1.
1877
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As of the start of 1877, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India by the Royal Titles Act 1876, introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, january 8 – American Indian Wars – Battle of Wolf Mountain, Crazy Horse and his warriors fight their last battle with the United States Cavalry in Montana. January 20 – The Conference of Constantinople ends with Ottoman Turkey rejecting proposals of internal reform, january 29 – The Satsuma Rebellion, a revolt of disaffected samurai in Japan against the new imperial government. The Rebellion lasts until September of that year when it is crushed by a professionally led army of draftees, march – The Nineteenth Century magazine is founded in London. March 4 Emile Berliner invents the microphone, pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys ballet Swan Lake debuts. March 15 –1877 Australia v. England series, The first Test cricket match is held between England and Australia, march 24 – For the only time in history, The Boat Race between the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford is declared a dead heat. April 10 – The first human cannonball act in the British Isles, April 12 – The United Kingdom annexes the South African Republic, violating the Sand River Convention of 1852, causing a new Xhosa War. April 24 – Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire, may 5 – American Indian Wars, Sitting Bull leads his band of Lakota into Canada to avoid harassment by the United States Army under Colonel Nelson Miles. May 6 – Realizing that his people are weakened by cold and hunger, may 8–11 – At Gilmores Gardens in New York City, the first Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is held. May 9 – Iquique earthquake and tsunami, An earthquake of at least magnitude 8.5 Ms occurs on the west coast of South America, may 16 – The 16 May 1877 crisis occurs in France. May 21 – By a speech in the Parliament of Romania by Mihail Kogălniceanu, june 15 – Henry Ossian Flipper becomes the first African American cadet to graduate from the United States Military Academy. June 17 – American Indian Wars – Battle of White Bird Canyon, june 20 – Alexander Graham Bell installs the worlds first commercial telephone service in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. June 21 – The Molly Maguires are hanged at Carbon County Prison in Mauch Chunk, june 26 – The eruption of the volcano Cotopaxi in Ecuador causes severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys, killing 1,000. June 30 – The British Mediterranean fleet is sent to Besika Bay, july – Conclusion of serial publication of Leo Tolstoys Anna Karenina in The Russian Messenger. July 9 – The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club begins its first lawn tennis tournament at Wimbledon, Louis, briefly establishing a Communist government before U. S. President Rutherford B. Hayes calls in the armed forces. July 19 – Russo-Turkish War, The first battle in the Siege of Plevna is fought, july 30 – The second battle in the Siege of Plevna is fought. July 30 – Russo-Turkish War, The Turkish army and its allies destroy the Bulgarian city of Stara Zagora, the army loses 29 soldiers and the Indians lose 89 warriors in an Army victory. August 12 – American astronomer Asaph Hall discovers Deimos, the moon of Mars
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1875 in the United States
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Events from the year 1875 in the United States. President, Ulysses S. Grant Vice President, Henry Wilson, vacant Chief Justice, Morrison Waite Speaker of the House of Representatives, James G. Blaine, kerr Congress, 43rd, 44th January 25 – Anti-Slavery Society forms in New York. The two tribes are not allowed to return to the Verde Valley until 1900, february 27 – Newton Booth, 11th Governor of California, resigns, having been elected Senator. Lieutenant Governor of California Romualdo Pacheco becomes acting Governor and he is later replaced by elected governor William Irwin. March 1 – The United States Congress passes the Civil Rights Act, March 15 – Roman Catholic Archbishop of New York John McCloskey is named the first cardinal in the U. S. April 25 – Ten sophomores from Rutgers College steal a one-ton cannon from the campus of the College of New Jersey, may 17 – Aristides wins the first Kentucky Derby. June – The record-setting clipper Flying Cloud of 1851 is burned for scrap metal, june 4 – Two American colleges play each other in arguably the first game of College Football, Tufts University and Harvard University at Jarvis Field in Cambridge, Mass. October 16 – Brigham Young University is founded in Provo, Utah, october 25 – The first performance of the Piano Concerto No.1 by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky is given in Boston, Massachusetts with Hans von Bülow as soloist. October 30 – The Theosophical Society is founded in New York by Helena Blavatsky, H. S. Olcott, november 9 – Indian Wars, In Washington, D. C. Indian Inspector E. C. Watkins issues a report stating that hundreds of Sioux and Cheyenne associated with Sitting Bull, december 4 – Notorious New York City politician Boss Tweed escapes from prison and flees to Cuba, then to Spain. December 9 – The Massachusetts Rifle Association, Americas Oldest Active Gun Club, is formed, the Tong Wars begin in San Francisco. Reconstruction era Gilded Age Depression of 1873–79 May 4 – John J. Blaine, july 2 – Hubert D. Stephens, United States Senator from Mississippi from 1923 till 1935. August 11 – Raymond E. Willis, United States Senator from Indiana from 1941 to 1947, september 17 – John H. Overton, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1933 till 1948. Adams, United States Senator from Colorado from 1923 to 1924, november 6 – Richard L. Murphy, United States Senator from Iowa from 1933 till 1936. November 19 – Hiram Bingham III, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1924 till 1933, february 5 – William Alfred Buckingham, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1869 till 1875. February 7 – Edmund Spangler, carpenter and stagehand who was employed at Fords Theatre at the time of President Abraham Lincolns murder May 17 – John C, breckinridge, 14th Vice President of the United States from 1857 till 1861. May 20 – Jesse D. Bright, United States Senator from Indiana from 1845 till 1862, july 8 – Francis Preston Blair, Jr. United States Senator from Missouri from 1871 till 1873. July 31 – Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States from 1865 till 1869, secretary of the Navy from 1850 to 1852 August 17 – John B
4.
1876 in the United States
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Events from the year 1876 in the United States. President, Ulysses S. Grant Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Morrison Waite Speaker of the House of Representatives, kerr, Samuel J. Morgan Bulkeley of the Hartford Dark Blues is selected as the leagues first President. February 22 – Johns Hopkins University is founded in Baltimore, Maryland, february/March – The Harvard Lampoon humor magazine is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts. March 7 – Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for an invention he calls the telephone, march 10 – Alexander Graham Bell makes the first successful call by saying Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you. April 17 – Friends Academy is founded by Gideon Frost at Locust Valley, may 10 – The Centennial Exposition begins in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. May 18 – Wyatt Earp starts work in Dodge City, Kansas, June 4 – The Transcontinental Express arrives in San Francisco, California via the First Transcontinental Railroad,83 hours and 39 minutes after having left New York City. June 17 – Indian Wars – Battle of the Rosebud,1,500 Sioux, June 24 – First published review of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain, in a British magazine, the books first edition has appeared earlier in June in England. July 4 – The United States celebrates its centennial, August 1 – Colorado is admitted as the 38th U. S. state. August 2 – Wild Bill Hickok is killed in a game in Deadwood. September 7 – In Northfield, Minnesota, Jesse James and the James-Younger Gang attempt to rob the bank but are surrounded by an angry mob and are nearly wiped out. October 4 – Texas A&M University opens for classes, November 7 – The presidential election ends indecisively with 184 Electoral College votes for Samuel J. Tilden,165 for Rutherford B. The new president is not decided until 1877, November 10 – The Centennial Exposition ends in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. November 23 – Corrupt Tammany Hall leader William Marcy Tweed is delivered to authorities in New York City after being captured in Spain, december 5 – The Brooklyn Theater Fire kills at least 278, possibly more than 300. December 6 – The first cremation in the United States takes place in a built by Francis Julius LeMoyne. Lyford House, by Richardson Bay, Tiburon, California is constructed, adolphus Buschs brewery, Anheuser-Busch in St. Louis, Missouri, first markets Budweiser, a pale lager, as a nationally sold beer. Senator from Illinois from 1933 to 1939 April 9 – Park Trammell, senator from Florida from 1917 to 1936 April 23 – Mary Ellicott Arnold, social activist May 21 – Augustus Owsley Stanley, U. S. Senator from Kentucky from 1919 to 1925 June 5 – Tony Jackson, jazz pianist July 12 – Alphaeus Philemon Cole, senator from Florida from 1907 to 1908 November 23 – Thomas M. Storke, U. S. S. December 12 – Alvin Kraenzlein, hurdler January 10 – Gordon Granger, senator from Kentucky from 1847 to 1853 September 27 – Braxton Bragg, U. S
5.
1878 in the United States
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Events from the year 1878 in the United States. February 18 – The Lincoln County War begins in Lincoln County, february 19 – The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison. February 23 – Bland–Allison Act, leading to first minting of the Morgan dollar, february 28 – Mississippi State University is created by the Mississippi Legislature. March 26 – University of California, Hastings College of the Law is founded, may 2 – The Washburn A Mill in Minneapolis, Minnesota explodes, killing 18. July 26 – In California, the poet and American West outlaw calling himself Black Bart makes his last clean getaway when he steals a box from a Wells Fargo stagecoach. The empty box is later with a taunting poem inside. August 9 – The Wallingford Tornado of 1878, the deadliest tornado in Connecticut history, destroys the town of Wallingford, killing 34 people, september 30 – The ship Priscilla arrives in Hawaii from Funchal, Madeira, marking the beginning of the Portuguese immigration to the Hawaiian Islands. October 1 – Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University opens as Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College, november 18 – Soprano Marie Selika Williams becomes the first African American artist to perform at the White House. Yellow fever in Mississippi Valley kills over 13,000, U. S. arbitration rejects Argentine claims to Paraguays part of the Chaco region. S. The Remington No.2 typewriter, the first with a key enabling production of lower as well as upper case characters, is introduced. Gilded Age Depression of 1873–79 January 29 – Walter F. George, february 1 – Hattie Caraway, United States Senator from Arkansas from 1931 till 1945. February 28 – Hugh A. Butler, United States Senator from Nebraska from 1941 till 1954, may 5 – Edward Gay II, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1918 till 1921. June 4 – Thomas D. Schall, United States Senator from Minnesota from 1925 till 1935, july 29 – James M. Slattery, United States Senator from Illinois from 1939 till 1940. August 2 – Nathan L. Bachman, United States Senator from Tennessee from 1933 till 1937, august 4 – Ernest Lundeen, United States Senator from Minnesota from 1937 till 1940. September 14 – Scott Loftin, United States Senator from Florida in 1936, february 11 – Charles Magill Conrad, U. S. Senator from Louisiana from 1842 to 1843 March 6 – Asa Biggs, U. S
6.
1879 in the United States
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Events from the year 1879 in the United States. January 1 – The Specie Resumption Act takes effect, the Greenback is valued the same as gold for the first time since the American Civil War. February 12 – At New York Citys Madison Square Garden, the first artificial ice rink in North America opens, february 15 – Womens rights, American President Rutherford B. Hayes signs a bill allowing female attorneys to argue cases before the Supreme Court of the United States. February 22 – In Utica, New York, Frank Woolworth opens the first of many of 5, March 3 – The United States Geological Survey is created. May 30 – New York Citys Gilmores Garden is renamed Madison Square Garden by William Henry Vanderbilt, july 19 – Doc Holliday kills for the first time after a man shoots up Hollidays New Mexico saloon. September 25 – Deadwood, South Dakota fire, Two-thousand people left homeless, total loss of property is estimated at $3 million. September 29 – Meeker Massacre, Nathan Meeker and others are killed in an uprising at the White River Ute Indian Reservation in Colorado, october 22 – Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric light bulb. December 31 – Thomas Edison demonstrates incandescent lighting to the public for the first time in Menlo Park, simmons College of Kentucky, a historically black school, is founded. The Archaeological Institute of America is formed, mary Baker Eddy founds the Church of Christ, Scientist in Boston. Henry George publishes Progress and Poverty, laton Alton Huffman takes the photograph of Native American woman Pretty Nose. February 12 – George McGill, United States Senator from Kansas from 1930 util 1939, may 3 – Clyde L. Herring, United States Senator from Iowa from 1937 util 1943. August 2 – James M. Tunnell, United States Senator from Delaware from 1941 until 1947, august 27 – Otis F. Glenn, United States Senator from Illinois from 1928 until 1933. November 28 – Guy V. Howard, United States Senator from Minnesota from 1936 until 1937, December 15 – Bert H. Miller, United States Senator from Idaho in 1949. December 26 – Christie Benet, United States Senator from South Carolina in 1918, March 2 – Wade Keyes, Acting Confederate States Attorney General in 1861 and 1863-1864 March 16 – George Goldthwaite, United States Senator from Alabama from 1871 till 1877. July 26 – Robert Ward Johnson, United States Senator from Arkansas from 1862 till 1865, august 30 – John Bell Hood, Confederate general September 30 – Francis Gillette, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1854 till 1855. November 1 – Zachariah Chandler, United States Senator from Michigan from 1857 till 1875 and in 1879. October 31 – Joseph Hooker, General in the Union Army during American Civil War December 31 – George S. Houston, Governor of Alabama from 1874 till 1878, media related to 1879 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
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Media related to 1877 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
