1.
1884 in art
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February 2 – First annual exhibition of Les XX opens at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. Artists invited to show in addition to members of the group include Auguste Rodin, James McNeill Whistler, march – Theo van Gogh starts buying and selling Impressionist works, beginning with a painting by Pissarro. April – Camille Pissarro moves to Éragny-sur-Epte, may 15–July 15 – Groupe des Artistes Indépendants stages the first officially sanctioned open exhibition of contemporary art in Paris. July 29 – Société des Artistes Indépendants established in Paris under the leadership of Albert Dubois-Pillet, august 30 – Austrian painter Marianne Preindlsberger marries English painter Adrian Scott Stokes
2.
1885 in art
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July 13 – New building for the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, designed by Pierre Cuypers, opens. August – First public display of works by Vincent van Gogh, Glasgow Boys first exhibit collectively, at the Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts. Aberdeen Art Gallery opens in Scotland, birmingham Museum and Art Gallery opens in England. The Guildhall Art Gallery opens in the City of London, crocker Art Gallery is presented to the people of Sacramento, California. John Everett Millais is granted a baronetcy in the United Kingdom, the first artist to be honoured with a hereditary title
3.
1886 in art
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April 28 – Paul Cézanne marries his model and former lover Marie-Hortense Fiquet, despite having publicly stated that he has no feelings for her. May–June – Eighth and last collective Impressionist exhibition in Paris at 1 rue Laffitte introduces Georges Seurats A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, august 21 – September 21 – Second exhibition by the Société des Artistes Indépendants in Paris. October 28 – Dedication of Frédéric Auguste Bartholdis Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor, P. H. Emerson publishes his first photographic book, Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads. Publication in French of Irish-born writer George Moores autobiographical novel Confessions of a Young Man describing bohemian life in 1870s Paris among the Impressionists, publication of Émile Zolas novel LŒuvre based on his friendship with Paul Cézanne
4.
1887 in art
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The year 1887 in art involved some significant events. February – Fourth annual exhibition of Les XX, at the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique in Brussels, artists invited to show in addition to members of the group include Walter Sickert, Camille Pissarro, Berthe Morisot and Georges-Pierre Seurat. The major work shown is Seurats A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, march 26 – June 8 – Third exhibition by the Société des Artistes Indépendants in Paris. November 14 – Paul Gauguin and Charles Laval return to Paris from Martinique, december – Vincent van Gogh arranges an exhibition of paintings by himself, Émile Bernard, Louis Anquetin, and Toulouse-Lautrec in the Restaurant du Chalet,43 Avenue de Clichy, Montmartre, Paris. Bernard and Anquetin sell their first painting, van Gogh exchanges work with Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh begins his first Sunflowers series of paintings in Paris. Walter Crane illustrates The Architecture of Art, Charles Lang Freers first Asian art purchase is a painted Japanese fan. Sir John Everett Millais painting Bubbles is acquired for advertising purposes by Pears soap, february 5 – Albert Paris Gütersloh, Austrian painter and writer. March 23 – Juan Gris, Spanish painter and sculptor, march 25 – Josef Čapek, Czech painter. April 29 – Stanley Cursiter, Scottish painter and curator, may – Jacob Steinhardt, German-born Israeli painter and woodcut artist. May 12 – Leo Michelson, Latvian-American painter and sculptor, may 21 Barker Fairley, English-born Canadian painter, writer, and educator. May 30 – Alexander Archipenko, Ukrainian sculptor, June 20 – Kurt Schwitters, German Dadaist painter and writer. July 7 – Marc Chagall, Russian-Belarusian-French painter, july 28 – Marcel Duchamp, influential French artist. September 24 – Frank Newbould, English poster artist, october 6 – Le Corbusier, French architect and painter. October 9 – Manuel Ortiz de Zárate, Chilean painter, october 13 – Kate Lechmere, English painter associated with the Vorticists and milliner. November 1 – L. S. Lowry, English painter, november 15 – Georgia OKeeffe, American painter
5.
1888 in art
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February – Fifth annual exhibition of Les XX, at the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique in Brussels. W. W. January 17 – Mohamed Nagy, Egyptian painter, february 22 – Horace Pippin, self-taught African-American painter. March 14 – Marc-Aurèle Fortin, Canadian painter, march 19 – Josef Albers, German artist, mathematician and educator. April 6 – Hans Richter, German painter, graphic artist, avant-gardist, june 12 – Tom Purvis, English poster artist. July 10 – Giorgio de Chirico, Greek-Italian painter, august 13 – Gleb W. Derujinsky, Russian-American sculptor. August 14 – Sydney Carline, English painter, war artist, august 30 – Siri Derkert, Swedish artist, sculptor and political campaigner. November 7 – Mariano Andreu, Spanish painter, enamelling master, sculptor, november 11 – Johannes Itten, Swiss colour theorist, painter and designer. Stanley Royle, English post-impressionist landscape painter
6.
1889 in art
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February 2 – Sixth annual exhibition of Les XX opens in Brussels, including the first important display of Paul Gauguins work. May 6 – October 31 – Exposition Universelle in Paris, with the Eiffel Tower as its entrance arch, may 8 – Van Gogh moves from Arles to the Saint-Paul asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. July 15 – The Scottish National Portrait Gallery opens in Edinburgh in premises designed by Rowand Anderson, july 23 – Marie Triepcke marries fellow-artist Peder Severin Krøyer in Augsburg. August 17 – The 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition opens in Melbourne, edvard Munch stages his first one-man exhibition and wins a state scholarship to study in Paris. The Skulpturensammlung moves into the Albertinum in Dresden, the Imperial Museum of Nara is established in Japan
7.
1890 in art
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January 18 – February 23 – Seventh annual exhibition of Les XX in Brussels includes a display of work by Vincent van Gogh. Henry de Groux criticises his paintings but Albert Aurier praises them, from the exhibition, van Gogh sells The Red Vineyard to Anna Boch, said to be the only sale of his work during his lifetime. March 20 – April 27 – The Société des Artistes Indépendants show in Paris includes a display of van Gogh paintings. May 20 – Van Gogh moves to Auvers-sur-Oise on the edge of Paris in the care of Dr Paul Gachet where he will produce around seventy paintings in as many days, more than a dozen are size 30 canvases. June–July – Van Gogh develops his double-square painting technique, e. g. in the July paintings Wheatfield with Crows, July 27 – Death of Vincent van Gogh, van Gogh perhaps paints Tree Roots, then apparently shoots himself, dying two days later. September 20 – Theo van Gogh, assisted by Émile Bernard, november – Lucien Pissarro settles permanently in London. Claude Monet begins painting his Haystacks series, wellington – Eventide William R. Coats – Ypsilanti Water Tower, winner of Most Phallic Building contest Grand Prix de Rome, painting. Grand Prix de Rome, sculpture, Paul-Jean-Baptiste Gasq, Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Emmanuel Pontremoli. Zeev Raban, Polish Jewish painter Jean Xceron, Greek-American painter Petar Dobrović, Serbian Expressionist painter
8.
1891 in art
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May 10 – Danish sculptor Anne Marie Brodersen marries her compatriot, the classical composer Carl Nielsen, in St Marks English Church, Florence, the couple having first met on March 2 in Paris. June – Sidney Paget produces his first illustrations for Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories in The Strand Magazine, henri Matisse begins his studies at the Académie Julian. Correspondence of Marie Bashkirtseff and Gustave Flaubert is published, paul Gauguin sails to French Polynesia. Impressionist Armand Guillaumin wins 100,000 francs in the French state lottery and is able to devote himself to painting full-time, félix Vallotton makes his first woodcuts. William-Adolphe Bouguereau The Goose Girl Work Interrupted Frank Bramley – For Of Such Is The Kingdom Of Heaven Edward Burne-Jones – Sponsa de Libano Philip Hermogenes Calderon – St. W. W
9.
1892 in art
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However, his paintings evoke bitter controversy and after one week the exhibition is closed, Munchs paintings are moved to the Equitable Palast. James McNeill Whistler stages his major retrospective exhibition, Nocturnes, Marines and Chevalet pieces at Goupil & Cies London gallery, fatata te Miti Spirit of the Dead Watching When Will You Marry. 14 May – Marjorie Watson-Williams, English painter,30 May – Fernando Amorsolo, Filipino painter. 31 May – Michel Kikoine, painter,15 July – Walter Benjamin, German philosopher, comparatists and art critic. July 19 – Suzanne Malherbe, French illustrator and designer, July 24 – Marcel Gromaire, French painter. 7 August – Einar Forseth, Swedish artist,16 August – Otto Messmer, American animator. 11 October – Anton Räderscheidt, German painter,16 October – Adolf Ziegler, German painter and politician. 23 November – Romain de Tirtoff, Russian-born French artist and designer,7 December – Stuart Davis, painter
10.
1893 in art
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May 1 – The 1893 Worlds Fair, also known as the Worlds Columbian Exposition, opens to the public in Chicago, USA, with a Romanesque statue of Columbia overlooking the man-made lake. The first United States commemorative postage stamps are issued for the Exposition, among other art exhibits are two bronze calves by Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen. June 14 – Opening of Shelley Memorial at University College, Oxford, june 29 – Unveiling of the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain at Piccadilly Circus in London, with a gilded aluminium statue of Anteros, designed by Alfred Gilbert. Ford Madox Brown completes painting the The Manchester Murals in Manchester Town Hall, the National Sculpture Society is founded in the United States. Alois Riegls Stilfragen, Grundlegungen zu einer Geschichte der Ornamentik is published in Berlin, henri Rousseau gives up his job as a Paris toll collector and moves to a studio in Montparnasse where he lives and paints full-time. December – Unter den Linden in Berlin holds an exhibition of Edvard Munchs work, including six paintings entitled Study for a Series, Love, W. January 30 – Prince Grigory Gagarin, soldier and painter February 21 – John Pettie, painter March 16 – William H
11.
1895 in art
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January 1 – Alphonse Muchas lithographed poster for the play Gismonda starring Sarah Bernhardt is posted in Paris. Bernhardt is so satisfied with its success that she gives Mucha a six-year contract, april 13 – The Russian Museum is established in Saint Petersburg by Nicholas II. April 30 – First Venice Biennale opens, july 3 – Paul Gauguin leaves France to settle permanently in Polynesia. October – Edvard Munch exhibits a series of his Love paintings in Christiania. November – Paul Cézanne has his first solo exhibition, at the Paris gallery of Ambroise Vollard, bernard Berenson publishes Lorenzo Lotto, An Essay in Constructive Art Criticism. P. H. Emerson publishes his last photographic book, Marsh Leaves, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum opened in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. W. Godward Mischief And Repose The Muse Erato At Her Lyre Winslow Homer – Cannon Rock George W. L
12.
1896 in art
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January 24 – Painter Sir Frederic Leighton is created 1st Baron Leighton in the peerage of the United Kingdom one day before his death in London of angina pectoris. February – Edvard Munch moves to Paris and concentrates on printmaking, december – Walter Crane publishes Of The Decorative Illustration of Books, Old and New. A bout of typhoid fever puts an end to Maurice de Vlamincks career as a cyclist, william Merritt Chase founds Parsons The New School for Design as the Chase School of Art in Greenwich Village, New York. At Giverny Claude Monet begins painting his Mornings on the Seine series, interior design gallery Maison de lArt Nouveau opens in Paris. Max Beerbohm publishes Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen in London, his first collection of drawings, bernard Berenson publishes Florentine Painters of the Renaissance. The Royal Society of Miniature Painters, Sculptors and Gravers is founded, hubert von Herkomer is made a knight in the United Kingdom
13.
1897 in art
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April 3 – Vienna Secession founded by artists including Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil. May 1 – Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek art museum opened in Copenhagen, may 27 – A Separate Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture is staged at Sukiennice Museum in Main Square, Kraków. August 4 – The Lady of Elche Iberian sculpture is found at LAlcúdia near Elche in Spain, september – Edvard Munch stages a major retrospective in Christiania. October 27 – First meeting of the Society of Polish Artists Sztuka in Kraków, at Giverny, Claude Monet begins painting his Water Lilies series, which will continue until the end of his life. Elbridge Ayer Burbank begins painting portraits of Native Americans in the United States from life, women photographers Zaida Ben-Yusuf and Gertrude Käsebier open portrait studios in New York City. A Book of Fifty Drawings by Aubrey Beardsley is published, bernard Berenson publishes Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance. Ogata Gekkō – Ryu sho ten J. W. and Mrs. I
14.
1900 in art
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Exposition Universelle in Paris helps popularize Art Nouveau style. Alphonse Mucha decorates the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborates on the Austria-Hungary one, F. Holland Day organizes an exhibition of the New School of American Photography at the Royal Photographic Society in London. The Wallace Collection in London opens to the public, the Zachęta art gallery in Warsaw is completed. Claude Monet stays in London and begins his Houses of Parliament series of paintings, wilhelm von Debschitz and Hermann Obrist found the Lehr- und Versuchsatelier für angewandte und freikunst, an influential art school in Munich. Kenton Florence Fuller – Inseparables J. W. J. W. Waterhouse Destiny The Siren January 5 – Yves Tanguy, painter
15.
1901 in art
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March 12 – Whitechapel Gallery, designed by Charles Harrison Townsend, opens in London as one of the first publicly funded galleries for temporary exhibitions in the city. May 11 – The Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts inaugurates its Palace of Art, julien-Auguste Hervé exhibits his paintings in Paris under the title Expressionismes. Swedish-born painter Carl Oscar Borg enters the United States as a stowaway,28 January – James Richmond Barthé, sculptor. 22 March – Greta Kempton, Austrian-American artist,24 March – Ub Iwerks, American animator, cartoonist and special effects technician. 27 March – Carl Barks, American illustrator and comic book creator,9 June – John Skeaping, English sculptor and equine painter. July 5 – Len Lye, New Zealand-born kinetic sculptor and filmmaker, july 15 – Pyke Koch, Dutch painter. July 31 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter and sculptor, august 29 – Anna Zinkeisen, Scottish-born artist September 14 – Lucien Aigner, Hungcvx arian photographer. October 2 – Alice Prin, French artists model and painter, october 10 – Alberto Giacometti, sculptor
16.
1902 in art
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June – The group Boadicea and Her Daughters by Thomas Thornycroft is cast in bronze and erected on the Victoria Embankment in London. July – Cecil and Wilfred Phillips open the Leicester Galleries in Leicester Square, London, for exhibitions of modern British, september – Paul Cézannes final studio, at Les Lauves, commanding a view of Montagne Sainte-Victoire, is completed. Early October – Beatrix Potters first childrens book The Tale of Peter Rabbit, by the end of the year it sells 28,000 copies. Georges Braque begins his studies at the Academie Humbert, where he meets Marie Laurencin, the studio La Ruche is established in the 15th arrondissement of Paris by the sculptor Alfred Boucher to provide accommodation for impoverished young artists. Claude Monet begins his Water Lilies series of paintings in his garden at Giverny, helen Allingham – View of Blackdown Frank Weston Benson – Eleanor Holding a Shell Pierre Bonnard – The Terrasse Children with Black Dog Thomas Eakins – Self-portrait J. W
17.
1903 in art
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June 3 – Laura Johnson marries Harold Knight. Isadora Duncan develops free dance, a dance influenced by the ancient Greeks. With the support of Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Jacques Villon, Auguste Rodin and others, koloman Moser and Josef Hoffmann found the Wiener Werkstätte in Vienna. Frederic Dorr Steele produces his first illustrations for Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories in the United States, bernard Berenson publishes The Drawings of the Florentine Painters. Anna Muthesius publishes Das Eigenkleid der Frau, during what is known as his Blue Period, Pablo Picasso paints Portrait of Angel Fernández de Soto Tête de femme, Vieux guitariste aveugle, The Tragedy, and La vie, among others. W. Lindes Sons Camille Pissarro – Self-portrait Sir Edward Poynter – The Cave of the Storm Nymphs Tom Roberts – The Big Picture John Singer Sargent – Mrs. W
18.
1904 in art
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April Octavian Smigelschi is selected to paint the interior decoration of Holy Trinity Cathedral, Sibiu. George Frederic Watts opens the Watts Gallery in the English village of Compton, Guildford, georges Braque leaves the Academie Humbert. Mary Cassatt is awarded the Légion dhonneur by the French government for her services to the arts, British Impressionist painter Wilfrid de Glehn marries American portrait painter Jane Erin Emmet. 13 January – Oliver Messel, English stage designer,14 January – Cecil Beaton, English photographer and stage and costume designer. 22 January – Kimon Evan Marengo, Egyptian-born British cartoonist,6 February – Dorothy Canning Miller American curator. 22 February – Peter Hurd, American artist,2 March – Theodor Seuss Geisel, American illustrator. 17 March – Chaim Gross, Austrian American sculptor,31 March – Đorđe Andrejević Kun, Serbian painter. 15 April Mary Adshead, English painter, arshile Gorky, Armenian-born abstract expressionist painter. April 21 Jean Hélion, French painter, gabriel Loire, French stained glass artist. 24 April – Willem de Kooning, Dutch abstract expressionist painter,2 May – Bill Brandt, German-born British photographer and photojournalist. 11 May – Salvador Dalí, Spanish surrealist artist,14 June – Margaret Bourke-White, American photographer and photojournalist. 2 August – Reg Parlett, English comics artist,11 September – Daniel Brustlein, Alsatian-born illustrator. 23 October – Svetoslav Roerich, Russian painter,13 November – Stephen Bone, English painter. 17 November – Isamu Noguchi, Japanese American artist and landscape architect,18 November – Jean Paul Lemieux, Canadian-American painter 22 November – Miguel Covarrubias, Mexican caricaturist and painter. 30 November – Clyfford Still, American Abstract Expressionist painter,11 December – Felix Nussbaum, German Jewish surrealist painter. 17 December – Paul Cadmus, American painter,21 December – Jean René Bazaine, French painter, stained glass artist and writer. Juan Bautista Garcia, Puerto Rican painter
19.
1894 in architecture
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The year 1894 in architecture involved some significant events. In the United States, the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects is founded, april 21 - Quatro de Setembro Theater, Teresina, Brazil. May 14 - Blackpool Tower in Blackpool, England, completed to a design by Maxwell and Tuke, june 30 - Tower Bridge in London, designed by Horace Jones and John Wolfe-Barry. July - Dalen Hotel in Norway, designed by Haldor Børve, october 16 - Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden, designed by Fellner & Helmer. Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral, Montreal, Canada, reformed Church, Dresden, designed by Harald Julius von Bosse. Sacred Heart Church, designed by Ludwig Schöne, colegio de Santa Maria de Jesús in Barcelona, Spain, designed by Antoni Gaudí. Antiguo Cuartel Militar Español de Ponce, Puerto Rico, sisters of Charity Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia. Reichstag in Berlin, designed by Paul Wallot, royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, designed by Jacob Winders and Frans van Dijk. Guaranty Building, Buffalo, New York, designed by Louis Sullivan, hôtel Tassel, Brussels, designed by Victor Horta. Hurlbut Memorial Gate, Detroit, Michigan, USA, lululaund, a house for Hubert von Herkomer at Bushey, England, based on a design by Henry Hobson Richardson. Rebuilt Köln Hauptbahnhof railway station in Cologne, Germany, designed by E. Grüttefie, royal Gold Medal - Frederic Leighton. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Alfred-Henri Recoura
20.
1894 in music
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March 14 - Johan Svendsen conducts the world premiere of Carl Nielsens Symphony No.1 in Copenhagen. March 16 - Jules Massenets opera Thaïs is premiered in Paris, april 19 - Jules Massenets opera Werther is premiered in New York City. September 22 - Opening of the Teatro Lirico Internazionale in Milan, december 22 - Claude Debussys Prélude à laprès-midi dun faune is premiered in Paris Enrico Caruso makes his operatic debut. George W. Johnson is said to have recorded over 25,000 phonograph records The National College of Music, the college still exists today as an examination board for music and drama. George H. Thomas develops the first illustrated song to promote The Little Lost Child, airy, Fairy Lillian w. Tony Raymond m. Maurice Levi And Her Golden Hair Was Hanging Down Her Back w. Monroe H. Rosenfeld m. Felix McGlennon At Trinity Church I Met My Doom w. m, Fred Gilbert Dont Be Cross by Karl Zeller from the operetta Der Obersteiger Forgotten w. Flora Wulschner m. Eugene Cowles Hes Got To Keep A-Movin w. m. T. W. Connor His Last Thoughts Were Of You w. Edward B, George Evans Ive Been Working on the Railroad w. m. trad I Cant Change It. M. Tobias The Little Lost Child w. Edward B, marks m. Joseph W. Stern Long Ago In Alcala w. Frederick Edward Weatherley & Adrian Ross m. André Messager My Friend The Major w. m, E. W. Rogers My Pearl Is A Bowery Girl w. William Jerome m. Andrew Mack Oh. That Gorgonzola Cheese w. Fred W. Leigh m. Harry Champion The Owls Serenade w. Arthur J. Lamb, H. W. Petrie She Is More To Be Pitied Than Censured w. m. Gray She May Have Seen Better Days w. m, James Thornton The Sidewalks of New York w. m. Lawlor & James W. Blake Why Did Nellie Leave Home, by George M. Cohan Yale Society Two-Step by C
21.
Oscar Wilde
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Oscar Fingal OFlahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish playwright, novelist, essayist, and poet. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he one of Londons most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. He is remembered for his epigrams, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, his plays, as well as the circumstances of his imprisonment, Wildes parents were successful Anglo-Irish, Dublin intellectuals. Their son became fluent in French and German early in life, at university, Wilde read Greats, he proved himself to be an outstanding classicist, first at Dublin, then at Oxford. He became known for his involvement in the philosophy of aestheticism. After university, Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles, known for his biting wit, flamboyant dress and glittering conversation, Wilde became one of the best-known personalities of his day. The opportunity to construct aesthetic details precisely, and combine them with social themes. He wrote Salome in French in Paris but it was refused a licence for England due to the prohibition of Biblical subjects on the English stage. Unperturbed, Wilde produced four society comedies in the early 1890s, at the height of his fame and success, while The Importance of Being Earnest, was still being performed in London, Wilde had the Marquess of Queensberry prosecuted for criminal libel. The Marquess was the father of Wildes lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, the charge carried a penalty of up to two years in prison. The trial unearthed evidence that caused Wilde to drop his charges and led to his own arrest, after two more trials he was convicted and imprisoned for two years hard labour. Upon his release he left immediately for France, never to return to Ireland or Britain, there he wrote his last work, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, a long poem commemorating the harsh rhythms of prison life. He died destitute in Paris at the age of 46, Oscar Wilde was born at 21 Westland Row, Dublin, the second of three children born to Sir William Wilde and Jane Wilde, two years behind William. Wildes mother was of Italian descent, and under the pseudonym Speranza and she read the Young Irelanders poetry to Oscar and Willie, inculcating a love of these poets in her sons. Lady Wildes interest in the neo-classical revival showed in the paintings and busts of ancient Greece, William Wilde was Irelands leading oto-ophthalmologic surgeon and was knighted in 1864 for his services as medical adviser and assistant commissioner to the censuses of Ireland. He also wrote books about Irish archaeology and peasant folklore, a renowned philanthropist, his dispensary for the care of the citys poor at the rear of Trinity College, Dublin, was the forerunner of the Dublin Eye and Ear Hospital, now located at Adelaide Road. On his fathers side Wilde was descended from a Dutchman, Colonel de Wilde, on his mothers side Wildes ancestors included a bricklayer from County Durham who emigrated to Ireland sometime in the 1770s. Wilde was baptised as an infant in St, marks Church, Dublin, the local Church of Ireland church
22.
Salome (play)
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Salome is a tragedy by Oscar Wilde. The original 1891 version of the play was in French, three years later an English translation was published. The play was first published in French in February 1893, on the Dedication page, Wilde indicated that his lover Lord Alfred Douglas was the translator. Beardsley and the publisher John Lane got drawn in when they sided with Wilde, in a gesture of reconciliation, Wilde did the work himself but dedicated Douglas as the translator rather than having them sharing their names on the title-page. Douglas compared a dedication to sharing the title-page as the difference between a tribute of admiration from an artist and a receipt from a tradesman. The play was premiered on 11 February 1896, while Wilde was in prison, in Paris at the Comédie-Parisienne – - in a staging by Lugné-Poes theatre group. In Pall Mall Gazette of 29 June 1892 Wilde explained, why he had written Salomé in French, I have one instrument that I know I can command, and that is the English language. There was another instrument to which I had listened all my life, of course, there are modes of expression that a Frenchman of letters would not have used, but they give a certain relief or colour to the play. A great deal of the effect that Maeterlinck produces comes from the fact that he. The same thing is true of Rossetti, who, though he wrote in English, was essentially Latin in temperament. A performance of the play was arranged by the New Stage Club at the Bijou Theatre in Archer Street, London, on 10 and 13 May 1905, starring Millicent Murby as Salome and directed by Florence Farr. In June 1906 the play was presented privately with A Florentine Tragedy by the Literary Theatre Society at Kings Hall, Covent Garden. The Lord Chamberlains ban was not lifted for almost forty years and she took the role of Herodias herself and cast her daughter Joan Maude as Salomé. In 1992 the play was performed on Broadway at the Circle in the Square Theatre, sheryl Lee starred as the title role alongside Al Pacino. The play costarred Suzanne Bertish, Esai Morales and Arnold Vosloo, Al Pacino said in an interview that a new production of the play where he will star as King Herod is to open in Londons West End in 2016. Wilde had considered the subject since he had first been introduced to Hérodias, one of Flauberts Trois Contes, by Walter Pater and his interest had been further stimulated by descriptions of Gustave Moreaus paintings of Salome in Joris-Karl Huysmanss À rebours. Other literary influences include Heinrich Heines Atta Troll, Laforgues Salomé in Moralités Légendaires, Wilde often referred to the play in musical terms and believed that recurring phrases bind it together like a piece of music with recurring motifs. Although the kissing of the element was used in Heine and even Joseph Converse Heywoods production
23.
Aubrey Beardsley
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Aubrey Vincent Beardsley was an English illustrator and author. His drawings in ink, influenced by the style of Japanese woodcuts, emphasized the grotesque, the decadent. He was a figure in the Aesthetic movement which also included Oscar Wilde. Beardsleys contribution to the development of the Art Nouveau and poster styles was significant, Beardsley was born in Brighton, England, on 21 August 1872, and christened on 24 October 1872. Vincents wife, Ellen Agnus Pitt, was the daughter of Surgeon-Major William Pitt of the Indian Army, the Pitts were a well-established and respected family in Brighton, and Beardsleys mother married a man of lesser social status than might have been expected. Soon after their wedding, Vincent was obliged to sell some of his property in order to settle a claim for his breach of promise from another woman who claimed that he had promised to marry her. At the time of his birth, Beardsleys family, which included his sister Mabel who was one year older, were living in Ellens familial home at 12 Buckingham Road. The number of the house in Buckingham Road was 12, but the numbers were changed years ago, in 1883 his family settled in London, and in the following year he appeared in public as an infant musical phenomenon, playing at several concerts with his sister. In January 1885 he began to attend Brighton, Hove and Sussex Grammar School and his first poems, drawings and cartoons appeared in print in Past and Present, the schools magazine. In 1888 he obtained a post in an office, and afterwards one in the Guardian Life. In 1891, under the advice of Sir Edward Burne-Jones and Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, in 1892 he attended the classes at the Westminster School of Art, then under Professor Fred Brown. Beardsleys first commission was Le Morte dArthur by Thomas Malory, which he illustrated for the publishing house J. M. Dent and his six years of major creative output can be divided into several periods, identified by the form of his signature. In the early period his work is mostly unsigned, during 1891 and 1892 he progressed to using his initials, A. V. B. In mid-1892, the period of Le Morte dArthur and The Bon Mots he used a Japanese-influenced mark which became progressively more graceful, sometimes accompanied by A. B. in block capitals. He co-founded The Yellow Book with American writer Henry Harland, and for the first four editions he served as Art Editor and produced the cover designs and he was also closely aligned with Aestheticism, the British counterpart of Decadence and Symbolism. Most of his images are done in ink, and feature large dark areas contrasted with blank ones. Beardsley was the most controversial artist of the Art Nouveau era, renowned for his dark and perverse images and grotesque erotica and his illustrations were in black and white, against a white background. Some of his drawings, inspired by Japanese shunga artwork, featured enormous genitalia, other major illustration projects included an 1896 edition of The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope, and the collection A Book of Fifty Drawings by Aubrey Beardsley
24.
The Yellow Book
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The Yellow Book was a British quarterly literary periodical that was published in London from 1894 to 1897. It was published by Elkin Mathews and John Lane, and later by John Lane alone, the periodical was priced at 5 shillings and lent its name to the Yellow Nineties, referring to the decade of its operation. Aubrey Beardsley was its first art editor, and he has credited with the idea of the yellow cover. He obtained works by artists as Charles Conder, William Rothenstein, John Singer Sargent, Walter Sickert. G. Wells, William Butler Yeats and Frank Swettenham, though Oscar Wilde never published anything within its pages, it was linked to him because Beardsley had illustrated his Salomé and because he was on friendly terms with many of the contributors. Moreover, in Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray, a major corrupting influence on Dorian is the book which Lord Henry sends over to amuse him after the suicide of his first love. This yellow book is understood by critics to be À rebours by Joris-Karl Huysmans, such books in Paris were wrapped in yellow paper to alert the reader to their lascivious content. It is not clear, however, whether Dorian Gray is the source for the reviews title. Wilde also had a copy of the first Yellow Book when he was arrested, at the Cadogan Hotel, in 1895. Soon after Wilde was arrested Beardsley was dismissed as the art editor, his post taken over by the publisher, John Lane, assisted by another artist. Perhaps indicative of The Yellow Books past significance in literary circles of its day is a reference to it in a fictional piece thirty-three years after it ceased publication. American author Willa Cather noted its presence in the library of one of her characters in the short story, Double Birthday, noting that it had lost its power to seduce. The Yellow Books brilliant color immediately associated the periodical with illicit French novels - an anticipation, many thought, the article A Defence of Cosmetics by Max Beerbohm appeared in the first volume, causing something of a sensation and establishing his reputation. Upon its publication, Oscar Wilde dismissed The Yellow Book as not yellow at all, but the public is an instinctive creature, not half so stupid as is usually taken for granted. It evidently scented something queer and rather alarming about the strange new quarterly, the Yellow Book owed much of its reputation to Aubrey Beardsley, who, despite John Lanes remonstrations, repeatedly attempted to shock public opinion. Lane would painstakingly peruse Beardsleys drawings before each publication as Beardsley was known for hiding inappropriate details in his work, throughout Beardsleys contribution to The Yellow Book, the two were caught in a game of hide-and-seek. Lanes scrutiny of Beardsleys drawings suggests that he wished The Yellow Book to be an only slightly associated with the Decadences shocking aesthetic. Indeed, Lane continually emphasized that he desired the work to be suitable reading material for any audience, however, Beardsley openly mocked the Victorian artistic ideal, which he considered to be both prudish and hypocritical
25.
Henry Harland
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Henry Harland was an American novelist and editor. Harland was born in Brooklyn and attended the City College of New York, in May 1884, he married Aline Herminie Merriam, who shared his artistic interests. His literary career falls into two distinct sections, during the first of these, writing under the pseudonym Sidney Luska, he produced a series of highly sensational novels, written with little regard to literary quality. But in 1889 Harland moved to London and fell under the influence of the Aesthetic movement and he began writing under his own name and, in 1894, became the founding editor of The Yellow Book. The short story collections of this new period, A Latin Quarter Courtship, Mademoiselle Miss, Grey Roses and he finally achieved a wide readership with The Cardinals Snuff-box, which was followed by The Lady Paramount and My Friend Prospero. His last novel, The Royal End, was incomplete when he died and his wife finished it according to his notes. Harland died in 1905 at Sanremo, Italy, after a period of tuberculosis. The Oxford Companion to American Literature, edited by James D. Hart, revised by Phillip W. Leininger. New York & Oxford, Oxford University Press,1996 and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Cousin, John William. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, London, J. M. Dent & Sons. Ethnic Plotting, Henry Harland and the Jewish Writer, brief biography of Henry Harland Works by Henry Harland at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Henry Harland at Internet Archive Works by Henry Harland at LibriVox
26.
John Lane (publisher)
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John Lane was a British publisher who with Charles Elkin Mathews founded The Bodley Head in 1887. Originally from Devon, where he was born into a farming family, while working as a clerk at the Railway Clearing House, he acquired knowledge as an autodidact. After entering the London book trade he became co-founder of The Bodley Head, Lane is mainly associated with publishing controversial and audacious texts, especially for a small, sophisticated audience. G. Wellss novel about his affair with Amber Reeves, The New Machiavelli, on 13 August 1898, John Lane married Annie Philippine King, the widow of Tyler Batcheller King and the daughter of Julius Eichberg. Annie Lane was author of To Thee, O Country and of the books Browns Retreat, Kitwyk, The Champagne Standard, Talk of the Town, John Lane died of pneumonia on 2 February 1925 at his London home,8 Lancaster Gate Terrace, Bayswater, London. He was cremated at Golders Green, and his ashes were interred at St Nectans Church, Hartland and his nephews, Allen, Richard and John, founded Penguin Books. In the churchyard of St Nectans, Stoke, near Hartland in Devon, there is a stone seat commemorating various members of the Lane family
27.
Lviv
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Lviv, the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh largest city in the country overall, is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine. Named in honor of the Leo, the eldest son of Rus King Daniel of Galicia. It was the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia from 1272 to 1349, from 1434, it was the regional capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Kingdom of Poland and was known as Lwów. In 1772, after the First partition of Poland, the city became the capital of the Habsburg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and was renamed to Lemberg, in 1918 in a short time was the capital of the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic. Between the wars, the city was again as Lwów and was the centre of the Lwów Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic. After World War II, it part of the Soviet Union. Administratively, Lviv serves as the center of Lviv Oblast and has the status of city of oblast significance. Lviv was the centre of the region of Galicia. The historical heart of the city, with its old buildings and cobblestone streets, survived Soviet, the city has many industries and institutions of higher education such as Lviv University and Lviv Polytechnic. Lviv is also the home of many cultural institutions, including a philharmonic orchestra. The historic city centre is on the UNESCO World Heritage List, Lviv celebrated its 750th anniversary with a son et lumière in the center of the city in September 2006. Lviv is located on the edge of the Roztochia Upland, approximately 70 kilometers from the Polish border and 160 kilometers from the eastern Carpathian Mountains, the average altitude of Lviv is 296 meters above sea level. Its highest point is the Vysokyi Zamok,409 meters above sea level and this castle has a commanding view of the historic city centre with its distinctive green-domed churches and intricate architecture. The old walled city was at the foothills of the High Castle on the banks of the River Poltva, in the 13th century, the river was used to transport goods. Lvivs climate is continental with cold winters and mild summers. The average temperatures are −3.1 °C in January and 18.3 °C in July, the average annual rainfall is 745 mm with the maximum being in summer. Lviv approximately receives 1,804 hours of sunshine annually, archaeologists have demonstrated that the Lviv area was settled by the 5th century. The area between the Castle Hill and the river Poltva was continuously settled since the 9th century, in 1977 it was discovered that the Orthodox church of St. Nicholas had been built on a previously functioning cemetery
28.
Jack Butler Yeats
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John Jack Butler Yeats was an Irish artist and Olympic medalist. Butlers early style was that of an illustrator, he began to work regularly in oils in 1906. His early pictures are simple lyrical depictions of landscapes and figures, Yeatss work contains elements of Romanticism. Yeats was born in London, England and he was the youngest son of Irish portraitist John Butler Yeats and the brother of W. B. Yeats, who received the 1923 Nobel Prize in Literature and he grew up in Sligo with his maternal grandparents, before returning to his parents home in London in 1887. In 1894 he married Mary Cottenham, also a native of England, from around 1920, he developed into an intensely Expressionist artist, moving from illustration to Symbolism. He was sympathetic to the Irish Republican cause, but not politically active, Samuel Beckett wrote that Yeats is with the great of our time. Because he brings light, as only the great dare to bring light and his favourite subjects included the Irish landscape, horses, circus and travelling players. He frequently abandoned the brush altogether, applying paint in a variety of different ways, despite his position as the most important Irish artist of the 20th century, he took no pupils and allowed no one to watch him work, so he remains a unique figure. The artist closest to him in style is his friend, the Austrian painter, besides painting, Yeats had a significant interest in theatre and in literature. He was a friend of Samuel Beckett. He designed sets for the Abbey Theatre, and three of his own plays were produced there. He wrote novels in a stream of consciousness style that Joyce acknowledged and his literary works include The Careless Flower, The Amaranthers, Ah Well, A Romance in Perpetuity, And To You Also, and The Charmed Life. Yeatss paintings usually bear poetic and evocative titles, indeed, his father recognized that Jack was a far better painter than he, and also believed that some day I will be remembered as the father of a great poet, and the poet is Jack. He was elected a member of the Royal Hibernian Academy in 1916 and he died in Dublin in 1957, and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Yeats holds the distinction of being Irelands first medalist at the Olympic Games in the wake of creation of the Irish Free State, at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, Yeats painting The Liffey Swim won a silver medal in the arts and culture segment of the Games. In the competition records the painting is simply entitled Swimming, in November 2010, one of Yeatss works, A Horseman Enters a Town at Night, painted in 1948 and previously owned by novelist Graham Greene, sold for nearly £350,000 at a Christies auction in London. A smaller work, Man in a Room Thinking, painted in 1947, in 1999 the painting, The Wild Ones, had sold at Sothebys in London for over £1. 2m, the highest price yet paid for a Yeats painting
29.
Della Robbia Pottery
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The Della Robbia Pottery was a ceramic factory founded in 1894 in Birkenhead, England. The business was started by Harold Steward Rathbone and Conrad Gustave dHuc Dressler, Rathbone, son of a wealthy local business man, Philip Rathbone, had been a pupil of Ford Madox Brown, who was one of the founders of the Arts and Crafts movement. Dressler was a sculptor, potter and also inventor of the continuous firing tunnel kiln, giovanni Carlo Valentino Manzoni also joined the pottery in early 1894, leaving to establish his own pottery, the Minerva Art Ware Manufacturers in Hanley in July 1895. Manzoni returned to the pottery in June 1898, staying until its closure in 1906, the pottery was established as a true Arts & Crafts pottery on the lines advocated by William Morris, using local labour and raw materials such as local red clay from Moreton, Wirral. The pottery had lustrous lead glazes and often used patterns of interweaving plants, typical of Art Nouveau, with heraldic and Islamic motifs. Dressler was mainly responsible for the decorative panels, many of which can still be seen in the local area of Birkenhead and Liverpool. Dressler left the pottery in 1897 to establish his own pottery, the Della Robbia mark is usually handwritten on the base of pieces with a ship device, and often the initials of the designer and decorator, and sometimes the date. In 1900 Marianne de Caluwé joined the pottery, injecting finance as well as bringing a new direction with her strong Art Nouveau influence. New exhibition venues in Scotland, even a renewed interest in the potterys wares from 1900 through to 1904 could not help it survive, Della Robbia art pottery was widely sold by Liberty & Co. as well as in their own retail outlet in Liverpool. A large collection of Della Robbia pottery can be seen at the Williamson Art Gallery in Birkenhead, some is also at Standen owned by the National Trust
30.
Arts and Crafts movement
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It stood for traditional craftsmanship using simple forms, and often used medieval, romantic, or folk styles of decoration. It advocated economic and social reform and was essentially anti-industrial and it had a strong influence on the arts in Europe until it was displaced by Modernism in the 1930s, and its influence continued among craft makers, designers, and town planners long afterwards. It was inspired by the ideas of architect Augustus Pugin, writer John Ruskin, the movement developed earliest and most fully in the British Isles, and spread across the British Empire and to the rest of Europe and North America. It was largely a reaction against the perceived impoverished state of the arts at the time. The Arts and Crafts style emerged from the attempt to reform design, but it was as much a movement of social reform as design reform and its leading practitioners did not separate the two. The art historian Nikolaus Pevsner has said that exhibits in the Great Exhibition showed ignorance of basic need in creating patterns. Owen Jones, for example, declared that Ornament, fiona MacCarthy says that unlike later zealots like Gandhi, William Morris had no practical objections to the use of machinery per se so long as the machines produced the quality he needed. Morriss followers also had differing views or changed their minds over time. C. R. Ashbee, for example, a figure in the Arts and Crafts Movement. At the time of his Guild of Handicraft, initiated in 1888, he said, We do not reject the machine, but we would desire to see it mastered. Morris insisted that the artist should be a working by hand and advocated a society of free craftspeople. Because craftsmen took pleasure in their work, he wrote, the Middle Ages was a period of greatness in the art of the common people. The treasures in our museums now are only the common used in households of that age. Medieval art was the model for much Arts and Crafts design and medieval life, before capitalism, the founders of the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society did not insist that the designer should also be the maker. Peter Floud, writing in the 1950s, said that The founders of the Society, never executed their own designs, but invariably turned them over to commercial firms. The Arts and Crafts Movement was associated with socialist ideas in the persons of Morris, T. J. Cobden Sanderson, Walter Crane, Ashbee, in the early 1880s Morris was spending more of his time on socialist propaganda than on designing and making. Ashbee established a community of craftsmen, the Guild of Handicraft, in east London and those adherents who were not socialists, for example, Alfred Hoare Powell, advocated a more humane and personal relationship between employer and employee. Lewis Foreman Day, a successful and influential Arts and Crafts designer, was not a socialist either
31.
Conrad Dressler
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Conrad Dressler was an English sculptor and potter. Dressler was born in London and studied sculpture at the Royal College of Art and he was later influenced by the Arts & Crafts Movement. The business was financed by Robert William Hudson until 1906 when it changed into the Dressler Tunnel Ovens Ltd, Dressler designed an industrial level tunnel kiln for the English pottery industry, for which he was awarded the John Scott Medal of the Franklin Institute. Later he lived in Paris and the United States and he died at Saint-Brévin lOcéan, Loire, France. The Sower, by Dressler Lupercalia by Dressler, front view - Flickr photo by Sheepdog Rex Sculpture Room at Walker Art Gallery - Flickr photo by SomeDriftwood
32.
Birkenhead
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Birkenhead /ˌbɜːrkənˈhɛd/ is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral in Merseyside, England. Historically in Cheshire, it is on the Wirral Peninsula, along the west bank of the River Mersey, the Birkenhead Urban Area defined as the contiguous built-up area along the eastern side of the Wirral had a total population of 325,264 in the 2011 Census. In the 2011 census, the Parliamentary constituency of Birkenhead had a population of 88,818, the Birkenhead and Tranmere electoral ward, covering a much smaller area, had a population of 15,879. The recorded history of Birkenhead began with the establishment of Birkenhead Priory, during the 19th century Birkenhead expanded greatly, becoming a town as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution, with Birkenhead Park and Hamilton Square being examples of the era. Around the same time, Birkenhead gained the first street tramway in Britain, later, the Mersey Railway connected Birkenhead and Liverpool, with the worlds first tunnel beneath a tidal estuary. Birkenhead is perhaps best known for the shipbuilding of Cammell Laird, in the second half of the 20th century, the town suffered a significant period of decline, with containerisation causing a reduction in port activity. During the first half of the 21st century, the Wirral Waters development is planned to regenerate much of the dockland. The name Birkenhead probably means headland overgrown with birch, from the Old English bircen meaning birch tree, the name is not derived from the Birket, a stream which enters the Mersey between Birkenhead and Seacombe. The Birket is a name which was introduced by Ordnance Survey. The earliest records state that the Mersey ferry began operating from Birkenhead in 1150, the priory was visited in 1275 and 1277 by Edward I. In a royal charter of 13 April 1330, Edward III granted the priory further rights, distanced from the Industrial Revolution in Liverpool by the physical barrier of the River Mersey, Birkenhead retained its agricultural status until the advent of steam ferry services. In 1817 a steam ferry service started from Liverpool to Tranmere and in 1822 the paddle steamer, Royal Mail, an iron works was initially established by William Laird in 1824 and was joined by his son John Laird in 1828. The business eventually became Cammell Laird, merchant vessels were also built such as RMS Mauretania and RMS Windsor Castle. The Mersey Railway tunnel opened in 1886, providing direct access to Liverpool. In September 1932 thousands of unemployed people protested in a series of demonstrations organised by the branch of the National Unemployed Workers Movement. After three days of rioting, police were brought in from elsewhere to help quell the rioters, in addition to the ferries and the railway, the Queensway road tunnel opened in 1934 and gave rapid access to Liverpool. This opened up the Wirral Peninsula for development, and prompted further growth of Birkenhead as an industrial centre. Bolstered by migration from rural Cheshire, southern Ireland and Wales, formerly a township in Bidston Parish of the Wirral Hundred, Birkenhead was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1877, and became a county borough with the passing of the Local Government Act 1888
33.
Lucien Pissarro
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Lucien Pissarro was a landscape painter, printmaker, wood engraver and designer and printer of fine books. His landscape paintings employ techniques of Impressionism and Neo-Impressionism, but he exhibited with Les XX. Apart from his landscapes he painted a few still lifes and family portraits, until 1890 he worked in France, but thereafter was based in Britain. Pissarro was born on 20 February 1863 in Paris and he was the oldest of seven children of the Impressionist painter Camille Pissarro and his wife Julie. He studied with his father, and was influenced by Georges Seurat, in 1886 he exhibited at the last of the Impressionist exhibitions. From 1886 to 1894 he exhibited with the Salon des Independents and he first visited Britain in 1870-1 during the Franco-Prussian War. He returned in 1883-4, and in 1890 settled permanently in London, on 10 August 1892 he married Esther Levi Bensusan in Richmond. On 8 October 1893 she gave birth to their child, a daughter, Orovida Camille Pissarro. He met Charles Ricketts and Charles Shannon, and contributed woodcuts to their Dial, in 1894 he founded the Eragny Press and with his wife printed illustrated books until 1914. In 1897 he moved to 62 Bath Road in Chiswick, in 1903 he designed the typeface Brook Type. Pissarro associated with Walter Sickert in Fitzroy Street, and in 1906 became a member of the New English Art Club, from 1913 to 1919 he painted landscapes of Dorset, Westmorland, Devon, Essex, Surrey and Sussex. In 1916 Pissarro became a British citizen, while in Britain he was one of the founders of the Camden Town Group of artists. The group ceased three years later, from 1922 to 1937 he painted regularly in the south of France, interspersed with painting expeditions to Derbyshire, south Wales and Essex. From 1934 to 1944 he exhibited at the Royal Academy in London and he died on 10 July 1944, in Hewood, Dorset. Arts Council, Lucien Pissarro 1863-1944 a centenary exhibition Bensusan-Butt, J. Recollections of Lucien Pissarro in his seventies Bidwell, J. MacGregor, Camille Pissarro, Lettres à son fils Lucien, ed. J. Rewald Pissarro, C. Correspondance de Camille Pissarro, ed. J. Bailly-Herzberg ISBN 2-13-036694-5 - ISBN 2-905684-05-4 - ISBN 2-905684-09-7 - ISBN 2-905684-17-8 - ISBN 2-905684-35-6 Pissarro, L. The letters of Lucien to Camille Pissarro 1883-1903, ed. A. Thorold ISBN 0-521-39034-6 Reed, N. Pissarro in West London ISBN190116702 X Reed, N. Pissarro in Essex ISBN0951525840 Thorold, A. A Catalogue of the oil paintings of Lucien Pissarro Urbanelli, L, the wood engravings of Lucien Pissarro
34.
Bernard Berenson
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Bernard Berenson was an American art historian specializing in the Renaissance. His book The Italian Painters of the Renaissance was an international success, Berenson was a major figure in the attribution of Old Masters, at a time when these were attracting new interest by American collectors, and his judgments were widely respected in the art world. Recent research has cast doubt on some of his authentications, which may have influenced by the exceptionally high commissions paid to him. Berenson was born Bernhard Valvrojenski in Butrimonys, Vilnius Governorate to a Litvak family and they emigrated to Boston, Massachusetts from the Vilnius Governorate of the Russian Empire in 1875, whereupon the family name was changed to Berenson. Berenson converted to Christianity in 1885, becoming an Episcopalian, later, while living in Italy, he converted to Catholicism. He graduated from Harvard and married Mary Smith, who became an art historian in her own right. Mary was the sister of Logan Pearsall Smith and of Alys Pearsall Smith, Mary had previously been married to barrister Frank Costelloe. Bernard Berenson was also involved in a relationship with Belle da Costa Greene. Samuels mentions Marys reluctant acceptance of this relationship, among his more surprising friendships was a long one with the American writer Ray Bradbury, who wrote about their friendship in The Wall Street Journal and in his book of essays, Yestermorrow. He was also a friend and admirer of Natalie Barney, who lived in Florence during World War 2 and also of her friend, marisa Berenson, an actress, is a distant cousin of Berensons through Louis Kossivitsky. Louis was a nephew of Berensons father, Albert Valvrojenski, the son of his sister. On arrival in the U. S. both Koussivitsky and Valvrojenski took the name of Berenson and her sister, Berry Berenson, was an actress/photographer, and the wife of actor Anthony Perkins. Berry died in the September 11,2001 attacks in New York City, among US collectors of the early 1900s, Berenson was regarded as the pre-eminent authority on Renaissance art. His verdict of authenticity increased a paintings value, in this respect Berensons influence was enormous, while his 5% commission made him a wealthy man. Starting with his The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance with an Index to their Works, his mix of connoisseurship, in 1895 his Lorenzo Lotto, an Essay on Constructive Art Criticism won wide critical acclaim, notably by Heinrich Wölfflin. In 1897 Berenson added another work to his series of scholarly yet handy guides publishing The Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance. After that he devoted six years of pioneering work to what is regarded as his deepest and most substantial book, The Drawings of the Florentine Painters. His early works were later integrated in his most famous book, The Italian Painters of the Renaissance and he also published two volumes of journals, Rumor and Reflection and Sunset and Twilight
35.
Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier
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Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier is a painting created circa 1893 to 1894 by French artist Paul Cézanne. It is considered the most expensive still life sold at an auction. Cézanne was famous for painting still lifes which expressed complex emotions while still being based upon carefully observed reality, Paintings of this type would eventually lead to the creation of new art styles during the 20th century such as Cubism. The painting went through the possession of Paris dealer Ambroise Vollard, Cornelis Hoogendijk, Paul Rosenberg, barnes, and the Carroll Carstairs Gallery. This painting was sold at Sothebys, New York City on 10 May 1999 for $60,502,500, the painting was later resold at a loss. Top 10 Most Expensive Paintings Artnet
36.
Lawrence Alma-Tadema
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Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, OM, RA was a Dutch painter of special British denizenship. Born in Dronrijp, the Netherlands, and trained at the Royal Academy of Antwerp, Belgium, he settled in England in 1870, Lourens Alma Tadema was born on 8 January 1836 in the village of Dronrijp in the province of Friesland in the north of the Netherlands. The surname Tadema is an old Frisian patronymic, meaning son of Tade, while the names Lourens and he was the sixth child of Pieter Jiltes Tadema, the village notary, and the third child of Hinke Dirks Brouwer. His father had three sons from a previous marriage and his parents first child died young, and the second was Atje, Lourens sister, for whom he had great affection. The Tadema family moved in 1838 to the city of Leeuwarden. His father died when Lourens was four, leaving his mother with five children, Lourens, his sister and his mother had artistic leanings, and decided that drawing lessons should be incorporated into the childrens education. He received his first art training with a drawing master hired to teach his older half-brothers. It was intended that the boy would become a lawyer, diagnosed as consumptive and given only a short time to live, he was allowed to spend his remaining days at his leisure, drawing and painting. Left to his own devices he regained his health and decided to pursue a career as an artist, in 1852 he entered the Royal Academy of Antwerp in Belgium where he studied early Dutch and Flemish art, under Gustaf Wappers. During Alma-Tademas four years as a student at the Academy. Although de Taeye was not a painter, Alma-Tadema respected him and became his studio assistant. De Taeye introduced him to books that influenced his desire to portray Merovingian subjects early in his career and he was encouraged to depict historical accuracy in his paintings, a trait for which the artist became known. Under his guidance Alma-Tadema painted his first major work, The Education of the children of Clovis and this painting created a sensation among critics and artists when it was exhibited that year at the Artistic Congress in Antwerp. It is said to have laid the foundation of his fame, Alma-Tadema related that although Leys thought the completed painting better than he had expected, he was critical of the treatment of marble, which he compared to cheese. Alma-Tadema took this very seriously, and it led him to improve his technique and to become the worlds foremost painter of marble. Merovingian themes were the favourite subject up to the mid-1860s. It is perhaps in this series that we find the artist moved by the deepest feeling, however Merovingian subjects did not have a wide international appeal, so he switched to themes of life in ancient Egypt that were more popular. On these scenes of Frankish and Egyptian life Alma-Tadema spent great energy, in 1862 Alma-Tadema left Leyss studio and started his own career, establishing himself as a significant classical-subject European artist
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