and the House had a Democratic majority. May 24,1844, The first electrical telegram was sent by Samuel F. B. Morse from the U. S. Capitol to the B&O Railroad outer depot in Baltimore, Maryland, saying What hath God wrought. December 4,1844, U. S. presidential election,1844, James K. Polk defeated Henry Clay January 23,1845, Presidential Election Day Act, ch. 1,5 Stat.721 March 3,1845, For the first time, a bill, relating to revenue cutters and steamers, was thereby enacted as the last Act of the 28th Congress, session II, ch. July 3,1844, Treaty of Wanghia signed March 1,1845, Resolution for the Annexation of Texas,5 Stat.797 March 3,1845, the statute also allowed for the provisional admission of Iowa, pending a referendum in that state. During this congress, two Senate seats were added for the new state of Florida, following the 1840 United States Census, Congress reapportioned the House to include 223 seats. During this congress, one House seat was added for the new state of Florida, President, Vacant President pro tempore, Willie P. Mangum Speaker, John W. Jones This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, skip to House of Representatives, below Representatives are listed by their district numbers. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, french, from January 18,1845 Doorkeeper, Jesse E. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Directory for the 28th Congress, 2nd Session
27.
29th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1845 to March 4,1847, during the first two years of the administration of James Polks presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Sixth Census of the United States in 1840, both chambers had a Democratic majority. April 25,1846, Open conflict over border disputes of Texass boundaries began the Mexican-American War May 13,1846, Mexican-American War declared,16,9 Stat.9 July 9,1846, District of Columbia retrocession, ch. 35,9 Stat.35 July 30,1846, Walker tariff, during this congress, two House seats were added for each of the new states of Texas and Iowa. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, skip to House of Representatives, below The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. T. G, milburn William T. S. Sprole, elected December 7,1846 Clerk, Benjamin B. French Doorkeeper, Cornelius C. Whitney Postmaster, John M, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Directory for the 29th Congress, 2nd Session
28.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
29.
Benjamin Fitzpatrick
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Benjamin Fitzpatrick was the 11th Governor of the U. S. state of Alabama and a United States Senator from Alabama. Born in Greene County, Georgia, Fitzpatrick was orphaned at the age of seven and was taken by his sister to Alabama in 1815, Fitzpatrick helped his brothers manage land they owned on the Alabama River, and served as deputy under the first sheriff of Autauga County. He worked in the law office of Nimrod E. Benson before he was admitted to the bar, Fitzpatrick studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1821, commencing practice in Montgomery, Alabama. Fitzpatrick served as solicitor of the Montgomery circuit from 1822 to 1823, but moved to his plantation in Autauga County in 1829 and engaged in planting. He was again appointed on January 14,1853 and subsequently elected to the Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William R. King and he served in this Congress as Chairman of the Committee on Printing and the Committee on Engrossed Bills. He was elected to the Senate again to fill the vacancy caused by the failure of the legislature to elect his own successor on November 26,1855, in this role he served several times as President pro tempore of the Senate. The country was plagued by depression as a result of the Panic of 1837. Fitzpatricks predecessor, Governor Arthur P. Bagby introduced measures to assist the state banks, all the state banks were closed by Fitzpatrick. Fitzpatrick withdrew from the Senate on January 21,1861, following the secession of his home state, Fitzpatrick did not take a particularly active role in the politics of the Confederacy, but did serve as president of the constitutional convention of Alabama in 1865. Fitzpatrick died on his plantation near Wetumpka, Alabama, on November 21,1869, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Benjamin Fitzpatrick at Find a Grave
30.
Joshua L. Martin
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Joshua Lanier Martin was an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 12th Governor of the U. S. state of Alabama from 1845 to 1847. He also served as a representative to the United States Congress for Alabamas 2nd district from 1835 to 1839 and he was born on 5 December 1799 in Blount County, Tennessee. He taught school during his years and studied law in Maryville, Tennessee. He passed the bar and commenced a law practice in Athens and he was known as an ardent Democrat. Before serving the state of Alabama as its governor, he served as a legislator, solicitor, circuit judge, and congressman. He was first elected to congress as part of the 24th Congress, in 1845 he opposed other Democratic leaders and ran as an independent for the seat of governor, defeating the mainstream Democratic candidate, and Democrats never forgave him for his action. By doing so, however, he denied the Whig Party any chance it might have had to win the office that year, during his term of office, the state capitol was moved from Tuscaloosa, Alabama to its current location in Montgomery, Alabama. His term also saw the US declare war on the Republic of Mexico, as governor, Martin saw to the dissolution of the state bank, which he had perceived as crooked. Although he initially ran for reelection in 1847, he withdrew his name from consideration, after his term as governor, he returned to law practice in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, but did serve one more term in the state legislature in 1853. He never lost an election for public office, Martin died in 1856 in Tuscaloosa, Alabama at the age of 56. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, joshua L. Martin, Encyclopedia of Alabama
31.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
32.
Thomas Stevenson Drew
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Thomas Stevenson Drew was the third elected governor of the U. S. state of Arkansas. Drew was born in Wilson County, Tennessee, and moved with his family to north Louisiana and he worked as a traveling salesman and schoolteacher. Drew settled in Clark County in southern Arkansas, in 1823, Drew was appointed Clark County Clerk. In 1827, he moved to Pocohontas, Arkansas, where he married Cinderella Bettis, daughter of the founder of that town. His father-in-law gave the newlyweds 800 acres of bottomland in Cherokee Bay near the town of Biggers in what is now Randolph County, the Drews prospered, having a plantation and twenty African American slaves. In 1832, Drew was elected judge of Lawrence County, in 1835, Drew and Bettis convinced the Arkansas Territorial Legislature to create Randolph County from Lawrence County. In 1836, Drew and Bettis held a free barbecue complete with free liquor for the entire county in Pocahontas. The next day, the grateful attendees chose Pocahontas as the county seat in an election over the more populated community of Columbia. That same year, Drew gave the county land in downtown Pocahontas where a courthouse was constructed, in 1836, Drew was chosen as a delegate to the Arkansas Constitutional Convention. He was elected Governor in 1844 as a Democrat, having secured the backing of the Conway-Sevier faction that had ruled Arkansas since territorial days and his administration concentrated on the states financial solvency and attempted to correct the states bad credit as well as disunity within Democratic ranks. Under Drew, Arkansas became the first southern state to declare Thanksgiving Day as a state holiday, at his wifes urging, Drew secured passage of legislation protecting a womans property which she brought into a marriage as her own separate entity, distinct from the husbands holdings. Drew was re-elected governor in 1848, the next year, he dispatched a militia to Marion County to suppress the Tutt-Everett War. Drew only served a year of his second term and he resigned in protest of the $1,500 annual salary, then provided for the governor, was inadequate. He retired from politics and concentrated on his own financial holdings, in 1860, he was living in Sebastian County near Fort Smith in western Arkansas. He moved to Weatherford west of Fort Worth, Texas, and later moved to Hood County, Texas, Drew was originally buried in the Old Baptist Cemetery in Lipan. In 1923, his remains were exhumed and reburied at the Masonic Cemetery in Pocahontas, Arkansas, alongside the graves of Bettis, Cinderella, and several of the Drew children. Richard Cleveland Drew, R. M. Drews son and hence a nephew of Thomas Drew, was a court judge from Webster Parish. Drew County in southern Arkansas is named for Thomas S. Drew, encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture National Governors Association Thomas Stevenson Drew at Find a Grave
33.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
34.
Roger Sherman Baldwin
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Not to be confused with Roger Nash Baldwin, 20th Century founder of the American Civil Liberties Union. Roger Sherman Baldwin was an American politician who served as the 32nd Governor of Connecticut from 1844 to 1846, as a lawyer, his career was most notable for his participation in the 1841 Amistad case. Baldwin was son of Simeon Baldwin and Rebecca Sherman in New Haven and he was the maternal grandson of notable founding father Roger Sherman. He attended Hopkins School, and entered Yale College at the age of fourteen, at Yale, Baldwin was a member of the Linonian Society. After leaving Yale he studied law in his fathers office in New Haven, and also in the Litchfield Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1814. Although repeatedly called into office, he devoted himself through life to the profession of his choice, attaining the highest distinction. His defense in 1841, of the rights of the Africans of the Amistad, is particularly celebrated, both for his ability and for the importance of the case. After having been a member of the city government in New Haven, in 1826 and 1828, Baldwin was elected in 1837, in 1840 and 1841 he represented the town of New Haven in the General Assembly. He was chosen Governor of Connecticut in 1844 and was reelected in 1845, on the death of Hon. J. W. He was elected by the Legislature in the following May to the same position and he was described as a devout Christian who studied the Bible every day. Baldwin died in New Haven, February 19,1863, at the age of 70 and was interred at Grove Street Cemetery. A biographical discourse was pronounced at his funeral by Rev. Dr. Dutton, which was printed in the New Englander for April 1863, and was also published as a pamphlet. A simplified version of the events regarding the Amistad case was made into a movie called Amistad in 1997 in which Matthew McConaughey portrayed Roger Sherman Baldwin, in Greenwich, Ct there is a town park called Roger Sherman Baldwin Park
35.
Whig Party (United States)
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The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four US presidents belonged to the party while in office and it emerged in the 1830s as the immediate successor to the National Republican and Anti-Masonic Parties, and was also rooted in the tradition of the Federalist Party. Along with the rival Democratic Party, it was central to the Second Party System from the early 1840s to the mid-1860s and it originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of the US Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and it appealed to entrepreneurs, planters, reformers and the emerging urban middle class, but had little appeal to farmers or unskilled workers. It included many active Protestants, and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian removal, Party founders chose the Whig name to echo the American Whigs of the 18th century who fought for independence. The underlying political philosophy of the American Whig Party was not directly related to the British Whig party, the Whig Party nominated several presidential candidates in 1836. General William Henry Harrison of Ohio was nominated in 1840, former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1844, another war hero, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey was the Whig Partys last presidential nominee, in 1852. In its two decades of existence, the Whig Party had two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president, John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrisons death in 1841, but was expelled from the party later that year. Millard Fillmore, who became president after Taylors death in 1850, was the last Whig president, the party fell apart because of the internal tension over the expansion of slavery to the territories. Most Whig Party leaders eventually quit politics or changed parties, the northern voter base mostly gravitated to the new Republican Party. In the South, most joined the Know Nothing Party, which unsuccessfully ran Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election, the Constitutional Union Party experienced significant success from conservative former Whigs in the Upper South during the 1860 presidential election. Whig ideology as a policy orientation persisted for decades and played a role in shaping the modernizing policies of the state governments during Reconstruction. The name Whig derived from a term that Patriots used to refer to themselves during the American Revolution and it indicated hostility to the British Sovereign, and despite the identical name, did not directly derive from the British Whig Party. The American Whigs were modernizers who saw President Andrew Jackson as a man on horseback with a reactionary opposition to the forces of social, economic. Casting their enemy as King Andrew, they sought to identify themselves as opponents of governmental overreaching. Despite the apparent unity of Jeffersons Democratic-Republicans from 1800 to 1824, as Jackson purged his opponents, vetoed internal improvements, and killed the Second Bank of the United States, alarmed local elites fought back. In 1831, Henry Clay re-entered the Senate and started planning a new party and he defended national rather than sectional interests. His Jacksonian opponents, however, distrusted the government and opposed all federal aid for internal improvements
36.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
37.
William B. Cooper
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William Barkley Cooper was an American farmer and politician from Laurel, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, then later the Whig Party, Cooper was born in Laurel, Delaware, son of Isaac and Comfort Townsend Barkley Cooper. His grandfather, Barkley Townsend, came to Laurel in 1768 from Dorchester County, Maryland and his father served in the Delaware General Assembly, was a member of the Delaware convention that ratified the U. S. Constitution in 1787, and was a member of the 1792 Delaware Constitutional Convention and his brother, Thomas Cooper, also served in the Delaware General Assembly and was one of the U. S. Representatives from Delaware from 1813 until 1817, William Cooper married Nancy Jones in 1795, and had one child, William T. After her death, he married Nelly Warren in 1816, and after her death, he married for the third time, there were no children by either of the later marriages. They lived at the southeast corner of 4th and King Street in Laurel and were members of the Methodist Church and he served as an ensign in the Delaware militia, 5th Company, 9th Regiment, and later was commissioned captain of the 3rd Brigade of the Troop of Horse. Cooper was appointed a Justice of the Peace from 1797 until 1805 and was also Sheriff of Sussex County from 1800 until 1812 and he served in the State House in the 1816 and 1817 sessions and then again in the 1835/36 session. In 1817 he was appointed as an Associate Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for Sussex County. He was elected Governor of Delaware in 1840 by defeating Warren Jefferson of Seaford, the Democratic candidate, and served as Governor from January 19,1841 until January 21,1845. ”Cooper died at his home and is buried in the Old Methodist Cemetery at Laurel on April 27,1849. His only son, William, went South during the Civil War and, according to some, served in the Confederate Army, was held captive for a time at Fort Delaware, and escaped in 1862. Governor Cooper is remembered as a man of force of character, an educated man, being polished in manners with intellectual gifts of a high order. Another recalls that, he was a high tempered man. and was in the habit of swearing very hard in his angry moments, when reproved, he said he couldnt help it. Until 1831, elections were held the first Tuesday of October, members of the Delaware General Assembly took office the first Tuesday of January. State Representatives had a one-year term, after 1831, elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and the terms of State Representatives were increased to two years. The Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term, history of the State of Delaware. History of Delaware Through its Governors, rodney, Richard S. Collected Essays on Early Delaware. Wilmington, Delaware, Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Delaware, philadelphia, L. J. Richards & Co
38.
Thomas Stockton
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Thomas Stockton was an American soldier and politician from New Castle in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a veteran of the War of 1812, and a member of the Whig Party, Stockton was born in New Castle Hundred, New Castle County, Delaware, son of John and Nancy Griffin Stockton. His father was a Brigadier General in the War of 1812 and he married Fidelia Johns, daughter of Chancellor Kensey Johns, and they had five children, Thomas, William, James, Elizabeth, and Fidelia. They lived in the Kensey Johns-Van Dyke house at 300 Delaware Street and were members of the Immanuel Episcopal Church in New Castle, after graduating from Princeton College, Stockton joined the Delaware militia. During the War of 1812 he was part of the attack on Fort George on the Niagara River, eventually he was promoted to a Major in the 42nd Infantry. He retired from the U. S. Army in 1825, Stockton was the New Castle County Register in Chancery from 1832 to 1835. Several years later, in 1844, he was elected Governor of Delaware by defeating William Tharp and he took office January 21,1845 and served until his death on March 2,1846. He was the sixth Governor of Delaware to die in office and he was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. Stockton died at New Castle and is buried there at the Immanuel Episcopal Church Cemetery, several of his sons and grandsons served in the Civil War. Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1st, the Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term. History of the State of Delaware, a History of Delaware Through its Governors. Philadelphia, L. J. Richards & Co, hall of Governors Portrait Gallery Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover
39.
Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
40.
John Branch
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Branch was born in Halifax County, North Carolina, on November 4,1782, the son of wealthy landowners. Educated at the University of North Carolina, where he was a member of the Philanthropic Society, he occupied himself as a planter, Branch served in the North Carolina Senate from 1811 to 1817 and was the states Governor from 1817 to 1820. After further service in the state Senate, he represented North Carolina in the United States Senate from 1823 until 1829 and was a supporter of Andrew Jackson. When Jackson became President, he selected Branch as his Secretary of the Navy, in that post, Branch promoted several reforms in the Navys policies and administration, many of which were not implemented until years later. He reduced the resources going to the construction of new ships, Branch also sent the frigate USS Potomac to the Far East to punish the murderers of a U. S. merchant ships crew and to generally promote and protect American commerce in the region. John Branch resigned as Secretary in 1831, during the Petticoat affair, which involved the social ostracism of Margaret ONeill Eaton, Eaton by a group of Cabinet members and their wives led by Floride Calhoun, the wife of Vice President John C. Later that year, Branch was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives as a Jacksonian, in the mid-1830s, he moved to Leon County, Florida, where he lived for much of the next decade-and-a-half on his Live Oak Plantation. In 1844, President John Tyler appointed him Floridas territorial governor until the 1845 election of a governor under the state constitution, Branch returned to North Carolina in the early 1850s, remaining there until his death on January 4,1863. Branch is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Enfield, North Carolina, Branch was an uncle of the Confederate General Lawrence OBryan Branch. American National Biography Dictionary of American Biography Buccellato, Robert, raleigh, NC, Commercial Printing Co.1915 Hoffmann, William S. John Branch and the Origins of the Whig Party in North Carolina. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress John Branch at Find a Grave
41.
William Dunn Moseley
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William Dunn Moseley was an American politician. A Democrat and North Carolina native, Moseley became the first Governor of the state of Florida, serving from 1845 until 1849 and he was the son of Matthew and Elizabeth Herring Dunn Moseley, who built this Moseley Hall. The plantation house was known as Rolleston Hall. Moseley graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1818 and he was of entirely English ancestry, all of which had been in America since the days of the original thirteen colonies. He received his masters degree from UNC in 1821, while at the university, Moseley was the roommate of future president James K. Polk. In 1822, Moseley married Susan Hill, the couple had six children, in 1817, Moseley became a tutor at the university. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar and began practice in Wilmington, like many lawyers of the time, law was not his only profession, Moseley also farmed and was a schoolteacher. From 1829 to 1837, Moseley represented Lenoir County in the North Carolina Senate and he lost the Democratic nomination for governor in North Carolina by three votes. In 1835, Moseley and his moved to Lake Miccosukee in Jefferson County, Florida. In 1840, Moseley was elected to the territorial House of Representatives, in 1844, he won a seat in the territorial Senate. On March 3,1845, Florida was admitted as the state of the Union. Later in 1845, in the first statewide election, Moseley won the election for governor of Florida and he beat the well-known former governor Richard Keith Call, becoming the first governor of the state of Florida. Moseley was sworn in on June 25,1845, during his term, he established the new state government. The state Capitol building was completed during his first year in office, Moseley oversaw the states role in the Mexican-American War. Southern states supported the war with troops as they saw it as an opportunity to gain territory where slavery could be used, Moseley worked to resolve conflicts between white settlers and Seminole Indians. He also encouraged agriculture, supporting new citrus, avocado, tobacco, Moseley was a strong supporter of states rights. He favored the establishment of state-funded public schools, constitutionally limited to a single term, Moseley returned to his plantation after ending his term on October 1,1849. Two years later, he settled in the town of Palatka in Putnam County, Moseley died on January 4,1863, and was buried at the West View Cemetery in Palatka
42.
George W. Crawford
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George Walker Crawford was a licensed attorney turned politician from Columbia County, Georgia. Crawford was appointed attorney general for the state in 1827, by Governor John Forsyth, Crawford also served five years in the General Assemblys lower house as a representative of Richmond County on a platform of states rights. George Crawford served in the U. S. House of Representatives, Crawford was elected Georgias 38th governor – serving two terms from 1843–47. He became the only Whig Party candidate in history to occupy the Governors Mansion. Crawford also served as United States Secretary of War from 1849–50, Crawfords time in President Zachary Taylors cabinet was marred by speculation regarding a probate claim he settled for George Galphins heirs. Crawford received a gratuity of substantial remuneration for his services - Crawfords political adversaries framed it as the Galphin Affair – marking the end of Crawfords political aspirations, when President Taylor unexpectedly died while in office, Crawford resigned his position as Secretary of War and entered political retirement. In 1861, however, Crawford was elected a delegate from Richmond County to the states Secession Convention which brought him out of retirement to answer the call of his constituents. By the conventions first order of business, Crawford was elected Permanent President of the Convention by which he presided over Georgias decision to secede from the Union, George Walker Crawford was born on December 22,1798, in Columbia County, Georgia. He was the son of Peter and Mary Ann Crawford. Peter Crawford acquired a tract of land that he called Belair Plantation. The homestead was situated close to his uncle, Joel Crawford, George Crawford grew up on the familys estate, heavily influenced by his father, and his cousin William as well. Georges father was an attorney and George availed himself to the well-stocked personal library of his father while homeschooling his education. Peter Crawford also entered Georgia politics himself – beginning as Columbia Countys first clerk of courts and becoming a 10-term representative in the state legislature. George Crawfords cousin, William H. Crawford, was becoming well known for his political service. George Crawford built on his homeschooling at the College of New Jerseys school of law, Crawford graduated with a bachelors degree in 1820, and subsequently completed an internship under the tutelage of Richard Henry Wilde. Crawford was licensed to practice law in 1822, and started a practice in Augusta partnering with Henry H. Cumming. He went on to obtain a degree from the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences. After graduating Franklin, Crawford served from 1824 to 1825, as a lieutenant in the 10th Regiment of the Georgia Militia
43.
Governor of Illinois
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The Governor of Illinois is the chief executive of the State of Illinois and the various agencies and departments over which the officer has jurisdiction, as prescribed in the state constitution. It is an elected position, votes being cast by popular suffrage of residents of the state. The governor is responsible for enacting laws passed by the Illinois General Assembly, Illinois is one of 14 states with no gubernatorial term-limit. The current governor is Republican Bruce Rauner, who succeeded Pat Quinn in 2015, the term of office of Governor of Illinois is four years, and there is no limit on the number of terms a governor may serve. Inauguration takes place on the second Monday in January following a gubernatorial election, a single term ends four years later. Its first occupant was Governor Joel Aldrich Matteson, who took residence at the mansion in 1855 and it is one of three oldest governors residences in continuous use in the United States. The governor is given the use of an official residence on the state fair grounds. Governors have traditionally used this part of the year. Six Illinois governors have been charged with crimes during or after their governorships, four were convicted, len Small, governor from 1921 to 1929, was indicted in office for corruption. He was acquitted, thereafter, eight of the received state jobs. Among his defense lawyers was a governor, Joseph W. Fifer, who asserted in pre-trial hearings. William G. Stratton, governor from 1953 to 1961, was acquitted of tax evasion in 1965 and he was prosecuted by future Illinois governor Jim Thompson. He was sentenced to seven years in prison five years of probation following his release. Former governor Jim Thompson, whom Ryan had served under as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in the 1980s, was manager of the law firm that defended Ryan. In August 2010, he was convicted of lying to the FBI in connection with the investigation, but the jury deadlocked on 23 other charges. Blagojevich was retried on 20 counts from his 2010 trial and on June 27,2011, Blagojevich was convicted on 17 counts of fraud, acquitted on one count, on December 7,2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in prison. List of Governors of Illinois 1. α Current governor of Illinois, in 2015, the Council of State Governments reported that Rauner had returned all but $1 of his salary to the State of Illinois. However, the pay rate for the title of Governor in Illinois remains at $177,412, Illinois Office of the Governor Illinois Executive Mansion Burial places of Illinois Governors Article V in the Illinois Constitution list of government help in Illinois
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Media related to 1845 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
