1.
1886 in music
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March 21 - Anton Bruckners Symphony No.7 is performed for the first time publicly in Vienna, conducted by Hans Richter. May 1 - The final version of Tchaikovskys Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time, in Tbilisi, Georgia, under Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov. June 9 - The centennial of the Stoughton Musical Society is celebrated in the United States, june - Soprano Adelina Patti marries tenor Ernesto Nicolini in south Wales. July 19 - Franz Liszt plays his last concert, in Luxembourg, December - Anton Seidl conducts the first American staging of Tristan und Isolde at the Metropolitan Opera. The celesta is invented by Auguste Mustel, John Philip Sousa Johnny Get Your Gun w. m. Monroe H. Rosenfeld Semper Fidelis m. John Philip Sousa Somebodys Mother by James W. Wheeler Two Lovely Black Eyes, Oh, What a Surprise w. Charles Coborn m. 2, op.54 John Philip Sousa - The Gladiator March Richard Strauss - Aus Italien Alfredo Catalani - Edmea Adonis, London production opened at the Gaiety Theatre on May 31, dorothy, London production opened at the Gaiety Theatre on September 25. It transferred to the Prince of Wales Theatre on December 20 and to the Lyric Theatre on December 17,1888, erminie - the Broadway production of this British show opened at the Casino Theatre on May 10 and ran for a very successful 571 performances. The Queen of Hearts, music by John Philip Sousa, January 22 - John J. Becker, American composer and editor January 25 - Wilhelm Furtwängler, conductor March 3 - R. O
2.
1889 in music
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Events in the year 1889 in music. January 4 - Anton Seidl conducts Das Rheingold at the Metropolitan Opera, november 20 - Gustav Mahler premieres his Symphony No. E. W. Rogers m. A. E. Duran Deau Down Went McGinty w. m, joseph Flynn Four Little Curly Headed Coons by James W. Wheeler Little Annie Rooney w. m. Michael Nolan Oh, Promise Me w. Clement Scott m, harry Dacre Slide Kelly Slide w. m. John W. Kelly Take A Pair Of Sparkling Eyes w. W. S. Gilbert m. Arthur Sullivan The Thunderer m, john Philip Sousa The Washington Post m. John Philip Sousa Edward Elgar - Queen Marys Song Enrique Granados - Danzas españolas Augusta Holmès - Ode triomphale Hubert Parry Ode on Saint Cecilias Day Symphony No,3, in C major, The English Symphony No
3.
1890 in music
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Events in the year 1890 in music. June 21 - Richard Strauss conducts the premiere of his symphonic poem Death, September 9 - Edward Elgars concert overture Froissart is premiered at the Three Choirs Festival in Worcester George W. The New York Phonograph Company opens the first recording studio, the Commodore Song Little Pig Went To Market by J. Cheever Goodwin & Gustave Kerker Maggie Murphys Home w. Edward Harrigan m. David Braham Passing By w. Robert Herrick m. Edward C. Purcell Star of the East w. George Cooper m, amanda Kennedy Throw Him Down McCloskey w. m. John W. Kelly Youll Miss Lots of Fun When Youre Married by John Philip Sousa & Edward M. Taber Ferruccio Busoni - Violin Sonata No. 1, Opus 29 Ernest Chausson - Chansons de Shakespeare Antonín Dvořák - Requiem,3, Opus 33 Armas Järnefelt - Ouverture Lyrique Carl Nielsen - String Quartet No
4.
1891 in music
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February 23 - Fourteen-year-old cellist Pablo Casals gives a solo recital in Barcelona. May 5 - The Music Hall in New York City has its opening and first public performance. October 16 - The Chicago Symphony Orchestra gives its inaugural concert, the Peabody Mason Concerts are inaugurated with a performance by Ferruccio Busoni. The ensemble attached to the Glasgow Choral Union is formally recognised as the Scottish Orchestra, actions Speak Louder Than Words w. George Horncastle m. Felix McGlennon Dont mind, my Darling, paul Steinmark Hey, Rube. w. J. Sherrie Matthews m. Harry Bulger High School Cadets March m. John Philip Sousa Little Boy Blue w. Eugene Field m, ethelbert Nevin The Man Who Broke The Bank At Monte Carlo w. m. Fred Gilbert The Miners Dream Of Home w. m, will Godwin & Leo Dryden Molly O. w. m. Ethelbert Nevin The Pardon Came Too Late w. m, paul Dresser The Picture Thats Turned To The Wall w. m. Charles Graham Reuben And Cynthia w. m, dodworth, bandmaster and conductor Fanny Salvini-Donatelli, operatic soprano
5.
1893 in music
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Events in the year 1893 in music. February 9 - Première of Giuseppe Verdis final opera Falstaff in La Scala in Milan, August 14-15 - Americas oldest music organization, the Stoughton Musical Society performs at the Worlds Columbian Exposition. October 28 - In Saint Petersburg, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky conducts the first performance of his Symphony No.6 in B minor, Op.74, Pathétique, the second performance takes place 21 days later at a memorial concert conducted by Eduard Nápravník, incorporating minor revisions. Tchaikovsky wrote it between February and the end of August at Klin, December 16 - Antonín Dvořáks Symphony No.9 From the New World receives its première at Carnegie Hall in New York City. December 29 - Claude Debussys String Quartet is premièred in Paris, american sisters Patty and Mildred J. Hill publish Song Stories for the Kindergarten including Good Morning to All, which later becomes known as Happy Birthday to You. Selected compositions, Cant Lose Me, Charlie w. m, Harry S. Miller The Cat Came Back w. m. Henry S. Miller December And May w. Edward Marks m. William Lorraine Do Do My Huckleberry Do w. Harry Dillon m, John Dillon The Fatal Wedding w. W. H. Windom m. Gussie L. Davis Good Morning to All w. Patty Smith Hill m, Mildred J. Hill I Long to See The Girl I Left Behind w. m. John T. Kelly The Liberty Bell by John Philip Sousa Mamie, may Irwin Marguerite by Charles A. White Oh. Charles Graham The Volunteer Organist w. William G. Gray m. Henry Lamb When The Roll Is Called Up Yonder w. m
6.
1894 in music
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March 14 - Johan Svendsen conducts the world premiere of Carl Nielsens Symphony No.1 in Copenhagen. March 16 - Jules Massenets opera Thaïs is premiered in Paris, april 19 - Jules Massenets opera Werther is premiered in New York City. September 22 - Opening of the Teatro Lirico Internazionale in Milan, december 22 - Claude Debussys Prélude à laprès-midi dun faune is premiered in Paris Enrico Caruso makes his operatic debut. George W. Johnson is said to have recorded over 25,000 phonograph records The National College of Music, the college still exists today as an examination board for music and drama. George H. Thomas develops the first illustrated song to promote The Little Lost Child, airy, Fairy Lillian w. Tony Raymond m. Maurice Levi And Her Golden Hair Was Hanging Down Her Back w. Monroe H. Rosenfeld m. Felix McGlennon At Trinity Church I Met My Doom w. m, Fred Gilbert Dont Be Cross by Karl Zeller from the operetta Der Obersteiger Forgotten w. Flora Wulschner m. Eugene Cowles Hes Got To Keep A-Movin w. m. T. W. Connor His Last Thoughts Were Of You w. Edward B, George Evans Ive Been Working on the Railroad w. m. trad I Cant Change It. M. Tobias The Little Lost Child w. Edward B, marks m. Joseph W. Stern Long Ago In Alcala w. Frederick Edward Weatherley & Adrian Ross m. André Messager My Friend The Major w. m, E. W. Rogers My Pearl Is A Bowery Girl w. William Jerome m. Andrew Mack Oh. That Gorgonzola Cheese w. Fred W. Leigh m. Harry Champion The Owls Serenade w. Arthur J. Lamb, H. W. Petrie She Is More To Be Pitied Than Censured w. m. Gray She May Have Seen Better Days w. m, James Thornton The Sidewalks of New York w. m. Lawlor & James W. Blake Why Did Nellie Leave Home, by George M. Cohan Yale Society Two-Step by C
7.
1895 in music
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May 18 - Australian contralto Ada Crossley makes her London début at the Queens Hall. The first concert opens with the overture to Wagners Rienzi, the orchestra tunes to the French A or diapason normal concert pitch. December 13 – The first complete performance of Gustav Mahlers Symphony No,2, in Berlin with the composer conducting the Berlin Philharmonic orchestra. Composer Sidney Homer marries contralto Louise Dilworth Beatty, composer Zdeněk Fibich separates from his wife, the contralto Betty Fibichová, and goes to live with his former student and lover Anežka Schulzová. Venezuelan pianist, singer and composer Teresa Carreño divorces her husband and it marks the end of her third marriage and his second. America the Beautiful w. Katherine Lee Bates m. Samuel A. Ward The Band Played On w. John F. Palmer m. Charles B. Ward The Belle Of Avenoo A w. m. Safford Waters Down In Poverty Row w. Gussie L. Davis m. Arthur Trevelyan A Dream w. Charles B. Cory m. J. C. Bartlett The Hand That Rocks The Cradle w. Charles W. Berkeley m. William H. Holmes Hes Not Dead Yet. W. T. W. Connor Its A Great Big Shame w. Edgar Bateman m. George Le Brunn Just Tell Them That You Saw Me w. m, paul Dresser King Cotton March m. John Philip Sousa My Angeline w. Harry B. Smith m, victor Herbert My Best Girls A New Yorker w. m. John Stromberg Put Me Off at Buffalo w. Harry Dillon m, John Dillon Rastus On Parade w. George Marion m. Kerry Mills She Was One Of The Early Birds w. m, T. W. Connor Sleep Little Rosebud w. Alfred Bryant, m. Louis Campbell Tipton The Soldiers Of The Queen w. m. Leslie Stuart The Streets Of Cairo w. m, james Thornton The Sunshine Of Paradise Alley w. Walter H. Ford m. 2, Resurrection in – the first three movement only, on March 4, and the symphony on December 13
8.
1896 in music
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February 1 - Giacomo Puccinis opera La bohème receives its première at the Teatro Regio in Turin. March 18 - Danish composer Carl Nielsen conducts a performance of his First Symphony in Dresden, March 19 - Leo Stern is soloist in the première of Dvořáks Cello Concerto, in B minor, Op.104, B. 191, at the Queens Hall in London, december 27 - Formal première of Ernest Chaussons Poème for violin and orchestra, Op.25, with Eugène Ysaÿe as soloist, at Nancy, France. Engelbert Humperdinck is created a professor of music by the Kaiser, gabriel Fauré takes over from Théodore Dubois as organist of the church of La Madeleine, Paris. In Moscow, Mariya Kerzina and her husband Arkadiy Kerzin form the Circle of Russian Music Lovers, all Coons Look Alike To Me w. m. Alice Tegnér The Amorous Goldfish w. Harry Greenbank m. Sidney Jones Chin, Chin, John Philip Sousa Eli Greens Cakewalk w. m. David Reed & Sadie Koninsky Elsie From Chelsea w. m, Harry Dacre Going For A Pardon w. James Thornton & Clara Havenschild m. James Thornton Happy Days In Dixie m. Kerry Mills Hot Tamale Alley by George M. Cohan A Hot Time In The Old Town w. Joseph Hayden m. Theodore A. Metz I Love You In The Same Old Way - Darling Sue w. Walter H. Ford m. John Walter Bratton In The Baggage Coach Ahead w. m, gussie L. Davis A Jovial Monk Am I w. Arthur Sturgess m. Edmond Audran Kentucky Babe w. Richard Henry Buck m, adam Geibel Laugh And The World Laughs With You w. Ella Wheeler Wilcox m. Louis Gottschalk Love Makes The World Go Round w. Clyde Fitch m. arr. William Furst Mister Johnson, Turn Me Loose w. m, ben Harney Mother Was A Lady w. Edward B. Marks m. Joseph W. Stern Musettas Waltz Song m. Giacomo Puccini My Gal Is A High Born Lady w. m. Gustave Luders Remus Takes the Cake by J. H. Ellis The Saint Louis Cyclone by Ren Shields & George Evans Sambo at the Cakewalk by Alfred E, marks Stars & Stripes Forever by John Philip Sousa Sweet Rosie OGrady w. m. - J. W. Myers on Berliner Wot Cher
9.
1897 in music
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January 13 – At a memorial concert in Paris for composer Emmanuel Chabrier, the first act of his uncompleted work, Briséïs, is performed for the first time. It would be years before Rachmaninoff would compose a piece of music again. September 8-October 8 - Gustav Mahler becomes director of the Vienna Court Opera, the Cakewalk matures into Ragtime music. John Philip Sousas band makes phonograph recordings of Cakewalks and early Ragtime, andré Messager becomes musical director of the Opéra-Comique. Ralph Vaughan Williams studies with Max Bruch in Berlin, Teatro Nuovo in Bergamo changes its name to Teatro Donizetti. Composer Alexander Scriabin marries pianist Vera Ivanovna, Ben Harney – Ben Harneys Rag Time Instructor Asleep In The Deep w. Arthur J. Lamb m. Henry W. Petrie At A Georgia Camp Meeting w. m. Victor Herbert Beautiful Isle of Somewhere w. Mrs Jessie Brown Pounds m, john S. Fearis Break The News To Mother w. m. Charles K. Harris Danny Deever w. Rudyard Kipling m. Walter Damrosch Harlem Rag m, tom Turpin Let em All Come w. m. T. W. Connor Louisiana Rag m. Theodore H. Northrup On The Banks Of The Wabash Far Away w. m, Paul Dresser Our Lodgers Such A Nice Young Man w. m. Fred Murray & Laurence Barclay Roustabout Rag m. Paul Sarebresole The Shuffling Coon by J. R. Todd Song Of India m, nikolai Rimsky Korsakov The Stars and Stripes Forever m. John Philip Sousa Syncopated Sandy by Wayburn & Whiting Take Back Your Gold w. m. Monroe H. Rosenfeld Theres A Little Star Shining For You w. m
10.
1898 in music
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January 7 - Sadko is premiered at the Solodovnikov Theatre in Moscow. Otilie Dvořáková, daughter of Antonín Dvořák, marries her fathers pupil, because w. Charles Horwitz m. Frederick V. Bowers The Boy Guessed Right w. m. Lionel Monckton Ciribiribin w. Carlo Tiochet m, alberto Pestalozza Gold Will Buy Most Anything But A True Girls Heart w. Charles E. Foreman m. Monroe H. Rosenfeld Good-bye Dolly Gray w. Will D. Cobb m. Paul Barnes Goodnight, Little Girl, victor Herbert from the musical The Fortune Teller Honey on my Lips Charles E. Trevathan I Guess Ill Have To Telegraph My Baby w. m. George M. Cohan Just As The Sun Went Down w. Karl Kennett m, lyn Udall Just One Girl w. Karl Kennett m. Lyn Udall Kiss Me Honey Do w. Edgar Smith m, john Stromberg The Lily Of Laguna w. m. Leslie Stuart Mid The Green Fields Of Virginia w. m, Charles K. Harris Mister Johnson Dont Get Gay w. m. Dave Reed Jr The Moth And The Flame w. George Taggart m, max S. Witt My Old New Hampshire Home w. Andrew B. Sterling m. Harry Von Tilzer Recessional w. Rudyard Kipling m, reginald De Koven Romany Life w. Harry B. Smith m. Victor Herbert The Rosary w. Robert Cameron Rogers m, ethelbert Nevin Salome m. William Lorraine She is the Belle of New York w. Hugh Morton m. Gustave Kerker She Was Bred In Old Kentucky w. Harry Braisted m. Stanley Carter When You Were Sweet Sixteen w. m, james Thornton Who Dat Say Chicken In Dis Crowd w. Paul Lawrence Dunbar m
11.
1899 in music
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April 26 Jean Sibeliuss Symphony No.1 is premiered in Helsinki. Tenor Antonio Paoli makes his début in Rossinis William Tell in Paris, may 27 – Maurice Ravel conducts the first performance of his song cycle Shéhérazade. June 19 – Edward Elgars Enigma Variations are premiered in London, september 18 – Scott Joplins Maple Leaf Rag is registered for copyright as ragtime music enjoys mainstream popularity in the United States. Claude Debussy marries Rosalie Texier, having lived for nine years with her best friend, adelina Patti marries Baron Rolf Cederström. Dame Marie Tempest marries actor-playwright Cosmo Stuart, unknown date, Billy Murray makes his singing debut. Absent w. Catherine Young Glen m, W. Charles Horwitz m. Frederick V. Bowers Cake Walk In The Sky by Ben Harney Come Home Dewey We Wont Do A Thing To You w. m. Paul Dresser A Coon Band Contest m. Arthur Pryor Cotton Pickers Rag & Cakewalk by William Braun Doan Ye Cry, alfred W. Noll Hands Across The Sea m. John Philip Sousa Hearts And Flowers w. Mary D. Brine m. Theodore Moses Tobani Hello, ida Emerson & Joseph E. Howard Id Leave My Happy Home For You w. Will A. Heelan m. Harry Von Tilzer If Only You Were Mine w. Harry B. Smith m, victor Herbert Ill Be Your Sweetheart w. m. Harry Dacre Impecunious Davis by Kerry Mills Keep on the Sunny Side, w. A. Blenkhorn, thurland Chattaway Maple Leaf Rag by Scott Joplin Mosquito Parade m. Howard Whitney My Little Georgia Rose w. Robert F. Roden m. Max S. Witt My Wild Irish Rose w. m, chauncey Olcott O Sole Mio. w. Giovanni Capurro m. Eduardo di Capua A Picture No Artist Can Paint w. m, J. Fred Helf She Was Happy Till She Met You w. Charles Graham m. Monroe H. Rosenfeld Smoky Mokes m. Abe Holzmann Stay In Your Own Back Yard w. Karl Kennett m, lyn Udall The Story Of The Rose w. Alice m. Andrew Mack Telephone Me, Baby w. m. George M. Cohan Theres Where My Heart Is Tonight w. m, paul Dresser Where The Sweet Magnolias Grow w. Andrew B. Sterling m. Harry Von Tilzer Whistling Rufus w. W. Murdock Lind m. Kerry Mills You Tell Me Your Dream, Ill Tell You Mine w. Seymore Rice & Albert H. Brown, m. Charles N. Daniels Abide With Me – Frank C. Stanley on Edison Records Always
12.
1900 in music
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This is a mostly comprehensive list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1900. April - Mary Garden makes her debut in the title role of Gustave Charpentiers opera Louise. October 3 - Edward Elgars The Dream of Gerontius receives its première in Birmingham, the Honolulu Symphony Orchestra is founded. Absence Makes The Heart Grow Fonder w. Arthur Gillespie m. Herbert Dillea A Bird in a Gilded Cage w. Arthur J. Lamb m. Harry Von Tilzer The Blue, paul Dresser Bridge Of Sighs w. m. James Thornton Calligan - Call Again, Herbert Rutter & Harry Lauder Calling To Her Boy Just Once Again w. m. Paul Dresser Creolle Belles w. George Sidney m. J. Bodewalt Lampe The Duchess Of Central Park w. J. Cheaver Goodwin m. Maurice Levi Every Race Has a Flag but the Coon w. m. Will A. Heelan & J. Fred Helf Eyes Of Blue m. Andrew Mack The Fatal Rose of Red - J. Fred Helf The Flight Of The Bumble Bee m, nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov A Flower From The Garden Of Life w. m. Thurland Chattaway For Old Times Sake w. m, Charles K. Harris The Gladiators Entry m. Julius Fučík Hail To The Spirit Of Liberty w. m, john Philip Sousa Hunky Dory m. Abe Holzmann I Cant Tell Why I Love You But I Do w, gus Edwards I Love You, Ma Cherie w. m. Paul Rubens I Must Have Been A-Dreamin w. m, bob Cole I Need The Money w. m. Raymond A. Browne I Wont Be an Actor No More w. m, George M. Cohan In The House Of Too Much Trouble w. m. Will A. Heelan & J. Fred Helf Ive A Longing In My Heart For You Louise w. m, Charles K. Harris Just Because She Made Dem Goo-Goo Eyes w. m. John Stromberg Midnight Fire-Alarm - H. J. Lincoln My Charcoal Charmer w, gus Edwards My Drowsy Babe w. George Totten Smith m. George A. Nichols My Sunflower Sue w. Walter H. Ford m. John Walter Bratton Nothing Doing w. Edgar Smith m, john Stromberg Off To Philadelphia w. Gordon Temple m. Walter B. Will D. Cobb The Old Flag Never Touched The Ground w. m, james Weldon Johnson & J. Rosamond Johnson Song Of The Flea - w. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, m. Modest Moussorgsky Strike Up the Band - Here Comes a Sailor w. Andrew B, sterling m. Charles B. Ward Swipesy m. Scott Joplin and Arthur Marshall The Tale Of The Kangaroo w. Frank Pixley m. Gustave Luders Tell Me Pretty Maiden w. Owen Hall m, leslie Stuart That Old Sunny Window w. m
13.
1901 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1901. April 18 - Contralto Mariska Horvath marries politician J. Frank Aldrich, enrique Granados founds the Academia Granados in Spain. Geraldine Farrar makes her operatic debut, percy Grainger makes his recital debut. Thirteen-year-old Agustín Barrios begins attending university in Asunción on a music scholarship, aint That A Shame w. John Queen m. Walter Wilson All That Glitters Is Not Gold w. George A. Norton m. James W. Casey Any Old Place I Can Hang My Hat Is Home Sweet Home To Me w. William Jerome m, jean Schwartz At The Pan-I-Marry-Can w. Harry Dillon m. John Dillon Baby Mine w. Raymond A. Browne m, John N. Klohr Blaze Away m. Coon. by Leo Friedman & Gene Jefferson The Country Girl w. Stanislaus Stange m. Julian Edwards Davy Jones Locker w. m. H. W. Petrie Dont Put Me Off At Buffalo Any More w. William Jerome m. Jean Schwartz Down Where The Cotton Blossoms Grow w. Andrew B, sterling m. Harry Von Tilzer Eyes Of Blue, Eyes Of Brown w. m. Sterling Flora, I Am Your Adorer w. Vincent P. Bryan m. Charles Robinson The Fortune Telling Man w. m, Bert Williams & George Walker Go Way Back And Sit Down w. Elmer Bowman m. Ben Jansen He Ought To Have A Tablet In The Hall of Fame w. Arthur L. Robb m, John Walter Bratton Hello Central, Give Me Heaven w. m. Charles K. Harris Hiawatha w. James ODea m, high Society Porter Steele Hoity-Toity w. Edgar Smith m. Hughie Cannon I Love You Truly w. m. Carrie Jacobs-Bond I Want To Be A Lidy w. George Dance m. George Dee If You Love Your Baby, gus Edwards Im Tired w. William Jerome m. Jean Schwartz In The Shade Of The Palm w. m, leslie Stuart The Invincible Eagle March w. m. John Philip Sousa It Seems Like Yesterday w. Frederic Ranken m, isidore Witmark Ive Grown So Used To You w. m. Thurland Chattaway Josephine, My Jo w. Cecil Mack m. J. Tim Brymn Just A-Wearyin For You w. Frank Lebby Stanton m. Carrie Jacobs-Bond The Maiden With The Dreamy Eyes w. James Weldon Johnson & Bob Cole m. J. Rosamond Johnson Mamie, gus Edwards Mighty Lak A Rose w. Frank Lebby Stanton m. Ethelbert Nevin My Castle On The Nile w. Bob Cole & James Weldon Johnson m. J. Rosamond Johnson My Japanese Cherry Blossom w. Edgar Smith m, John Stromberg My Lady Hottentot w. William Jerome m. Harry von Tilzer My Lonesome Little Louisiana Lady w
14.
1902 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1902. April 30 – Claude Debussys opera Pelléas et Mélisande is premiered at the Opéra-Comique in Paris, june 9 – the first complete performance of Gustav Mahlers Symphony No.3 is given in Krefeld. June 26 - Composer Hubert Parry receives a baronetcy in the 1902 Coronation Honours, another composer, Charles Villiers Stanford, is knighted. December 1 – Carl Nielsen conducts the premiėre of his Symphony No,2, The Four Temperaments, in Copenhagen Lead Belly begins performing. Thomas S. Allen Because w. Edward Teschemacher m. Guy dHardelot Bill Bailey Wont You Please Come Home w. m, hughie Cannon Come Down Ma Evenin Star w. Robert B. Smith m. John Stromberg Could You Be True To Eyes Of Blue If You Looked Into Eyes Of Brown, will D. Cobb & Gus Edwards Didnt Know Exactly What To Do w. Frank Pixley m. Charles Shackford The Gambling Man w. William Jerome m, jean Schwartz The Glow Worm w. Lilla Cayley Robinson Heinz Bolten-Backers m. Paul Lincke Happy Hooligan m. Theodore Morse Have You Seen My Sweetheart In His Uniform Of Blue. Gus Edwards Heidelberg Stein Song w. Frank Pixley m, Gustav Luders I Just Cant Help From Lovin That Man w. Andrew B. Sterling & Vincent P. Bryan m. Harry von Tilzer I Sing A Little Tenor w. Harry Linton m. John Gilroy I Went To See Them March Away w. S. E. Keisser m. R. J. Jose I Wonder Why Bill Bailey Dont Come Home w. m. Frank Fogerty, Matt C. Woodward & William Jerome If Money Talks It Aint On Speaking Terms With Me w. m, J. Fred Helf Ill Be There Mary Dear w. Andrew B. Sterling m. Harry von Tilzer Ill Be Waiting In The Gloaming, Sweet Genevieve w. m. J. Fred Helf Ill Be Your Rain-beau w. Ed Gardinier m. J. Fred Helf Ill Wed You In The Golden Summertime w. Alfred Bryan m. Stanley Crawford Im The Man Who Makes The Money In The Mint w. m. Will D. Cobb & Gus Edwards Im Unlucky w. William Jerome m, jean Schwartz Ive Been Sleeping On The Floor All Night w. m. T. W. Connor In Dear Old Illinois by Paul Dresser In Silence w. Sydney Rosenfeld m. A. Baldwin Sloane In The City Of Sighs And Tears w. Andrew B. Kerry Mills In The Good Old Summer Time w. Ren Shields m. George Evans, introduced by Blanche Ring in the musical The Defender. In The Sweet Bye And Bye w. Vincent P. Bryan m. Harry Von Tilzer In The Valley Of Kentucky w. m, tony Stanford Its A Nice Little Cosy Kitchen w. m. T. W. Connor Its Got To Be A Minstrel Show Tonight w. Ren Shields m. George Evans Jennie Lee w. Arthur J. Lamb m. Harry Von Tilzer Just Cant Help From Lovin That Man w. Andrew B
15.
1892 in art
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However, his paintings evoke bitter controversy and after one week the exhibition is closed, Munchs paintings are moved to the Equitable Palast. James McNeill Whistler stages his major retrospective exhibition, Nocturnes, Marines and Chevalet pieces at Goupil & Cies London gallery, fatata te Miti Spirit of the Dead Watching When Will You Marry. 14 May – Marjorie Watson-Williams, English painter,30 May – Fernando Amorsolo, Filipino painter. 31 May – Michel Kikoine, painter,15 July – Walter Benjamin, German philosopher, comparatists and art critic. July 19 – Suzanne Malherbe, French illustrator and designer, July 24 – Marcel Gromaire, French painter. 7 August – Einar Forseth, Swedish artist,16 August – Otto Messmer, American animator. 11 October – Anton Räderscheidt, German painter,16 October – Adolf Ziegler, German painter and politician. 23 November – Romain de Tirtoff, Russian-born French artist and designer,7 December – Stuart Davis, painter
16.
1892 in architecture
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The year 1892 in architecture involved some significant events. July 8 - Great Fire of 1892 destroys many buildings in St. Johns, october 21 - The World Columbian Exposition is dedicated in Chicago. Many of the worlds best and brightest architects design what will be known as the White City, françois Hennebique patents his system of reinforced concrete. Heinävesi Church, the largest wooden church in Finland, designed by Josef Stenbäck, cathedral of St Michael and St George, Aldershot, England, designed by military engineers. West front of All Saints, Ennismore Gardens, south London, masonic Temple, designed by Burnham and Root. Regional parliament of Alsace-Lorraine, Strasbourg, designed by August Hartel, buenos Aires City Hall, designed by Juan Cagnoni. Palace of Justice Building, Rosario, Argentina, designed by Herbert Boyd Walker, courthouse and Jail, Esbjerg, Denmark, designed by Hans Christian Amberg. Government House, Bermuda, designed by William Cardy Hallet, soldiers and Sailors Arch, Brooklyn, New York, designed by John H. Duncan. Toronto Board of Trade Building, designed by James & James, natural History Building, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, designed by Nathan Clifford Ricker. Theater Unter den Linden, Berlin, designed by Fellner & Helmer, provincial Theatre, Ljubljana, Slovenia, designed by Jan Vladimír Hráský and Anton Hruby. Teatro de Cristóbal Colón, Bogotá, Colombia, designed by Pietro Cantini, madrid Atocha railway station, Spain, designed by Alberto Palacio with Gustave Eiffel. Mills Building, designed by D. H. Burnham & Company, general Post Office, Leeds, England, designed by Henry Tanner. Youths Companion Building, Boston, Massachusetts, designed by Henry W. Hartwell, page Belting Company Mills, Concord, New Hampshire. Templetons Carpet Factory, Glasgow, Scotland, designed by William Leiper, royal Gold Medal - César Daly. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Guillaume Tronchet, april 8 - Richard Neutra, Austrian American modernist architect June 19 - Ejnar Mindedal Rasmussen, Danish Neoclassical architect January 27 - Philip Charles Hardwick, English architect
17.
Jean Sibelius
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Jean Sibelius, born Johan Julius Christian Sibelius, was a Finnish composer and violinist of the late Romantic and early-modern periods. The core of his oeuvre is his set of seven symphonies which, like his major works, continue to be performed and recorded in his home country. His other best-known compositions are Finlandia, the Karelia Suite, Valse triste, the Violin Concerto, the choral symphony Kullervo, throughout his career, the composer found inspiration in nature and Nordic mythology, especially the heroic legends of the national epic, the Kalevala. Although he is reputed to have stopped composing, he attempted to continue writing, including abortive efforts on an eighth symphony, in later life, he wrote Masonic music and re-edited some earlier works while retaining an active but not always favourable interest in new developments in music. The Finnish 100 mark note featured his image until 2002, when the euro was adopted, since 2011, Finland has celebrated a Flag Day on 8 December, the composers birthday, also known as the Day of Finnish Music. In 2015, the 150th anniversary of the birth, a number of special concerts and events were held. Sibelius was born on 8 December 1865 in Hämeenlinna in the Grand Duchy of Finland and he was the son of the Swedish-speaking medical doctor Christian Gustaf Sibelius and Maria Charlotta Sibelius née Borg. The family name stems from the Sibbe estate in Eastern Uusimaa which was owned by his paternal great-grandfather, Sibeliuss father died of typhoid in July 1868, leaving substantial debts. As a result, his mother—who was again pregnant—had to sell their property and move the family into the home of Katarina Borg, her widowed mother, who also lived in Hämeenlinna. Sibelius was therefore brought up in a decidedly female environment, the only male influence coming from his uncle, Pehr Ferdinand Sibelius and it was he who gave the boy a violin when he was ten years old and later encouraged him to maintain his interest in composition. For Sibelius, Uncle Pehr not only took the place of a father, from an early age, Sibelius showed a strong interest in nature, frequently walking around the countryside when the family moved to Loviisa on the coast for the summer months. In his own words, For me, Loviisa represented sun, Hämeenlinna was where I went to school, Loviisa was freedom. It was in Hämeenlinna, when he was seven, that his aunt Julia was brought in to give him piano lessons on the familys upright instrument and he progressed by improvising on his own, but still learned to read music. He later turned to the violin, which he preferred and he participated in trios with his elder sister Linda on piano, and his younger brother Christian on the cello. Furthermore, Sibelius often played in quartets with neighboring families, adding to his experience in chamber music, fragments survive of his early compositions of the period, a trio, a piano quartet and a Suite in D Minor for violin and piano. Around 1881, he recorded on paper his short pizzicato piece Vattendroppar for violin, in 1881, he started to take violin lessons from the local bandmaster, Gustaf Levander, immediately developing a particularly strong interest in the instrument. Despite such success as an instrumentalist, he chose to become a composer. Although his mother tongue was Swedish, in 1874 Sibelius attended Lucina Hagmans Finnish-speaking preparatory school, despite having to repeat a year, he succeeded in passing the schools final examination in 1885 which allowed him to enter a university
18.
Felix Mendelssohn
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Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. A grandson of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, Felix Mendelssohn was born into a prominent Jewish family and he was brought up without religion until the age of seven, when he was baptised as a Reformed Christian. Mendelssohn was recognised early as a prodigy, but his parents were cautious. Mendelssohn enjoyed early success in Germany, where he revived interest in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach. The Leipzig Conservatoire, which he founded, became a bastion of this anti-radical outlook, Mendelssohn wrote symphonies, concerti, oratorios, piano music and chamber music. His Songs Without Words are his most famous solo piano compositions and he is now among the most popular composers of the Romantic era. Mendelssohns father was the banker Abraham Mendelssohn, the son of the German Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn and his mother was Lea Salomon, a member of the Itzig family and a sister of Jakob Salomon Bartholdy. Mendelssohn was the second of four children, his older sister Fanny also displayed exceptional, the family moved to Berlin in 1811, leaving Hamburg in disguise fearing French revenge for the Mendelssohn banks role in breaking Napoleons Continental System blockade. Abraham and Lea Mendelssohn sought to give their children – Fanny, Felix, Paul, Fanny became a well-known pianist and amateur composer, originally Abraham had thought that she, rather than Felix, would be the more musical. However, at time, it was not considered proper, by either Abraham or Felix, for a woman to have a career in music, so Fanny remained an active. Abraham was also disinclined to allow Felix to follow a career until it became clear that he seriously intended to dedicate himself to it. Mendelssohn grew up in an intellectual environment, Sarah Rothenburg wrote of the household that Europe came to their living room. Abraham Mendelssohn renounced the Jewish religion, he and his wife decided not to have Felix circumcised. Felix and his siblings were first brought up without religious education, Abraham and his wife Lea were themselves baptised in 1822, formally adopting the surname Mendelssohn Bartholdy for themselves and their children. The name Bartholdy was added at the suggestion of Leas brother, Jakob Salomon Bartholdy, in 1829, his sister Fanny wrote to him of Bartholdy this name that we all dislike. Like Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart before him, Mendelssohn was regarded as a child prodigy and he began taking piano lessons from his mother when he was six, and at seven was tutored by Marie Bigot in Paris. After the family moved to Berlin, all four Mendelssohn children studied piano with Ludwig Berger, from at least May 1819 Felix studied counterpoint and composition with Carl Friedrich Zelter in Berlin. This was an important influence on his future career, Zelter had almost certainly been recommended as a teacher by his aunt Sarah Levy, who had been a pupil of W. F. Bach and a patron of C. P. E. Bach
19.
St. Thomas Church, Leipzig
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St. Thomas Church is a Lutheran church in Leipzig, Germany. It is most famous as the place where Johann Sebastian Bach worked as a Kapellmeister from 1723 until his death in 1750, the Thomanerchor, the choir of the Thomaskirche, is still a well-known choir today. There has been a church at the current site of the Thomaskirche since the 12th century, between 1212 and 1222 the preceding church became the new St. Thomas Monastery of the Augustinian order. In 1217, The Minnesinger, or troubadour, Heinrich von Morungen bequeathed to the church a relic of St. Thomas as he entered the order of canons after a trip to India. After several reconstructions, the current building, an example of late Gothic architecture, was consecrated by Thilo of Trotha, the reformer Martin Luther preached here on Pentecost Sunday in 1539. Today, it is a Lutheran church, the tower was first built in 1537 and reconstructed in 1702, leading to its current height of 68 meters. The composer Johann Sebastian Bach was choir director at St. Thomas Church from 1723 until his death in 1750, a statue of Johann Sebastian Bach by the Leipzig sculptor Carl Seffner that stands next to the church was dedicated in 1908. On 4 December 1943, the tower was damaged in an Allied bombing raid on Leipzig, the roof of the church above the Gothic rib vaulted ceiling is one of the steepest in Germany, with a roof pitch of 63 degrees. After the destruction of the Leipzig Johanneskirche in World War II, the current altar, installed in 1993, is the former Gothic altar of the Paulinerkirche, the church of the University of Leipzig, destroyed in 1968 by the Communist authorities. In addition, the structure suffered from damage due to insects. For these reasons, the church was listed in the 2000 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund, repairs were swiftly undertaken with financial support from the Fund and from American Express. The 6-meter statue depicts the former Gewandhaus Orchestra director and composer in bronze, celebratory speeches were given by Kurt Masur, also a former Gewandhaus Orchestra director, and Burkhard Jung, mayor of Leipzig. The original statue designed by Werner Stein was first dedicated on 26 May 1892 and it had been located on the east side of the Gewandhaus until 9 November 1936, when it was taken down by the Nazis because of the composer’s Jewish background. Since 1950, the bones of Johann Sebastian Bach are buried in the Thomaskirche, after his death on 28 July 1750, Bach was laid to rest in the hospital cemetery of the Johanniskirche in Leipzig. With the start of the Bach renaissance in the 19th century, so, in 1894, the anatomy professor Wilhelm His was commissioned to identify the composer’s remains amongst disinterred bones from the cemetery where Bach had been buried. On 16 July 1900 the bones were placed into a sarcophagus underneath the Johanniskirche. Following the bombardment of the Johanniskirche on 4 December 1943, the bones were transferred to the Thomaskirche, the new grave was inaugurated on 28 July 1950,200 years after the death of the composer, who is now buried in the sanctuary of the church. The Thomanerchor, the choir of the Thomaskirche, was founded in 1212 and is one of the oldest and most famous choirs in Germany
20.
Komische Oper Berlin
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The Komische Oper Berlin is an opera company in Berlin, Germany, which specializes in German language productions of opera, operetta and musicals. The opera house is located on Behrenstraße, just a few steps from the famous Berlin street Unter den Linden. Since 2004 the Komische Oper Berlin, like the Berlin State Opera, the Deutsche Oper Berlin, the Berlin State Ballet, the theatre was built between 1891 and 1892 by architects Ferdinand Fellner and Hermann Helmer for a private society. It first opened on 24 September 1892 as Theater Unter den Linden with Adolf Ferrons operetta Daphne and Gaul, the theatre was primarily a vehicle for operetta, but was also used for various other events and balls. Around 800 people could be seated in the stalls, and the balconies and its directors went bankrupt in 1896 and the theatre was forced to close its doors. On 3 September 1898 the theatre was reopened as Metropol-Theater with Julius Freunds revue Paradies der Frauen and it then grew to become one of Berlins most famous and successful variety theatres. During the 1920s and early 1930s, it was leased by the brothers [Alfred, under their management, it saw the premieres of two operettas by Franz Lehár - Friederike in 1928 and Das Land des Lächelns in 1929, both starring Richard Tauber. However, due to a decline of variety and music hall entertainment the theatre was closed in 1933. In 1934 the theatre was nationalised and renamed Staatliches Operettentheater and it operated as part of the Nazi Kraft durch Freude entertainment and leisure programmes. During World War II, the auditorium was damaged by Allied bombing on 7 May 1944, the façade, entrance hall, and auditorium ceiling murals were destroyed by bombs on 9 March 1945. After the war, the theatre was in East Germany, being that the building was in the part of Berlin. Following repair works and provisional rebuilding, the theatre reopened on 23 December 1947, the 1950s saw various further alterations and extensions. The theatre was rebuilt in 1965/1966 by Architektenkollektiv Kunz Nierade, adding functional extensions. The theatre reopened again on 4 December 1966, with Mozarts Don Giovanni, the auditorium underwent further restoration in 1986, and the stage technology was further modernised by 1989. In 1947, Walter Felsenstein founded and led the resident opera company, götz Friedrich was an assistant to Felsenstein at the company. Joachim Herz became general director after Felsensteins death and served until 1981, subsequently, Harry Kupfer directed the company for 21 seasons, until 2002. The company specializes in German language productions of opera, operetta, in 2007 the company won, jointly with Oper Bremen, the Opera house of the year award by the German magazine Opernwelt. Since 2002, the chief director and Intendant has been Andreas Homoki
21.
Anton Bruckner
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Josef Anton Bruckner was an Austrian composer known for his symphonies, masses, and motets. The first are considered emblematic of the stage of Austro-German Romanticism because of their rich harmonic language, strongly polyphonic character. Bruckners compositions helped to define contemporary musical radicalism, owing to their dissonances, unprepared modulations, unlike other musical radicals such as Richard Wagner and Hugo Wolf who fit the enfant terrible mould, Bruckner showed extreme humility before other musicians, Wagner in particular. This apparent dichotomy between Bruckner the man and Bruckner the composer hampers efforts to describe his life in a way that gives a straightforward context for his music. On the other hand, Bruckner was greatly admired by subsequent composers including his friend Gustav Mahler, Anton Bruckner was born in Ansfelden on 4 September 1824. The ancestors of Bruckners family were farmers and craftsmen, their history can be traced to as far back as the 16th century and they lived near a bridge south of Sindelburg, which led to their being called Pruckhner an der Pruckhen. Bruckners grandfather was appointed schoolmaster in Ansfelden in 1776, this position was inherited by Bruckners father, Anton Bruckner senior and it was a poorly paid but well-respected position in the rural environment. Music was a part of the curriculum, and Bruckners father was his first music teacher. Bruckner learned to play the organ early as a child and he entered school when he was six, proved to be a hard-working student, and was promoted to upper class early. While studying, Bruckner also helped his father in teaching the other children, after Bruckner received his confirmation in 1833, Bruckners father sent him to another school in Hörsching. The schoolmaster, Johann Baptist Weiß, was a music enthusiast, here, Bruckner completed his school education and learned to play the organ excellently. Around 1835 Bruckner wrote his first composition, a Pange lingua – one of the compositions which he revised at the end of his life, when his father became ill, Anton returned to Ansfelden to help him in his work. Bruckners father died in 1837, when Bruckner was 13 years old, the teachers position and house were given to a successor, and Bruckner was sent to the Augustinian monastery in Sankt Florian to become a choirboy. In addition to practice, his education included violin and organ lessons. Bruckner was in awe of the great organ, which was built during the late baroque era and rebuilt in 1837. Later, the organ was to be called the Bruckner Organ, despite his musical abilities, Bruckners mother sent her son to a teaching seminar in Linz in 1841. After completing the seminar with an excellent grade, Bruckner was sent as an assistant to a school in Windhaag. The living standards and pay were horrible, and Bruckner was constantly humiliated by his superior, despite the difficult situation, Bruckner never complained or rebelled, a belief of inferiority was to remain one of Bruckners main personal characteristics during his whole life
22.
Symphony No. 8 (Bruckner)
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Anton Bruckners Symphony No.8 in C minor is the last symphony the composer completed. It exists in two versions of 1887 and 1890. It was premiered under conductor Hans Richter in 1892 in Vienna and it is dedicated to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. This symphony is sometimes nicknamed The Apocalyptic, but this was not a name Bruckner gave to the work himself, Bruckner began work on the Eighth Symphony in July 1884. Working mainly during the vacations from his duties at the University of Vienna and the Vienna Conservatory. In September 1887 Bruckner had the copied and sent to conductor Hermann Levi. Levi was one of Bruckners closest collaborators, having given a performance of the Seventh Symphony in Munich that was the greatest triumph Bruckner had yet experienced. He had also arranged for Bruckners career to be supported in ways, including financial assistance from the nobility. However the conductor wrote back to Bruckner that, I find it impossible to perform the Eighth in its current form, I just cant make it my own. As much as the themes are magnificent and direct, their working-out seems to me dubious, indeed, dont lose your courage, take another look at your work, talk it over with your friends, with Schalk, maybe a reworking can achieve something. By January 1888 Bruckner had come to agree with Levi that the symphony would benefit from further work and he began work on the revision in March 1889 and completed the new version of the symphony in March 1890. Once the revision was completed, the composer wrote to Emperor Franz Josef I for permission to dedicate the symphony to him, the emperor accepted Bruckners request and also offered to help pay for the works publication. Bruckner had some trouble finding a publisher for the work, the symphony was eventually published in March 1892. It was the one of Bruckners symphonies to be published before its first performance. The premiere was scheduled to occur under the young conductors direction during 1891. Eventually the conductor told Bruckner that he was unable to undertake the performance because he was about to take up a new position at the Berlin Opera. After a Munich performance by Levi was canceled because of an outbreak of cholera. At last Hans Richter, subscription conductor of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, the first performance took place on 18 December 1892
23.
Vienna Philharmonic
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The Vienna Philharmonic, founded in 1842, is an orchestra regularly considered one of the finest in the world. The Vienna Philharmonic is based at the Musikverein in Vienna, Austria and its members are selected from the orchestra of the Vienna State Opera. Selection involves a process, with each musician having to demonstrate his or her capability for a minimum of three years performing for the opera and ballet. After this probationary period, the musician may request from the Vienna Philharmonics board an application for a position in the orchestra, until the 1830s, orchestral performance in Vienna was done by ad hoc orchestras, consisting of professional and amateur musicians brought together for specific performances. Nicolai and the orchestra gave only 11 concerts in the five years, and when Nicolai left Vienna in 1847. Between 1854 and 1857 Karl Eckert – the first permanent conductor of the Vienna Court Opera – led the Vienna Philharmonic in a few concerts. In 1857, Eckert was made Director of the Hofoper – the first musician to have given the post, in 1860. Since that time, writes Vienna Philharmonic violinist and president Clemens Hellsberg, in 1860, the orchestra elected Otto Dessoff to be permanent conductor. According to Max Kalbeck, the Vienna-based music critic, newspaper editor, and biographer, after fifteen years, in 1875, Dessoff was pushed out of his position in Vienna through intrigue, and he left Vienna to become conductor of the Badische Staatskapelle in Karlsruhe, Germany. In Karlruhe the next year, he fulfilled the request of his friend Johannes Brahms to conduct the first performance of his Symphony no,1, in 1873 Brahms had conducted the premiere of his Variations on a Theme by Haydn with Dessoffs Vienna Philharmonic. In 1875, the orchestra chose Hans Richter to take Dessoffs place as subscription conductor and he remained until 1898, except for the season 1882/1883 when he was in dispute with the orchestral committee. Richter led the VPO in the premieres of Brahmss Second Symphony, Tragic Overture. 3, the Violin Concerto of Tchaikovsky in 1881, and in 1892 the 8th symphony of Anton Bruckner and it was Richter who in 1881 appointed Arnold Rosé as concertmaster, who was to become Gustav Mahlers brother-in-law and was concertmaster until the Anschluss in 1938. In order to be eligible for a pension, Richter intended to remain in his position for 25 years, Richter recommended Mahler or Ferdinand Löwe to the orchestra as his replacement. In 1898, on 24 September, the orchestra elected Gustav Mahler, under Mahlers baton the Vienna Philharmonic played abroad for the first time at the 1900 Paris World Exposition. He resigned on 1 April 1901, like Richter, citing health concerns as a pretext, in 1901, Joseph Hellmesberger, Jr. briefly took his place, he remained only until 1903. He was most renowned for his Beethoven – he programmed at least two symphonies per season, and complete cycles in 1916/17 and 1926/27 and it was Weingartner who led the orchestras first concert devoted to entirely to the music of Johann Strauss, Jr. on 25 October 1925. In 1927, when Weingartner resigned, the orchestra elected Wilhelm Furtwängler and he resigned at the end of the 1929/30 season because of increased professional demands in Berlin
24.
Hans Richter (conductor)
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Hans Richter was an Austrian–Hungarian orchestral and operatic conductor. Richter was born in Raab, Kingdom of Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire and his father was a good local composer, conductor and regens chori Anton Richter. His mother was opera-singer Jozefa Csazenszky and he studied at the Vienna Conservatory. He had a particular interest in the horn, and developed his career at several different opera houses in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He became associated with Richard Wagner in the 1860s, and in 1876 he was chosen to conduct the first complete performance of Wagners Der Ring des Nibelungen at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus. In Europe his work was based in Vienna, where he gave much attention to the works of Brahms himself, Anton Bruckner and Antonín Dvořák. In later years, Richter became an admirer of Sir Edward Elgar. On one occasion, he laid down his baton and allowed a London orchestra to play the second movement of Tchaikovskys Pathétique Symphony itself. Never afraid to experiment on behalf of the music he loved, in 1909 he delivered the British premiere, very shortly after the world premiere in Boston, of Ignacy Jan Paderewskis Symphony in B minor Polonia. Failing eyesight forced his retirement in 1911 and he died at Bayreuth in 1916. True Artist and True Friend, A Biography of Hans Richter
25.
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
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He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally, bolstered by his appearances as a guest conductor in Europe and the United States. Tchaikovsky was honored in 1884, by Emperor Alexander III, although musically precocious, Tchaikovsky was educated for a career as a civil servant. There was scant opportunity for a career in Russia at that time. When an opportunity for such an education arose, he entered the nascent Saint Petersburg Conservatory, Tchaikovskys training set him on a path to reconcile what he had learned with the native musical practices to which he had been exposed from childhood. From this reconciliation, he forged a personal but unmistakably Russian style—a task that did not prove easy, Russian culture exhibited a split personality, with its native and adopted elements having drifted apart increasingly since the time of Peter the Great. This resulted in uncertainty among the intelligentsia about the countrys national identity—an ambiguity mirrored in Tchaikovskys career, despite his many popular successes, Tchaikovskys life was punctuated by personal crises and depression. His homosexuality, which he kept private, has also been considered a major factor. Tchaikovskys sudden death at the age of 53 is generally ascribed to cholera, there is a debate as to whether cholera was indeed the cause of death. While his music has remained popular among audiences, critical opinions were initially mixed, some Russians did not feel it was sufficiently representative of native musical values and expressed suspicion that Europeans accepted the music for its Western elements. Others dismissed Tchaikovskys music as lacking in elevated thought, according to longtime New York Times music critic Harold C, schonberg, and derided its formal workings as deficient because they did not stringently follow Western principles. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was born in Votkinsk, a town in Vyatka Governorate in the Russian Empire. His father, Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky, had served as a lieutenant colonel and engineer in the Department of Mines and his grandfather, Pyotr Fedorovich Tchaikovsky, served first as a physicians assistant in the army and later as city governor of Glazov in Viatka. His great-grandfather, a Ukrainian Cossack named Fyodor Chaika, distinguished himself under Peter the Great at the Battle of Poltava in 1709, Tchaikovskys mother, Alexandra Andreyevna, was the second of Ilyas three wives,18 years her husbands junior and French on her fathers side. Both Ilya and Alexandra were trained in the arts, including music—a necessity as a posting to an area of Russia also meant a need for entertainment. Of Tchaikovskys six siblings, he was close to his sister Alexandra and twin brothers Anatoly, alexandras marriage to Lev Davydov would produce seven children and lend Tchaikovsky the only real family life he would know as an adult, especially during his years of wandering. One of those children, Vladimir Davydov, whom the composer would nickname Bob, in 1844, the family hired Fanny Dürbach, a 22-year-old French governess. Four-and-a-half-year-old Tchaikovsky was initially too young to study alongside his older brother Nikolai. By the age of six, he had become fluent in French, Dürbach saved much of Tchaikovskys work from this period, which includes his earliest known compositions, and became a source of several childhood anecdotes
26.
Ballet
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Ballet /ˈbæleɪ/ is a type of performance dance that originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th century and later developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia. It has since become a widespread, highly technical form of dance with its own based on French terminology. It has been influential and has defined the foundational techniques used in many other dance genres. Becoming a ballet dancer requires years of training, Ballet has been taught in various schools around the world, which have historically incorporated their own cultures to evolve the art. Ballet may also refer to a dance work, which consists of the choreography. A well-known example of this is The Nutcracker, a ballet that was originally choreographed by Marius Petipa. Ballets are choreographed and performed by trained artists, the word came into English usage from the French around 1630. Ballet originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th and 16th centuries before being spread from Italy to France by an Italian aristocrat, Catherine de Medici, in France, ballet developed even further under her aristocratic influence. The dancers in these early court ballets were mostly noble amateurs, Ballets in this period were lengthy and elaborate and often served a political purpose. Ornamented costumes were meant to impress viewers and restricted freedom of movement. The ballets were performed in large chambers with viewers on three sides, French court ballet reached its height under the reign of King Louis XIV. Known as the Sun King, Louis symbolized the brilliance of France, in 1661 Louis founded the Académie Royale de Danse to establish standards and certify dance instructors. In 1672, Louis XIV made Jean-Baptiste Lully the director of the Académie Royale de Musique from which the first professional ballet company, Lully is considered the most important composer of music for ballets de cour and instrumental to the development of the form. Ballet went into decline in France after 1830, though it continued to develop in Denmark, Italy, the arrival in Europe on the eve of First World War of the Ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev, revived interest in the ballet and started the modern era. The Russian choreographer Michel Fokine challenged tradition and called for reforms that reinvigorated ballet as an art form, in the 20th century, ballet had a wide influence on other dance genres, and subgenres of ballet have also evolved. In the United States, choreographer George Balanchine developed what is now known as neoclassical ballet, other developments include contemporary ballet and post-structural ballet. Also in the century, ballet took a turn dividing it from classical ballet to the introduction of modern dance. Stylistic variations have emerged and evolved since the Italian Renaissance, early, classical variations are primarily associated with geographic origin
27.
The Nutcracker
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The Nutcracker is a two-act ballet, originally choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov with a score by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The libretto is adapted from E. T. A. Hoffmanns story The Nutcracker and it was given its premiere at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg on Sunday, December 18,1892, on a double-bill with Tchaikovskys opera Iolanta. Although the original production was not a success, the 20-minute suite that Tchaikovsky extracted from the ballet was, major American ballet companies generate around 40% of their annual ticket revenues from performances of The Nutcracker. Tchaikovskys score has become one of his most famous compositions, in particular the pieces featured in the suite. Among other things, the score is noted for its use of the celesta, for the ballet, Tchaikovsky would again join forces with Marius Petipa, with whom he had collaborated on The Sleeping Beauty. The material Petipa chose was an adaptation of E. T. A, Hoffmanns story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King by Alexandre Dumas père called The Tale of the Nutcracker. The plot of Hoffmanns story was simplified for the two-act ballet. Hoffmanns tale contains a flashback story within its main plot titled The Tale of the Hard Nut. This had to be excised for the ballet, Petipa gave Tchaikovsky extremely detailed instructions for the composition of each number, down to the tempo and number of bars. The completion of the work was interrupted for a time when Tchaikovsky visited the United States for twenty-five days to conduct concerts for the opening of Carnegie Hall. Tchaikovsky composed parts of The Nutcracker in Rouen, France, the first performance of the ballet was held as a double premiere together with Tchaikovskys last opera, Iolanta, on 18 December 1892, at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia. Although the libretto was by Marius Petipa, who choreographed the first production has been debated. Petipa began work on the choreography in August 1892, however, illness removed him from its completion and his assistant of seven years, although Ivanov is often credited as the choreographer, some contemporary accounts credit Petipa. The childrens roles, unlike many later productions, were performed by real children rather than adults, students of Imperial Ballet School of St. Petersburg, the first performance of The Nutcracker was not deemed a success. The reaction to the dancers themselves was ambivalent, while some critics praised DellEra on her pointework as the Sugar Plum Fairy, one critic called her corpulent and podgy. Olga Preobrajenskaya as the Columbine doll was panned by one critic as completely insipid, Alexandre Benois described the choreography of the battle scene as confusing, One can not understand anything. Disorderly pushing about from corner to corner and running backwards and forwards – quite amateurish, the libretto was criticized for being lopsided and for not being faithful to the Hoffmann tale. Some found the transition between the world of the first scene and the fantasy world of the second act too abrupt
28.
Iolanta
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Iolanta, Op.69, is a lyric opera in one act by Pyotr Tchaikovsky. It was the last opera he composed, the libretto was written by the composers brother Modest Tchaikovsky, and is based on the Danish play Kong Renés Datter by Henrik Hertz, a romanticised account of the life of Yolande de Bar. In the original Danish play, the spelling of the name was Iolanthe, later adopted for the otherwise unrelated Gilbert. The play was translated by Fyodor Miller and adapted by Vladimir Zotov, the opera received its premiere on 18 December 1892 in Saint Petersburg. Composed after the completion of The Queen of Spades, Tchaikovsky worried that he had lost his creative inspiration after such a large project and he started Iolanta with the final duet in June 1891, and despite his worries, finished composition in September and orchestration in November. The public reception was favorable, though Tchaikovsky was disappointed and felt he was repeating himself, especially when compared to his earlier work. The world premiere took place on 18 December 1892 at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg and it was conducted by Eduard Nápravník and sets were designed by Mikhail Bocharov. The premiere of the opera shared a bill with the composers last ballet. A1997 two-act version of Iolanta is performed regularly at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow and its first performance outside Russia was in Hamburg on 3 January 1893, with Gustav Mahler conducting. Mahler also conducted the Vienna premiere on 22 March 1900, in New York City it has been produced in 1997 and 2011 by Dicapo Opera. In 2015, Iolanta was performed for the first time at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, there are only a few recordings of the opera, although Roberts aria has been recorded and performed in concerts frequently. A1963 performance was filmed in Riga and released overseas in 1974, no one has ever told her that she is a princess. She lives in an enclosed garden on the kings estate, secluded from the world, in the care of Bertrand. Her attendants bring flowers and sing to her and she declares her sadness, and her vague sense that she is missing something important that other people can experience. Her father, King René insists that she not discover she is blind, or that her betrothed, Duke Robert, after announcing the kings arrival, Alméric is warned by Bertrand not to speak of light with Iolanta or to reveal that Iolantas father is the king. Ibn-Hakia sings the monologue Two worlds, explaining the interdependence of the mind and the body within the divinely ordained universe, the king refuses the treatment, fearing for Iolantas happiness if the cure should fail after she has learned what she is missing. Robert arrives at the court with his friend Count Vaudémont, Robert tells Vaudémont that he wishes to avoid the marriage as he has fallen in love with Countess Matilde. He sings of his love in his aria Who can compare with my Mathilde, Vaudémont finds the entrance to Iolantas secret garden, ignoring the sign which threatens death to anyone who enters
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Mariinsky Theatre
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The Mariinsky Theatre is a historic theatre of opera and ballet in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Opened in 1860, it became the preeminent music theatre of late 19th century Russia, where many of the masterpieces of Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky. Through most of the Soviet era, it was known as the Kirov Theatre, today, the Mariinsky Theatre is home to the Mariinsky Ballet, Mariinsky Opera and Mariinsky Orchestra. Since Yuri Temirkanovs retirement in 1988, the conductor Valery Gergiev has served as the general director. The theatre is named after Empress Maria Alexandrovna, wife of Tsar Alexander II, there is a bust of the Empress in the main entrance foyer. The theatres name has changed throughout its history, reflecting the climate of the time, Note. The theatre building is called the Mariinsky Theatre. Originally, the ballet and opera performances were given in the wooden Karl Knipper Theatre on Tsaritsa Meadow, the Hermitage Theatre, next door to the Winter Palace, was used to host performances for an elite audience of aristocratic guests invited by the Empress. A permanent theatre building for the new company of opera and ballet artists was designed by Antonio Rinaldi, known as the Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre the structure was situated on Carousel Square, which was renamed Theatre Square in honour of the building. Both names – Kamenny and Bolshoi – were coined to distinguish it from the wooden Little Theatre, in 1836, the Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre was renovated to a design by Albert Cavos, and served as the principal theatre of the Imperial Ballet and opera. On 29 January 1849, the Equestrian circus opened on Theatre Square and this was also the work of the architect Cavos. The building was designed to double as a theatre and it was a wooden structure in the then-fashionable neo-Byzantine style. Ten years later, when this circus burnt down, Albert Cavos rebuilt it as an opera, with a seating capacity of 1,625 and a U-shaped Italian-style auditorium, the theatre opened on 2 October 1860, with a performance of A Life for the Tsar. The new theatre was named Mariinsky after its patroness, Empress Maria Alexandrovna. The Imperial Mariinsky Theatre and its predecessor, the Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre, hosted the premieres of many of the operas of Mikhail Glinka, Modest Mussorgsky, when the theatre was designated as principal venue of the Imperial Ballet and Opera in 1886, the theatre was extensively renovated. Other notable productions included Rimsky-Korsakovs opera The Golden Cockerel in 1909, the imperial and Soviet theater was the home of numerous great impresarios, conductors, and musicians. Conductors, Mikhail Zhukov, Israel Chudnovsky and others, under Yuri Temirkanov, Principal Conductor from 1976 to 1988, the Opera Company continued to stage innovative productions of both modern and classic Russian operas. Although functioning separately from the Theatre’s Ballet Company, since 1988 both companies have been under the leadership of Valery Gergiev as Artistic Director of the entire Theatre
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Saint Petersburg
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Saint Petersburg is Russias second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012, and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. It is politically incorporated as a federal subject, situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 271703. In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, between 1713 and 1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of imperial Russia. In 1918, the government bodies moved to Moscow. Saint Petersburg is one of the cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Saint Petersburg is home to The Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. A large number of consulates, international corporations, banks. Swedish colonists built Nyenskans, a fortress, at the mouth of the Neva River in 1611, in a then called Ingermanland. A small town called Nyen grew up around it, Peter the Great was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, and he intended to have Russia gain a seaport in order to be able to trade with other maritime nations. He needed a better seaport than Arkhangelsk, which was on the White Sea to the north, on May 1703121703, during the Great Northern War, Peter the Great captured Nyenskans, and soon replaced the fortress. On May 271703, closer to the estuary 5 km inland from the gulf), on Zayachy Island, he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress, which became the first brick and stone building of the new city. The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia, tens of thousands of serfs died building the city. Later, the city became the centre of the Saint Petersburg Governorate, Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712,9 years before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war, he referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital as early as 1704. During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the bank of the Neva, near the Peter. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan, by 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be located on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed, but is evident in the layout of the streets, in 1716, Peter the Great appointed French Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences, University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great, in 1725, Peter died at the age of fifty-two. His endeavours to modernize Russia had met opposition from the Russian nobility—resulting in several attempts on his life
