1.
1866
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As of the start of 1866, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 Fisk University, a black university, is established in Nashville. The last issue of the abolitionist magazine The Liberator is published, january 6 – Ottoman troops clash with men of a Maronite leader Youssef Bey Karam at St. Doumit in Lebanon, the Ottomans are defeated. January 12 Royal Aeronautical Society is formed as The Aeronautical Society of Great Britain in London, british auxiliary steamer SS London sinks in a storm in the Bay of Biscay on passage from the Thames to Australia with the loss of 244 people and only 19 survivors. January 18 – Wesley College, Melbourne is established, january 26 – Volcanic eruption in the Santorini caldera begins. February 7 – Battle of Abtao, A Spanish naval squadron fights a combined Peruvian-Chilean fleet, february 13 – The first daylight bank robbery in United States history during peacetime takes place in Liberty, Missouri. This is considered to be the first robbery committed by Jesse James and his gang, february 26 – The Calaveras Skull is discovered in California. Purported to be evidence of humans in North America during the Pliocene epoch, february 28 – The month concludes without having a full moon. April 4 – Alexander II of Russia narrowly escapes an attempt in the city of St Petersburg. April 8 – The kingdoms of Italy and Prussia form an alliance against the Austrian Empire, april 10 – The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is founded in New York City by Henry Bergh. May 2 – Battle of Callao, Peruvian defenders fight the Spanish fleet, may 7 – Student Ferdinand Cohen-Blind makes a failed attempt to assassinate Otto von Bismarck in Unter den Linden in Berlin. May 10 – London bank Overend, Gurney and Company collapses, may 16 – The United States Congress approves the minting of a nickel 5-cent coin, eliminating its predecessor, the half dime. May 24 – Battle of Tuyutí,32,000 soldiers of the Triple Alliance defeat 24,000 Paraguayan soldiers few miles north of the Paraná, Argentina in the Paraguayan War, may 26 – First production of the comic opera Cox and Box by F. C. Burnand and Arthur Sullivan at Moray Lodge, Kensington June 2 – Fenian forces skirmish with Canadian militia at the battles of Ridgeway, June 5 – Calculations indicate Pluto reaches its only aphelion between 1618 and August 2113. June 8 – The Canadian Parliament meets for the first time in Ottawa, June 11 – The Agra High Court is established. June 14 – The Austro-Prussian War begins, when the Austrians, June 20 – The Kingdom of Italy declares war on Austria. June 22 – In Sweden, the Riksdag of the Estates votes to replace itself by an elected 2-chamber Riksdag, June 27–June 29 – Battle of Langensalza, The Prussians defeat the Hanoverian army. July 1 – The first Constitution of Romania is issued, july 5 – Princess Helena, third daughter of Queen Victoria, marries Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1864 in the United States
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Events from the year 1864 in the United States. President, Abraham Lincoln Vice President, Hannibal Hamlin Chief Justice, at least 200 died along the 300-mile trek that took over 18 days to travel on foot. February 9 – American Civil War, Libby Prison Escape –109 Union soldiers escape from the Confederate prison in Richmond, February 17 – American Civil War, The tiny Confederate submarine Hunley torpedoes the USS Housatonic, becoming the first submarine to sink an enemy ship. February 25 – American Civil War, The first Northern prisoners arrive at the Confederate prison at Andersonville, March 9 – American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln appoints Ulysses S. Grant commander in chief of all Union armies. March 10 – American Civil War, The Red River Campaign begins as Union troops reach Alexandria, Louisiana. April 22 – The U. S. Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864 which mandates that the inscription In God We Trust be placed on all coins minted as United States currency. May – Man and Nature, or, Physical geography as modified by human action by George Perkins Marsh is published, one of the first works to document the effects of human action on the environment and it helped to launch the modern conservation movement. May 5 – American Civil War, The Battle of the Wilderness begins in Spotsylvania County, may 7 – American Civil War, The Army of the Potomac, under General Ulysses S. Grant, breaks off from the Battle of the Wilderness and moves southwards. May 8–21 – American Civil War – Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, may 11 – American Civil War – Battle of Yellow Tavern, Confederate General J. E. B. Stuart is mortally wounded at Yellow Tavern, Virginia, may 12 – American Civil War – Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, The Bloody Angle – thousands of Union and Confederate soldiers die. May 13 – American Civil War – Battle of Resaca, The battle begins with Union General Sherman fighting toward Atlanta. May 18 – Civil War gold hoax, The New York World, may 20 – American Civil War – Battle of Ware Bottom Church, In the Virginia Bermuda Hundred Campaign,10,000 troops fight in this Confederate victory. May 26 – Montana Territory is organized out of parts of Washington Territory and Dakota Territory, and is signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln. June 5 – American Civil War – Battle of Piedmont, Union forces under General David Hunter defeat a Confederate army at Piedmont, Augusta County, Virginia, june 9 – American Civil War – The Siege of Petersburg begins. Union forces under General Grant and troops led by Confederate General Robert E. Lee battle for the last time, june 10 American Civil War, Battle of Noonday Creek near Kennesaw, Georgia. American Civil War – Battle of Brices Crossroads, Confederate troops under Nathan Bedford Forrest defeat a much larger Union force led by General Samuel D. Sturgis in Mississippi. June 12 – American Civil War – Battle of Cold Harbor, General Ulysses S. Grant pulls his troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia, june 27 – American Civil War, Battle of Kennesaw Mountain near Kennesaw, Georgia. June 30 – President Abraham Lincoln signs the Yosemite Grant Act, July – President Abraham Lincoln signs a law that abolishes the commutation fee that could be paid to in lieu of conscription
4.
1865 in the United States
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Events from the year 1865 in the United States. The American Civil War ends with the surrender of the Confederate States, President, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson Vice President, until March 4, Hannibal Hamlin March 4–April 15, Andrew Johnson starting April 15, vacant Chief Justice, Salmon P. January 15 – American Civil War, United States forces capture Fort Fisher, january 31 – American Civil War, Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief. February 17 – American Civil War, Columbia, South Carolina burns as Confederate forces flee from advancing Union forces, february 22 – Tennessee adopts a new constitution that abolishes slavery. March 3 – The U. S. Congress authorizes formation of the Freedmens Bureau, March 4 – U. S. President Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated for a second term, Andrew Johnson becomes Vice President. March 13 – American Civil War, The Confederate States of America agrees to the use of African American troops, March 18 – American Civil War, The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time. March 19 – American Civil War, The Battle of Bentonville begins, by the end of the battle on March 21 the Confederate forces retreat from Four Oaks, March 21 - The University of Kansas was founded when the Board of Regents held its first meeting. March 25 American Civil War, In Virginia, Confederate forces capture Fort Steadman from the Union, Lees army suffers heavy casualties during the Battle of Fort Stedman—about 2,900, including 1,000 captured in the Union counterattack. After the battle, Lees defeat is only a matter of time, the Claywater Meteorite explodes just before reaching ground level in Vernon County, Wisconsin, fragments having a combined mass of 1.5 kg are recovered. April 1 – American Civil War – Battle of Five Forks, In Petersburg, Virginia, April 9 – American Civil War, General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the American Civil War. April 14 Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, Actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth shoots, President Abraham Lincoln while Lincoln is attending an evening performance of the farce Our American Cousin at Fords Theatre in Washington, D. C. Doctors attend the President in the theater then soldiers move his unconscious body to a house across the street. Because of his height, Lincoln is laid diagonally across a bed so his body will fit, U. S. Secretary of State William H. Seward and his family are attacked in his home by Lewis Powell. April 15 – Inauguration of Andrew Johnson, President Lincoln dies of his wound early this morning. April 18 – Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his entire cabinet arrive in Charlotte with a contingent of 1,000 soldiers. April 26 American Civil War, Confederate States Army General Joseph E. Johnston surrenders to Union Army Major General William Tecumseh Sherman at Durham Station, Union cavalry corner John Wilkes Booth in a Virginia barn, and cavalryman Boston Corbett shoots the assassin dead. April 27 The steamboat Sultana, carrying 2,300 passengers, explodes and sinks in the Mississippi River, killing 1,800, governor of New York Reuben Fenton signs a bill formally creating Cornell University. May 5 Jefferson Davis meets with his Confederate Cabinet for the last time, in Washington, Georgia, in North Bend, Ohio, the first train robbery in the United States takes place
5.
1867 in the United States
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Events from the year 1867 in the United States. January 8 – African-American men are granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia, february 7 West Virginia University is established in Morgantown, West Virginia. Laura Ingalls Wilder is born near Pepin, Wisconsin March – The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign is established, March 1 – Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U. S. state. March 30 – Alaska is purchased for $7.2 million from Alexander II of Russia, about 2 cent/acre, the news media call this Sewards Folly. June 15 – The Atlantic Cable Quartz Lode mine is named in Montana, June 29 – Kidder massacre, A Sioux and Cheyenne war party kills U. S. Second Lieutenant Lyman Kidder, along with an Indian scout and ten enlisted men in Kansas. July 2 – The first elevated railroad in USA begins service in New York, July 17 – In Boston, Massachusetts, the Harvard School of Dental Medicine is established as the first dental school in the United States. September 30 – The United States takes control of Midway Island, october 21 – Manifest Destiny – Medicine Lodge Treaty, Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas, a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders. The treaty requires Native American Plains tribes to relocate to a reservation in western Oklahoma, November 15 – Former Minnesota farmer Oliver Hudson Kelley founds the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry. December 2 – In a New York City theater, British author Charles Dickens gives his first public reading in the United States, December 18 –49 people are killed in a train crash in Angola, New York. Yellow fever kills 3,093 in New Orleans, the Prohibition National Committee is formed in the United States. At historic Fountain Point, Michigan, a water spring gushes continuously until the present day. 1867–1873 – Chinese, Scandinavian and Irish immigrants lay 30,000 miles of tracks in the United States. Reconstruction era January 1 – Lew Fields, vaudeville performer January 8 – Emily Greene Balch, writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize January 14 – James H. Hughes, navy commander and Governor of American Samoa Kirtland I. Senator from Iowa in 1922 June 8 – Frank Lloyd Wright, architect July 31 – S. S. Kirby, senator from Arkansas from 1916 till 1921 November 24 Possible date – Scott Joplin, ragtime composer Frank L. Smith, elected U. S. Senator from Illinois in 1926 December 23 – Madam C. J. Walker, born Sarah Breedlove, African American entrepreneur and philanthropist December 30 – Simon Guggenheim, U. S. Riddle, U. S. Senator from Delaware from 1864 to 1867 April 3 – George W. Randolph, lawyer, planter, Confederate general, 3rd Confederate States Secretary of War May 11 – Joseph A. Wright, U. S. Senator from Indiana from 1862 to 1863 May 27 – Thomas Bulfinch, collector of myths and legends July 3 – Lazarus W. Powell, senator from Kentucky from 1859 to 1865 July 31 – Catharine Sedgwick, novelist September 3 – James A. McDougall, U. S
6.
1868 in the United States
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Events from the year 1868 in the United States. President, Andrew Johnson Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Salmon P. January 9 – John William De Forest, writing for The Nation, calls for a more specifically American literature, February 16 – In New York City the Jolly Corks organization is renamed the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Johnson is later acquitted by the Senate, the first parade to have floats occurs at Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana. March 1 – The Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity is founded at the University of Virginia, March 5 – A court of impeachment is organized in the United States Senate to hear charges against President Andrew Johnson. March 23 – The University of California is founded in Oakland, California, March 27 – The Lake Ontario Shore Railroad Company is organized in Oswego, New York. April 1 – The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established in Hampton, april 29 – After pursuing a policy of total war on the Plain Indians, General William Tecumseh Sherman brokers the Treaty of Fort Laramie. May 16 and 26 – President Andrew Johnson is acquitted during his impeachment trial, may 30 – Memorial Day is observed in the United States for the first time. July 25 – Wyoming Territory is organized, july 28 – The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and all persons in the United States due process of law. September – The first volume of Louisa May Alcotts novel Little Women is published, September 18 – The University of the South holds its first convocation in Sewanee, Tennessee. September 23 – Rebels in the town of Lares declare Puerto Rico independent, October 6 – The City of New York grants Mount Sinai Hospital a 99-year lease for a property on Lexington Avenue and 66th Street, for the sum of $1.00. October 28 – Thomas Edison applies for his first patent, the electric vote recorder, november 3 – U. S. presidential election,1868, Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horatio Seymour in the election. December 25 – President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War rebels, maryland School for the Deaf is established. The Roman Catholic See of Tucson is established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Arizona in 1868, the Diocese of Tucson is canonically erected on May 8,1897. – Scott Joplin, African American ragtime composer and pianist January 31 – Theodore William Richards, chemist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1914 February 3 – William J. Harris, U. S. E. B. Wood, optical physicist May 10 – Ed Barrow, baseball player and manager June 4 – Thomas F. Bayard, Jr. U. S. Senator from Delaware from 1922 to 1929 June 8 – Robert Robinson Taylor, first accredited African American architect June 28 – John F. Nugent, U. S. S. Senator from Kansas from 1929 to 1931 September 22 – John T. Raulston, state judge October 8 – Coleman Livingston Blease, U. S. Sackett, U. S
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Andrew Johnson
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Andrew Johnson was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as he was president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, the new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress. The first American president to be impeached, he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote, Johnson was born in poverty in Raleigh, North Carolina. Apprenticed as a tailor, he worked in several towns before settling in Greeneville. He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1835, after brief service in the Tennessee Senate, Johnson was elected to the federal House of Representatives in 1843, where he served five two-year terms. He became Governor of Tennessee for four years, and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857, in his congressional service, he sought passage of the Homestead Bill, which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862. As Southern slave states, including Tennessee, seceded to form the Confederate States of America and he was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not resign his seat upon learning of his states secession. In 1862, Lincoln appointed him as governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. When Johnson was sworn in as president in March 1865, he gave a rambling speech. Six weeks later, the assassination of Lincoln made him president, Johnson implemented his own form of Presidential Reconstruction – a series of proclamations directing the seceded states to hold conventions and elections to re-form their civil governments. Johnson vetoed their bills, and Congressional Republicans overrode him, setting a pattern for the remainder of his presidency, Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment, which gave citizenship to former slaves. In 1866, Johnson went on a national tour promoting his executive policies. As the conflict between the branches of government grew, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, restricting Johnsons ability to fire Cabinet officials. When he persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, he was impeached by the House of Representatives, and narrowly avoided conviction in the Senate and removal from office. Returning to Tennessee after his presidency, Johnson sought political vindication, Johnson is regarded by many historians as one of the worst presidents in American history. While some admire his strict constitutionalism, his opposition to federally guaranteed rights for African Americans is widely criticized
12.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
13.
Tennessee
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Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
14.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
15.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
16.
Salmon P. Chase
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Salmon Portland Chase was an American politician and jurist who served as the sixth Chief Justice of the United States from 1864 to his death in 1873. Earlier in his career, Chase was the 23rd Governor of Ohio, senator from Ohio prior to service under Abraham Lincoln as the 25th Secretary of the Treasury. As Secretary of the Treasury, Chase strengthened the government, introducing its first paper currency as well as a national bank. He coined the slogan of the Free Soil Party, Free Soil, Free Labor, Chief Justice Chase presided over the Senate trial of Andrew Johnson during the Presidents impeachment proceedings in 1868. Chase was born in Cornish, New Hampshire, on January 13,1808, to Janet Ralston and Ithamar Chase, senator Dudley Chase of Vermont was another uncle. He studied in the schools of Windsor, Vermont, and Worthington, Ohio. He was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity and Phi Beta Kappa, while at Dartmouth, he taught at the Royalton Academy in Royalton, Vermont. Chase then moved to the District of Columbia, where he opened a school while studying law under U. S. Attorney General William Wirt. He was admitted to the bar in 1829, Chase moved to a country home near Loveland, Ohio, and practiced law in Cincinnati from 1830. He rose to prominence for his compilation of the states statutes. From the beginning, despite the risk to his livelihood, he defended runaway slaves and he worked initially with the American Sunday School Union. Chase was also a member of the literary Semi-Colon Club, its members included Harriet Beecher Stowe, Chase became the leader of the political reformers, as opposed to the Garrisonian abolitionist movement. For his defense of escaped slaves seized in Ohio under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 and his argument in the case of Jones v. Van Zandt on the constitutionality of fugitive slave laws before the U. S. Supreme Court attracted particular attention. In this and similar cases, the court ruled against him, Chase contended that slavery was local, not national, and that it could exist only by virtue of positive state law. Elected as a Whig to the Cincinnati City Council in 1840, for seven years he was the leader of the Liberty Party in Ohio. He helped balance its idealism with his approach and political thought. He was skillful in drafting platforms and addresses, and he prepared the national Liberty platform of 1843, building the Liberty Party was slow going. By 1848 Chase was leader in the effort to combine the Liberty Party with the Barnburners or Van Buren Democrats of New York to form the Free Soil Party
17.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
18.
Schuyler Colfax
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Schuyler Colfax Jr. was a journalist, businessman, and politician from Indiana. He served as a United States Representative, Speaker of the House of Representatives, to date, he is one of only two Americans to have served as both House speaker and vice president. Colfax was known for his opposition to slavery while serving in Congress, in January 1865, as Speaker of the House, Colfax made the unusual choice to cast a vote for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. After winning the election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant and Colfax. Grant ran again, and Colfax reversed himself and attempted to win the presidential nomination. In January 1871, Colfax encouraged a unified Italy to adopt a republican government that protected religious freedom, Colfax left the vice presidency at the end of his term in 1873 and never again ran for office. Afterwards he worked as a executive and became a popular lecturer. Colfax died in Mankato, Minnesota on January 13,1885 while changing trains as he was en route to Rock Rapids, Iowa to give a speech. Schuyler Colfax was born on March 23,1823, in New York City to Schuyler Colfax Sr. a bank teller, and Hannah Delameter Stryker, william was commander at Sandy Hook during the War of 1812. Colfaxs father contracted tuberculosis and died on October 30,1822 and his sister Mary died in July 1823,4 months after he was born. His mother later remarried, becoming the wife of George W. Mathews, Colfaxs mother and grandmother ran a boarding house as their primary means of economic support. In 1836 Colfaxs family moved to New Carlisle, Indiana, in 1841 Mathews was elected St. Joseph County Auditor, and he appointed Colfax as his deputy, a post which Colfax held for all eight years Mathews served as auditor. Colfax became interested in journalism and covered the Indiana Senate for the Indiana State Journal, in 1845 Colfax purchased the newspaper and changed its name to the St. Joseph Valley Register. In addition to covering the Indiana Senate, Colfax contributed articles on Indiana politics to the New York Tribune, leading to a friendship with its editor, at 19 Colfax became the editor of the pro-Whig South Bend Free Press. He owned the Register for nine years, at first in support of the Whigs, on October 10,1844 Colfax married childhood friend Evelyn Clark. On November 18,1868, two weeks after he was elected president, Colfax married Ellen M. Wade, a niece of Senator Benjamin Wade. They had one son, Schuyler Colfax III, who served as mayor of South Bend, Colfax was a delegate to the 1848 Whig National Convention. He was also a delegate to the constitutional convention of 1849-50
19.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
20.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
21.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
22.
39th United States Congress
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The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Eighth Census of the United States in 1860. Both chambers had a Republican majority, March 4,1865, Second inauguration of President Abraham Lincoln. July 24,1866, Tennessee became the first U. S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War,31,14 Stat.27 July 16,1866, Freedmens Bureau Bill, Sess. 200,14 Stat.173 July 23,1866, Judicial Circuits Act, Sess. 209, reduced the number of United States circuit courts to nine,223, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant became the first to have this rank. July 28,1866, Metric Act of 1866, Sess,339, legalized the use of the metric system for weights and measures in the United States. March 1,1867, Nebraska admitted as the 37th state, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. During this Congress, two seats were added for the new state of Nebraska, during this Congress, one seat was added for the new state of Nebraska. President, Andrew Johnson, until April 15,1865, vacant thereafter, President pro tempore, Lafayette S. Foster, until March 2,1867 Benjamin F. Wade, elected March 2,1867 Republican Conference Chairman, Henry B. Anthony Speaker, Schuyler Colfax Republican Conference Chairman, Justin S. Morrill This list is arranged by chamber, senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. Skip to House of Representatives, below The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Boynton Clerk, Edward McPherson Doorkeeper, Ira Goodnow Messenger to the Speaker, todd Postmaster, Joshua Given Sergeant at Arms, Nehemiah G. The 39th Congress and the 14th Amendment, Some Preliminary Perspectives, Akron Law Review,42, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, the Senate, 1789-1989, Historical Statistics, 1789-1992. Congressional Directory for the 39th Congress, 2nd Session
23.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
24.
Robert M. Patton
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Robert Miller Patton was the 20th Governor of the U. S. state of Alabama from 1865 to 1868. Patton was born July 10,1809, in Russell County and his family moved to Huntsville, Alabama, in 1818 where Patton attended Green Academy. Patton apprenticed in the cotton mill founded by his father William. In 1829 he moved to Florence, Alabama, and began a business that his sons took over in the late 1850s. He married Jane Locke Braham of Huntsville on January 31,1832, seven of his children lived to adulthood but he lost two sons, both Confederate soldiers, during the Civil War. Pattons political career began in 1832 when he was elected to the state legislature and he was elected to the special legislature that convened in 1837 in response to the financial panic and depression of that year. Although he was a Whig, Patton continued to serve in one branch or the other of the legislature until the outbreak of war. He represented the state at the convention in Charleston, SC. Patton opposed secession but supported the states efforts through time and money, by the wars end, he suffered not only the loss of his sons but the destruction of his estate in Lauderdale County. Patton represented his county at the convention in September 1865. He was elected governor in November and inaugurated on December 13, Patton worked closely with the assistant commissioner of the Freedmens Bureau, General Wager Swayne. He helped Swayne procure rations for the thousands of indigent families in the state and his greatest contribution was his success in reducing the state debt. He issued Patton certificates in 1867 to offset state expenses in anticipation of the collection in taxes, despite Pattons efforts, he was largely stripped of his authority in March 1867 when presidential reconstruction ended with the passage of the Reconstruction Acts by Congress. Major General John Pope was placed in charge of the Third Military District which included Alabama, Georgia, Swayne continued as the commanding officer of Alabama. Patton was allowed to remain in office and draw his salary, Patton was officially the head of the state until William H. Smith became governor in July 1868. After his political career ended, Patton became involved in commercial ventures to establish and build railroads in the state, notably the Alabama. He also served as a trustee of several schools and colleges and he was instrumental in rebuilding the university after it was burned by Federal troops during the war. Patton died on February 28,1885, at his plantation, Sweetwater, robert M. Patton at Find a Grave
25.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
26.
Isaac Murphy
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Isaac Murphy was the first Reconstruction Governor of Arkansas, and came to power under President Abraham Lincolns conciliatory policy. Unlike some other reconstruction administrations, the Murphy administration was characterized by fiscal restraint, Murphy is best known for casting the only vote against secession at the Arkansas Secession Convention. Murphy was born near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to a paper manufacturer. He was educated at Washington College in Washington, Pennsylvania and was admitted to the bar in Allegheny County, in 1830, Murphy moved to Clarksville, Tennessee where he taught school. In Clarksville he met and married Angelina Lockhart on July 31,1830 against her fathers wishes, Angelina was disinherited by her father because Isaac was opposed to the institution of slavery. In 1834, the Murphys, with their daughter, moved west to the town of Fayetteville. Murphy established himself as a teacher, surveyor, and lawyer. Murphy became the first County Treasurer of Washington County, Arkansas in 1836 and he became a master in chancery in 1841. From 1837 to 1838, Murphy ran the government land lines for Franklin County. On November 30,1844, the noted Indian Missionary Cephas Washburn, along with Murphy and other prominent individuals, Murphy became the chairman of the Board of Visitors with the intent of establishing a facility that would educate both whites and Indians. Murphy served in capacity until the building was destroyed by fire on February 17,1845. Murphy was elected to the General Assembly of Arkansas twice as the representative from Washington County, Murphy served on the Banking Committee and attempted to introduce reforms but was stymied by the powerful political cabal known as The Family. Murphy ran into financial difficulties around 1849 and left for California in an attempt to improve his fortunes in the California Gold Rush and he returned to Arkansas in 1854 with nothing to show for his efforts. Upon his return he moved to Huntsville, Arkansas in Madison County, when the secession crisis swept the State in 1861, a group of Madison County citizens called on Murphy to represent them at the Secession Convention. The Arkansas Secession Convention voted to remain in the Union, when Fort Sumter was fired on and Lincoln called for troops from Arkansas, the Secession Convention was recalled. The convention voted to take Arkansas out of the Union with only Murphy, the convention chair called on the five opposition votes to change their votes so that Arkansas could speak with a unanimous voice. All four of the other nay voters changed their votes but Murphy refused, as war broke out Murphy was forced to flee his home in Huntsville and spent much of the war traveling with the Union army in northwest Arkansas. Following the fall of Little Rock in 1863, Arkansas Confederate government, led by Governor Harris Flanagin, in a special election, held with the approval of President Abraham Lincoln, Murphy was elected governor
27.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
28.
Frederick Low
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Frederick Ferdinand Low was an American politician, US congressman and the ninth governor of California. Born in Frankfort in 1828, Low attended the Hampden Academy in Hampden, Low moved to California, entering the shipping business in San Francisco in 1849. Low became a banker in Marysville, California from 1854 from 1861, Low presented credentials as a Republican Member-elect to the 37th Congress but was not permitted to take his seat until a special act of Congress was passed. He served as a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from June 3,1862 to March 3,1863. Low was appointed in 1863 as collector of the Port of San Francisco prior to becoming governor of California from December 10,1863 to December 5,1867. He was the second California governor to live in the Stanford Mansion as the residence and office until the opening of the California State Capitol building in 1869. Low was Californias last Civil War governor, hallmarks of his administration were the establishment of Yosemite National Park and University of California. Low was considered, father of the University of California, however, his successor, Henry H. Haight signed March 23,1868, Low served as United States Minister to China from 1869 to 1874. He died in San Francisco on July 21,1894 and he is buried in the Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma. Frederick Low biography at the California State Library United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
29.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
30.
William A. Buckingham
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William Alfred Buckingham was a Republican United States Senator from Connecticut. Born in Lebanon, Connecticut, Son of Samuel Buckingham and Joanna Buckingham, Buckingham attended the schools and Bacon Academy in Colchester, Connecticut. He was married on September 30,1830, to Eliza Ripley, daughter of Dwight, William Ripley Buckingham was born October 27,1836, and died in early childhood on December 12,1838. Eliza Coit Buckingham was born December 7,1838, and married William A. Aiken on August 28,1862, Buckingham entered into a career in the mercantile industry, and in 1848 helped to organize the Hayward Rubber Company, a business that developed into a successful enterprise. Buckingham served as the mayor of Norwich, Connecticut from 1849 to 1850 and he also served as Norwichs town treasurer and a member of the city council. Winning the 1858 Republican gubernatorial nomination, Buckingham was elected and served as the 41st Governor of Connecticut and he was reelected to the governorship the next seven years, serving from May 5,1858, until May 2,1866. During his tenure, he dealt successfully with the effects of a panic that occurred in the state. Buckingham arranged for troops, with 54 companies enlisting instead of 10, before the General Assembly appropriated $2 million for military expenses, Buckingham had begun borrowing money in his own name to finance Connecticuts war efforts. The outbreak of the Civil War was the reason for Buckingham’s long tenure as Connecticut’s governor. A strong supporter of Abraham Lincoln, he hosted Lincoln when Lincoln campaigned in Connecticut, when the President called on the Northern governors to assist him in prosecuting the war, Buckingham worked seven days a week, twelve hours a day. The state’s major correspondent with the Federal government, he read and answered letters from troops in the field, if it costs money, draw on me for it. ”It is estimated that Connecticut sent 54,882 soldiers to fight in the Civil War. Buckingham is known as a “War Governor” for his work, Buckingham declined renomination in 1866, and after leaving office, was elected to the U. S. Senate on March 4,1869, and served until his death on February 5,1875. Buckingham died in Norwich on February 5,1875 and he is interred at Yantic Cemetery, Norwich, Connecticut. The ship USS Governor Buckingham is named after him, Buckingham was a benefactor of Yale College and served as president of the Board of Trustees of Norwich Free Academy and as president of the Connecticut State Temperance Union. His house in Norwich is owned by the city and is listed on the National Register of Historical Places, a street and school are named in his honor in Norwich, and a statue of him is inside the State Capitol Building in Hartford. Buckinghams house in Norwich is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The Life of William A. Buckingham, 2nd sess. from 1874 to 1875
31.
Joseph Roswell Hawley
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Joseph Roswell Hawley was the 42nd Governor of Connecticut, a U. S. politician in the Republican and Free Soil parties, a Civil War general, and a journalist and newspaper editor. He served two terms in the United States House of Representatives and was a four-term U. S. Senator and he was born at the Stewart-Hawley-Malloy House, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. His father returned to Connecticut in 1837 and Joseph attended and graduated from Hamilton College in New York in 1847 and he was admitted to the bar in 1850 and practiced law in Hartford, Connecticut for six years. In 1856, he took a part in organizing the Republican Party in Connecticut, and in 1857 became editor of the Hartford Evening Press. Hawley served in the Federal army with distinction throughout the Civil War, in April 1861, Hawley helped recruit and organize an infantry company. He was mustered into the three-month 1st Connecticut Infantry with the rank of captain of Company A on April 22 and he first saw combat at the First Battle of Bull Run in July, receiving praise from his brigade commander, General Erasmus D. Keyes. After mustering out, he then assisted Col. Alfred H. Terry in raising the 7th Connecticut Infantry, a three-year regiment and he participated in the Port Royal Expedition in November, and commanded the forces assigned to garrison two captured forts. He was a part of the siege that culminated in the capture of Fort Pulaski in April 1862. Again, he commanded the garrison force, with Colonel Terrys promotion to brigade command, Hawley succeeded him as commander of the 10th Connecticut, leading the regiment in the battles of James Island and Pocotaligo. He was in Brannans expedition to Florida in January 1863, and commanded the post at Ferandina, in April, he participated in an unsuccessful expedition to capture Charleston, South Carolina. In the summer, he commanded a brigade on Morris Island during the siege of Charleston, during the autumn, he procured enough Spencer breech-loading rifles to outfit his regiment with the rapid-fire weapon. The following year, Hawley commanded a brigade under General Truman Seymour in the Battle of Olustee in Florida and he and his men were reassigned to the front lines in Virginia as a part of Terrys Division, X Corps, Army of the James. He was in the battles of Drewrys Bluff, Deep Run, Derbytown Road, with openings created by battlefield losses and reassignments, Hawley commanded a division during the Siege of Petersburg and was promoted in September 1864 to brigadier general of volunteers. Concerned over keeping the peace during the November elections, Hawley commanded a hand-picked brigade shipped to New York City to safeguard the election process. In January 1865, Hawley succeeded his mentor Alfred Terry as divisional commander when Terry was sent to troops in the attacks on Fort Fisher. Hawley later joined him in North Carolina as Chief of Staff for the X Corps, after the capture of Wilmington, North Carolina, Hawley took over command of the forces in southeastern North Carolina. He was breveted as a general in September 1865. After the war, Hawley served as governor of Connecticut from April 1866 to April 1867, a few months after stepping down from that office, he bought the Hartford Courant newspaper, which he combined with the Press
32.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
33.
Gove Saulsbury
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Dr. Gove Saulsbury was an American physician and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, and he served in the Delaware General Assembly, Saulsbury was born in Mispillion Hundred, Kent County, Delaware, son of William and Margaret Ann Smith Saulsbury. His father was a descendant of the Salusbury Family of Wales and he was the older brother of U. S. Senators Willard Saulsbury, Sr. and Eli M. Saulsbury, senator Willard Saulsbury, Jr. Gove Saulsbury attended Delaware College in Newark and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School in 1842. He married Rosina Jane Smith and had five children, Margaret, Olivia Smith, Rosa, Gove, Saulsbury was a medical doctor and lived at the northwest corner of the Green in Dover. He and his family were members of the Methodist Church, saulsburys choice of religious denomination sparked some controversy within the family as both of his brothers were staunch Episcopalians. In 1861 he was President of the Delaware Medical Society, Saulsbury was elected to the State Senate and served in the 1863/64 and 1865/66 sessions. He was the Speaker in the 1865/66 session and succeeded to the office of Governor of Delaware on the death of Governor William Cannon on March 1,1865. Defeating James Riddle of New Castle County, he was elected to a term in his own right in 1866. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention] in 1876, with Saulsbury as governor, the Democratic Party took full control in Delaware. This included the recommendation that African-Americans convicted of certain crimes be sold back into slavery and this fear-mongering was so successful that no Republicans were elected to the Delaware General Assembly in 1868, and hardly any were elected for many years thereafter. When Saulsbury’s term was over, he wanted to assume the U. S. Senate seat held by his brother, Willard had compromised himself with a well-known drinking problem, and many wanted him replaced. Unfortunately for Gove Saulsbury, the brother, Eli M. Saulsbury also wanted the seat. After much balloting in the General Assembly, it became apparent to Willard that he could not win, so he switched his votes to Eli, Gove Saulsbury returned to his medical practice full-time. Saulsbury died at Dover and is buried there in the Old Methodist or Whatcoat Cemetery and he was President of the Delaware Medical Society in 1861, and in 1873 was one of the founders of Wesley College in Dover. He was a strong and effective leader for a bitterly reactionary majority in Delaware, and his policies set the tone, according to Scharf, Saulsbury had “a deep sense of personal responsibility. He had a strong will and asserted his opinions earnestly and often and he was the slyest, cunningest man, and the most natural born politician Delaware ever produced. He was said to have apologized, compromised, or surrendered
34.
Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
35.
David S. Walker
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David Shelby Walker was the eighth Governor of Florida, serving from 1866 to 1868. Walker was born near Russelville in Logan County, Kentucky and he attended private schools in Kentucky and Tennessee and studied law. He moved to Florida in 1837, settling in Leon County and his father was David Walker, a prominent early Kentucky politician who served in the US House of Representatives. David S. Walker was a cousin and close business and political confidante of Florida territorial governor Richard K. Call and he was also related to Florida Senator Wilkinson Call, who was Walkers law partner for several years in the 1850s and 1860s in Tallahassee. Walker entered politics as a Whig, and was elected to the first session of the Florida State Legislature in 1845, serving Wakulla, in 1848, he was elected by Leon County to the Florida House of Representatives. In 1849 he was appointed Register of Public Lands and was ex officio State Superintendent of Public Instruction and he advocated and promoted interest in public schools. His efforts resulted in the creation of schools in Tallahassee. He served as Mayor of Tallahassee and he was the Know Nothing gubernatorial candidate in 1856, but lost to Democrat Madison S. Perry by 2.6 points. In 1859, he became a Florida Supreme Court Justice, prior to the Civil War, Walker was a Constitutional Unionist and so had opposed secession. However, when Florida seceded from the Union in 1861, he supported his state, following the war, on November 29,1865, Walker was elected governor unopposed, in an election in which newly freed slaves were not allowed to participate. He was inaugurated on December 20 and took office January 18,1866 and he ran for reelection in 1868 as an Independent Republican, but lost to Republican Harrison Reed, coming in third place with under 10% of the vote. After leaving the office on July 4,1868, he returned to practicing law. In 1878, he was appointed circuit judge, a position he held until his death on July 20,1891. List of United States political appointees who crossed party lines Buccellato,2015 Official Governors portrait and biography from the State of Florida Morris, Allen and Joan Perry Morris, compilers. The Florida Handbook 2007–2008 31st Biennial Edition, ISBN 978-0-9765846-1-2 Softcover ISBN 978-0-9765846-2-9 Hardcover David S. Walker at Find a Grave
36.
Charles J. Jenkins
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Charles Jones Jenkins was an American politician from Georgia. Jenkins was born in South Carolina and his family moved to Jefferson County, Georgia, and he attended the University of Georgia in Athens at a young age, his exact dates of attendance are not known. Jenkins left the university before graduating and finished his education in 1824 at Union College in Schenectady, in 1831 Jenkins succeeded George W. Crawford as attorney general for the State of Georgia, himself succeeded in 1834 by Ebenezer Starnes. Jenkins first gained attention as the author of the Georgia Platform. In the 1852 Presidential election, he ran for Vice President under presidential candidate Daniel Webster for the Union Party, during the American Civil War, he was appointed by Governor Joseph E. Brown as a justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. After a state convention in 1865 re-established Georgias state government. He served as the Governor of Georgia from 1865 to 1868, in 1868, he refused to allow state funds to be used for a racially integrated state constitutional convention that was supervised by the U. S. military occupation. In response, General George Meade installed Brig, in the 1872 U. S. presidential election, he received 2 electoral college votes. In that election, Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died after the election but before the electors convened, in the state constitutional convention of 1877, delegates unanimously chose Jenkins as president of the convention when they assembled on July 11,1877. Jenkins died on June 14,1883 and he was interred in Summerville Cemetery in Augusta, Georgia. Jenkins County, Georgia is named in his honor, Jenkins at New Georgia Encyclopedia Jenkins at OurGeorgiaHistory. com Charles J. Jenkins at Find a Grave
37.
Governor of Illinois
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The Governor of Illinois is the chief executive of the State of Illinois and the various agencies and departments over which the officer has jurisdiction, as prescribed in the state constitution. It is an elected position, votes being cast by popular suffrage of residents of the state. The governor is responsible for enacting laws passed by the Illinois General Assembly, Illinois is one of 14 states with no gubernatorial term-limit. The current governor is Republican Bruce Rauner, who succeeded Pat Quinn in 2015, the term of office of Governor of Illinois is four years, and there is no limit on the number of terms a governor may serve. Inauguration takes place on the second Monday in January following a gubernatorial election, a single term ends four years later. Its first occupant was Governor Joel Aldrich Matteson, who took residence at the mansion in 1855 and it is one of three oldest governors residences in continuous use in the United States. The governor is given the use of an official residence on the state fair grounds. Governors have traditionally used this part of the year. Six Illinois governors have been charged with crimes during or after their governorships, four were convicted, len Small, governor from 1921 to 1929, was indicted in office for corruption. He was acquitted, thereafter, eight of the received state jobs. Among his defense lawyers was a governor, Joseph W. Fifer, who asserted in pre-trial hearings. William G. Stratton, governor from 1953 to 1961, was acquitted of tax evasion in 1965 and he was prosecuted by future Illinois governor Jim Thompson. He was sentenced to seven years in prison five years of probation following his release. Former governor Jim Thompson, whom Ryan had served under as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in the 1980s, was manager of the law firm that defended Ryan. In August 2010, he was convicted of lying to the FBI in connection with the investigation, but the jury deadlocked on 23 other charges. Blagojevich was retried on 20 counts from his 2010 trial and on June 27,2011, Blagojevich was convicted on 17 counts of fraud, acquitted on one count, on December 7,2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in prison. List of Governors of Illinois 1. α Current governor of Illinois, in 2015, the Council of State Governments reported that Rauner had returned all but $1 of his salary to the State of Illinois. However, the pay rate for the title of Governor in Illinois remains at $177,412, Illinois Office of the Governor Illinois Executive Mansion Burial places of Illinois Governors Article V in the Illinois Constitution list of government help in Illinois
38.
Richard J. Oglesby
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Richard James Oglesby was an American soldier and Republican politician from Illinois. He served in the United States Army during the Mexican–American War of 1846–47 and he also served as a United States Senator from Illinois from 1873 to 1879. The town of Oglesby, Illinois, is named in his honor, Oglesby was born in Floydsburg, Oldham County, Kentucky. He was orphaned and moved to live with his uncle in Decatur, Illinois, in 1832, where he worked as a farmhand, ropemaker. He was mustered out of the service in May 1847. He studied at Louisville Law School in 1848, but traveled to California for the rush in 1849. He was a well liked commander known to his troops as Uncle Dick and he commanded his brigade at the battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson and soon after was promoted to brigadier general. He commanded the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of the Tennessee and he was severely wounded in his chest and back at the Battle of Corinth in October 1862. He resigned his commission on May 26,1864, to run for governor on the Republican ticket and he was present in the room at the Petersen House when President Abraham Lincoln died on April 15,1865. Oglesby was elected by a majority and served as the Governor of Illinois between 1865 and 1869. During his tenure as governor, he advocated improving the quality of care of the mentally ill and he signed legislation expanding the State Hospital system from one campus to three. S. He served as a Senator from 1873 until 1879, in 1884 he was reelected governor for a third time, becoming the first man in Illinois history to serve three times as governor. At the end of his term as governor, he tried unsuccessfully to be reelected to his Senate seat. He spent his years in retirement and died at his Oglehurst estate in Elkhart. He is buried there in Elkhart Cemetery, there is a statue of Oglesby in Lincoln Park, Chicago. His son, John G. Oglesby, was a two time Lieutenant Governor of Illinois, list of American Civil War generals Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher. Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press,2001, warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue, Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press,1964, plummer, Mark A. Lincolns Rail Splitter, Governor Richard J. Oglesby
39.
Governor of Indiana
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The Governor of Indiana is the chief executive of the state of Indiana. The governor is elected to a term, and responsible for overseeing the day-to-day management of the functions of many agencies of the Indiana state government. The governor also shares power with other executive officers, who manage other state government agencies. The governor works out of the Indiana Statehouse and holds official functions at the Indiana Governors Residence in the capital of Indianapolis. The 51st and current governor is Republican Eric Holcomb, the position of governor has developed over the course of two centuries. The governors powers are established in Article V of the Constitution of Indiana, constitutionally, the governor has very limited executive authority to manage the government of the state, most exercisable powers over state agencies are held by independent elected cabinet heads. The governor works in concert with the legislature and the state supreme court to govern the state. The governor has the power to veto legislation passed by the General Assembly, if vetoed, a bill is returned to the General Assembly for reconsideration. Unlike other states, most of which require a supermajority to override a veto. One of the governors most important political powers is the ability to call a session of the General Assembly. During a two-year period, the assembly can meet on its own for no more than 91 days, and this can give the governor considerable influence in the body which will often compromise on issues with him or her in exchange for a special legislative session. Among his other powers, the governor can call out the defense force or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster. The governor is also charged with the enforcement of all the states laws, the governor also has the ability to grant a pardon or commutation of sentence of any person convicted of a crime in the state, except in cases of treason or impeachment. In addition to powers, governors also have a considerable degree of statutory authority. Most of the authority exercised by governors on a basis is derived from statute. The governor also can influence the court system through the appointment of judges. Justices of the peace and superior courts judges are elected in Indiana, if a vacancy occurs the governor may make an appointment, the authority to make such appointments gives the governor considerable sway in setting the makeup of the judiciary. The annual salary of the governor of Indiana is US$111,688, additionally, he receives $6,000 annually for discretionary spending and expenses
40.
Oliver P. Morton
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Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton, commonly known as Oliver P. Morton, was a U. S. He served as the 14th Governor of Indiana during the American Civil War, during the war, Morton thwarted and neutralized the Democratic-controlled Indiana General Assembly. He was criticized for arresting and detaining political enemies and suspected southern sympathizers, during his second term as governor, and after being partially paralyzed by a stroke, he was elected to serve in the U. S. Senate. He was a leader among the Radical Republicans of the Reconstruction era, in 1877, during his second term in the Senate, Morton suffered a second debilitating stroke that caused a rapid deterioration in his health, he died later that year. Morton was mourned nationally and his funeral procession was witnessed by thousands and he is buried in Indianapoliss Crown Hill Cemetery. Morton was an Indiana native born in Wayne County near the settlement of Salisbury on August 4,1823, to James Throck. His grandfather had shortened the surname, Throckmorton, to Morton. He was named for Oliver Hazard Perry, the victorious Commodore in the Battle of Lake Erie, Morton disliked his name from an early age, and before beginning his political career he shortened it to Oliver Perry Morton, dropping the middle names of Hazard and Throck. His mother died when he was three, and he was raised by his maternal grandparents and he spent most of his young life living with them in Ohio. Morton returned to eastern Indiana as a man, and joined his family at Centerville. Leaving school at the age of fifteen, Morton briefly worked as an apothecarys clerk, in 1845 he returned to Centerville and was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1846. Morton formed a law practice with Judge Newman and became a successful, Morton married Lucinda Burbank in 1845. The couple had five children, but only two survived infancy, in 1852 Morton campaigned and was elected to serve as a circuit court judge, but resigned after only a year, he found that he preferred to practice law. By 1854 he was active in Indiana politics, initially, Morton was an anti-slavery Democrat, but living in a region dominated by the Whig Party he had little hope of furthering a political career without changing his party affiliation. Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromises ban on slavery in the western territories, as the Democrats divided over the issue, Morton took a stand with the Free Soil supporters and opposed the Act. Senator Jesse D. Bright, the states Democrats expel its members, including Morton. That same year Morton joined with other factions to form the Peoples party. He also served as a delegate to the 1856 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, thirty-two-year-old Morton became the Peoples/Republican candidate for governor of Indiana in 1856
41.
Governor of Iowa
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The Governor of Iowa is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Iowa. The governor is the head of the branch of Iowas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Iowa State Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have been 41 governors of Iowa, the longest-serving governor is Terry Branstad, who served from 1983 to 1999, was elected again in 2010 and took office on January 14,2011. He is the governor in U. S. history. The shortest-serving governor was Robert D. Fulton, who served 16 days, for the period before Iowa Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Wisconsin Territory. Iowa Territory was formed on July 4,1838, from Wisconsin Territory and it had three governors appointed by the President of the United States. The first governor did not arrive for six weeks after the territory had created, in the interim. The southeast portion of Iowa Territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Iowa on December 3,1846, the first state constitution of 1846 created the office of governor, to have a four-year term, with no specific start date for the term. The original constitution of 1857 reduced this term to two years, but an amendment in 1972 increased this back to four years. The 1857 constitution set the start of the term to the second Monday in the January following the election, the office of lieutenant governor was created in the 1857 constitution, elected for the same term as the governor. An amendment in 1988 specified that the lieutenant governor would be elected on the ticket as the governor. If the office of governor becomes vacant, the office devolves upon the lieutenant governor for the remainder of the term or vacancy, prior to 1857, if the office of governor became vacant, the state secretary of state would act as governor. There is no limit on the number of terms a governor may serve. Parties Democratic Whig Republican As of January 2017, there are four former U. S. governors of Iowa who are living at this time. The most recent U. S. governor of Iowa to die was Leo Hoegh, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Iowa to die was Harold Hughes, on October 23,1996. General Constitutions Specific List of Governors of Iowa at NNDB. com Governor of Iowa
42.
William M. Stone
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William Milo Stone was the sixth Governor of Iowa. Stones family moved from New York to Coshocton, Ohio in 1834 and he read law there and was admitted to the bar in 1851. In 1854, he moved to Knoxville, Iowa, where he opened a law practice, in 1856, he was a delegate to the convention that formed the Republican Party, and he was an elector for 1856 Republican presidential nominee John C. He was a supporter of Abraham Lincoln at the 1860 Republican convention. From 1857-61, he served as a district court judge. He married Caroline Mathews in 1857, they had one child, after the attack on Fort Sumter in 1861, Stone enlisted as a private in the Union Army. He was quickly promoted to captain, and then major, of Company B and he fought and was wounded at the Battle of Liberty, but returned to fight at the Battle of Shiloh, where he was taken prisoner. Stone was paroled by Jefferson Davis and sent to Washington, D. C, in 1862, Stone was promoted to colonel of the 22nd Iowa Infantry. He led that unit in the Vicksburg Campaign, and was wounded at the Battle of Vicksburg. Stone was named the Republican nominee for Governor in June 1863 and he was elected by a large margin in the general election, defeating Union general James Madison Tuttle. During his terms, he dealt with difficult issues, including making sure Iowa met its 1864 draft quotas. It is reputed by some sources that Stone was present in April 1865 when Lincoln was assassinated at Fords Theatre, and that Stone helped carry the wounded Lincoln across the street. After leaving the office in 1868, Stone served one term in the Iowa House of Representatives. He died of pneumonia in 1893 in Oklahoma, where he had moved to practice law and he is buried at Graceland Cemetery in Knoxville, Iowa. Portrait and Biographical Album, Muscatine County, Iowa,1889, page 131 History of Iowa From the Earliest Times To The Beginning of the Twentieth Century, Volume IV,1903 The 22nd Iowa Infantry
43.
Governor of Kansas
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The Governor of the State of Kansas is the head of state for the State of Kansas, United States. Under the Kansas Constitution, the Governor is also the head of government, serving as the executive of the Kansas executive branch. The Governor is the Commander-in-Chief of the Kansas National Guard when not called into Federal use, despite being an executive branch official, the Governor also possesses legislative and judicial powers. The office was created in 1861 when Kansas was officially admitted to the United States as the 34th state, prior to statehood in 1861, the office was preceded by a Presidential appointed Governor of Kansas Territory with similar powers. The 46th and current Governor of Kansas is Sam Brownback and his term began on January 11,2011. He succeeded Mark Parkinson, who began his term on April 28,2009 when Kathleen Sebelius resigned upon the US Senate vote confirming her as Secretary of Health and Human Services. A small part of Kansas was once claimed as part of the Republic of Texas (see List of Presidents of the Republic of Texas, Parties Democratic Independent Parties Democratic Populist Republican This is a table of congressional seats, other federal offices, and other governorships held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Kansas except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Kansas who are living at this time. The most recent U. S. governor of Kansas to die was John Anderson Jr. on September 15,2014. The most recently serving U. S. governor of Kansas to die was Joan Finney, elections occur at the same time as the Congressional midterm elections, and each term begins on the second Monday of January following the election. The lieutenant governor is subject to the limitations and runs on a combined ticket with the governor. If the governor becomes incapacitated, the lieutenant governor assumes the duties of the governor, however, if both offices become vacant, the line of succession is determined by the legislature. Under present law, the President of the Senate would be next in line to assume the governorship, since 1962, the Governor of Kansas has resided in the governors mansion, known as Cedar Crest. It was designed by the architect firm Wight and Wight and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Office of the Governor Kansas Government Information Online Library
44.
Samuel J. Crawford
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Samuel Johnson Crawford was an American Civil War General in the Union armies, and the third Governor of Kansas. He also served as one of the first members of the Kansas Legislature, Crawford was born in Lawrence County, Indiana and grew up on a farm while he attended school in Bedford, Indiana. He later attended law school at Cincinnati College and his parents were William and Jane Crawford, who were natives of North Carolina and had moved to Indiana Territory in 1815. His paternal grandparents were James and Mary Crawford, his grandfather having been a Revolutionary soldier, Samuel J. Crawford arrived in Kansas Territory and began the practice of law at Garnett, Kansas on March 1,1859. In May of the year of his arrival he attended the Osawatomie Convention. In September of the year he was a delegate to the Republican state convention at Topeka. In November 1859, he was elected a member of the first state Legislature, toward the close of the first session the country was involved in war. He resigned his seat to become captain in the 2nd Kansas Infantry. He participated in the 1861 Southwest Missouri campaign led by General Lyon, in March 1862, Crawford was assigned command of Company A, 2nd Kansas Cavalry, and later commanded of a battalion in the same regiment. With the 2nd Kansas Cavalry he was with General James G, Blunt in Southwest Missouri, Arkansas, and Indian Territory until early in the fall of 1862. During that time he participated in the battles of Newtonia, Old Fort Wayne, Cane Hill, Bald Peak, Cove Creek, Prairie Grove, at Old Fort Wayne he led his battalion in the charge which resulted in the capture of an entire battery of artillery. On March 12,1863, he was assigned command of the 2nd Kansas Cavalry, in November 1863, he was appointed colonel of the 2nd Kansas Infantry. In March 1864, he joined General Frederick Steele on an expedition to the Red River under the command of General Nathaniel Banks. At Jenkins Ferry his command lost heavily and his own horse was shot, while still in active service, on September 8,1864, Crawford was nominated for governor of Kansas. On October 1 he was granted a leave of absence, the first he had had since entering the service at the beginning of the war, however, on arriving in Kansas learned of Prices Missouri Raid. Instead of entering the canvass for office, he at once reported to and was assigned to the staff of General Samuel R. Curtis, for meritorious services on the field of battle he was brevetted Brigadier General on March 13,1865. On November 8,1864, he was elected governor, and on January 9,1865 took the oath of office, On September 5,1866 he became the first person to be re-elected governor of Kansas. Governor Crawford resigned on November 4,1868 to take command of the 19th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry which was to join the 7th United States Cavalry in the Custer-Sheridan Winter Campaign of 1868–69, subsequently he moved to Washington, DC, and practiced law there for a number of years
45.
Governor of Kentucky
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of government in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Fifty-seven men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky, the governors term is four years in length, since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the states history, four men have served two terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U. S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years immediately before the United States Presidential Election, the current governor is Matt Bevin, who was first elected in 2015. The governors powers are enumerated in the state constitution, there have been four constitutions of Kentucky—adopted in 1792,1799,1850, and 1891, respectively—and each has enlarged the governors authority. Among the powers appropriated to the governor in the constitution are the ability to grant pardons, veto legislation, the governor serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces and is empowered to enforce all laws of the state. Because Kentuckys governor controls so many appointments to commissions, the office has been considered one of the most powerful state executive positions in the United States. The history of the office of Governor is largely one of long periods of domination by a single party, Federalists were rare among Kentuckians during the period of the First Party System, and Democratic Republicans won every gubernatorial election in the state until 1828. The Second Party System began when the Democratic-Republicans split into Jacksonian Democrats, beginning with the election of Thomas Metcalfe in 1828, the Whigs dominated the governorship until 1851, with John Breathitt being the only Democrat elected during that period. Since 1931, only four Republicans have served as governor of Kentucky, current governor Matt Bevin, in all four Kentucky constitutions, the first power enumerated to the governor is to serve as commander-in-chief of the states militia and military forces. In 1799, a stipulation was added that the governor would not personally lead troops on the battlefield unless advised to do so by a resolution of the General Assembly. Such a case occurred in 1813 when Governor Isaac Shelby, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, was asked to lead a band of Kentucky troops to aid William Henry Harrison at the Battle of the Thames. For his service, Shelby received the Thanks of Congress and the Congressional Gold Medal, the 1891 constitution further required that, with each application for a pardon, the governor file a statement of the reasons for his decision thereon, which. Shall always be open to public inspection and this requirement was first proposed by a delegate to the 1850 constitutional convention, but it was rejected at that time. The power of the governor to adjourn the General Assembly for a period of up to four months if the two houses cannot agree on a time to adjourn appears in all four constitutions, the governor is also empowered to convene the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions. This was an important provision in the days of the Commonwealth. Taylor claimed a state of insurrection existed in the capital, the 1891 constitution added a provision that the governor must specify the reason for any specially-called legislative session, and that no other business could be considered during the session. There is, however, no requirement that the legislature conduct any business during the called session
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Media related to 1866 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
