1.
1893
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As of the start of 1893, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 2 – Webb C. Ball introduces railroad chronometers, which become the general railroad timepiece standards in North America, january 13 – The Independent Labour Party of the United Kingdom has its first meeting. January 15 – The Telefon Hírmondó service starts with around 60 subscribers in Budapest, january 21 – The Cherry Sisters first perform in Marion, Iowa. February 1 – Thomas Edison finishes construction of the first motion picture studio in West Orange, february 19 – The SS Naronic is believed to have sunk due to a storm. February 23 – Rudolf Diesel receives a patent for the diesel engine, february 24 – American University is established by an Act of Congress in Washington, D. C. February 28 – USS Indiana, the first battleship in the United States Navy comparable to other battleships of this time, is launched. March 4 – Grover Cleveland is sworn in as President of the United States, march 10 – Ivory Coast becomes a French colony. March 20 – In Belgium, Adam Worth is sentenced to 7 years for robbery, april 1 – The rank of Chief Petty Officer is established in the United States Navy. April 6 – The iconic Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is dedicated after 40 years of construction, april 8 – The first recorded college basketball game occurs in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania between the Geneva College Covenanters and the New Brighton YMCA. April 17 – Riots of Mons during the Belgian general strike of 1893, The day after, april 17 – The sorority Alpha Xi Delta is founded at Lombard College in Galesburg, Illinois. May – The Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland is formed, may 1 – The 1893 Worlds Fair, also known as the Worlds Columbian Exposition, opens to the public in Chicago, USA. The first United States commemorative postage stamps are issued for the Exposition, may 5 – Panic of 1893, A crash on the New York Stock Exchange starts a depression. May 9 – Edisons 1½ inch system of Kinetoscope is first demonstrated in public at the Brooklyn Institute, may 10 – Nix v. Hedden, the United States Supreme Court legally declares the tomato to be a vegetable. June 6 – Prince George, Duke of York marries Mary of Teck, june 7 – Gandhi commits his first act of civil disobedience in India. June 17 – Gold is found in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, june 20 – The Wengernalpbahn railway in Wengen, Switzerland is opened. June 20 – Lizzie Borden acquitted of murdering her parents in Fall River, june 22 – The flagship HMS Victoria of the British Mediterranean Fleet collides with HMS Camperdown and sinks in 10 minutes, Vice-admiral Sir George Tryon goes down with his ship. July 1 – U. S. President Grover Cleveland is operated on in secret, July 6 – The small town of Pomeroy, Iowa, is nearly destroyed by a tornado,71 people are killed and 200 injured. July 11 A revolution led by general and politician José Santos Zelaya takes over power in Nicaragua
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1891 in the United States
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Events from the year 1891 in the United States. President, Benjamin Harrison Vice President, Levi P, January 29 – Liliuokalani is proclaimed Queen of Hawaii. March 3 – The International Copyright Act of 1891 is passed by the Fifty-first United States Congress, march 14 – In New Orleans, a lynch mob storms the Old Parish Prison and lynches 11 Italians who had been found not guilty of the murder of Police Chief David Hennessy. March 15 – Jesse W. Reno patents the first escalator at Coney Beach, april 1 – The Wrigley Company is founded in Chicago. May 5 – The Music Hall in New York has its opening and first public performance. May 20 – Thomas Edisons prototype kinetoscope is first displayed at Edisons Laboratory, june 1 – The Johnstown Inclined Plane opens in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. June 21 – First long-distance transmission of alternating current by the Ames power plant near Telluride, Colorado by Lucien, october 1 – Stanford University in California opens its doors. November 28 – The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers is organized in St. Louis, december 17 – Drexel University is inaugurated as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry in Philadelphia. Seattle University is established as the Immaculate Conception school, gilded Age Gay Nineties Progressive Era Garza Revolution in Texas and Mexico January 1 – Charles Bickford, actor January 2 – Charles P. S. March 6 George M. Chilcott, United States Senator from Colorado from 1882 till 1883, joshua Hill, United States Senator from Georgia from 1871 till 1873. June 21 – Joseph E. McDonald, United States Senator from Indiana from 1875 to 1881, july 4 – Hannibal Hamlin, 15th Vice President of the United States from 1861 to 1865. Pomeroy, United States Senator from Kansas from 1861 till 1873, plumb, United States Senator from Kansas from 1877 till 1891. List of American films of the 1890s Media related to 1891 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
4.
1892 in the United States
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Events from the year 1892 in the United States. January 20 – At the YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts, the first official game is played. February 12 – Former President Abraham Lincolns birthday is declared a public holiday in the United States. February 18 – Pennsauken Township, New Jersey is incorporated, April – The Johnson County War breaks out between small farmers and large ranchers in Wyoming. April 15 – The General Electric Company is established through the merger of the Thomson-Houston Company, April 29 – Redondo Beach, California, USA is founded. May 28 – In San Francisco, California, John Muir organizes the Sierra Club. June 7 – Homer Plessy, who is 1/8 African Heritage with light skin, is arrested for sitting on the car in Louisiana. June 30 – The Homestead Strike begins in Homestead, Pennsylvania, July 4 – Samoa changes its time zone to being 3 hours behind California, such that it crosses the international date line and July 4 occurs twice. July 6 – Homestead Strike, The arrival of a force of 300 Pinkerton detectives from New York City, August 4 – The father and stepmother of Lizzie Borden are found murdered in their Fall River, Massachusetts home. August 9 – Thomas Edison receives a patent for a two-way telegraph, October 5 – The Dalton Gang, attempting to rob 2 banks in Coffeyville, Kansas, is shot by the townspeople, only Emmett Dalton, with 23 wounds, survives to spend 14 years in prison. October 12 – To mark the 400th anniversary Columbus Day holiday, November 8 U. S. presidential election,1892, Grover Cleveland is elected over Benjamin Harrison and James B. Weaver to win the second of his non-consecutive terms. The four-day New Orleans General Strike begins, November 12 – William Heffelfinger is paid $525 by the Allegheny Athletic Association, becoming the first professional American football player on record. December 17 – Vogue magazine launched, garza Revolution in Texas and Mexico Gilded Age Gay Nineties Progressive Era January 9 – Eva Bowring, U. S. Senator from Nebraska in 1954 January 14 – Hal Roach, film and television producer, director and actor January 16 – William A. Stanfill, Senator from Kentucky from 1945 to 1946 February 19 – Scott W. Lucas, U. S. Senator from Illinois from 1939 to 1951 March 26 – Paul Douglas, Senator from Illinois from 1949 to 1967 April 8 – Rose McConnell Long, U. S. Senator from Louisiana from 1936 to 1937 May 10 – Arthur E. Nelson, U. S. Senator from Florida from 1946 to 1971 July 29 – William Powell, film actor August 20 – George Aiken, United States Senator from Vermont from 1941 to 1975 August 23 – Alexander G. Barry, U. S. Senator from Oregon from 1938 to 1939 October 6 – Jackie Saunders, silent film actress November 10 – Frank A. Barrett, Senator from Wyoming from 1953 to 1959 January 2 – Montgomery C
5.
1894 in the United States
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Events from the year 1894 in the United States. President, Grover Cleveland Vice President, Adlai E. March 12 – Coca-Cola is sold in bottles for the first time, March 25 – Coxeys Army, the first significant American protest march, departs from Massillon, Ohio for Washington D. C. May 1 Coxeys Army arrives in Washington, D. C, the May Day Riots of 1894 break out in Cleveland, Ohio. July – A fire at the site of the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago destroys most of the remaining buildings, july 4 – The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. September 1 – Great Hinckley Fire, A forest fire in Hinckley, september 4 – In New York City,12,000 tailors strike against sweatshop working conditions. November 5 – West Palm Beach, Florida is incorporated as a city, milton S. Hershey establishes the Hershey Chocolate Company in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The Society of Beaux-Arts Architects is founded, the National Society of Pershing Rifles is founded at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Chatham Episcopal Institute is founded in Chatham, Virginia, frederick W. Tamblyn founds Tamblyn Studio & School of Penmanship which later becomes Ziller of Kansas City, the oldest calligraphy studio in the U. S. National Civic League established. Senator from Michigan from 1955 to 1966 October 7 – Del Lord, film director October 9 – Ernest McFarland, U. S. Senator from Arizona from 1941 to 1953 October 14 – E. E. Cummings, poet and painter October 18 – H. L. Davis, fiction writer November 23 – Andrew Frank Schoeppel, U. S. Senator from Alabama from 1938 to 1969 January 15 – Henry Mower Rice, senator from Minnesota from 1858 to 1863 February 4 – Morton S. Wilkinson, U. S. Senator from Minnesota from 1859 to 1865 February 28 – James W. McDill, U. S. Senator from Iowa from 1881 to 1883 March 2 Jubal Early, Confederate general William H. Osborn, railroad tycoon March 3 – Ned Williamson, baseball player March 26 – Alfred H. Colquitt, U. S. Senator from Georgia from 1883 to 1894 March 28 – George Ticknor Curtis, author, lawyer and historian April 7 – Benjamin Franklin King, Jr. poet and humorist April 15 – James Harvey, senator from Kansas from 1874 to 1877 April 30 – Francis B. Senator from Michigan from 1887 to 1894 June 17 – William Hart, landscape painter June 20 – Bishop W. Perkins, senator from Iowa from 1881 to 1882 November 30 – Joseph E. Brown, U. S. Senator from Georgia from 1880 to 1891 December 19 – James L. Alcorn, senator from Mississippi from 1871 to 1877 List of American films of the 1890s Media related to 1894 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
6.
1895 in the United States
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Events from the year 1895 in the United States. President, Grover Cleveland Vice President, Adlai E. Morgan at Holyoke, march 1 – William Lyne Wilson is appointed United States Postmaster General. June 28 – The United States Court of Private Land Claims rules that James Reaviss claim to Barony of Arizona is wholly fictitious, july 6 – Van Cortlandt Golf Course opens in The Bronx as the countrys first and oldest public golf course. August 19 – American frontier murderer and outlaw John Wesley Hardin is killed by an off-duty policeman in a saloon in El Paso, September 3 – The first professional American football game is played, in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, between the Latrobe YMCA and the Jeannette Athletic Club. September 18 – Booker T. Washington delivers the Atlanta Compromise speech, selden is granted the first U. S. patent for an automobile. November 20 – USS Indiana, the first battleship in the United States Navy comparable to foreign battleships of this time, is commissioned, november 25 Oscar Hammerstein opens the Olympia Theatre, the first theatre to be built in New York Citys Times Square district. Chicago Times-Herald race, The first American automobile race in history is sponsored by the Chicago Times-Herald, press coverage first arouses significant U. S. interest in the automobile. December 24 – George Washington Vanderbilt II officially opens his Biltmore Estate on Christmas Eve, inviting his family and guests to celebrate his new home in Asheville, du Bois becomes the first African American to receive a Ph. D. from Harvard University. The gold reserve of the U. S. Treasury is saved when J. P. Morgan, gilded Age Gay Nineties Progressive Era January 1 Bert Acosta, aviator J. S. S. Senator from Connecticut from 1952 to 1963 May 25 – Dorothea Lange, documentary photographer and photojournalist May 28 – Samuel D. Jackson, senator from Indiana in 1944 June 10 William C. Feazel, U. S. McCormick, admiral September 22 – Elmer Austin Benson, senator from New Mexico from 1949 to 1973 October 30 – Dickinson W. Conway Pierce, chemist December 20 – Susanne K. Wilson, U. S. Senator from Iowa from 1883 to 1895, morris, politician October 2 – Robert Crozier, U. S
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Benjamin Harrison
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Before ascending to the presidency, Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indianapolis, Indiana. Harrison unsuccessfully ran for governor of Indiana in 1876, the Indiana General Assembly elected Harrison to a six-year term in the U. S. Senate, where he served from March 4,1881, to March 4,1887. A Republican, Harrison was elected to the presidency in 1888, defeating the Democratic incumbent, hallmarks of Harrisons administration included unprecedented economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff, which imposed historic protective trade rates, and the Sherman Antitrust Act. Harrison also facilitated the creation of the national forest reserves through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891, during his administration six western states were admitted to the Union. Due in large part to surplus revenues from the tariffs, federal spending reached one billion dollars for the first time during his term, the spending issue in part led to the defeat of the Republicans in the 1890 mid-term elections. Cleveland defeated Harrison for re-election in 1892, due to the unpopularity of the high tariff. Harrison returned to life and his law practice in Indianapolis. In 1900 Harrison represented the Republic of Venezuela in a case against the United Kingdom. Harrison traveled to Europe as part of the case and after a brief stay returned to Indianapolis and he died at his home in Indianapolis in 1901 of complications from influenza. S. Historians, however, have not questioned Harrisons commitment to personal and official integrity, Harrisons paternal ancestors were the Harrison family of Virginia, whose immigrant ancestor, Benjamin Harrison, arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1630. Benjamin, the president, was born on August 20,1833, in North Bend, Ohio. Benjamin was also a grandson of U. S. Harrison was seven years old when his grandfather was elected U. S. president, although Harrisons family was distinguished, his parents were not wealthy. John Scott Harrison, a two-term U. S. congressman from Ohio, despite the familys modest resources, Harrisons boyhood was enjoyable, much of it spent outdoors fishing or hunting. Benjamin Harrisons early schooling took place in a log cabin near his home, fourteen-year-old Harrison and his older brother, Irwin, enrolled in Farmers College near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1847. In 1850, Harrison transferred to Miami University in Oxford, Ohio and he joined the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, which he used as a network for much of his life. He was also a member of Delta Chi, a law fraternity which permitted dual membership, classmates included John Alexander Anderson, who became a six-term U. S. congressman, and Whitelaw Reid Harrisons vice presidential running mate in 1892. At Miami, Harrison was strongly influenced by history and political economy professor Robert Hamilton Bishop, Harrison also joined a Presbyterian church at college and, like his mother, became a lifelong Presbyterian. Carolines father, a Presbyterian minister, performed the ceremony, the Harrisons had two children, Russell Benjamin Harrison, and Mary Mamie Scott Harrison
12.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
13.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
14.
Grover Cleveland
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Stephen Grover Cleveland was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was also the first and to date only President in American history to serve two terms in office. Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and his crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era. Cleveland won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and he fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. As a reformer Cleveland had such prestige that the wing of the Republican Party, called Mugwumps, largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket. As his second administration began, disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a national depression. It ruined his Democratic Party, opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian, the result was a political realignment that ended the Third Party System and launched the Fourth Party System and the Progressive Era. Cleveland was a formidable policymaker, and he also drew corresponding criticism, critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nations economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term. Even so, his reputation for probity and good character survived the troubles of his second term, biographer Allan Nevins wrote, n Grover Cleveland, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have and he possessed honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possessed them to a degree other men do not, today, Cleveland is considered by most historians to have been a successful leader, generally ranked among the second tier of American presidents. Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18,1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey to Richard Falley Cleveland, Clevelands father was a Presbyterian minister who was originally from Connecticut. His mother was from Baltimore and was the daughter of a bookseller, on his fathers side, Cleveland was descended from English ancestors, the first of the family having emigrated to Massachusetts from Cleveland, England in 1635. On his mothers side, he was descended from Anglo-Irish Protestants and he was distantly related to General Moses Cleaveland, after whom the city of Cleveland, Ohio, was named. Cleveland, the fifth of nine children, was named Stephen Grover in honor of the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell and he became known as Grover in his adult life. In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to Fayetteville, New York, neighbors later described him as full of fun and inclined to play pranks, and fond of outdoor sports. In 1850, Clevelands father took a pastorate in Clinton, Oneida County, New York, despite his fathers dedication to his missionary work, the income was insufficient for the large family. Financial conditions forced him to remove Grover from school into a mercantile apprenticeship in Fayetteville
15.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
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New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
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Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
18.
Levi P. Morton
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Levi Parsons Morton was a Representative from New York and the 22nd Vice President of the United States. He later served as the 31st Governor of New York, Morton was born in Shoreham, Vermont. His parents were the Reverend Daniel Oliver Morton, a Congregationalist minister and his older brother, Daniel O. Morton, was Mayor of Toledo, Ohio from 1849 to 1850. Mortons family moved to Springfield, Vermont in 1832 when his father became the minister of the Congregational church there, Rev. Morton headed the congregation during the construction of the brick colonial revival style church on Main Street that is still in use today. Levi P. Morton was considered by his Springfield peers to be a leader in all affairs in which schoolboys usually engage, the family moved away when Rev. Morton was reassigned in 1836. He was a candidate for election in 1876 to the 45th Congress. Morton was elected, as a Republican, to the 46th and 47th Congresses representing Manhattan and he served from March 4,1879, until his resignation, effective March 21,1881. Morton was loyal to Senator Roscoe Conkling, who was Grants campaign manager, unhappy that Grant had not been nominated, Conkling advised Morton to decline, Garfields supporters then turned to Chester A. Arthur, another Conkling supporter. Conkling advised Arthur to decline, but Arthur accepted, Garfield, after Garfields election, Morton asked to be appointed United States ambassador to either the United Kingdom or France. Minister Plenipotentiary to France from 1881 to 1885, Morton was very popular in France. He helped commercial relations between the two countries run smoothly during his term, and, in Paris on October 24,1881, he placed the first rivet in the construction of the Statue of Liberty. Morton was elected Vice President of the United States, on the Republican ticket with President Benjamin Harrison, in which capacity he served from March 4,1889, to March 4,1893. Harrison and Reid went on to lose the 1892 election, to Grover Cleveland and Adlai E. Stevenson, Levi Morton was Governor of New York in 1895 and 1896. He was considered for the Republican presidential nomination in 1896, after his public career was over, he became a real estate investor. Morton married his first wife, Lucy Young Kimball on October 15,1856, in Flatlands and they had one child, a daughter who died in infancy, in 1857. His first wife died in 1871, and in 1873 Morton married Anna Livingston Reade Street and she was Second Lady of the United States during her husbands vice–presidency, and often handled entertaining duties for the administration due to First Lady Caroline Harrisons ill health. She had five daughters with Morton, and a son who died in infancy, in 1890 he became one of the first members of the District of Columbia Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. He was assigned national society membership number 1838 and district society number 38 and he was also a member of the General Society of Colonial Wars
19.
Adlai Stevenson I
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Adlai Ewing Stevenson I served as the 23rd Vice President of the United States. Previously, he served as a Congressman from Illinois in the late 1870s and this earned him the enmity of the Republican-controlled Congress, but made him a favorite as Grover Clevelands running mate in 1892, and he duly became Vice President of the United States. In office, he supported the lobby against the gold-standard men like Cleveland. In 1900, he ran for Vice President with William Jennings Bryan, in doing so, he became the third Vice President to run for that post with two different presidential candidates. Stevenson was the grandfather of Adlai Stevenson II, a Governor of Illinois, Adlai Ewing Stevenson was born in Christian County, Kentucky, on October 23,1835, to John Turner and Eliza Ewing Stevenson, Wesleyans of Scots-Irish descent. The Stevenson family is first recorded in Roxburghshire, Scotland, in the early 18th century, the family appears to have been of some wealth, as a private chapel in the Archdiocese of St Andrews bears their name. At some point, probably shortly after the Jacobite rising of 1715, at least one Stephenson was a police officer. William Stephenson, the great-grandfather of Adlai, was a tailor who specialized in millinery, after Williams father died in the 1730s, his family moved to Lancaster County, Province of Pennsylvania, William joined when his apprenticeship was completed in 1748. In 1762, the moved to North Carolina in what is now Iredell County. Including lands given to his children, William Stephenson had amassed 3,400 acres of land by the time of his death, one branch of the family, including Adlai Stevensons father, then moved to Kentucky in 1813. Stevenson was born on the farm in Christian County. He attended a school in Blue Water, Kentucky. In 1850, when he was 14, frost killed the familys tobacco crop, two years later, his father set free their few slaves and the family moved to Bloomington, Illinois, where his father then operated a sawmill. Stevenson attended Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington and ultimately graduated from Centre College, in Danville, Kentucky and his fathers death prompted Stevenson to return from Kentucky to Illinois to run the sawmill. Stevenson was admitted to the bar in 1858, at age 23, as a young lawyer, Stevenson encountered such celebrated Illinois attorneys as Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln, campaigning for Douglas in his 1858 Senate race against Lincoln. Stevensons dislike of Lincoln might have been prompted by a meeting between the two, at which Lincoln made several witty quips disparaging Stevenson. Stevenson also made speeches against the Know-Nothing movement, a nativist group opposed to immigrants and that stand helped cement his support in Illinois large German and Irish communities. In a predominantly Republican area, the Democratic Stevenson won friends through his storytelling and his warm, Stevenson was appointed master in chancery, his first public office, which he held during the Civil War
20.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
21.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
22.
Melville Fuller
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Melville Weston Fuller was the eighth Chief Justice of the United States from 1888 to his death in 1910. Fuller was born in Augusta, Maine, the son of Catherine Martin, both his maternal grandfather, Nathan Weston and paternal grandfather, Henry Weld Fuller were judges. His father was a well-known lawyer and his parents divorced shortly after his birth, and he was raised by Nathan Weston. He attended college at Harvard University for one year before graduating from Bowdoin College and he then spent six months at Harvard Law School, leaving without graduating in 1855. Fuller first studied law under the direction of an uncle, in 1855, he went into partnership with another uncle. He also became the editor of The Age, a leading Democratic newspaper in Augusta, soon he got tired of Maine and moved to Chicago. In 1860, he managed Democrat Stephen Douglas campaign for the Presidency of the United States At the time, railroads had just linked it to the east. Fuller built a law practice in Chicago, within two years, he appeared before the Supreme Court of Illinois in the case of Beach v. Derby. He became an attorney in the city. He first appeared before the United States Supreme Court in the case of Traders Bank v. Campbell. He also argued the case of Tappan v. the Merchants National Bank of Chicago, which was the first case heard by Chief Justice Morrison Waite and he was a minor figure in Illinois politics. In 1876, he made the speech for Thomas Hendricks. After his inauguration as President, Grover Cleveland tried to make Fuller chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission, Cleveland then tried to persuade Fuller to accept appointment as Solicitor General of the United States, but Fuller again declined. In 1886, Fuller was president of the Illinois State Bar Association, on April 30,1888, President Grover Cleveland nominated him for the chief justice position following the death of Morrison R. Waite. Fuller was not the first man to be mentioned as a possible Supreme Court nominee and he had avoided military service during the Civil War, and while serving in the Illinois House of Representatives had attempted to block wartime legislation proposed by Governor Richard Yates. However, he was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 20,1888, by a vote of 41 to 20. He received his commission the same day, Fuller did not take the oath of office until October 8,1888. On the bench, he oversaw a number of memorable or important opinions, the famous phrase Equal Justice Under Law paraphrases his opinion in Caldwell v. Texas,137 U. S.692 where Fuller discussed equal and impartial justice under the law
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Charles Frederick Crisp
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Charles Frederick Crisp was a United States political figure. A Democrat, he was elected as a Congressman from Georgia in 1882, from 1890 until his death, he was leader of the Democratic Party in the House, as either the House Minority Leader or the Speaker of the House. He was also the father of Charles R. Crisp who also served in Congress, Crisp was born in Sheffield, England, January 29,1845. Later in that year, his parents immigrated to the United States and settled in Georgia where he attended the schools of Savannah and Macon. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, he was residing in Luray, Virginia, with his parents. He enlisted in a unit, the Page Volunteers of Company K, 10th Virginia Infantry. He served with that regiment until May 12,1864, when he became a prisoner of war at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House and he was held as one of the Immortal Six Hundred at Fort Pulaski, Georgia, and later transferred to Fort Delaware. After his release in June 1865, he joined his parents at Ellaville, Crisp studied law at Americus, Georgia. He was admitted to the bar in 1866 and commenced practice in Ellaville and he was appointed solicitor general of the southwestern judicial circuit in 1872 and reappointed in 1873 for a term of four years. Later, he was appointed judge of the court of the same circuit in June 1877. Crisp served as president of the Democratic gubernatorial convention at Atlanta, Georgia and he was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-eighth and to the six succeeding Congresses and served from March 4,1883, until his death. He had been nominated for United States Senator in the Georgia primary of 1896, but he died in Atlanta on October 23,1896, georgias Crisp County is named in his honor. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2008-02-13 Malone, Preston St. Clair. “The Political Career of Charles Frederick Crisp. ”“Charles F. Crisp, Speaker of the House. ”Charles Frederick Crisp at Find A Grave
24.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
25.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
26.
52nd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1891 to March 4,1893, during the third and fourth years of Benjamin Harrisons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Tenth Census of the United States in 1880, the Senate had a Republican majority, and the House had a Democratic majority. May 5,1892, Geary Act February 13,1893, Harter Act, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. Flower This list is arranged by chamber, then by state, Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, Senators are listed by Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. Members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, House History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists Official Congressional Directory for the 52nd Congress, Official Congressional Directory for the 52nd Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 52nd Congress, 2nd Session, Official Congressional Directory for the 52nd Congress, 2nd Session
27.
53rd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1893 to March 4,1895, during the first two years of Grover Clevelands second presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Eleventh Census of the United States in 1890, both chambers had a Democratic majority. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. May 5,1893, Panic of 1893, A crash on the New York Stock Exchange started a depression. November 7,1893, Colorado women were granted the right to vote May 1,1894, Coxeys Army, the first significant American protest march, arrived in Washington, D. C. July 16,1894, Utah Enabling Act August 27,1894, Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act February 18,1895, Maguire Act of 1895 This list is arranged by chamber, Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, bagby, elected December 4,1893 Clerk of the House, James Kerr Doorkeeper of the House, Alvin B. Hurt Postmaster of the House, Lycurgus Dalton Clerk at the Speaker’s Table, Charles R. Crisp Sergeant at Arms of the House, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, House History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists Official Congressional Directory for the 53rd Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 53rd Congress, Extraordinary Session, Official Congressional Directory for the 53rd Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 53rd Congress, 2nd Session, Official Congressional Directory for the 53rd Congress, 3rd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 53rd Congress, 3rd Session
28.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
29.
Thomas G. Jones
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Thomas Goode Jones was an American Democratic politician who was the 28th Governor of Alabama from 1890 to 1894. Born in 1844 in Macon, Georgia and died in 1914 in Montgomery, Thomas Goode Jones was born November 26,1844, at Macon, Georgia, to Samuel G. and Martha Goode Jones. He moved with his family to Montgomery, Alabama, in 1850 where he attended private schools, Jones also attended school in Virginia and eventually entered Virginia Military Institute. In 1862 he left VMI with the rest of his classmates to serve in the Confederate Army under Stonewall Jackson, Jones had an illustrious military career during the Civil War. He fought in many battles in Virginia, including Petersburg and Spottsylvania. At Appomattox Major Jones carried one of the flags of truce, upon his return to Alabama the Confederate veteran farmed for a few years in Montgomery County. In addition, he continued studying law, a pursuit he began during the war and that same year Jones edited the Montgomery Daily Picayune. From 1870–1880 he was the reporter of decisions for the Alabama Supreme Court, Joness military career continued after the war and coincided with his many other responsibilities. He was elected captain of the Montgomery Greys in 1876 and served as colonel of the 2nd Regiment, Alabama State Troops, from 1880 to 1890. In this role, Jones was called upon to command troops in every serious riot from 1874 to 1894, including the Possey and Hawes riots. The military commander began his career as a public official in 1884 when he was elected to represent Montgomery County in the Alabama House of Representatives. Jones was re-elected two years later and chosen to serve as the house speaker, in 1890 he defeated Reuben Kolb for the Democratic nomination for governor and was elected. Kolb was back in 1892 and broke off from the Democrats when, after another hard-fought political battle, the Populist Kolb and his supporters formed the Jeffersonian party but the incumbent governor managed to secure re-election. Many of the issues in the 1890 and 1892 elections are indicative of the issues Jones faced during his administration, discontent among farmers over low prices for their produce and high freight rates resulted in the growth of populist ideas. Populists favored regulation of railroads and railroad rates, a graduated income tax law, state election laws to deal with disputed elections. The National Panic of 1893 worsened the already bad economy in Alabama, although populist themes were in the forefront, Jones also dealt with other concerns as governor. He demonstrated constructive leadership by urging the legislature to reform the convict leasing system, the Educational Apportionment Act did pass and provided counties with funds based on school population. Educational facilities continued to grow with the establishment of the Girls Industrial School at Montevallo, in Talladega, the Alabama School for Negro Deaf Mutes and Blind was opened
30.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
31.
James Philip Eagle
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James Philip Eagle was the 16th Governor of Arkansas. Eagle was born in Maury County, Tennessee and his family moved to Arkansas early in his life and he was educated in the public schools. He married Mary Kavanaugh Oldham in 1882 and her brother William Kavanaugh Oldham moved to Arkansas in 1885 and later entered politics himself, serving as acting governor for a brief time in 1913. A younger brother, Kies Oldham, served as Eagles personal secretary during his time as governor, Eagle was appointed deputy sheriff of Prairie County, Arkansas in 1859, a position he held until the start of the American Civil War. Eagle enlisted in the Confederate States Army and rose to the rank of Colonel and he served with the 5th Arkansas Infantry and the 2nd Arkansas Mounted Rifles. He campaigned with the Army of Tennessee and fought in most of that armys campaigns from the battles in Kentucky all the way to the Battle of Nashville. Eagle was wounded during the Atlanta Campaign, at the conclusion of the war, Eagle attended Mississippi College for less than one year but was forced to withdraw due to illness. He studied for the ministry and was ordained as a Baptist preacher, Eagle served as a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1873 to 1878. He supported Baxter during the Brooks–Baxter War, Eagle served as speaker of the house in 1875. From 1880 to 1904, he served as president of the Baptist State Convention, Eagle was elected Governor of Arkansas in 1888, and was reelected for a second term in 1890. The Eagle administration concerned itself with attracting immigration and support for education, Eagle was sympathetic to womens suffrage and once welcomed Susan B. Anthony to the state though he did not provide political support. Eagle was elected as president of the Southern Baptist Convention in 1902 and was reelected to that position twice more and he continued to be active in the Baptist church. Eagle served on the state commission but was fired by Governor Jeff Davis for allegedly campaigning for an opponent of Davis. Davis was opposed to the construction of the new capitol building, Eagle died in Little Rock, Arkansas of heart failure. Eagle is buried at the historic Mount Holly Cemetery in Little Rock
32.
William Meade Fishback
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William Meade Fishback was the 17th Governor of Arkansas and U. S. Senator-Elect for Arkansas. Fishback was born in Jeffersonton, Virginia, in Culpeper County and he graduated with a law degree from the University of Virginia in 1855. He moved to Illinois where he was admitted to the bar in 1857, in 1858, Fishback moved to Greenwood, Arkansas. In 1861, he was elected to the Arkansas Secession Convention as a pro-Union delegate, Fishback established a pro-Union newspaper called The Unconditional Union in 1863. In December 1863, he represented 17-year-old David Owen Dodd, who was convicted of spying, during the American Civil War, he raised 900 troops for the 4th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment and served as Colonel. He was selected to represent Arkansas in the United States Senate in 1864, Fishback was a delegate to the 1874 Arkansas Constitutional Convention. He served as a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1871 to 1881, Fishback introduced what came to be known as the Fishback Amendment, now known as Amendment 1 of the Arkansas Constitution. This amendment prohibited the state authorities from paying the Holford railroad aid, failure to pay the Holford debt created credit problems for the state that lasted well into the 20th century. On September 5,1892, Fishback was elected Governor of Arkansas, fishbacks administration focused on changing the national image of the state. During his term, the St. Francis River levee district was formed, fisbhack served as governor until 1895 when he left public office and worked attempting to attract business to the state. Fishback is buried at Oak Cemetery in Fort Smith, Arkansas, while Governor, Fishback declared, Houses of ill-fame are necessary to city life, if you close these sewers of mens animal passions you overflow the home and spread disaster. Works by or about William Meade Fishback at Internet Archive William Meade Fishback at Find a Grave Governor William Meade Fishback, National Governors Association
33.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
34.
Henry Markham
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Henry Harrison Markham was a Republican United States Representative from California from March 4,1885 to March 3,1887. Declining to run for re-election to Congress in 1886, he ran four years later to become the 18th governor of California, Markham was born in Wilmington, New York. During the Civil War, he enlisted as a private in Company G, 32nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, Markham was part of General William Tecumseh Shermans March to the Sea in 1864. He was wounded at the battle of Whippy in 1865, after the war Markham returned to Wisconsin and settled in Milwaukee, where he studied law and passed the bar in 1867. He practiced law in Milwaukee in the state and federal courts, Markham moved with his family to Pasadena in 1879 and continued to practice law. In Pasadena Markham was on the board and was one of the founders of the Pasadena public library. He was also part of the Calico Union Mining Company, during his run for governor he was referred to as the dashing colonel from Pasadena. He died in his hometown of Pasadena and is interred in Mountain View Cemetery in nearby Altadena. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Henry Harrison Markham Biography and Inauguration Speech. Treasure from the Painted Hills, A History of Calico, California, 1882-1907, page 18, By Douglas W. Steeples, David O. Whitten Works by or about Henry Markham at Internet Archive
35.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
36.
John Long Routt
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John Long Routt was an American politician of the Republican Party. Born in Eddyville, Kentucky, he served as the first and he also served as Mayor of Denver, Colorado from 1883 to 1885. John Long Routt was born in Eddyville, Kentucky, and moved to Bloomington, upon completion of his studies, he worked as a carpenter prior to entering elected office. While living in Illinois, he attained his first elected office as Sheriff of McLean County, routts blossoming public service career was abruptly interrupted by service in the American Civil War, during which acted as a captain in the 94th Illinois Volunteer Infantry. U. S. President Ulysses S. Grant appointed John Routt as the Governor of the Territory of Colorado on March 29,1875, statehood had long been Colorados primary interest. Thomas Patterson and Jerome Chaffee, in House Bill 435, initially provided for the creation of the Colorado state government, routts time as Territorial Governor was largely spent deliberating the contents of the Colorado state constitution. After Colorado was established as a state, the increasingly popular Routt easily won the election without making a single speech in public. At one point, he arranged a tour for popular womens suffragist Susan B. Anthony and personally escorted her around the state, when women in Colorado first became able to vote in 1893, his wife, Eliza Pickrell Routt, became the first woman to register to vote in Colorado history. Following his first two terms as Governor of Colorado, Routt entered the sector, but re-entered public service again to serve as the Mayor of Denver. After unsuccessfully running for the United States Senate, Routt ran successfully for the governorship again in 1891 and his third term was marked by a high level of disagreement within the Republicans in Colorados state government. Routt was buried in Denvers Riverside Cemetery, Routt County, Colorado is named in his honor. History of Colorado Law and Government of Colorado List of Governors of Colorado State of Colorado Territory of Colorado Lohse, Joyce B. First Governor, First Lady, John and Eliza Routt of Colorado ISBN 0-86541-063-1 The Governors of Colorado @ Colorado. gov Biography of John Long Routt @ Colorado. gov John Long Routt at Find a Grave
37.
Davis Hanson Waite
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Davis Hanson Waite was an American politician. He was a member of the Populist Party, and he served as the eighth Governor of Colorado from 1893 to 1895, Davis Hanson Waite was born April 9,1825 in Jamestown, New York to Joseph Waite and Olive Davis Waite. He studied law and graduated from Jamestown Academy, in 1851 he married Frances Eliza Russell and together they had two children, Austin and Josephine. Waite served in the legislatures of Wisconsin in 1857. Waite and his moved to Leadville, Colorado, in 1879 to practice law. After his wife Frances died in November 1880, he moved to Aspen, in Aspen he started the local newspaper and was secretary in the local assembly of the Knights of Labor. He remarried to Celia O. Maltby on January 8,1885 and they had one son, Frank Hanson Waite. Waite had been elected to the Wisconsin state legislature as a Republican and had run a Republican newspaper in New York, in Colorado he edited the Union Era, a reform paper, and helped to organized the Populist Party national convention. In 1892 he was nominated as the Populist candidate for Governor of Colorado and his election coincided with the Panic of 1893 which hit the silver mining industry in Colorado particularly hard. In 1894, the Western Federation of Miners went on a strike and Waite intervened on behalf of the union, ordering the deployment of the state militia to support. That same year Waite supported the American Railroad Union during the national Pullman Strike, as governor he was also instrumental in the passage of womens suffrage in Colorado, the second state to do so. The municipal board members appointed by the governor had complete control over the police, fire. Governor Waite tried to overturn the corruption in Denver in 1894 by removing police and fire commissioners that he thought were shielding the gamblers, the officials refused to leave their positions and were quickly joined by others who felt their jobs were threatened. They barricaded themselves in City Hall, and the militia were sent to remove them. Federal troops were called in from nearby Fort Logan to intervene, eventually Governor Waite agreed to withdraw the militia and allow the Colorado Supreme Court to decide the case. The court ruled that the governor had authority to replace the commissioners and he was defeated for reelection in 1894, but continued to be active in the Populist movement until his death in 1901. Waite died on November 27,1901 while preparing Thanksgiving dinner at his home in Aspen and his house on West Francis Street in Aspen has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Griffiths, Far-Western Populist Thought, A Comparative Study of John R. Rogers and Davis H. Waite, Pacific Northwest Quarterly, vol
38.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
39.
Morgan Bulkeley
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Morgan Gardner Bulkeley was an American politician as well as business and sports executive. Bulkeley was born in East Haddam, Connecticut to an old local family and his father, State Senator Eliphalet Adams Bulkeley, was a descendant of the Reverend Peter Bulkeley,8 generations removed. Peter Bulkeley was the founder of Concord Massachusetts and sailed to this country from England on the ship Susan & Ellen in May 1635, Morgan Bulkeleys mother Lydia-Smith Morgan descended from passengers of the Mayflower more than 200 years prior. The Bulkeleys had called nearby Colchester, Connecticut their home and until Morgans death always believed it as such and he was also related to the well known Morgan family through his mother. He was educated at Bacon Academy in Colchester just like his father, in 1846, the Bulkeley family moved to Hartford, Connecticut. Morgans father, Eliphalet Adams Bulkeley, was prominent in the Connecticut Republican Party and helped found the Aetna Life Insurance Company and he was also a descendant of the third President of Harvard University, Charles Chauncy. Morgan Bulkeley attended Hartford Public High School and, at age 14, started working at the Aetna sweeping floors for a dollar a day along with his brother, Charles. Bulkeley left Hartford to work for his uncles company, H. P. Morgan & Company, in Brooklyn and he was an errand boy in Brooklyn in 1852 and later worked as a salesman. During the Civil War, Bulkeley served as a private with the 13th New York Volunteer Heavy Artillery and he served from May 28,1862 until September 28,1862. He served under General George B. McClellan in the Peninsula Campaign and his brother, Captain Charles E. Bulkeley, was killed during the war. He became a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States by right of inheritance from his brother, after the Civil War, Bulkeley returned to Morgan & Company. When his father died in 1872, Bulkeley returned to Hartford and helped form the United States Bank of Hartford and he later served on Aetnas board of directors. After returning to Hartford in the days of professional baseball. In 1875, the team featured Hall of Fame pitcher Candy Cummings, in 1876, the NAPBBP was replaced by the National League. Hartford was one of the members and Bulkeley was named the leagues first president. In his only season as president, he targeted illegal gambling, drinking, after the season, he was replaced as president by William Hulbert. Bulkeley was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in 1937,15 years after his death and he was also one of the seven members of the Mills Commission formed by Albert Spalding, the group that gave credence to the myth that Abner Doubleday invented baseball. Bulkeleys short career as a baseball executive coincided with the beginning of his political career, from 1874 to 1876, he served on the Hartford Common Council and the Board of Aldermen
40.
Luzon B. Morris
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Luzon Buritt Morris was an American lawyer and politician from Connecticut. He served as the 55th Governor of Connecticut, Morris was born in Newtown, Connecticut. He prepared for college at the Connecticut Literary Institute in Suffield, Connecticut and worked as a blacksmith and he studied law with a local attorney while attending Yale, graduating in 1854, and attaining admission to the bar in 1856. While at Yale he became a member of Skull and Bones, Morris served in the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1855 until 1856,1870,1876,1880 and in 1881. He was probate judge from 1857 until 1863, and served in the Connecticut Senate in 1874 and he served as President pro tempore of the Connecticut Senate. During his service in the Connecticut General Assembly, he was a member of the commission settled the border dispute with New York. He was an officer of the Connecticut Savings Bank for several years, as Governor of Connecticut from January 4,1893 until January 9,1895, Morris was the only member of the Democratic Party to hold the governorship between 1885 and 1911. During his governorship, Morris advocated for constitutional amendments in the election laws and his popularity eroded due to the bleak financial depression that overwhelmed the state, and he did not seek reelection. After leaving office, Morris returned to his law practice, Morris married Eugenia L. Tuttle in 1856. They had six children together including Mary Seamoor Morris Pratt, Helen Harrison Morris Hadley, Ray Morris and his daughter Mary married oil industrialist Charles Millard Pratt, and they had five children. His daughter Helen married Yale University president Arthur Twining Hadley, and his son Ray was a partner in the investment banking house of Brown Brothers Harriman. His son, Dr. Robert Tuttle Morris, became a famous surgeon, Morris died of a stroke at his home in New Haven, Connecticut on August 22,1895. He is interred at the Zoar Cemetery in Newtown, Connecticut and his home in New Haven was purchased by Yale University in 1957 and restored in 1990. The house was built in 1873 and features Italianate architecture. Memorials of Connecticut Judges and Attorneys As Printed in the Connecticut Reports, the Political Graveyard Luzon B. Morris at Find a Grave National Governors Association
41.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
42.
Robert J. Reynolds
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Robert John Reynolds was an American farmer and politician from Petersburg in South Murderkill Hundred, Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, Reynolds was born in Smyrna, Delaware, son of Robert Wright and Sallie Gilder Marvel Reynolds. He married Louvenia Riggs and had one child, Byron, and later married Hester Thomas and they lived at Golden Ridge, near Petersburg in South Murderkill Hundred, Kent County, Delaware and were members of the Methodist Church. Reynolds was elected to the State House in 1868 and served the 1869/70 session, from 1879 until 1883 he was state treasurer, and in 1890 was elected the Governor of Delaware, defeating Harry A. Richardson, the Republican candidate. He served from January 20,1891, until January 15,1895, during these years free textbooks were first provided to public school students, and Delaware State College was established in Dover. Reynolds died at his home near Petersburg at South Murderkill Hundred, Kent County, Delaware, elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. Members of the Delaware General Assembly took office the first Tuesday of January, State representatives have a two-year term. The governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term, History of the State of Delaware. A History of Delaware Through its Governors, hall of Governors Portrait Gallery Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States Robert J
43.
Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
44.
Francis P. Fleming
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Francis Philip Fleming was an American politician and the 15th Governor of Florida from 1889 to 1893. Fleming was a Democrat, strong supporter of segregation and an opponent of civil rights for blacks, Fleming was a Confederate soldier and lawyer before he became governor. Fleming was born in Panama Park in Duval County, Florida and he spent his early years with his parents, Lewis Fleming and his second wife Margaret Seton, on their St. Johns River plantation, Hibernia. After being wounded, Fleming returned to Florida and actively enlisted new volunteers, by the end of the war, Fleming had served under four generals, John Magruder, Joseph Johnston, John Bell Hood, and Robert E. Lee. After the war, Francis Fleming studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1868, becoming a partner in the firm of Fleming and Daniel, in 1871, he married Floride Lydia Pearson, the daughter of Florida Supreme Court justice Bird M. Pearson. Together the couple had three children, Francis Philip Jr. Elizabeth Fleming, and Charles Seton, Francis P. Fleming authored a book memorializing his brother, titled The Florida Troops/A Memoir of Captain C. Originally published by Times-Union Publishing House, Jacksonville, Florida,1884, Fleming later entered politics, and became the fifteenth Governor of Florida on January 8,1889, serving until January 3,1893, the sole term provided by state law at that time. Fleming, a segregationist, Southern nationalist, and partisan Democrat, sought to limit the power of the carpetbagger-, Fleming signed into law restrictive poll taxes and literacy tests designed to limit the voting rights of blacks and carpetbaggers not protected by the grandfather clause. Fleming also removed from office Floridas only black judge, James Dean of Monroe County, because he had married a man to a black woman. Fleming later advocated adding a red saltire, or diagonal cross, to the Florida flag and this proposal was adopted in 1900 by a statewide referendum. Fleming also began the tradition of having a portrait painted. After he left office, Fleming served on the board of trustees of the new Florida Old Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Home, on December 20,1908, Fleming died following a long illness. He is buried at the Old City Cemetery in Jacksonville, Francis P. Fleming was the son Lewis Fleming and his second wife, Margaret Seton. Fleming Island, Florida (an un-incorporated community in between Orange Park and Green Cove Springs in Clay County, Florida was part of the Fleming familys Spanish Land Grants, the area has since retained the name Fleming Island. The former governor and his wife, Floride, are buried in The Old City Cemetery, Jacksonville, the venue was replaced by much larger Florida Field in 1930, but the grassy area to the north of the current stadium is still known as Fleming Field. Fleming Biography Biography from Florida Department of State, Office of Cultural and Historical Programs Buccellato,2015 Fleming Family Letters A collection of 113 letters and other writings of Francis P. Fleming and the Fleming Family from 1879 to 1930. Compiled by the University of North Florida, Francis P. Fleming at Find a Grave
45.
Henry L. Mitchell
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Henry Laurens Mitchell was an American lawyer, judge, and politician. He served as the 16th Governor of Florida, Mitchell was born near Birmingham in Jefferson County, Alabama. His family moved to Tampa when he was 15 years old, Mitchell studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1849 at the age of 18. When the American Civil War began, Mitchell resigned from his post as Florida Attorney General, Mitchell was such a strong supporter of Southern nationalism that he had two members of his Masonic lodge expelled for fighting in the Union Army. In July 1863, Mitchell left the Confederate Army to take a seat in the Florida House of Representatives and he was reelected after the war, in 1873 and 1875. His brother Charles Mitchell later became the Florida Commissioner of Land and Immigration, in 1888, Mitchell was appointed to the Florida Supreme Court, serving as an associate justice until 1891, when he resigned to start campaigning for governor. During his term as governor, Mitchell was paid $3500 per year, after he left office, Mitchell returned to Hillsborough County, where he was elected as clerk of the circuit court and subsequently county treasurer there. He died in Tampa on October 14,1903 and was buried at Oaklawn Cemetery, in 1915, Henry Mitchell Elementary School opened and was named after him. 2015 Henry L. Mitchell at Find a Grave Henry Laurens Mitchell City of Tampa, Oaklawn Cemetery
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