1.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
2.
Industrial dispute
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Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances, Strikes became common during the Industrial Revolution, when mass labor became important in factories and mines. In most countries, strike actions were made illegal, as factory owners had far more power than workers. Most Western countries partially legalized striking in the late 19th or early 20th centuries, Strikes are sometimes used to pressure governments to change policies. Notable examples are the 1980 Gdańsk Shipyard or 1981 Warning Strike, official publications have typically used the more neutral words work stoppage or industrial dispute. The first historically certain account of action was towards the end of the 20th dynasty. The artisans of the Royal Necropolis at Deir el-Medina walked off their jobs because they had not been paid, the Egyptian authorities raised the wages. An early predecessor of the strike may have been the secessio plebis in ancient Rome. In the Outline Of History, H. G. Wells characterized this event as the strike of the plebeians, the plebeians seem to have invented the strike. The strike action became a feature of the political landscape with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. For the first time in history, large numbers of people were members of the working class, they lived in cities. By the 1830s, when the Chartist movement was at its peak, in 1842 the demands for fairer wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the first modern general strike. Instead of being a spontaneous uprising of the masses, the strike was politically motivated and was driven by an agenda to win concessions. Probably as much as half of the industrial work force were on strike at its peak – over 500,000 men. The local leadership marshalled a growing working class tradition to organize their followers to mount an articulate challenge to the capitalist. Friedrich Engels, an observer in London at the time, wrote, by its numbers, this class has become the most powerful in England, the English proletarian is only just becoming aware of his power, and the fruits of this awareness were the disturbances of last summer. Karl Marx has condemned the theory of Proudhon criminalizing strike action in his work The Poverty of Philosophy, in 1937 there were 4,740 strikes in the United States. This was the greatest strike wave in American labor history, the number of major strikes and lockouts in the U. S. fell by 97% from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010
3.
Trade union
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The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labour contracts with employers. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment and this may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies. Unions may organize a section of skilled workers, a cross-section of workers from various trades. The agreements negotiated by a union are binding on the rank and file members, originating in Great Britain, trade unions became popular in many countries during the Industrial Revolution. Trade unions may be composed of workers, professionals, past workers, students. Trade union density, or the percentage of workers belonging to a union, is highest in the Nordic countries. The trade unions aim at nothing less than to prevent the reduction of wages below the level that is maintained in the various branches of industry. That is to say, they wish to prevent the price of labour-power from falling below its value, yet historian R. A. the other the aggressive-expansionist drive to unite all labouring men and women for a different order of things. The 18th century economist Adam Smith noted the imbalance in the rights of workers in regards to owners. In The Wealth of Nations, Book I, chapter 8, Smith wrote, We rarely hear, it has said, of the combination of masters. But whoever imagines, upon this account, that masters rarely combine, is as ignorant of the world as of the subject. Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit, but constant and uniform combination, not to raise the wages of labor above their actual rate When workers combine, masters. As Smith noted, unions were illegal for many years in most countries, there were severe penalties for attempting to organize unions, up to and including execution. This pool of unskilled and semi-skilled labour spontaneously organized in fits and starts throughout its beginnings, Trade unions and collective bargaining were outlawed from no later than the middle of the 14th century when the Ordinance of Labourers was enacted in the Kingdom of England. In 1799, the Combination Act was passed, which banned trade unions, although the unions were subject to often severe repression until 1824, they were already widespread in cities such as London. Sympathy for the plight of the workers brought repeal of the acts in 1824, by the 1810s, the first labour organizations to bring together workers of divergent occupations were formed. Possibly the first such union was the General Union of Trades, also known as the Philanthropic Society, the latter name was to hide the organizations real purpose in a time when trade unions were still illegal. The Association quickly enrolled approximately 150 unions, consisting mostly of textile related unions, but also including mechanics, blacksmiths, and various others
4.
Wool
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Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other animals, including cashmere and mohair from goats, qiviut from muskoxen, angora from rabbits, and other types of wool from camelids. Wool has several qualities that distinguish it from hair or fur, it is crimped, Wool is produced by follicles which are small cells located in the skin. These follicles are located in the layer of the skin called the epidermis. Follicles can be classed as primary or secondary follicles. Primary follicles produce three types of fiber, Kemp, medullated fibers and true wool fibers, secondary follicles only produce true wool fibers. Medullated fibers share nearly identical characteristics to hair and are long but lack crimp, Kemp fibers are very coarse and shed out. Wools scaling and crimp make it easier to spin the fleece by helping the individual fibers attach to each other, because of the crimp, wool fabrics have greater bulk than other textiles, and they hold air, which causes the fabric to retain heat. Wool has a specific heat coefficient, so it impedes heat transfer in general. This effect has benefited desert peoples, as Bedouins and Tuaregs use wool clothes for insulation, felting of wool occurs upon hammering or other mechanical agitation as the microscopic barbs on the surface of wool fibers hook together. The amount of crimp corresponds to the fineness of the wool fibers, a fine wool like Merino may have up to 100 crimps per inch, while coarser wool like karakul may have as few as one or two. In contrast, hair has little if any scale and no crimp, on sheep, the hair part of the fleece is called kemp. Wool fibers readily absorb moisture, but are not hollow, Wool can absorb almost one-third of its own weight in water. Wool absorbs sound like many other fabrics and it is generally a creamy white color, although some breeds of sheep produce natural colors, such as black, brown, silver, and random mixes. Wool ignites at a higher temperature than cotton and some synthetic fibers, Wool carpets are specified for high safety environments, such as trains and aircraft. Wool is usually specified for garments for firefighters, soldiers, Wool is considered by the medical profession to be allergenic. Sheep shearing is the process by which the fleece of a sheep is cut off. After shearing, the wool is separated into four categories, fleece, broken, bellies. In Australia before being auctioned, all Merino fleece wool is objectively measured for micron, yield, staple length, staple strength, the sheep is given a dip in antiseptic solution after shearing, so as to cure the wounds caused during shearing
5.
Sabotage
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Ecotage is direct action by extreme environmentalist groups in the Western world. All damage figures below are in United States dollars, some well-known acts of ecotage have included,1998 – Arson of buildings at Vail Mountain in the United States by the Earth Liberation Front. March 11,1999 – Genetically engineered potatoes uprooted at Crop, december 25,1999 – In Monmouth, Oregon, fire destroys the main office of the Boise Cascade logging company costing over $1 million. A 12-foot banner at the scene read If you build it, we will burn it, signed, ecotage was popularized in 1975 by Edward Abbeys book The Monkey Wrench Gang. It has also treated in novels by T. Coraghessan Boyle, Carl Hiaasen, Neal Stephenson, and Richard Melo. Ecotage. is also the title of a 1972 humor book by Sam Love, ecotage is mentioned in Mars trilogy of science fiction novels by Kim Stanley Robinson as a means of protest shown by the Red political party. Typically the Reds would destroy terraforming ventures in an effort to slow the terraforming of Mars, the Concrete mini series Think Like a Mountain is centred about ecotage aimed to protect first growth forests in the Pacific Northwest. Radical environmentalism Environmental movement Billboarding Sabotage Operation Backfire Green Scare Ecodefense, A Field Guide To Monkeywrenching - Online text
6.
Strike action
–
Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances, Strikes became common during the Industrial Revolution, when mass labor became important in factories and mines. In most countries, strike actions were made illegal, as factory owners had far more power than workers. Most Western countries partially legalized striking in the late 19th or early 20th centuries, Strikes are sometimes used to pressure governments to change policies. Notable examples are the 1980 Gdańsk Shipyard or 1981 Warning Strike, official publications have typically used the more neutral words work stoppage or industrial dispute. The first historically certain account of action was towards the end of the 20th dynasty. The artisans of the Royal Necropolis at Deir el-Medina walked off their jobs because they had not been paid, the Egyptian authorities raised the wages. An early predecessor of the strike may have been the secessio plebis in ancient Rome. In the Outline Of History, H. G. Wells characterized this event as the strike of the plebeians, the plebeians seem to have invented the strike. The strike action became a feature of the political landscape with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. For the first time in history, large numbers of people were members of the working class, they lived in cities. By the 1830s, when the Chartist movement was at its peak, in 1842 the demands for fairer wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the first modern general strike. Instead of being a spontaneous uprising of the masses, the strike was politically motivated and was driven by an agenda to win concessions. Probably as much as half of the industrial work force were on strike at its peak – over 500,000 men. The local leadership marshalled a growing working class tradition to organize their followers to mount an articulate challenge to the capitalist. Friedrich Engels, an observer in London at the time, wrote, by its numbers, this class has become the most powerful in England, the English proletarian is only just becoming aware of his power, and the fruits of this awareness were the disturbances of last summer. Karl Marx has condemned the theory of Proudhon criminalizing strike action in his work The Poverty of Philosophy, in 1937 there were 4,740 strikes in the United States. This was the greatest strike wave in American labor history, the number of major strikes and lockouts in the U. S. fell by 97% from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010
7.
Australian Labor Party
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The Australian Labor Party is a political party in Australia. The party has been in opposition at federal level since the 2013 election, Bill Shorten has been the partys federal parliamentary leader since 13 October 2013. The party is a party with branches in each state. Labor is in government in the states of Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, the party competes against the Liberal/National Coalition for political office at the federal and state levels. Labors current National Platform describes the party as a social democratic party, the party of opportunity and security for working people. The ALP was not founded as a party until after the first sitting of the Australian Parliament in 1901. Nevertheless, it is regarded as descended from labour parties founded in the various Australian colonies by the labour movement in Australia. Labor is thus the countrys oldest political party, colonial labour parties contested seats from 1891, and federal seats following Federation at the 1901 federal election. Labor was the first party in Australia to win a majority in either house of the Australian Parliament, internationally, the ALP is a member of the Progressive Alliance network of social-democratic parties, having previously been a member of the Socialist International. The Australian Labor Party has its origins in the Labour parties founded in the 1890s in the Australian colonies prior to federation, Labor tradition ascribes the founding of Queensland Labour to a meeting of striking pastoral workers under a ghost gum tree in Barcaldine, Queensland in 1891. The Balmain, New South Wales branch of the party claims to be the oldest in Australia, Labour as a parliamentary party dates from 1891 in New South Wales and South Australia,1893 in Queensland, and later in the other colonies. The first election contested by Labour candidates was the 1891 New South Wales election, the major parties were the Protectionist and Free Trade parties and Labour held the balance of power. It offered parliamentary support in exchange for policy concessions, the United Labor Party of South Australia was founded in 1891, and three candidates were that year elected to the South Australian Legislative Council. The first successful South Australian House of Assembly candidate was John McPherson at the 1892 East Adelaide by-election, at the 1893 South Australian elections the ULP was immediately elevated to balance of power status with 10 of 54 lower house seats. The liberal government of Charles Kingston was formed with the support of the ULP, so successful, less than a decade later at the 1905 election, Thomas Price would form the worlds first stable Labor government. John Verran led Labor to form the states first of many majority governments at the 1910 election, in 1899, Anderson Dawson formed a minority Labour government in Queensland, the first in the world, which lasted one week while the conservatives regrouped after a split. The colonial Labour parties and the unions were mixed in their support for the Federation of Australia. They feared that federation would further entrench the power of the conservative forces, the first Labour leader and Prime Minister, Chris Watson, however, was a supporter of federation
8.
Sheep shearer
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A sheep shearer is a worker who uses -blade or machine shears to remove wool from domestic sheep during crutching or shearing. During the early years of breeding in Australia, shearing was carried out by shepherds, assigned servants, Ticket of Leave men. As the sheep industry expanded, more shearers were required, although the demand had increased, the conditions had not, and shearers had to contend with terrible working conditions, very long hours and low pay. In 1888, Australia became the first country in the world have a complete shearing, at Dunlop Station, by 1915, most large Australian sheep station shearing sheds had machines that were powered by steam engines. Later, internal combustion engines powered machines until rural power supplies became available, in most countries like Australia with large sheep flocks, the shearer is one of a contractors team that go from property to property shearing sheep and preparing the wool for market. A workday starts at 7,30 am and the day is divided into four “runs” of two hours each, “Smoko” breaks of a half hour each are at 9,30 am and again at 3 pm. The lunch break is taken at 12 midday for one hour, most shearers are paid on a piece rate, i. e. per sheep. The shearer collects a sheep from a pen, positions it on his “stand” on the shearing board. A shearer begins by removing the wool over the sheeps belly, the remainder of the fleece is taken off in one piece by following an efficient set of movements. In the case of powered shears, the movements used are those devised by Godfrey Bowen, in approximately 1950, in 1963, the Tally-Hi shearing system was developed by Kevin Sarre and the Australian Wool Corporation who promoted the technique using synchronised shearing demonstrations. Sheep struggle less using the Tally-Hi method, reducing strain on the shearer, when finished, the shorn sheep is removed from the board via a chute in the floor, or wall, to a counting out pen, efficiently removing it from the shed. These patterns ensure that there is less strain placed on the sheep, Shearers who “tally” more than 400 sheep per day when shearing crossbreds, or around 200 for finer wool sheep such as merino, are known as “gun shearers”. Gun shearers using blade shears can achieve much lower numbers, about 50 to 70 a day, a learner is a shearer or intending shearer who has shorn less than a specified number of sheep. In 1983 the Australian shearing industry was torn apart by the wide comb dispute, the offending combs had been introduced by New Zealanders who were weaker union supporters. In 1984, Australia became the last country in the world to permit the use of wide combs, the inaugural inductees into the Australian Shearers’ Hall of Fame are Jackie Howe, Julian Stuart, Henry Salter MBE, Kevin Sarre and John Hutchinson OAM. These inductees were chosen because they had won championships or had shorn high tallies. The shearers’ protective clothing and footwear usually includes, Shearers jeans or dungarees which have a thickness of material over the front. Shearers singlets, singlets with patches under the arms where the feet are placed during shearing
9.
Industry
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Industry is the production of goods or related services within an economy. The major source of revenue of a group or company is the indicator of its relevant industry, when a large group has multiple sources of revenue generation, it is considered to be working in different industries. Manufacturing industry became a key sector of production and labour in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, upsetting previous mercantile and this came through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the production of steel and coal. Following the Industrial Revolution, possibly a third of the economic output are derived that is from manufacturing industries. Many developed countries and many developing/semi-developed countries depend significantly on manufacturing industry, Industries, the countries they reside in, and the economies of those countries are interlinked in a complex web of interdependence. Industries can be classified in a variety of ways, at the top level, industry is often classified according to the three-sector theory into sectors, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Some authors add quaternary or even quinary sectors, over time, the fraction of a societys industry within each sector changes. Below the economic sectors there are other more detailed industry classifications. These classification systems commonly divide industries according to functions and markets. Market-based classification systems such as the Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark are used in finance, the International Standard Industrial Classification of all economic activities is the most complete and systematic industrial classification made by the United Nations Statistics Division. ISIC is a classification of economic activities arranged so that entities can be classified according to the activity they carry out. The Industrial Revolution led to the development of factories for large-scale production, originally the factories were steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was developed. The mechanized assembly line was introduced to parts in a repeatable fashion. This led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of the end process, later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators. This process has accelerated with the development of the computer and the robot, historically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors, including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage. An example of the former is the decline in manufacturing when the automobile was mass-produced. A recent trend has been the migration of prosperous, industrialized nations towards a post-industrial society and this is manifested by an increase in the service sector at the expense of manufacturing, and the development of an information-based economy, the so-called informational revolution. In a post-industrial society, manufacturing is relocated to more favourable locations through a process of off-shoring
10.
Bourke, New South Wales
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Bourke is a town in the north-west of New South Wales, Australia. The administrative centre and largest town in Bourke Shire, Bourke is approximately 800 kilometres north-west of the capital, Sydney. At the 2011 census, Bourke had a population of 2,047, the location of the current township of Bourke on a bend in the Darling River is the traditional country of the Ngemba people. The first white explorer to encounter the river was Charles Sturt in 1828 who named it after New South Wales Governor Ralph Darling and it was not until the mid-1800s following a visit by colonial surveyor and explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell in 1835 that settlement of the area began. Following tensions with the local people Mitchell built a stockade to protect his men. This first crude structure became the foundation for a community with a small number of agricultural. Bourke was surveyed for a town in 1869 and soon established itself as the trade hub of New South Wales with several transportation industries setting up branches in the town. By the 1880s Bourke would host a Cobb & Co, a small Afghan mosque that dates back to the 1900s can be found within Bourke cemetery. As trade moved away from transport routes, Bourkes hold on the inland trade industry began to relax. Whilst no longer considered a centre, Bourke serves instead as a key service centre for the states north western regions. In this semi-arid outback landscape, sheep farming along with small irrigated cotton crops comprise the primary industry in the area today. Bourkes traditional owners endured a similar fate to indigenous people across Australia, dispossessed of their traditional country and in occasional conflict with white settlers, they battled a loss of land and culture and were hit hard by European disease. While the population of the local Ngemba and Barkindji people around the town of Bourke had dwindled by the late 19th century, others found employment on local stations working with stock and found their skill as trackers in high demand. The majority of settlers were Wangkumara people from the Tibooburra region. In 1962 local high jumper Percy Hobson became the first Aboriginal athlete to win a Commonwealth Games gold medal for Australia in Perth, tall Hobson jumped 13 inches above his height to win the event with a leap of 6 ft.11 inches. While Hobson was urged by athletics administrators ‘not to broadcast his ancestry’, he was celebrated on his return to Bourke, cathy Freeman was the next Aboriginal athlete to claim a Commonwealth Gold in Auckland in 1990. In Bourke today there are 21 different recognised indigenous language groups including Ngemba, Barkindji, Wangkumara, Bourke has a hot semi-arid climate with mild amount of rainfall throughout the year. On 4 January 1903, Bourke recorded a temperature of 49
11.
Darling Downs
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The Darling Downs is a farming region on the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range in southern Queensland, Australia. The Downs are to the west of South East Queensland and are one of the regions of Queensland. The name Darling Downs was given in 1827 by Allan Cunningham, manufacturing and mining, particularly coal mining are also important, and coal seam gas extraction experienced significant growth in the decade to 2016. Between the farmlands there are stretches of crisscrossing roads, bushy ridges, winding creeks. There are farms with beef and dairy cattle, pigs, sheep, the largest city and commercial centre of the Darling Downs is Toowoomba about 132 km west of Brisbane. The New England Highway, Gore Highway and the Warrego Highway traverse the region, the Toowoomba Second Range Crossing is being constructed so that heavy traffic can avoid passing through Toowoomba. Coolmunda Dam, Leslie Dam, Cooby Dam, Perseverance Dam, Cressbrook Dam, Storm King Dam, West of Toowoomba is the Brisbane West Wellcamp Airport. The Darling Down is situated in the basins of the Condamine River and Maranoa River. The Condamine River flood plain is noted for its good soils formed by basaltic alluvium, on the northern boundaries of the Downs are the Bunya Mountains and the Bunya Mountains National Park. The region to the north is the South Burnett and the Maranoa lies to the west, a section of the western downs lies over coal deposits of the Surat Basin. Towards the coast, the mountains of the Scenic Rim form the headwaters of the westward flowing Condamine, the majority of the Darling Downs has a humid subtropical climate although some areas experience a semi-arid or subtropical highland climate. Summer maximum temperatures range from 28 °C to 34 °C, while maximums range from 13 °C to 19 °C. The annual rainfall ranges from 600 mm in the far west of the region, in the south-east of the Darling Downs winter temperatures can drop below −5 °C with heavy frost and occasional snow, while in the north-west summer temperatures can surpass 45 °C. Severe thunderstorms and damaging floods are a threat at times, as are bushfires in dry years. Part of the Darling Downs, which includes the towns of Allora, Clifton, Warwick, Killarney, the phrase is also used to define political boundaries and in the promotion of tourism in the area. The Dumaresq and the MacIntyre are found in part of the region. Originally, the Darling Downs was covered with a wealth of indigenous grasses which created an ideal verdure for stock eight months of the year, the Darling Downs Aborigines had an annual burning season at the time when the indigenous grasses were ripe and dry. The annual fires gave the local Aborigines of the Darling Downs the name Goonneeburra or Fire Blacks - goonnee being a name for fire and this is what the Downs tribes were known as to the coastal Aborigines who inhabited the Moreton Bay area
12.
Rockhampton
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Rockhampton is a city in the Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. The estimated urban population of Rockhampton in June 2015 was 80,665, Rockhampton hosts a significant number of governmental, community and major business administrative offices for the central, coastal part of the state. Rockhampton experiences over 300 days of each year, which lends itself to tourism activities all year round. The town lies on the Fitzroy River, approximately 45 kilometres from the river mouth, Rockhampton has a north and south side with three bridges connecting both sides, one for trains and two for vehicles and people. Rockhampton lies just north of the Tropic of Capricorn in Central Queensland, a sculpture originally marking the latitude was later moved into town to be more accessible to tourists. The city is located on the banks of the Fitzroy River, the Berserker Range lies on the eastern side of the city, with the Athelstane Range to the west. The coastal area to the east of the city is known as the Capricorn Coast, the Capricorn district is the traditional home of the Darumbal Aboriginal people. The European history of the began in 1853, when the area that would become Rockhampton was visited by the Archer brothers Charles and William. They were acting on information from earlier expeditions by Ludwig Leichhardt and Thomas Mitchell, in January 1854, the New South Wales Government proclaimed two new districts, Port Curtis and Leichhardt, and settlement began in earnest in 1855. These rocks were incorporated with the traditional English term for a village, in 1856, the Elliott brothers arrived at Gracemere and soon after, took up landholdings at Canoona, north of present-day Yaamba. There, Philip Elliott and his party came under attack from the Darumbals, Elliott was seriously wounded by a spear and one of his men was killed. However, Elliott had brought with his party a contingent of police who turned near-certain loss into victory. It was the first of many battles, with abundant grazing lands and waters from the Fitzroy River and its many tributaries and lagoons, the region continued to expand rapidly. In 1858, the town of Rockhampton was officially proclaimed, the town was surveyed at this time and the first sales of building allotments were held that year. In 1859, gold was discovered at Canoona, miners rushed to the new field, using the site of Rockhampton on the Fitzroy River as the nearest navigable port. The Canoona field proved to be disappointing and thousands of would-be gold seekers were left stranded at Rockhampton. Although many returned south, others stayed, adding to the infant towns population, by 1861, the town boasted a regular newspaper, banks, court house and School of Arts. Direct shipments of imported goods and migrants from the United Kingdom began to be received during the 1860s, during the 1860s and 1870s Rockhampton developed as the main port for the developing Central Queensland hinterland, the main export at that time being wool
13.
Stevedore
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A stevedore, dockworker, docker, dock laborer, wharfie, wharf rat, lumper, whombler, and/or longshoreman is a waterfront manual laborer who is involved in loading and unloading ships. The word stevedore originated in Portugal or Spain, and entered the English language through its use by sailors. In Canada, the term stevedore has also used, for example, in the name of the Western Stevedoring Company, Ltd. based in Vancouver. Loading and unloading ships requires knowledge of the operation of loading equipment, the techniques for lifting and stowing cargo. In addition, workers must be strong and be able to follow orders attentively. In order to unload a ship successfully, many longshoreman are needed, there is only a limited amount of time that a ship can be at a port, so they need to get their jobs done quickly. In earlier days before the introduction of containerization, men who loaded and unloaded ships had to tie down cargoes with rope, a type of stopper knot is called the stevedore knot. The methods of tying up parcels of goods is called stevedore lashing or stevedore knotting. Today, the vast majority of cargo is transported in intermodal containers. The containers arrive at a port by truck, rail or another ship and are stacked in the storage area. When the ship that will be transporting them arrives, the containers that it is offloading are unloaded by a crane, the containers either leave the port by truck or rail or are put in the storage area until they are put on another ship. Once the ship is offloaded, the containers it is leaving with are brought to the dock by truck, a crane lifts the containers from the trucks into the ship. As the containers pile up in the ship, the workers connect them to the ship and those workers at the port who handle and move the containers are likely to be considered stevedores or longshoremen. Before containerization, freight was handled with a longshoreman’s hook. Traditionally, stevedores had no fixed job, but would arrive at the docks in the morning seeking employment for the day, London dockers called this practice standing on the stones, while in the United States it was referred to as shaping. In Britain, due to changes in employment laws, such jobs have become permanent or have been converted to temporary jobs. Dock workers have been a prominent part of the labor movement. Container handling in Hong Kong -2005 In Australia, the informal term wharfie, the term stevedore is also sometimes used, as in the company name Patrick Stevedores
14.
Squatting (pastoral)
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In Australian history, a squatter was typically a man, either a free settler or ex-convict, who occupied a large tract of Crown land in order to graze livestock. Initially often having no rights to the land, they gained its usage by being the first Europeans in the area. Eventually, the term Squattocracy, a play on aristocracy, developed to refer to some of these squatters, the term ‘squatter’ derives from its English usage as a term of contempt for a person who had taken up residence at a place without having legal claim. In its early derogatory context the term was applied to the illegitimate occupation of land by ticket-of-leave convicts or ex-convicts. From the mid-1820s, however, the occupation of Crown land without legal title became more widespread, as wool began to be exported to England and the colonial population increased the occupation of pastoral land for raising cattle and sheep progressively became a more lucrative enterprise. ‘Squatting’ had become so widespread by the mid-1830s that Government policy in New South Wales towards the practice shifted from opposition to regulation, by that stage the term ‘squatter’ was applied to those who occupied Crown land under a lease or license, without the negative connotation of earlier times. The term soon developed an association, suggesting an elevated socio-economic status. By 1840 squatters were recognized as being amongst the wealthiest men in the colony of New South Wales, many of them from upper, as unoccupied land with frontage to permanent water became more scarce, the acquisition of runs increasingly required larger capital outlays. Eventually the term came to refer to a person of high social prestige who grazes livestock on a large scale. In Australia the term is used to describe large landowners. Hence the term, Squattocracy, a play on aristocracy, when the British settled at Sydney Cove in 1788 the colonial government in Australia claimed all lands for the Crown. Governors of New South Wales were given authority to make grants to free settlers, emancipists. When land grants were made they were subject to conditions such as a quit rent. In line with the British governments policy of concentrated land settlement for the colony Governors of New South Wales tended to be prudent in making land grants. By the end of Governor Macquarie’s tenure in 1821 less than 1,000 square miles of land had been granted in the colony of New South Wales, during Governor Brisbanes term, however, land grants were more readily made. In addition regulations introduced during Brisbane’s term enabled settlers to purchase up to 4,000 acres at 5s an acre, during Governor Brisbanes four years in office the total amount of land in private hands virtually doubled. The impetus for squatting activities during early phase was an expanding market for meat as the population of Sydney increased. The first steps in establishing wool production in New South Wales also created a demand for land
15.
Immigration Restriction Act 1901
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The law granted immigration officers a wide degree of discretion to prevent individuals from entering Australia. The Act prohibited various classes of people from immigrating and provided for immigrants to be deported. The test was not designed to allow officers to evaluate applicants on the basis of language skills. The initial bill was based on legislation in South Africa. The Act specifically prohibited various classes of people from immigrating, including people with infectious diseases and this was similar to tests previously used in Western Australia, New South Wales and Tasmania. It enabled immigration officials to exclude individuals on the basis of race without explicitly saying so, after 1903 the passage chosen was not important in itself as it was already decided the person could not enter Australia and so failure was inevitable. Although the test could theoretically be given to any person arriving in Australia, in practice it was given selectively on the basis of race, between 1902 and 1909, only 59 people passed the test out of 1,359 who were given it. After 1903 passes were largely due to immigration officers not understanding their role in this fraud or being unable to choose a language other than English. No-one passed the dictation test after 1909, the Act established a range of federal crimes relating to immigration. Illegal immigrants could be imprisoned for up to six months, both the captain and the owners of ships which transported illegal immigrants to Australia could be fined GBP100 for each immigrant, unless the immigrant was European. The Minister for Foreign Affairs was also able to detain ships which were suspected of carrying illegal immigrants, people who brought ill or insane immigrants into Australia were also liable for the costs of caring for them, on top of other penalties. The dictation test came into disrepute when it began to be used to exclude, jewish political activist Egon Kisch from Czechoslovakia, who was exiled from Germany for opposing Nazism, arrived in Australia in 1934. The Government of Joseph Lyons went to lengths to exclude Kisch. Kisch was fluent in a number of European languages, and after completing passages in several languages, the officer who tested him had grown up in northern Scotland, and did not have a particularly good grasp of Scottish Gaelic himself. In the High Court case of R v Wilson, ex parte Kisch the court found that Scottish Gaelic was not within the meaning of the Act. The failure to exclude Kisch brought the dictation test into widespread public ridicule, in 1936, the dictation test was controversially used again to exclude Mabel Freer, a white British woman born in India. She was twice set the test in Italian, which she failed, interior Minister Thomas Paterson resigned from the Lyons Cabinet in 1937 as a result of the controversy. At first the dictation test had to be given in any European language, in 1905 the Act was amended to allow the government to prescribe the languages in which the test could be given
16.
White Australia policy
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The term White Australian policy comprises various historical policies that effectively barred people of non-European descent from immigrating to Australia. There was never any specific policy titled such, but the term was invented later to describe a collection of policies that were designed to exclude people from Asia, the policy was progressively dismantled between 1949 and 1973. From the 1850s, there were restrictions on family members joining Chinese miners already in Australia, the colonial authorities levied a special tax on Chinese immigrants that other immigrants were exempted from. Towards the end of the century, there was also a push by the labour unions to stop work done by Chinese immigrants in the furniture. Australian furniture had to be labelled Made with Chinese Labour, soon after Australia became a federation, it passed the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901. The passage of bill is considered the commencement of the White Australia Policy as Australian government policy. Subsequent acts further strengthened the policy up to the start of the Second World War and these policies effectively allowed for British migrants to be preferred over all others through the first four decades of the 20th century. In 1975, the Whitlam Government passed the Racial Discrimination Act, in the decades since, Australia has maintained largescale multi-ethnic immigration. The discovery of gold in Australia in 1851 led to an influx of immigrants from all around the world, over the next 20 years,40,000 Chinese men and over 9,000 women immigrated to the goldfields seeking prosperity. Gold brought great wealth but also new social tensions, multiethnic migrants came to New South Wales in large numbers for the first time. Governor Hotham, on 16 November 1854, appointed a Royal Commission on Victorian goldfields problems and this led to restrictions being placed on Chinese immigration and residency taxes levied from Chinese residents in Victoria from 1855 with New South Wales following suit in 1861. During this time, thousands of Kanakas were brought into Australia as indentured workers, in the 1870s and 1880s, the trade union movement began a series of protests against foreign labour. Their arguments were that Asians and Chinese took jobs away from men, worked for substandard wages, lowered working conditions. Objections to these arguments came largely from wealthy land owners in rural areas and it was argued that without Asiatics to work in the tropical areas of the Northern Territory and Queensland, the area would have to be abandoned. Despite these objections to restricting immigration, between 1875 and 1888 all Australian colonies enacted legislation which excluded all further Chinese immigration, Asian immigrants already residing in the Australian colonies were not expelled and retained the same rights as their Anglo and Southern compatriots. Agreements were made to increase these restrictions in 1895 following an Inter-colonial Premiers Conference where all colonies agreed to extend entry restrictions to all non-white races. However, in attempting to enact legislation, the Governors of New South Wales, South Australia and Tasmania reserved the bills, due to a treaty with Japan. Instead, the Natal Act of 1897 was introduced, restricting undesirable persons rather than any specific race, the British government in London was not pleased with legislation that discriminated against certain subjects of its Empire, but decided not to disallow the laws that were passed
17.
International Workers' Day
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Being a traditional European spring celebration, May Day is a national public holiday in several European countries. The date is currently celebrated specifically as Labour Day or International Workers Day in the majority of countries, some countries celebrate a Labour Day on other dates significant to them, such as the United States, which celebrates Labor Day on the first Monday of September. Beginning in the late 19th century, as the union and labour movements grew. In the United States and Canada, a September holiday, called Labor or Labour Day, was first proposed in the 1880s. In 1882, Matthew Maguire, a machinist, first proposed a Labor Day holiday on the first Monday of September while serving as secretary of the Central Labor Union of New York. Others argue that it was first proposed by Peter J. McGuire of the American Federation of Labor in May 1882, after witnessing the annual festival held in Toronto. In 1887, Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it a public holiday. By the time it became a federal holiday in 1894. Thus by 1887 in North America, Labor Day was an established, official holiday but in September,1 May was chosen to be International Workers Day to commemorate the 4 May 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago. The police were trying to disperse an assembly during a general strike for the eight-hour workday. The police responded by firing on the workers, killing four demonstrators, the following day on 5 May in Milwaukee Wisconsin, the state militia fired on a crowd of strikers killing seven, including a schoolboy and a man feeding chickens in his yard. May Day was formally recognised as an event at the Internationals second congress in 1891. Subsequently, the May Day riots of 1894 occurred, the congress made it mandatory upon the proletarian organisations of all countries to stop work on 1 May, wherever it is possible without injury to the workers. May Day has long been a point for demonstrations by various socialist, communist and anarchist groups. May Day is one of the most important holidays in countries such as the Peoples Republic of China, North Korea, Cuba. May Day celebrations in these countries typically feature elaborate workforce parades, in 1955, the Catholic Church dedicated 1 May to Saint Joseph the Worker. Saint Joseph is the saint of workers and craftsmen, among others. It became an symbol of that period
18.
Barcaldine, Queensland
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Barcaldine is a small town and locality in the Barcaldine Region in Central West Queensland, Australia. Barcaldine played a role in the Australian labour movement. In the 2011 census, the town of Barcaldine had a population of 1,316 people, while the locality had a population of 1,655 people, Barcaldine is approximately 520 kilometres by road west of the city of Rockhampton. The town is situated on Lagoon Creek, which flows into the Alice River approximately five kilometres south of the Barcaldine and this is the administrative centre of the Barcaldine Region. Major industries are sheep and beef cattle rearing, the streets in Barcaldine are named after different types of trees. Barcaldine Post Office opened on 13 November 1886, Barcaldine State School opened on 4 July 1887. Barcaldine played a significant role in the Australian labour movement and the birth of the Australian Labor Party, in 1891, it was one of the focal points of the 1891 Australian shearers strike, with the Eureka Flag flying over the strike camp. The landmark Tree of Knowledge, under which the strikers met, in 2006, persons unknown poisoned the tree with the herbicide Roundup, which led to its demise. One of the first May day marches in the world took place during the strike on 1 May 1891 in Barcaldine, the Sydney Morning Herald reported that of the 1,340 men that took part,618 were mounted on horses. Banners carried included those of the Australian Labor Federation, the Shearers and Carriers Unions, the leaders wore blue sashes and the Eureka Flag was carried. The Labor Bulletin reported that cheers were given for the Union, the Eight-hour day, the Strike Committee and it reported the march, In the procession every civilised country was represented doing duty for the Russian, Swede, French, Dane etc. In 1892, the government area of Barcaldine Division was established. The initial local government meetings were held in a building in Oak Street, a shire hall was then constructed in 1898 on the south-east corner of Ash and Beech Streets, which eventually became too small. In February 1912 a new shire hall was opened and that building is still in use today and is heritage-listed. The artesian water at Barcaldine is full of minerals, a bore had been constructed in 1887, but was unsuitable for the water needs of the steam locomotives and so the water was let run to waste. By 1891, a local doctor observed that water contained soda, in 1907, a swimming pool using the artesian water was built by the Barcaldine Shire Council, along with baths and showers for therapeutic use. The Barcaldine War Memorial was unveiled by Queensland Governor, Matthew Nathan, at the 2006 census, Barcaldine had a population of 1,337. Barcaldine has a library, bowls, tennis clubs, a combined racecourse and showground near the golf course
19.
The Sydney Morning Herald
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The Sydney Morning Herald is a daily compact newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1831 as the Sydney Herald, the SMH is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Australia, the newspaper is published six days a week. It is available at outlets in Sydney, regional New South Wales, Canberra, the Sydney Morning Herald includes a variety of supplements, including the magazines Good Weekend, and Sunday Life. By February 2016, average circulation had fallen to 104,000, similarWeb rates the site as the fifth most visited news website in Australia and as the 42nd newspapers website globally, attracting more than 15 million visitors per month. In 1931 a Centenary Supplement was published, the original four-page weekly had a print run of 750. In 1840, the newspaper began to publish daily, in 1841, an Englishman named John Fairfax purchased the operation, renaming it The Sydney Morning Herald the following year. Fairfax, whose family were to control the newspaper for almost 150 years, based his editorial policies upon principles of candour, honesty and we have no wish to mislead, no interest to gratify by unsparing abuse or indiscriminate approbation. During the decade 1890, Donald Murray worked there, the SMH was late to the trend of printing news rather than just advertising on the front page, doing so from 15 April 1944. Of the countrys metropolitan dailies, only The West Australian was later in making the switch, in 1949, the newspaper launched a Sunday edition, The Sunday Herald. Four years later, this was merged with the newly acquired Sun newspaper to create The Sun-Herald, in 1995, the company launched the newspapers web edition smh. com. au. The site has grown to include interactive and multimedia features beyond the content in the print edition. Around the same time, the organisation moved from Jones Street to new offices at Darling Park and built a new printing press at Chullora, the SMH has since moved with other Sydney Fairfax divisions to a building at Darling Island. In May 2007, Fairfax Media announced it would be moving from a format to the smaller compact or tabloid-size, in the footsteps of The Times. Fairfax Media dumped these plans later in the year, however, in June 2012, Fairfax Media again announced it planned to shift both broadsheet newspapers to tabloid size, in March 2013. Fairfax also announced it would cut staff across the group by 1,900 over three years and erect paywalls around the papers websites. The subscription type is to be a model, limiting readers to a number of free stories per month, with a payment required for further access. In July 2013 it was announced that the SMHs news director, Darren Goodsir, would become Editor-in-Chief, on 22 February 2014, the final Saturday edition was produced in broadsheet format with this too converted to compact format on 1 March 2014. Ahead of the decommissioning of the plant at Chullora in June 2014
20.
Eureka Flag
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The design was first used as the war flag of the Eureka Rebellion at Ballarat in Victoria, Australia. A number of people swore allegiance to the flag as a symbol of defiance at its first flying at Bakery Hill on 29 November 1854, over 30 miners were killed at the Eureka Stockade, along with six troopers and police. Some 125 miners were arrested and many others badly wounded, the flag has been lent to the Museum of Australian Democracy at Eureka by the Art Gallery of Ballarat. It is listed as an object of state significance on the Victorian Heritage Register and was designated as a Victorian Icon by the National Trust in 2006. The flag is reputed to have designed by a Canadian member of the Ballarat Reform League. Local legend claims that the flag was sewn by three local women – Anastasia Withers, Anne Duke and Anastasia Hayes, Ross was said to be inspired by the design of the Australian Federation Flag. According to Frank Cayleys book, Flag of Stars, the five stars represent the Southern Cross. The flag is silk, blue ground with large cross, no device or arms. It flew for the first occasion on Bakery Hill as a symbol of the resistance of the miners during the Eureka Stockade rebellion in the year 1854. Approximately 31% of the specimen is missing. The flag was re-discovered by Len Fox during the 1940s, and it was found after World War II in a drawer at the gallery, discovered by members of the Australian Communist Party. The final irrefutable validation of its authentication occurred when sketchbooks of Canadian Charles Doudiet were put up for sale at a Christies auction in 1996, two sketches in particular show the flag design as contained in the tattered remains of the flag at the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery. The remnant of the original Eureka Flag remains today, preserved for display at the Museum of Australian Democracy at Eureka. It is listed as an object of state significance on the Victorian Heritage Register and was named as an icon by the National Trust in 2006. Since the original miners revolt at Eureka, the flag, born out of adversity, continues to be regarded by some as a symbol of rebellion closely associated with the struggle for democracy and unity. In the event that the design of the Flag of Australia is ever reviewed, along these lines, some also believe that the flag used during the Lambing Flat riots was a derivative of the Eureka Flag. During a 1983 royal tour, a republican supporter informally presented a small Eureka Flag to Diana, Princess of Wales, the event prompted a cartoon of the royal couple with Charles, Prince of Wales, observing Mummy will not be pleased. Enquiries made by the Art Gallery of Ballarat, custodians of the Eureka Flag, have so far unable to solve this mystery
21.
Eight-hour day
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The use of child labour was common. The working day could range from 10 to 16 hours for six days a week, robert Owen had raised the demand for a ten-hour day in 1810, and instituted it in his socialist enterprise at New Lanark. By 1817 he had formulated the goal of the day and coined the slogan, Eight hours labour, Eight hours recreation. Women and children in England were granted the day in 1847. French workers won the 12-hour day after the February revolution of 1848, a shorter working day and improved working conditions were part of the general protests and agitation for Chartist reforms and the early organisation of trade unions. Karl Marx saw it as of importance to the workers health, saying in Das Kapital, By extending the working day, therefore. The first international treaty to mention it was the Treaty of Versailles in the annex of its thirteen part establishing the International Labour Office, now the International Labour Organization. The eight-hour day was the first topic discussed by the International Labour Organization which resulted in the Hours of Work Convention,1919 ratified by 52 countries as of 2016. The eight-hour day movement forms part of the history for the celebration of Labour Day. In Iran in 1918, the work of reorganizing the trade began in earnest in Tehran during the closure of the Iranian constitutional parliament Majles. In 1918, the newly organised union staged a 14-day strike and succeeded in reaching an agreement with employers to institute the eight-hours day, overtime pay. The success of the printers union encouraged other trades to organize, in 1919 the bakers and textile-shop clerks formed their own trade unions. In 1946 the council of ministers issued the first labor law for Iran, the first company to introduce an eight-hour working day in Japan was the Kawasaki Dockyards in Kobe. An eight-hour day was one of the demands presented by the workers during pay negotiations in September 1919, after the company resisted the demands, a slowdown campaign was commenced by the workers on 18 September. After ten days of action, company president Kōjirō Matsukata agreed to the eight-hour day and wage increases on 27 September. The effects of the action were felt nationwide and inspired further industrial action at the Kawasaki, the eight-hour day did not become law in Japan until the passing of the Labor Standards Act in April 1947. Article 32 of the Act specifies a 40-hour week and paragraph specifies an eight-hour day, the Eight-hour day was enacted in France by Georges Clemenceau, as a way to avoid unemployment and diminish communist support. It was succeeded by a strong French support of it during the writing of the International Labour Organization Convention of 1919, at the turn of the 20th century the eight-hour day was introduced by Ernst Abbe at the Zeiss plants in Jena
22.
St Helena Island National Park
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St Helena Island is a heritage-listed island in Queensland, Australia,21 kilometres east of Brisbane and 4 kilometres east of the mouth of the Brisbane River in Moreton Bay. Originally used as a prison, it is now a national park, local Australian Aborigines called the island Noogoon but it was renamed St Helena after an aboriginal named Napoleon was exiled there in 1826. The island is visible from the mainland, particularly the suburbs of Wynnum, Manly and it has its own permanent water supply, a spring in the centre of the island. In the 19th century St Helena Island was a station which became one of the most profitable prisons in Queensland history. The island was used to house prisoners and staff for 65 years, many of those involved in the 1891 Australian shearers strike were imprisoned there along with murderers and bushrangers. Four kilometres from the mouth of the Brisbane River lies St Helena Island, for more than 60 years from 1867, St Helena was the place of imprisonment for many hundreds of societys outcasts, for here was located colonial Queenslands foremost prison for men. In 1866, as part of their labours, the prisoners were taken each morning across the waters of Moreton Bay by whaleboat to St Helena Island, here they were put to work sinking wells, clearing scrub, quarrying stone and building accommodation for a new quarantine station. They were brought back to the hulk each night, on 14 May 1867, the Governor of Queensland signed a proclamation declaring the island a place whereat offenders under order or sentence of hard labour or penal servitude may be detained. In the years followed, St Helena was to become Queenslands showpiece prison. The toughest years on St Helena were undoubtedly the early ones, and these, too, were the years of severe punishment — the lash, the dreaded dark underground cells, the gag, and energy-sapping shot drill. These were the years that gained St Helena its fearful reputation as the hole of the Pacific. But in these days tough measures were used, because St Helena housed some of the countrys worst criminals, because of this, St Helena had to be a secure prison — and it was, through its isolation and its iron rule. During its lifetime, there were fewer than 25 serious attempts by prisoners to escape. Most of the 50 or so men involved were recaptured, although three disappeared without trace, two were drowned or taken by sharks in Moreton Bay, and a few were caught several years later. By the turn of the century, the St Helena establishment had grown to accommodate over 300 prisoners in a maze of buildings surrounded by a stockade wall. In the island workshops the prisoners were taught such trades as carpentry, boot making, tailoring, tinsmith, saddle making, bread baking, the island boasted a prize dairy herd which won many awards at the Brisbane Exhibitions. The island was farmed, particularly in the later years as a prison. Maize, potatoes, lucerne and other vegetables thrived in the volcanic soil
23.
William Hamilton (Australian politician)
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William Hamilton was a shearer, trade union official, and member of both the Queensland Legislative Council and Queensland Legislative Assembly. Hamilton was born in August 1858 at Geelong, Victoria, to George Hamilton, miner, taking part in the 1891 shearers strike, Hamilton led a group of strikers in Clermont. On 7 March the strikers jostled and abused members of the Pastoralists Association, while Hamilton himself had called on his men to show restraint, he was charged with criminal conspiracy and sentenced to three years imprisonment, which was served at the St Helena Penal Settlement. When his release was first proposed, Hamilton exclaimed I will see you in Hell before Ill scab on my mates, at the 1899 election, Hamilton, representing the Labour Party, contested the seat of Gregory and defeated the Ministerialist candidate. He went on to serve Gregory for sixteen years before resigning his seat on 10 July 1915, on that same day Hamilton was appointed by the Ryan Ministry to the Legislative Council, remaining there until his death some five years later. During his time in parliament, he served as Minister without Office for one month in 1915 and he resigned from the ministry on 15 February 1917 to become President of Legislative Council following the death Arthur Morgan and served in that role until own death in 1920. Hamilton married Mary Ann Mitchell at Rockhampton on 8 June 1896 and he died in July 1920 and was awarded a state funeral which proceeded from St Johns Cathedral in Brisbane to the Toowong Cemetery
24.
Western Australia
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Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Southern Ocean to the south, the state has about 2.6 million inhabitants, around 11% of the national total. 92% of the lives in the south-west corner of the state. The first European visitor to Western Australia was the Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog, the first European settlement of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major Edmund Lockyer on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the New South Wales colonial government. This was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital, york was the first inland settlement in Western Australia. Situated 97 kilometres east of Perth, it was settled on 16 September 1831, Western Australia achieved responsible government in 1890, and federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901. Today its economy relies on mining, agriculture and tourism. The state produces 46% of Australias exports, Western Australia is the second-largest iron ore producer in the world. The International Hydrographic Organization designates the body of water south of the continent as part of the Indian Ocean, the total length of the states eastern border is 1,862 km. There are 20,781 km of coastline, including 7,892 km of island coastline, the total land area occupied by the state is 2.5 million km2. Most of the state is a low plateau with an elevation of about 400 metres, very low relief. This descends relatively sharply to the plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment. The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile, even soils derived from granitic bedrock contain an order of magnitude less available phosphorus and only half as much nitrogen as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or ironstone are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and also deficient in zinc, copper, molybdenum, the infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of chemical fertilisers, particularly superphosphate, insecticides and herbicides. These have resulted in damage to invertebrate and bacterial populations, the grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in compaction of soils and great damage to the fragile soils. Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora, large areas of the states wheatbelt region have problems with dryland salinity and the loss of fresh water. The southwest coastal area has a Mediterranean climate and it was originally heavily forested, including large stands of karri, one of the tallest trees in the world. This agricultural region is one of the nine most bio-diverse terrestrial habitats, thanks to the offshore Leeuwin Current, the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly coral reefs in the world
25.
Henry Lawson
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Henry Archibald Hertzberg Lawson was an Australian writer and bush poet. Along with his contemporary Banjo Paterson, Lawson is among the best-known Australian poets and he was the son of the poet, publisher and feminist Louisa Lawson. Henry Lawson was born 17 June 1867 in a town on the Grenfell goldfields of New South Wales and his father was Niels Hertzberg Larsen, a Norwegian-born miner. Niels Larsen went to sea at 21 and arrived in Melbourne in 1855 to join the gold rush, Lawsons parents met at the goldfields of Pipeclay. Niels and Louisa Albury married on 7 July 1866 when he was 32, on Henrys birth, the family surname was Anglicised and Niels became Peter Lawson. The newly married couple were to have an unhappy marriage, Louisa, after family-raising, took a significant part in womens movements, and edited a womens paper called The Dawn. She also published her sons first volume, and around 1904 brought out a volume of her own, Dert and Do, in 1905 she collected and published her own verses, The Lonely Crossing and other Poems. Louisa likely had a influence on her sons literary work in its earliest days. Peter Lawsons grave is in the private cemetery at Hartley Vale, New South Wales. Lawson attended school at Eurunderee from 2 October 1876 but suffered an ear infection at around this time and it left him with partial deafness and by the age of fourteen he had lost his hearing entirely. Lawson was a reader of Dickens and Marryat and novels such as Robbery Under Arms and For the Term of His Natural Life. Reading became a source of his education because, due to his deafness. In 1883, after working on building jobs with his father in the Blue Mountains, Louisa was then living with Henrys sister and brother. At this time, Lawson was working during the day and studying at night for his matriculation in the hopes of receiving a university education, at around 20 years of age Lawson went to the eye and ear hospital in Melbourne but nothing could be done for his deafness. In 1890 he began a relationship with Mary Gilmore and she writes of an unofficial engagement and Lawsons wish to marry her, but it was broken by his frequent absences from Sydney. The story of the relationship is told in Anne Brooksbanks play All My Love, in 1896, Lawson married Bertha Bredt, Jr. daughter of Bertha Bredt, the prominent socialist. They had two children, son Jim and daughter Bertha, Henry Lawsons first published poem was A Song of the Republic which appeared in The Bulletin,1 October 1887, his mothers republican friends were an influence. This was followed by The Wreck of the Derry Castle and then Golden Gully, prefixed to the former poem was an editorial note, Lawson was 20 years old, not 17. - In 1890-1891 Lawson worked in Albany
26.
William Lane
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William Lane was a radical journalist, advocate of Australian labour politics and a utopian. Lane was born in Bristol, England, eldest son of Edward Lane, from Ireland a Protestant Master Gardener, when Lane was born his father was earning a miserable wage, but later his circumstances improved and he became an employer. The boy was educated at Bristol Grammar School and showed ability, lanes father was a drunk who impoverished the family. He became a supporter of Emma Miller and Womens suffrage. In May 1890 he began the community-funded Brisbane weekly The Worker, the rhetoric of which became increasingly threatening towards the employers, the government, and the British Empire itself. The Workingmans Paradise, a novel written in sympathy with the shearers involved in the 1891 Shearers Strike, was published under his pseudonym John Miller in early 1892. In the novel Lane articulated the belief that anarchism is the noblest social philosophy of all, through the novels philosopher and main protagonist he relates his belief that society may have to experience a period of State socialism to achieve the ideal of Communist anarchism. Mary Gilmore, later a celebrated Australian writer, said in one of her letters the whole book is true, New Australia soon had its crisis, brought on by the issues of interracial relationships and alcohol. Eventually Lane became disillusioned with the process, and returned to Australia in 1899, Lane then went with his family to New Zealand. After initial melancholia, he refound his old verve as a pseudonymous feature writer from 1900 for the newspaper New Zealand Herald, only this time as ultra-conservative. He had strong racial antipathy toward East Asians, and during World War I he developed extreme anti-German sentiments, gavin Souters account of Lane and New Australia in his A Peculiar People Peter Bruces thesis The Journalistic Career of William Lane. By Bob James Whitehead, Anne Paradise Mislaid – in Search of the Australian Tribe of Paraguay University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia Serle, Workingmans Paradise at Project Gutenberg Workingmans Paradise, Pdf at University of Sydney
27.
Banjo Paterson
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Andrew Barton Banjo Paterson, CBE was an Australian bush poet, journalist and author. Patersons more notable poems include Waltzing Matilda, The Man from Snowy River, Patersons family lived on the isolated Buckinbah Station near Yeoval NSW until he was five when his father lost his wool clip in a flood and was forced to sell up. When Patersons uncle John Paterson died, his family took over John Patersons farm in Illalong, near Yass, bullock teams, Cobb and Co coaches and drovers were familiar sights to him. He also saw horsemen from the Murrumbidgee River area and Snowy Mountains country take part in races and polo matches. Patersons early education came from a governess, but when he was able to ride a pony, in 1874 Paterson was sent to Sydney Grammar School, performing well both as a student and a sportsman. During this time, he lived in a cottage called Rockend, the cottage is now listed on the Register of the National Estate. He left the school at 16 after failing an examination for a scholarship to University of Sydney. He went on to become a law clerk with a Sydney-based firm headed by Herbert Salwey and was admitted as a solicitor in 1886, in the years he practised as a solicitor, Paterson also started a writing career. From 1885, he began submitting and having published in the The Bulletin. His earliest work was a poem criticising the British war in the Sudan, over the next decade, the influential journal provided an important platform for Patersons work, which appeared under the pseudonym of The Banjo, the name of his favourite horse. As one of its most popular writers through the 1890s, he formed friendships with other significant writers in Australian Literature, brady, Harry Breaker Morant and Henry Lawson. In particular, Paterson became engaged in a rivalry of verse with Lawson about the allure of bush life. Paterson became a war correspondent for The Sydney Morning Herald and The Age during the Second Boer War and his graphic accounts of the relief of Kimberley, surrender of Bloemfontein and the capture of Pretoria attracted the attention of the press in Britain. He also was a correspondent during the Boxer Rebellion, where he met George Chinese Morrison and he was editor of the Sydney Evening News and of the Town and Country Journal. In 1908 after a trip to the United Kingdom he decided to abandon journalism and writing and moved with his family to a 40, 000-acre property near Yass. In World War I, Paterson failed to become a correspondent covering the fighting in Flanders and he returned to Australia early in 1915 and, as an honorary vet, travelled on three voyages with horses to Africa, China and Egypt. He was repatriated to Australia and discharged from the army having risen to the rank of major in April 1919 and his wife had joined the Red Cross and worked in an ambulance unit near her husband. Paterson also wrote on rugby football in the 1920s for the Sydney Sportsman
28.
Waltzing Matilda
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Waltzing Matilda is Australias best-known bush ballad, and has been described as the countrys unofficial national anthem. The title was Australian slang for travelling on foot with ones belongings in a matilda slung over ones back, the song narrates the story of an itinerant worker, or swagman, making a drink of billy tea at a bush camp and capturing a stray jumbuck to eat. When the jumbucks owner, a squatter, and three mounted policemen pursue the swagman for theft, he declares Youll never take me alive, and commits suicide by drowning himself in a nearby billabong, after which his ghost haunts the site. The original lyrics were written in 1895 by Australian poet Banjo Paterson, in 2012, to remind Australians of the songs significance, Winton organised the inaugural Waltzing Matilda Day to be held on 6 April, the anniversary of its first performance. The song was first recorded in 1926 as performed by John Collinson, the words were written to a tune played on a zither or autoharp by 31‑year‑old Christina Macpherson, one of the family members at the station. Paterson decided that the music would be a piece to set lyrics to. The march was based on the Scottish Celtic folk tune Thou Bonnie Wood of Craigielea, written by Robert Tannahill and first published in 1806, in the early 1890s it was arranged as the The Craigielee march music for brass band by Australian compser Thomas Bulch. This tune, in turn, was based on the old melody of Go to the Devil and Shake Yourself. In September 1894, some shearers at Dagworth Station were again on strike, the situation turned violent with the striking shearers firing their rifles and pistols in the air and setting fire to the woolshed at Dagworth, killing dozens of sheep. The owner of Dagworth Station and three policemen gave chase to a man named Samuel Hoffmeister – also known as French, rather than be captured, Hoffmeister shot and killed himself at the Combo Waterhole. Bob Macpherson and Paterson are said to have taken together at Dagworth. Here they would probably have passed the Combo Waterhole, where Macpherson is purported to have told this story to Paterson, although not remaining in close contact, Paterson and Christina Macpherson both maintained this version of events until their deaths. Amongst Macphersons belongings, found after her death in 1936, was a letter to a music researcher that read. One day I played a tune, which I had heard played by a band at the Races in Warrnambool and he then said he thought he could write some words to it. He then and there wrote the first verse and we tried it and thought it went well, so he then wrote the other verses. Similarly, in the early 1930s on ABC radio Paterson said The shearers staged a strike and Macphersons woolshed at Dagworth was burnt down, miss Macpherson used to play a little Scottish tune on a zither and I put words to it and called it Waltzing Matilda. The song itself was first performed on 6 April 1895 by Sir Herbert Ramsay at the North Gregory Hotel in Winton, the occasion was a banquet for the Premier of Queensland. In February 2010 ABC News reported an investigation by barrister Trevor Monti that the death of Hoffmeister was more akin to an assassination than to suicide
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Australian labour movement
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The Australian labour movement has its origins in the early 19th century and includes both trade unions and political activity. At its broadest, the movement encompasses an industrial wing and a political wing, Trade unions in Australia may be organised on the basis of craft unionism, general unionism, or industrial unionism. The leadership and membership of unions hold and have at times held a wide range of political views, including communist, socialist. According to ABS figures, in August 2013, there were 1.7 million members of unions in relation to their main job. A further 4% did not know whether they were union members or not. Of those who were a union member in relation to their main job. Trade union membership has declined over recent years, with 2013 being the lowest proportion in the history of the ABS series. According to ACTU figures, the number of members of unions in 1983 was 2,376,900 but by 2002 it was 1,833,700. The colony of New South Wales came into existence in 1788 as a penal colony, Australia never had formal slavery, but the convicts transported to the colony were required to work, without pay, either for the administration or could be required to work for private landholders. Others, particularly the Kanaka from the South Pacific islands, were kidnapped or otherwise induced into exploitative long-term indentured service contracts. Initially, following British laws, trade unions in Australia were suppressed, a trade union or other association could also be regarded as illegal because of being a restraint of trade. On the other hand, the position was slowly liberalised and through the British Trade Union Act 1871 and the Conspiracy, by 1902, the Master and Servant Act 1823 had been modified to include forfeit of wages if the written or unwritten contract for work was unfulfilled. Absence from place of work was punishable by imprisonment of up to three months with or without hard labour. There were also penalties of up to ₤10 for anyone who harboured, concealed or re-employed a servant who had deserted or absconded or absented himself from his duty implied in the contract. Under the Master and Servant Acts enacted in the Australian colonies in the 1840s, as little as one hour’s absence by a free servant without permission could precipitate a punishment of prison or the treadmill. In the 1800s, most Victorians worked up to 14 hours a day, there was no sick leave, no holiday leave, and employers could sack employees at any time, without giving a reason. On 18 August 1855 the Stonemasons Society in Sydney issued an ultimatum to employers that in six months time, masons would only work an eight-hour day. However men working on the Holy Trinity Church in Argyle Cut and they pre-emptively went on strike, won the eight-hour day, and celebrated with a victory dinner on 1 October 1855
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Eureka Rebellion
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The Eureka Rebellion was a rebellion in 1854, instigated by gold miners in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, who revolted against the colonial authority of the United Kingdom. The rebellion resulted in the deaths of at least 27 people, the local rebellion grew from a Ballarat Reform League movement and culminated in the erection by the rebels of a crude battlement and a swift and deadly siege by colonial forces. As such, the Eureka Rebellion is controversially identified with the birth of democracy in Australia, Hiscocks gold rush began on 12 August 1851 following the publication in the Geelong Advertiser of Thomas Hiscocks gold findings at Hiscocks,3 kilometres west of Buninyong. On 26 August, a rally of 40-50 miners opposing the fee was held at Hiscocks gully – the first of such protests in the colony. The miners opposed government policies of oppression including the fee and demanded rights to vote. This first meeting was followed by dissent across the colonys mining settlements, in December the government announced that it intended to triple the licence fee from £1 to £3 a month, from 1 January 1852. This move incited protests around the colony, including the Forest Creek Monster Meeting of December 1851, in Ballarat, historian Weston Bate noted that diggers became so agitated that they began to gather arms. The government hastily repealed its plans due to the reaction, nevertheless, the oppressive licence hunts continued and increased in frequency causing general dissent among the diggers. In addition, Weston Bate noted that the Ballarat diggings were in opposition to the strict liquor licensing laws imposed by the government. Changes to the Goldfields Act in 1853 allowed licence searches to occur at any time which further incensed the diggers, in Bendigo in 1853, an Anti-Gold Licence Association was formed and the miners were apparently on the brink of an armed clash with authorities. Again in 1854, Bendigo miners responded to an increase in the frequency of twice weekly licence hunts with threats of armed rebellion, on 7 October 1854, Scottish miner James Scobie was murdered at the Eureka hotel. The miners rioted and Bentley and his wife Catherine fled for their lives as the hotel was burnt down by the angry mob, a small group of soldiers were unable to suppress the riot. On 22 October 1854, Ballarat Catholics met to protest the treatment of Father Smyth, the next day, the arrests of miners McIntyre and Fletcher for the Eureka Hotel fire provoked a mass meeting which attracted 4,000 miners. The meeting resolved to establish a Diggers Rights Society, to protect their rights, on 1 November 1854,3,000 miners met once again at Bakery Hill. They were addressed by Thomas Kennedy, Henry Holyoake, George Black, the diggers were further angered by the arrest of another seven of their number for the Eureka Hotel fire. On Saturday,11 November 1854 a crowd estimated at more than 10,000 miners gathered at Bakery Hill, at this meeting, the Ballarat Reform League was created, under the chairmanship of Chartist John Basson Humffray. Several other Reform League leaders, including Kennedy and Holyoake, had been involved with the Chartist movement in England, many of the miners had past involvement in the Chartist movement and the social upheavals in Britain, Ireland, and continental Europe during the 1840s. In setting its goals, the Ballarat Reform League used the British Chartist movements principles, the meeting passed a resolution that it is the inalienable right of every citizen to have a voice in making the laws he is called on to obey, that taxation without representation is tyranny
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
