1.
1867
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As of the start of 1867, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The Covington–Cincinnati Suspension Bridge opens between Cincinnati, Ohio and Covington, Kentucky in the United States, becoming the longest single-span bridge in the world and it will be renamed after its designer, John A. Roebling, in 1983. January 8 – African-American men are granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia, january 11 – Benito Juárez becomes Mexican president again. January 30 – Emperor Kōmei of Japan dies suddenly, age 36, january 31 – Maronite nationalist leader Youssef Bey Karam leaves Lebanon aboard a French ship for Algeria. February 3 – Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu abdicates, and the late Emperor Kōmeis son, Prince Mutsuhito becomes Emperor Meiji of Japan in a ceremony in Kyoto. February 7 – West Virginia University is established in Morgantown, West Virginia, February 13 – Covering of the Senne in Brussels begins. February 15 – First performance of Johann Strauss IIs waltz The Blue Danube at a concert of the Vienna Mens Choral Association, Strauss adapts it into its popular purely orchestral version for the International Exposition in Paris later this year. February 17 – The first ship passes through the Suez Canal, February 19 – Battle of Inlon River in Hubei, China. February 22 – Indiana Daily Student established February 28 – After almost 20 years, funding resumes along with relations in 1984. March – The University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign is established, March 1 – Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U. S. state. March 5 – Fenian Rising in Ireland, March 16 – An article by Joseph Lister, outlining the discovery of antiseptic surgery, is first published in The Lancet. March 23 – William III of the Netherlands accepts an offer of 5,000,000 guilders from Napoleon III for the sale of Luxembourg, March 29 – The British North America Act receives royal assent, forming the Dominion of Canada in an event known as the Confederation. This unites the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia on July 1, ottawa becomes the capital, and John A. Macdonald becomes the Dominions first prime minister. March 30 – Alaska is purchased for $7.2 million from Alexander II of Russia, about 2 cent/acre, the news media call this Sewards Folly. April 1 – The Strait Settlement of Singapore, formerly ruled from Calcutta, sorosis, the first womens fraternity founded upon the mens fraternity model, with Pi Beta Phi as its motto, is founded at Monmouth College in Monmouth, Illinois. In 1888, the motto becomes the name of the organization, may 1 – First political May Day march in Chicago May 7 – Alfred Nobel patents dynamite in the United Kingdom. May 11 Treaty of London, the powers of Europe reaffirm the neutrality of Luxembourg. The Duchy of Limburg is formally re-incorporated into the Kingdom of the Netherlands, First public performance of Cox and Box by Francis Burnand and Arthur Sullivan, at the Adelphi Theatre, London
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1865 in the United States
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Events from the year 1865 in the United States. The American Civil War ends with the surrender of the Confederate States, President, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson Vice President, until March 4, Hannibal Hamlin March 4–April 15, Andrew Johnson starting April 15, vacant Chief Justice, Salmon P. January 15 – American Civil War, United States forces capture Fort Fisher, january 31 – American Civil War, Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief. February 17 – American Civil War, Columbia, South Carolina burns as Confederate forces flee from advancing Union forces, february 22 – Tennessee adopts a new constitution that abolishes slavery. March 3 – The U. S. Congress authorizes formation of the Freedmens Bureau, March 4 – U. S. President Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated for a second term, Andrew Johnson becomes Vice President. March 13 – American Civil War, The Confederate States of America agrees to the use of African American troops, March 18 – American Civil War, The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time. March 19 – American Civil War, The Battle of Bentonville begins, by the end of the battle on March 21 the Confederate forces retreat from Four Oaks, March 21 - The University of Kansas was founded when the Board of Regents held its first meeting. March 25 American Civil War, In Virginia, Confederate forces capture Fort Steadman from the Union, Lees army suffers heavy casualties during the Battle of Fort Stedman—about 2,900, including 1,000 captured in the Union counterattack. After the battle, Lees defeat is only a matter of time, the Claywater Meteorite explodes just before reaching ground level in Vernon County, Wisconsin, fragments having a combined mass of 1.5 kg are recovered. April 1 – American Civil War – Battle of Five Forks, In Petersburg, Virginia, April 9 – American Civil War, General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the American Civil War. April 14 Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, Actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth shoots, President Abraham Lincoln while Lincoln is attending an evening performance of the farce Our American Cousin at Fords Theatre in Washington, D. C. Doctors attend the President in the theater then soldiers move his unconscious body to a house across the street. Because of his height, Lincoln is laid diagonally across a bed so his body will fit, U. S. Secretary of State William H. Seward and his family are attacked in his home by Lewis Powell. April 15 – Inauguration of Andrew Johnson, President Lincoln dies of his wound early this morning. April 18 – Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his entire cabinet arrive in Charlotte with a contingent of 1,000 soldiers. April 26 American Civil War, Confederate States Army General Joseph E. Johnston surrenders to Union Army Major General William Tecumseh Sherman at Durham Station, Union cavalry corner John Wilkes Booth in a Virginia barn, and cavalryman Boston Corbett shoots the assassin dead. April 27 The steamboat Sultana, carrying 2,300 passengers, explodes and sinks in the Mississippi River, killing 1,800, governor of New York Reuben Fenton signs a bill formally creating Cornell University. May 5 Jefferson Davis meets with his Confederate Cabinet for the last time, in Washington, Georgia, in North Bend, Ohio, the first train robbery in the United States takes place
4.
1866 in the United States
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Events from the year 1866 in the United States. January 1 Fisk University, a black university, is established in Nashville. The last issue of the abolitionist magazine The Liberator is published in Boston, february 13 – The first daylight bank robbery in United States history during peacetime takes place in Liberty, Missouri. This is considered to be the first robbery committed by Jesse James and his gang, february 26 – The Calaveras Skull is discovered in California. Purported to be evidence of humans in North America during the Pliocene epoch, April 10 – The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is founded in New York City by Henry Bergh. May 16 – The U. S. Congress approves the minting of a nickel 5-cent coin, eliminating its predecessor, June – Red Clouds War opens. July 4 – The Great Fire of Portland, Maine kills two and leaves 10,000 homeless in the worst fire in an American city at this time. July 23 – The Judicial Circuits Act reduces the number of United States circuit courts to nine, July 24 – Reconstruction, Tennessee becomes the first U. S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War. July 25 – The U. S. Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army, July 28 – The Metric Act of 1866 becomes law and legalizes the use of the metric system for weights and measures in the United States. August 14–16 – The National Union Convention is held in Philadelphia with hopes to reconcile the Radical Republicans in Congress with the Reconstructionist policies of President Andrew Johnson. November 5 – House of Representatives elections, Despite President Andrew Johnsons Swing Around the Circle tour, December 18 – The College of Wooster is founded in Ohio. The Minneapolis Milling Company, predecessor of General Mills, builds its own mills, Reconstruction Era January 5 – William B. Senator from Mississippi in 1838 March 28 – Solomon Foot, politician April 1 – Chester Harding, portrait painter May 11 – George Edmund Badger, U. S. Senator from North Carolina from 1846 to 1855 May 16 – Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, son of Sacagawea, American explorer, guide, fur trapper, trader, and Military Scout. May 29 – Winfield Scott, Presidential candidate in 1853, Union Civil War General June 7 – Chief Seattle, Native American leader June 17 – Lewis Cass, U. S. Senator from Michigan from 1845 to 1848 and from 1849 to 1857 July 11 – James H. Lane, Union Civil War General, senator from Kansas from 1861 to 1866 July 25 – Floride Calhoun, wife of John C. Calhoun, Second Lady of the U. S. August 5 – William Burton, 39th Governor of Delaware from 1859 to 1863 September 7 – Clement Comer Clay, U. S. Senator from Alabama from 1837 to 1841 October 13 – Celadon Leeds Daboll, merchant and inventor December 20 – James Semple, senator from Illinois from 1843 till 1847 American Annual Cyclopaedia
5.
1868 in the United States
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Events from the year 1868 in the United States. President, Andrew Johnson Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Salmon P. January 9 – John William De Forest, writing for The Nation, calls for a more specifically American literature, February 16 – In New York City the Jolly Corks organization is renamed the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Johnson is later acquitted by the Senate, the first parade to have floats occurs at Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana. March 1 – The Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity is founded at the University of Virginia, March 5 – A court of impeachment is organized in the United States Senate to hear charges against President Andrew Johnson. March 23 – The University of California is founded in Oakland, California, March 27 – The Lake Ontario Shore Railroad Company is organized in Oswego, New York. April 1 – The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established in Hampton, april 29 – After pursuing a policy of total war on the Plain Indians, General William Tecumseh Sherman brokers the Treaty of Fort Laramie. May 16 and 26 – President Andrew Johnson is acquitted during his impeachment trial, may 30 – Memorial Day is observed in the United States for the first time. July 25 – Wyoming Territory is organized, july 28 – The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and all persons in the United States due process of law. September – The first volume of Louisa May Alcotts novel Little Women is published, September 18 – The University of the South holds its first convocation in Sewanee, Tennessee. September 23 – Rebels in the town of Lares declare Puerto Rico independent, October 6 – The City of New York grants Mount Sinai Hospital a 99-year lease for a property on Lexington Avenue and 66th Street, for the sum of $1.00. October 28 – Thomas Edison applies for his first patent, the electric vote recorder, november 3 – U. S. presidential election,1868, Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horatio Seymour in the election. December 25 – President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War rebels, maryland School for the Deaf is established. The Roman Catholic See of Tucson is established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Arizona in 1868, the Diocese of Tucson is canonically erected on May 8,1897. – Scott Joplin, African American ragtime composer and pianist January 31 – Theodore William Richards, chemist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1914 February 3 – William J. Harris, U. S. E. B. Wood, optical physicist May 10 – Ed Barrow, baseball player and manager June 4 – Thomas F. Bayard, Jr. U. S. Senator from Delaware from 1922 to 1929 June 8 – Robert Robinson Taylor, first accredited African American architect June 28 – John F. Nugent, U. S. S. Senator from Kansas from 1929 to 1931 September 22 – John T. Raulston, state judge October 8 – Coleman Livingston Blease, U. S. Sackett, U. S
6.
1869 in the United States
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Events from the year 1869 in the United States. January 20 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton is the first woman to testify before the United States Congress, sisterhood, a philanthropic educational organization for women, is founded at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa. March 4 – Ulysses S. Grant succeeds Andrew Johnson as the 18th President of the United States of America, April 6 – The American Museum of Natural History is founded in New York City. May 6 – Purdue University is founded in West Lafayette, Indiana, may 10 – The golden spike is driven marking the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in Promontory, Utah. May 15 – Womans suffrage, In New York, Susan B, anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton form the National Woman Suffrage Association. May 26 – Boston University is chartered by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, June 1 – The Cincinnati Red Stockings open the baseball season as the first fully professional baseball team. June 15 – John Wesley Hyatt patents the first plastic, Celluloid, in Albany, September 24 – Black Friday, The Fisk-Gould Scandal causes a financial panic in the United States. November 6 – The first intercollegiate game of American football is played, December 7 – Outlaw Jesse James commits his first confirmed bank robbery, in Gallatin, Missouri. December 10 The first American chapter of Kappa Sigma is founded at the University of Virginia, the Wyoming territorial legislature gives women the right to vote, one of the first such laws in the world. Heinz H. J. Heinz Company is founded as Heinz Noble & Company in Sharpsburg, James Gordon Bennett, Jr. of the New York Herald asks Henry Morton Stanley to find Dr. Livingstone. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale is founded, marcus Jastrow arrives in the United States to become rabbi of Congregation Rodeph Shalom in Philadelphia. Reconstruction era Gilded Age February 2 – Smith W. Brookhart, senator from Iowa from 1922 to 1926 February 19 – Frederic C. Senator from Connecticut from 1929 to 1935 April 2 – Hughie Jennings, baseball player April 4 – Mary Colter, architect April 8 – Harvey Cushing, neurosurgeon April 9 – James Thomas Heflin, U. S. Senator from Alabama from 1920 to 1931 May 3 – Warren Terhune, U. S. Navy Commander and 13th Governor of American Samoa June 10 – William Kenyon, U. S. Senator from Kentucky from 1915 till 1921 December 16 – Bertha Lamme, electrical engineer December 22 Edwin Arlington Robinson, poet Nathan Paine, lumber baron January 1 – Martin W. Bates, U. S. Senator from Delaware from 1857 to 1859 January 11 – Sophia Dallas, wife of George M. Dallas, Second Lady of the United States February 18 – Walker Brooke, senator from Mississippi from 1852 to 1853 March 13 – James Guthrie, U. S. Senator from Kentucky from 1865 to 1868 April 13 – Isaiah Rogers, architect May 23 – Alexander O. Anderson, U. S. Senator from Tennessee from 1840 to 1841 July 18 – Laurent Clerc, advocate for the deaf July 22 – John A. Roebling, bridge engineer July 30 – Isaac Toucey, senator from Connecticut from 1851 to 1857 August 6 – David J. Baker, U. S
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
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