1.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
2.
Monarchy of Norway
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The Norwegian monarch is the monarchical head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The present monarch is King Harald V, who has reigned since 17 January 1991, succeeding his father, the heir apparent is his only son, Crown Prince Haakon. The crown prince undertakes various public functions, as does the kings wife. The crown prince also acts as regent in the kings absence, there are several other members of the Royal Family, including the kings daughter, grandchildren and siblings. Whilst the Constitution of Norway grants important executive powers to the King, formally the King appoints the government according to his own judgement, but parliamentary practice has been in place since 1884. Constitutional practice has replaced the meaning of the word King in most articles of the constitution from the king personally to the elected government. The powers vested in the monarch are significant, but are treated only as reserve powers, the King does not, by convention, have direct participation in government. He ratifies laws and royal resolutions, receives and sends envoys from and to foreign countries and he has a more tangible influence as the symbol of national unity. The annual New Years Eve speech is one occasion when the King traditionally raises negative issues, the King is also Supreme Commander of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. The King has no role in the Church of Norway. The position of King of Norway has been in existence since the unification of Norway in 872. In recent years members of the Socialist Left party have proposed the abolition of the monarchy during each new session of parliament and this gives the Norwegian monarchy the unique status of being a popularly elected royal family and receiving regular formal confirmations of support from the Storting. Prior to and in the phase of the Viking Age Norway was divided into several smaller kingdoms. Harald Fairhair was the first king of Norway, the boundaries of Fairhairs kingdom were not identical to those of present-day Norway, and upon his death the kingship was shared among his sons. Some historians emphasise the actual control over the country and assert that Olaf II, alias Saint Olaf. Olaf is generally held to have been the force behind Norways final conversion to Christianity. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Norwegian kingdom was at its geographical and cultural peak, the kingdom included Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Shetland, Orkney and other smaller areas in the British Isles. The king had diplomatic relations with most of the European kingdoms and formed alliances with Scotland and Castile, large castles such as Haakons Hall and cathedrals, the foremost being Nidaros Cathedral, were built
3.
Oscar II of Sweden
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Oscar II was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death and King of Norway from 1872 until his dethronement in 1905. He was the third of four sons of King Oscar I, as his eldest brother Charles XV was without heirs and his brother Prince Gustaf died in 1852, it was he who succeeded his brother as king. Oscar II was king during a period when Sweden was undergoing a period of industrialization, the declining Union of Sweden and Norway was finally dissolved in 1905 and Oscar became the last Bernadotte king of Norway. He died in 1907 and was succeed as King of Sweden by his son, at his birth in Stockholm, Oscar Fredrik was created Duke of Östergötland. He entered the navy at the age of eleven, and was appointed lieutenant in July 1845. Later he studied at Uppsala University, where he distinguished himself in mathematics, on 13 December 1848, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. On 6 June 1857 he married in Wiesbaden-Biebrich, Germany, Princess Sophia Wilhelmina, from 1859, when his father died, he was first in line to the Swedish throne after his oldest brother King Charles, who then had no male heirs. His middle brother Gustaf had died in 1852 and he succeeded his brother Charles XV / IV on 18 September 1872. At the accession he adopted as his motto Brödrafolkens väl / Broderfolkenes Vel, the political events which led up to the peaceful dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 could hardly have been attained but for the tact and patience of the king himself. He was dethroned on 7 June 1905 by the Norwegian Parliament and he declined, indeed, to permit any prince of his house to become king of Norway, but better relations between the two countries were restored before his death. He died in Stockholm on 8 December 1907 at 9,10 AM and his acute intelligence and his aloofness from the dynastic considerations affecting most European sovereigns gave the king considerable weight as an arbitrator in international questions. At the request of Great Britain, Germany and the United States in 1889 he appointed the justice of Samoa. He was the 1, 027th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain, the office of prime minister was instituted in 1876. Louis De Geer became the first head of government in Sweden to use this title, the most known and powerful first minister of the Crown during the reign of Oscar was the conservative estate owner Erik Gustaf Boström. Boström served as Prime Minister in 1891-1900 and 1902-1905 and he was trusted and respected by the king, who had much difficulty approving someone else as prime minister. Over a period of time, the king gave Boström a free hand to select his own ministers without much royal involvement and it was an arrangement that furthered the road to parliamentarism. Himself a distinguished writer and musical amateur, King Oscar proved a friend of learning. In 1858 a collection of his lyrical and narrative poems, Memorials of the Swedish Fleet, published anonymously, obtained the second prize of the Swedish Academy
4.
Arne Garborg
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Arne Garborg, born Aadne Eivindsson Garborg was a Norwegian writer. Garborg championed the use of Landsmål, as a literary language and he founded the weekly Fedraheim in 1877, in which he urged reforms in many spheres including political, social, religious, agrarian, and linguistic. He was married to Hulda Garborg, Garborg grew up on a farm named Garborg, near Undheim, in Time municipality at Jæren in Rogaland county. He grew up together with eight siblings, although he was to become known as an author, it was as a newspaperman that he got his start. In 1872 he established the newspaper Tvedestrandsposten, and in 1877 the Fedraheimen, in the 1880s he was also a journalist for the Dagbladet. In 1894 he laid the ground, together with Rasmus Steinsvik, for the paper Den 17de Mai and his novels are profound and gripping while his essays are clear and insightful. He was never inclined to steer clear of controversy, in 2012 the Garborg Centre opened at Bryne, Time. It is dedicated to the literature and philosophy of Arne and his wife, several of their homes are now turned into museums, like Garborgheimen, Labråten, Kolbotn and Knudaheio. Ein Fritenkjar Bondestudentar Forteljingar og Sogar Mannfolk Uforsonlige Hjaa ho Mor Kolbotnbrev Trætte Mænd Fred Jonas Lie, link to all his works, at UiO. no Works by Arne Garborg at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Arne Garborg at Internet Archive Garborg Center
5.
Kirsten Flagstad
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Kirsten Malfrid Flagstad was a Norwegian opera singer and a highly regarded Wagnerian soprano. She ranks among the greatest singers of the 20th century, desmond Shawe-Taylor wrote of her in the New Grove Dictionary of Opera, No one within living memory surpassed her in sheer beauty and consistency of line and tone. Flagstad was born in Hamar, Norway, in her grandparents home, though she never actually lived in Hamar, she always considered it her home town. She was raised in Oslo within a family, her father Michael Flagstad was a conductor. She received her musical training in Oslo and made her stage debut at the National Theatre in Oslo as Nuri in Eugen dAlberts Tiefland in 1913. Her first recordings were made between 1913 and 1915, after further study in Stockholm with Dr. Gillis Bratt, she pursued a career in opera and operetta in Norway. In 1919, she married her first husband Sigurd Hall and a year gave birth to her only child. Later that year she signed up with the newly created Opera Comique in Oslo, under the direction of Alexander Varnay, Varnay was the father of the famous soprano Astrid Varnay. Her ability to learn roles quickly was noted, as it took her only a few days to do so. She sang Desdemona opposite Leo Slezak, Minnie, Amelia and other roles at the Opera Comique. She sang at the Stora Teatern of Gothenburg, Sweden, between 1928 and 1934, Flagstad made her debut there singing Agathe in Der Freischütz by Weber. In 1930, a revival of Nielsens Saul and David featured Flagstad singing the role of Michal, on 31 May 1930 she married her second husband, the Norwegian industrialist and lumber merchant Henry Johansen, who subsequently helped her in expanding her career. In 1932 she made her debut in Rodelinda by Handel, after singing operetta and lyric roles such as Marguerite in Faust for over a decade, Flagstad decided to take on heavier operatic roles such as Tosca and Aida. The part of Aida helped to unleash Flagstads dramatic abilities, in 1932, she took on the role of Isolde in Richard Wagners Tristan und Isolde and appeared to have found her true voice. Ellen Gulbranson, a Swedish soprano at Bayreuth, persuaded Winifred Wagner to audition Flagstad for the Bayreuth Festival. Flagstad sang minor roles in 1933, but at the season in 1934, she sang the roles of Sieglinde in Die Walküre and Gutrune in Götterdämmerung at the Festival. Flagstad was first noticed by Otto Hermann Kahn, then Chairman of the board of the Metropolitan Opera, on a trip to Scandinavia in 1929 and their letters were never answered, however. At the time, Flagstad had just met her soon to be husband and had even briefly considered giving up opera altogether
6.
1892 in Norway
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Events in the year 1892 in Norway. 31 January - The Holmenkollen ski jump opens, mysteries by Knut Hamsun is published. Peace by Arne Garborg is published,5 January – John Johnsen, swimmer 1 February – Eugen Johansen, horse rider and Olympic silver medallist 5 February – Finn Bjørnseth, geodesist
7.
1988 in Norway
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Events in the year 1988 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Gro Harlem Brundtland May 6 – Widerøe Flight 710, february 23 - Edvard Munchs painting Vampire was stolen from the Munch Museum in Oslo. July – Seal hunting inspector Odd F. Lindberg submits a highly critical report on the conditions of the hunt, with the national and international attention that follows this becomes arguably the biggest news story in Norway this year. August 15 –15 people are killed in the Måbødalen bus accident, august 21 - The Stolen Munch painting Vampire is retrieved. December 5 - TVNorge, the first advertising-supported Norwegian channel, begins its broadcasting, june 26 - Leonard Cohen concert at Kalvøya, Bærum. 12 April - Tone Damli Aaberge, singer,17 April - Pernille Wibe, team handball player
8.
Johan Bernhard Hjort
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Johan Bernhard Hjort was a Norwegian supreme court lawyer. Having joined the law firm of Harald Nørregaard in 1932, he continued the firm after World War II as Advokatfirmaet Hjort and he was imprisoned by the Nazis and is credited with saving the lives of many prisoners through his involvement with the White Buses. He was the son of marine biologist, oceanographer, and director of fisheries, on 17 May 1933, with Vidkun Quisling he founded the Nasjonal Samling, a political party based on Germanys Nazi Party. Hjort became leader of the Hirden, the wing of the Nasjonal Samling party that was modeled on the German Sturmabteilung. In 1937 Hjort broke with Quisling and left Nasjonal Samling, after the German occupation in 1940, Hjort held lectures in the German-controlled Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, alongside individuals like Albert Wiesener, Jonas Lie, and Ranik Halle. He was imprisoned, first in Oslo and then in Berlin, after being released, Hjort and his family carried out important resistance work in Germany, playing a crucial role in the first stages of the White Buses operation. It is estimated that this operation saved 15,345 prisoners from death in concentration and prisoner camps, after the war, Hjort fought as a supreme court lawyer for the artistic freedom of controversial artists and for the natural legal rights of homosexuals. Hjort was a leader of Riksmålsforbundet, an association that fought for the free evolution of the Norwegian language. He was a writer and lecturer and a frequent contributor to public debate. Among his books are Justismord, Dømt med rette. and Demokrati og statsmakt and he also translated Kiplings Just So Stories into Norwegian
9.
Ragnar Frisch
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Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch was a Norwegian economist and the co-recipient of the first Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1969. He is known for having founded the discipline of econometrics, Frisch was appointed by the King-in-Council as Professor of Economics and Statistics at the Faculty of Law, The Royal Frederick University in 1931. He served as the Dean of the Faculty of Law 1942–1943, today, the Frisch Centre at the University of Oslo is named in his honour. Ragnar Frisch was born on 3 March 1895 in Christiania as the son of gold- and silversmith Anton Frisch and his family had thus worked with precious metals like silver and gold for at least 300 years. Being expected to continue his business, Frisch became an apprentice in the David Andersen workshop in Oslo. However, at his mothers advice, while doing his apprenticeship Frisch also started studying at the Royal Frederick University and his chosen topic was economics, as it seemed to be the shortest and easiest study available at the university, and passed his degree in 1919. In 1920 he also passed his tests and became a partner in his fathers workshop. In 1921 Frisch received a fellowship from the university which enabled him to three years studying economics and mathematics in France and England. After his return to Norway, in 1923, although the business was having difficulties, he continued his scientific activity, believing that research. He published a few papers about probability theory, started teaching at the University of Oslo during 1925 and, in 1926, during the same year, he published his seminal article Sur un problème déconomie pure starting the implementation of his own quantization programme. The article offered theoretical axiomatizations which result in a specification of both ordinal and cardinal utility, followed by an empirical estimation of the cardinal specification. Frisch also started lecturing a course on theory, introducing a mathematization of the subject. Frisch received a fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation to visit the United States in 1927, there, seeking other economists interested in the new mathematical and statistical approaches to economics, he associated with Irving Fisher, Wesley Clair Mitchell, Allyn Young and Henry Schultz. He wrote a paper analyzing the role of investment in explaining economic fluctuations, Wesley Mitchell, who had just written a book on business cycles, popularized Frischs paper which was introducing new advanced methods. Although his fellowship was extended to travel to Italy and France and he spent one year to modernize and recapitalize his familys workshop by selling family assets and to find a jeweller to manage the business for him. Then he resumed work, in 1928 being appointed Associate Professor of statistics and economics at the Oslo University. During 1927 and 1928 Frisch published a series of articles on the statistics of time series, Frisch became a full Professor at the university in 1931. He also founded at the university the Rockefeller-funded Institute of Economics in 1932, Frisch married Marie Smedal in 1920 and they had a daughter, Ragna
10.
1975 in Norway
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Events in the year 1975 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Trygve Bratteli 1 January - Advertising of alcohol, NRK started television broadcasts in color. Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country, July 29 to August 7 - 14th World Scout Jamboree, Lillehammer Stein Mehren, poet, novelist, essayist and playwright, is awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize. 9 January – Rolf Bae, mountaineer 12 March – Cecilie Leganger,27 July - Kristian Welhaven, chief of the Oslo police force 1927-195410 August – Andreas Backer, journalist and organizational leader
11.
1951 in Norway
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Events in the year 1951 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII Prime Minister - Einar Gerhardsen until 9 November, norsk Hydro opens a PVC plant at Herøya. Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country, gunvor Hofmo, writer and poet, is awarded the Gyldendals Endowment literature prize for the first time. Ola Viker makes his debut with the novel Gullskoen. Felix, trade unionist 21 August – Cecilie Løveid, writer,19 June – Ivar Kirkeby-Garstad, politician and Minister 4 July – Anton Berge, agronomist and politician 17 September – Jon Skeie, jurist. 6 October – Olav Kringen, newspaper editor 14 October – Anton Johnson Brandt, veterinarian 18 December – Arthur Olsen, boxer 28 December – Nils Opdahl, gymnast, lars Olai Meling, politician and Minister Gustav Smedal, jurist and irredentist activist
