1.
1889 in literature
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This article presents lists of literary events and publications in 1889. February 12 – Henrik Ibsens symbolic drama The Lady from the Sea receives its first performances simultaneously in Oslo, april 24 – The Garrick Theatre in London, financed by playwright W. S. Gilbert, opens with a performance of Pineros The Profligate. May 30 – English publisher Henry Vizetelly is prosecuted for obscenity for the time in London. June – Algernon Methuen begins publishing books in England, the origin of Methuen Publishing, september 3 – Jerome K. Jeromes comic fictional English travelogue set on the River Thames, Three Men in a Boat, is published in Bristol. November – Leo Tolstoys novella The Kreutzer Sonata is circulated in clandestine copies, september 14 – The Volkstheater, Vienna opens with a performance of Der Fleck auf der Ehr by its Dramaturg, Ludwig Anzengruber, who dies on December 10 from blood poisoning. December 12 – English poet Robert Browning dies at Ca Rezzonico in Venice on the day his book Asolando, Fancies and facts is published. Anton Manwel Caruanas Ineż Farruġ is the first novel originated in the Maltese language, marcel Proust begins a years service in the French army, stationed at Coligny Barracks in Orléans. Theodore Roosevelt publishes the first of four volumes of The Winning of the West in the United States, with three more by 1896. Rider Haggard – Cleopatra Jerome K. Jerome – Three Men in a Boat John Law – In Darkest London George A. Edgar Wallace – The Dark Eyes of London Oscar Wilde – The Portrait of Mr. W. H. C
2.
1891 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1891. January – The Strand Magazine is first published in London, on June 25 Arthur Conan Doyles private consulting detective Sherlock Holmes appears in it for the first time, in the story A Scandal in Bohemia. January 31 – Henrik Ibsens play Hedda Gabler is first performed, at the Königliches Residenz-Theater in Munich, the first British performance is on April 20 at the recently reopened Vaudeville Theatre, London, with Elizabeth Robins as Hedda and co-directing. March 13 – Henrik Ibsens play Ghosts achieves a single London performance, to evade the Lord Chamberlains Offices censorship it has to be staged privately by the Independent Theatre Society, but still attracts strong criticism on moral grounds. May 21 – Maurice Maeterlincks play Intruder is premièred at Paul Forts Theatre dArt in Paris, late June – In a meeting of decadent poets in London, Oscar Wilde is first introduced to Lord Alfred Douglas by Lionel Johnson at Wildes Tite Street home. July 1 – International Copyright Act of 1891 comes into effect in the United States permitting foreign authors to register their works for copyright, on July 3, the first such work, the play Saints and Sinners by English author Henry Arthur Jones, is registered. August 22 – Israel Zangwills The Big Bow Mystery, the first classic full-length locked room mystery, october 9 – Émile Zolas stage adaptation of his novel Thérèse Raquin achieves a single London performance, its English stage première. To evade the Lord Chamberlains Offices censorship it has to be staged privately by the Independent Theatre Society, september 4 – Ambrose Bierce dates the preface of Tales of Soldiers and Civilians for this day, although it will not actually be issued until 1892. It includes An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, one of his best known works, december – Thomas Hardy writes The Sons Veto, which he regards as his best short story. December 7 – Maurice Maeterlincks play The Blind is premièred, tristan Bernard has his first work published in La Revue Blanche and adopts his pseudonym. Sophia Alice Callahans Wynema, a Child of the Forest is published, publication of the first complete 1-volume popular German language translation of Shakespeares plays. Approximate date – Edmund Clerihew Bentley, G. K. Chesterton and fellow pupils of St Pauls School, London, grant Allen – The Great Taboo Hall Caine – The Scapegoat J. M. Gardener – Is This Your Son, My Lord. André Gide – Les Cahiers dAndré Walter George Gissing – New Grub Street Thomas Hardy A Group of Noble Dames Tess of the dUrbervilles J. -K
3.
1895 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1895. January–May – Publication of H. G. Wells first scientific romance, the first book editions are published by Henry Holt and Company in New York on May 7 and by Heinemann in London on May 29. January 3 – Première of Oscar Wildes comedy An Ideal Husband at the Haymarket Theatre in London, january 5 Première of Henry Jamess historical drama Guy Domville at St Jamess Theatre in London is booed. A. E. Waite ceases to publish and edit his own occult periodical The Unknown World, january 12 – The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty is registered in England and begins acquiring properties and making them accessible to the public. Carlyles House in Chelsea is one of the first to be opened, february 14 – Première of Oscar Wildes last play, the comedy The Importance of Being Earnest, at St. James Theatre, London. In a meeting on March 25 at the Café Royal in London, Frank Harris, april/May – Pan, a German arts and literary magazine, is first published, in Berlin. April 3–5 – Libel case of Wilde v Queensberry at the Old Bailey in London, april 6 – Oscar Wilde is arrested at the Cadogan Hotel, London, for unlawfully committing acts of gross indecency with certain male persons and detained on remand in Holloway Prison. April 29 – Joseph Conrads novel Almayers Folly is published in London by T. Fisher Unwin, Conrads first published work, may 23 – Representatives of the Astor Library and Lenox Library agree to merge and form the New York Public Library. On November 21 he is transferred to Reading Gaol, Henry Irving becomes the first actor invested with a knighthood. October The American Historical Review is published for the first time, stephen Cranes American Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage is first published in book format by D. Appleton & Company in New York. It receives strong criticism on moral grounds, Hardy later claims that Walsham How, Bishop of Wakefield, december 19 – Robert Frost marries Elinor Miriam White at Lawrence, Massachusetts. George du Mauriers novel Trilby, serialized in 1894, is first published in book form. It is also adapted as a play, Trilby, first in the United States with Wilton Lackaye as Svengali and Virginia Harned in the title rôle, then in England with Herbert Beerbohm Tree and Dorothea Baird. The stage version is so successful that Tree is able to use the profits to build Her Majestys Theatre, william Poel establishes the Elizabethan Stage Society to promote productions of plays by Shakespeare and his contemporaries in the performance style of the English Renaissance theatre. Abdallah bin Hemedi bin Ali Ajjemys Habari za Wakilindi is the first Swahili novel, Publication in Boston of Castello Holfords utopian novel Aristopia, A Romance-History of the New World, the first full-length alternate history in English. Ernest Thayer recites Casey at the Bat at a Harvard class reunion, the first edition of the Times Atlas of the World is published at the office of The Times newspaper in London. Hall Caine travels in the United States and Canada, where he represents the British Society of Authors, grant Allen The British Barbarians The Woman Who Did John Kendrick Bangs – A House-Boat on the Styx Rhoda Broughton – Scylla or Charybdis
4.
1898 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1898. January 13 – Émile Zolas open letter to Félix Faure, President of France, on the Dreyfus affair, on February 23, Zola is convicted of criminal libel in connection with Jaccuse. Following dismissal of his appeal he flees to London to escape imprisonment, in August he begins writing his novel Fécondité in the suburbs. February 5–June 18 – M. P. February 25 – Première of Frank Wedekinds Earth Spirit, first of his Lulu plays, in Leipzig, in a production by Carl Heine, March 25 – O. Henry is imprisoned in Ohio Penitentiary, Columbus, for embezzlement. May 28 – Max Beerbohm succeeds George Bernard Shaw as theatre critic of The Saturday Review, june – First appearance of E. W. Hornungs fictional gentleman thief A. J. Raffles in the story The Ides of March in Cassells Magazine. Peadar Ua Laoghaires story Séadna begins serialization in Ireland as the first Irish language novel, Gerald Duckworth establishes the publishers Gerald Duckworth and Company in London. Henry Jamess novella In the Cage is among their first years output, English designer C. R. Ashbee begins book production at the Essex House Press. Joseph Wrights English Dialect Dictionary begins publication, the Generation of 98 writers and thinkers are active in Spain. The term Young Poland is coined after a manifesto by Artur Górski, published in the Kraków newspaper Życie, to signify the period of modernism in the Polish arts. Burks, American writer September 15 – J. Slauerhoff, Dutch poet and novelist September 16 – H. A. S. Lewis, English novelist and childrens writer December 27 – W. C
5.
1899 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1899. January 21 – French actress Sarah Bernhardt, having taken over management of the Paris theatre which she renames the Théâtre Sarah-Bernhardt, opens in the title rôle of Victorien Sardous La Tosca. On May 20 she premières an adaptation of Shakespeares Hamlet with herself in the title rôle March 20 – W. H. Davies, tramp-poet, loses his foot trying to jump a freight train at Renfrew, april – Karl Kraus establishes the radical periodical Die Fackel in Vienna. April–June – Rainer Maria Rilke travels to Moscow to meet Leo Tolstoy, may–December – Winston Churchills only work of fiction, Savrola, A Tale of the Revolution in Laurania, is serialized in Macmillans Magazine. May 8 – The Irish Literary Theatre, founded by W. B, Yeats, Augusta, Lady Gregory, George Moore and Edward Martyn, stages its first performance in Dublin, a version of Yeats verse drama The Countess Cathleen. June 20 – English writer Edward Thomas marries Helen Noble at Fulham register office, september 1 – The National Theatre in Norway opens with performances of pieces by Holberg. September – The British Mutoscope and Biograph Companys King John becomes the first known film based on a Shakespeare play, november 6 – William Gillettes play Sherlock Holmes, based on the writings of Arthur Conan Doyle, opens in New York City with himself in the title rôle. November 7 – Anton Chekhovs Uncle Vanya receives its metropolitan première at the Moscow Art Theatre with Konstantin Stanislavski directing and playing the rôle of Astrov and Olga Knipper as Yeléna. December 12 – Herbert Putnam is appointed Librarian of Congress in the United States, december – The imprisoned William Sydney Porters pseudonym O. Henry first appears over the short story Whistling Dicks Christmas Stocking in this months McClures Magazine. Curtis Brown established in London by American Albert Curtis Brown, edgar Rice Burroughs begins working in his fathers business. Simon Pokagons O-gi-maw-kwe Mit-I-gwa-ki is published, the first novel both by and about Native Americans in the United States, Arthur Machens wife Amy dies after a long illness, an event that has a devastating effect on him. Lin Shus first translation into Chinese from a Western text, The Lady of the Camellias as 巴黎茶花女遺事, is published, Leo Tolstoys last novel, Resurrection, is published serially in Niva. First series of the Arden Shakespeare under the editorship of W. J. Craig begins publication by Methuen in London with an edition of Hamlet edited by Edward Dowden. A. Henty – The Golden Canon E. W. Hornung – The Amateur Cracksman Henry James – The Awkward Age Selma Lagerlöf – The Tale of a Manor Octave Mirbeau – The Torture Garden A. E. W. M. Edwards, Guernsey-born writer July 11 – E. B
6.
1900 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1900. May Rainer Maria Rilke makes his visit to Russia in the company of Lou Andreas-Salomé. Release of the first film to feature the detective character Sherlock Holmes, Sherlock Holmes Baffled, by the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company. May 17 – L. Frank Baums The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is published in Chicago, june 24 – During the Boxer Rebellion, the Hanlin Academy in Peking, housing the oldest and richest library in the world, catches fire and is destroyed. July 1 – Net Book Agreement comes into force in the U. K, november 19 – August Strindbergs To Damascus receives its première at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm with August Palme and Harriet Bosse, Strindbergs future wife, in the leading rôles. Ermete Novelli establishes the Casa di Goldoni, a new theatre, at Rome, S. Pritchett, English short story writer January 19 – William Larminie, Irish poet and folklorist January 20 – Richard Doddridge Blackmore, English novelist January 25 – Frederick H
7.
1902 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1902. January 5 The political drama Dantons Death by Georg Büchner, receives its première, first performance of George Bernard Shaws controversial 1893 play Mrs. Warrens Profession at a private club in London. April – Mark Twain purchases a home in Tarrytown, New York, june 4 – Mark Twain receives an honorary doctorate of literature degree from the University of Missouri. June 16 – Bertrand Russell writes to Gottlob Frege informing him of the problem that will become known as Russells paradox. July 1 – The Romanian language literary review Luceafărul begins publication in Budapest, september 9 – P. G. Wodehouse leaves his job at the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Company in London to become a freelance writer. Early October – Beatrix Potters self-illustrated childrens book The Tale of Peter Rabbit is first published in an edition by Frederick Warne & Co in London. By the end of the year it sells 28,000 copies, October 5 – Thousands attend the funeral of French novelist Émile Zola at the Cimetière de Montmartre, Paris, they include Alfred Dreyfus, given special permission by Mme Zola to attend. November 4 – J. M. Barries comedy The Admirable Crichton is premièred at the Duke of Yorks Theatre in London, irving, Henry Kemble and Irene Vanbrugh and running for an extremely successful 828 performances. December 5 – Leo Tolstoys drama The Power of Darkness is premièred at the Moscow Art Theatre by Konstantin Stanislavski with some success, although he is self-critical. December 18 – Maxim Gorkys drama The Lower Depths – Scenes from Russian Life is premièred at the Moscow Art Theatre with Stanislavski directing and starring, the Irish Literary Theatre project ends. Poet Ștefan Petică publishes the cycle Fecioara în alb, which marks a maturing of Romanian Symbolism, crevedia, Romanian poet, novelist and journalist. A. Henty, English historical novelist Nobel Prize for Literature, Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen
8.
1904 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1904. January Mark Twain begins dictating his Autobiography, first issue of Süddeutsche Monatshefte, published in Munich by Paul Nikolaus Cossmann. January 17 – Anton Chekhovs last play, The Cherry Orchard, February 25 – J. M. Synges tragedy Riders to the Sea is first performed at the Molesworth Hall, Dublin, by the Irish National Theatre Society. April 24 – Lithuanian press ban in the Russian Empire lifted, may 10 – Following the death on 22 February of her father, Sir Leslie Stephen, Virginia Woolf suffers a mental breakdown. June 16 – The original Bloomsday, the day James Joyce first walks out with Nora Barnacle, to the Dublin suburb of Ringsend, june 28 – Anton Chekhov, dying of tuberculosis at Badenweiler, writes to his sister Masha, saying his health is improving. He dies just over two weeks later, september – Mark Twain purchases a home at 21 Fifth Avenue, New York City. November 1 George Bernard Shaws comedy about Ireland, John Bulls Other Island, opens at the Royal Court Theatre, London, Yeats rejects it for Dublins Abbey Theatre. The Stephen family have moved to a home at 46 Gordon Square, Bloomsbury, London, here the Bloomsbury Group will form. December 24 – The Coliseum Theatre in London opens, december 27 The Irish National Theatre Society opens to the public in Dublin for the first time. The bill consists of three plays, On Bailes Strand and Cathleen Ní Houlihan by Yeats and Spreading the News by Lady Gregory. Alexander Bloks poetry cycle Stikhi o prekrasnoi Dame, written to his new wife, a seven-year-old Wasif Jawhariyyeh begins keeping his diaries, later acclaimed as masterpieces of modern Arabic and Jerusalemite literature. Herbert Beerbohm Tree establishes what will become the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, 1889–1903» Giovanni Pascoli – Primi poemetti and Primi conviviali A. C
9.
1906 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1906. February 8 – Writer Hilaire Belloc becomes a Liberal Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom, february 15 – J. M. Dent and Company commence publication in the United Kingdom of the Everymans Library series with Boswells Life of Johnson. March 13 – Romanian nationalist historian Nicolae Iorga instigates a boycott of the National Theater Bucharest over its staging of French-language plays, april 10–October 13 – Maxim Gorky visits the United States with his mistress, the actress Maria Andreyeva, to raise funds for the Bolsheviks. In the Adirondack Mountains he writes his novel of revolutionary conversion and struggle, the couple then retreat to Capri. April 18 – The 1906 San Francisco earthquake destroys the new building for Stanford University Library before it can be completed. Many of the leading poets and writers retreat to join the arts colony at Carmel-by-the-Sea. May–October – Jack Londons novel White Fang is serialized in the American magazine Outing, june – Virginia Stephen, the future Virginia Woolf, writes her first work of fiction, the short story which becomes known as Phyllis and Rosamond when first, posthumously, published. July 11 – Murder of Grace Brown in the Herkimer County, New York, pre-September – Last full-scale court performance of gambuh dance-drama in Bali. September 1 – Annie Carroll Moore begins work as Superintendent of the Department of Work with Children at the New York Public Library and it is first staged in Stockholm on December 13 at the Folkan. November 8 – Max Reinhardt inaugurates the Kammerspiele at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin with a production of Ghosts by Henrik Ibsen designed by Edvard Munch. December 24 – Reginald Fessenden transmits the first radio program, a reading, a violin solo. Livraria Lello & Irmão opens a new bookstore in Porto, the magazine Eesti Kirjandus is founded in the Governorate of Estonia as part of the Estonian national awakening
10.
1896 in poetry
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— closing lines of Rudyard Kiplings If—, first published this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. July 7 – Charles Thomas Wooldridge is hanged at Reading Gaol in England for uxoricide, oscar Wildes The Ballad of Reading Gaol. D. Roberts, The Book of the Native Charles Sangster, toronto, Copp Clark, n. d. Duncan Campbell Scott, In the Village of Viger, Canada Francis Sherman In Memorabilia Mortis. E. Johns Gazette John Cowper Powys, Odes, and Other Poems Arthur Quiller-Couch, Poems and Ballads Christina Rossetti, New Poems, edited by W. M
11.
1898 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. The Generation of 98 was a group of novelists, poets, essayists, jose Martínez Ruiz, commonly known as Azorín, comes up with the name in 1913 to allude to the moral, political, and social crisis produced by Spains defeat. Writing mostly after 1910, the group reinvigorates Spanish letters, revives literary myths, in politics, members of the movement often justify radicalism and rebellion. Bliss Carman, By the Aurelian Wall William Henry Drummond, Phil-o-rum’s Canoe and Madeleine Vercheres, Two Poems, New York, G. P
12.
1899 in poetry
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— Opening lines of Rudyard Kiplings White Mans Burden, first published this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. March 20 – Welsh tramp-poet W. H. Davies loses his foot trying to jump a freight train at Renfrew, William Hughes Mearns writes Antigonish this year, it wont be published until 1922. Romesh Chunder Dutts translation of the Ramayana into English verse is first published, shinshisha founded by Yosano Tekkan in Japan. William Wilfred Campbell, Beyond the Hills of Dream, fidelis, Lays of the True North, and Other Canadian Poems. John Frederic Herbin, The Marshlands Archibald Lampman, Alcyone, including City of the End of Things, thomas OHagan, Songs of the Settlement Frederick George Scott, Poems Old and New. Francis Sherman, The Deserted City, Stray Sonnets, arthur Stringer, The Loom of Destiny. Anthologies Northland Lyrics, William Carman Roberts, Theodore Roberts & Elizabeth Roberts Macdonald, selected and arranged with a prologue by Charles G. D. Roberts, boston, Small, Maynard & Co. B. B. V. de L. R
13.
1897 in art
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April 3 – Vienna Secession founded by artists including Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil. May 1 – Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek art museum opened in Copenhagen, may 27 – A Separate Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture is staged at Sukiennice Museum in Main Square, Kraków. August 4 – The Lady of Elche Iberian sculpture is found at LAlcúdia near Elche in Spain, september – Edvard Munch stages a major retrospective in Christiania. October 27 – First meeting of the Society of Polish Artists Sztuka in Kraków, at Giverny, Claude Monet begins painting his Water Lilies series, which will continue until the end of his life. Elbridge Ayer Burbank begins painting portraits of Native Americans in the United States from life, women photographers Zaida Ben-Yusuf and Gertrude Käsebier open portrait studios in New York City. A Book of Fifty Drawings by Aubrey Beardsley is published, bernard Berenson publishes Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance. Ogata Gekkō – Ryu sho ten J. W. and Mrs. I
14.
1897 in architecture
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The year 1897 in architecture involved some significant events. May 1 Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek art museum, designed by Wilhelm Dahlerup, tennessee Centennial Exposition opens in Nashville, with a temporary pyramid for Memphis, TN and a copy of the Parthenon, which will be rebuilt of permanent materials in the 1920s. May 12 - The new Oxford Town Hall, designed by Henry Hare, is opened in England. May 16 - The Teatro Massimo is inaugurated in Palermo, it is the largest opera theatre in Italy, november 1 - The Library of Congress Building in Washington, D. C. designed by Paul J. Pelz, is opened. Christmas - The Cathedral of St. Vincent de Paul, Tunis, is completed, the Secession Building, Vienna, designed by Joseph Maria Olbrich is completed in Austria. Glasgow School of Art, designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, is begun in Scotland, the Arts and Crafts movement house Munstead Wood, designed by Edwin Lutyens for Gertrude Jekyll, is begun in England. The Flatiron Building of Atlanta, Georgia, United States is completed, the Battenberg Mausoleum, Sofia, designed by Hermann Mayer, is completed. The Weaver building, a mill at Swansea in Wales, becomes the first building in the United Kingdom to be constructed from reinforced concrete, dresden Hauptbahnhof railway station in Germany, designed by Ernst Giese and Paul Weidner, is completed. Restoration and remodelling of Castelldefels Castle in Spain by Enric Sagnier is completed, april 3 - Vienna Secession group founded by Otto Wagner, Joseph Maria Olbrich and Josef Hoffmann among others. David Ewart succeeds Thomas Fuller as Chief Dominion Architect of the Government of Canada, james Knox Taylor becomes Supervising Architect of the United States Department of the Treasury. RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Pierre Cuypers, english architect June 22 - William Mason, New Zealand architect William Lang, American architect
15.
1897 in music
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January 13 – At a memorial concert in Paris for composer Emmanuel Chabrier, the first act of his uncompleted work, Briséïs, is performed for the first time. It would be years before Rachmaninoff would compose a piece of music again. September 8-October 8 - Gustav Mahler becomes director of the Vienna Court Opera, the Cakewalk matures into Ragtime music. John Philip Sousas band makes phonograph recordings of Cakewalks and early Ragtime, andré Messager becomes musical director of the Opéra-Comique. Ralph Vaughan Williams studies with Max Bruch in Berlin, Teatro Nuovo in Bergamo changes its name to Teatro Donizetti. Composer Alexander Scriabin marries pianist Vera Ivanovna, Ben Harney – Ben Harneys Rag Time Instructor Asleep In The Deep w. Arthur J. Lamb m. Henry W. Petrie At A Georgia Camp Meeting w. m. Victor Herbert Beautiful Isle of Somewhere w. Mrs Jessie Brown Pounds m, john S. Fearis Break The News To Mother w. m. Charles K. Harris Danny Deever w. Rudyard Kipling m. Walter Damrosch Harlem Rag m, tom Turpin Let em All Come w. m. T. W. Connor Louisiana Rag m. Theodore H. Northrup On The Banks Of The Wabash Far Away w. m, Paul Dresser Our Lodgers Such A Nice Young Man w. m. Fred Murray & Laurence Barclay Roustabout Rag m. Paul Sarebresole The Shuffling Coon by J. R. Todd Song Of India m, nikolai Rimsky Korsakov The Stars and Stripes Forever m. John Philip Sousa Syncopated Sandy by Wayburn & Whiting Take Back Your Gold w. m. Monroe H. Rosenfeld Theres A Little Star Shining For You w. m
16.
1897 in science
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The year 1897 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. April 30 – J. J. Thomson first describes his discovery of the electron, adolf Erik Nordenskiöld publishes Periplus, An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing Directions in Stockholm. David Hilbert unifies the field of number theory with his treatise Zahlbericht. John Edward Campbell originates the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula for multiplication of exponentials in Lie algebras, raoul Bricard investigates and classifies flexible polyhedra, defining the Bricard octahedron. Henri Brocard begins publication of his book on geometric curves, Notes de Bibliographie des Courbes Géométriques. August 20 – Ronald Ross discovers the malaria Plasmodium in an Anopheles mosquito, october 10 – Chemists working at Bayer AG create a synthetically altered version of salicin which the company names Aspirin. Danish veterinarian Bernhard Bang isolates Brucella abortus as the agent of Brucellosis, epinephrine discovered by John Jacob Abel. L. Emmett Holt publishes the standard textbook The Diseases of Infancy, Émile Durkheim publishes his classic study Le Suicide. June 26 – At the British Fleet Review, Charles Parsons gives a display of the unprecedented speed attainable by his steam turbine-powered Turbinia. August 10 – Rudolf Diesel builds his first working prototype Diesel engine in Augsburg, august 31 – Thomas Edison is granted a patent for the Kinetoscope, a precursor of the movie projector. The Dahlander pole changing motor is patented, maxim develops the muffler in conjunction with the firearm silencer. Copley Medal, Albert von Kölliker Wollaston Medal, Wilfred Hudleston March 24 – Wilhelm Reich, july 20 – Tadeusz Reichstein, Polish-born Nobel Prize-winning chemist. August 12 – Otto Struve, Ukrainian-born astronomer, september 12 – Irène Joliot-Curie, French chemist. November 4 – C. B. van Niel, Dutch-born microbiologist, november 13 – Tilly Edinger, German-born paleoneurologist. December 22 – Vojtěch Jarník, Czech mathematician, january 25 – David Kirkaldy, Scottish-born engineer, pioneer of materials testing. February 19 – Karl Weierstrass, German mathematician, March 3 – John Peirce, American inventor. March 15 – James Joseph Sylvester, English mathematician, may 6 Edward James Stone, English astronomer. May 7 – Abraham Dee Bartlett, English zoologist, august 27 – Eduard von Hofmann, Austrian forensic pathologist
17.
Oscar Wilde
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Oscar Fingal OFlahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish playwright, novelist, essayist, and poet. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he one of Londons most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. He is remembered for his epigrams, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, his plays, as well as the circumstances of his imprisonment, Wildes parents were successful Anglo-Irish, Dublin intellectuals. Their son became fluent in French and German early in life, at university, Wilde read Greats, he proved himself to be an outstanding classicist, first at Dublin, then at Oxford. He became known for his involvement in the philosophy of aestheticism. After university, Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles, known for his biting wit, flamboyant dress and glittering conversation, Wilde became one of the best-known personalities of his day. The opportunity to construct aesthetic details precisely, and combine them with social themes. He wrote Salome in French in Paris but it was refused a licence for England due to the prohibition of Biblical subjects on the English stage. Unperturbed, Wilde produced four society comedies in the early 1890s, at the height of his fame and success, while The Importance of Being Earnest, was still being performed in London, Wilde had the Marquess of Queensberry prosecuted for criminal libel. The Marquess was the father of Wildes lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, the charge carried a penalty of up to two years in prison. The trial unearthed evidence that caused Wilde to drop his charges and led to his own arrest, after two more trials he was convicted and imprisoned for two years hard labour. Upon his release he left immediately for France, never to return to Ireland or Britain, there he wrote his last work, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, a long poem commemorating the harsh rhythms of prison life. He died destitute in Paris at the age of 46, Oscar Wilde was born at 21 Westland Row, Dublin, the second of three children born to Sir William Wilde and Jane Wilde, two years behind William. Wildes mother was of Italian descent, and under the pseudonym Speranza and she read the Young Irelanders poetry to Oscar and Willie, inculcating a love of these poets in her sons. Lady Wildes interest in the neo-classical revival showed in the paintings and busts of ancient Greece, William Wilde was Irelands leading oto-ophthalmologic surgeon and was knighted in 1864 for his services as medical adviser and assistant commissioner to the censuses of Ireland. He also wrote books about Irish archaeology and peasant folklore, a renowned philanthropist, his dispensary for the care of the citys poor at the rear of Trinity College, Dublin, was the forerunner of the Dublin Eye and Ear Hospital, now located at Adelaide Road. On his fathers side Wilde was descended from a Dutchman, Colonel de Wilde, on his mothers side Wildes ancestors included a bricklayer from County Durham who emigrated to Ireland sometime in the 1770s. Wilde was baptised as an infant in St, marks Church, Dublin, the local Church of Ireland church
18.
HM Prison Reading
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HM Prison Reading, formerly known as Reading Gaol, is a former prison located in Reading, Berkshire, England. The prison was operated by Her Majestys Prison Service until its closure at the end of 2013 and it is a Grade II-listed building. Designed by George Gilbert Scott, it was based on Londons New Model Prison at Pentonville with a cruciform shape, the Pentonville Prison design of 1842 was based on the design of Eastern State Penitentiary of 1829 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was designed to carry out what was the very latest penal technique of the time, known as the separate system. As a county gaol, its served as the site for public executions, the first one in 1845 before a crowd of 10,000, after 1868 executions took place inside. It was used to hold Irish prisoners involved in the 1916 Easter Rising, most of those interned during the First World War were of German origin but there were also Latin Americans, Belgians, and Hungarians. In 1969 the wing where the Irish had been held was demolished, in 1973 Reading was re-designated as a local prison, and around that time its old castle wall was removed. The building was designated as Grade II listed in 1978, in 1992 it became a Remand Centre and Young Offenders Institution, holding prisoners between the ages of 18 and 21 years. Accommodation at the prison consisted of a mixture of single and double occupancy cells, there was also a residential unit of single occupancy cells for low-security open prisoners. There were two departments at the prison, one run by the Prison service and one by Milton Keynes College. The remand centre library was run by Reading Borough Libraries, on 4 September 2013, it was announced that HM Prison Reading would close by the end of that year, and the prison formally closed in November. There have been calls for the building to be preserved as a tourist attraction. In June 2014 it was proposed that the site could be converted into a theatre venue, however, in November 2015 it was announced by Chancellor George Osborne and Justice Secretary Michael Gove that the site was to be sold to housing developers. In May 2016 it was announced that the prison would be made available as an arts venue for the Reading 2016 Year of Culture programme. Oscar Wilde – author of poem The Ballad of Reading Gaol based on memory of an execution that took place here while he was serving a sentence for homosexual offences, charles Thomas Wooldridge – murderer, whose execution inspired Wildes poem. Stacy Keach – actor, served 6 months after being arrested for smuggling in 1984. Peter Southerton, Reading Gaol by Reading Town, anthony Stokes, Pit of Shame, The Real Ballad of Reading Gaol. Ministry of Justice pages on Reading Ballad of Reading Gaol Etext Essay on Wilde and the history of Reading Prison
19.
Lord Alfred Douglas
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Lord Alfred Bruce Douglas, nicknamed Bosie, was a British author, poet, translator, and political commentator, better known as the friend and lover of Oscar Wilde. Much of his poetry was Uranian in theme, though he tended, later in life. Politically he would describe himself as a strong Conservative of the Diehard variety, Douglas was born at Ham Hill House in Powick, Worcestershire, the third son of John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry and his first wife Sibyl Montgomery. He was his mothers child, she called him Bosie. His mother successfully sued for divorce in 1887 on the grounds of his fathers adultery, the Marquess married Ethel Weeden in 1893 but the marriage was annulled the following year. Douglas was educated at Wixenford School, Winchester College and Magdalen College, Oxford, at Oxford, he edited an undergraduate journal, The Spirit Lamp, an activity that intensified the constant conflict between him and his father. Their relationship had always been a one and during the Queensberry-Wilde feud, Douglas sided with Wilde. In 1893, Douglas had an affair with George Ives. In 1858, before Douglass birth, his grandfather, the 8th Marquess of Queensberry, had died in what was reported as a shooting accident, in 1862, his widowed grandmother, Lady Queensberry, converted to Roman Catholicism and took her children to live in Paris. One of his uncles, Lord James Douglas, was attached to his twin sister Florrie and was heartbroken when she married. In 1885, he tried to abduct a young girl, in 1888, Lord James married, but this proved disastrous. Separated from Florrie, James drank himself into a deep depression, another of his uncles, Lord Francis Douglas had died in a climbing accident on the Matterhorn. His uncle Lord Archibald Edward Douglas, on the other hand, Alfred Douglass aunt, Lord Jamess twin Lady Florence Douglas, was an author, war correspondent for the Morning Post during the First Boer War, and a feminist. In 1890, she published a novel, Gloriana, or the Revolution of 1900, the character DEstrange is clearly based on Oscar Wilde. In 1891, Douglas met Oscar Wilde, although the playwright was married two sons, they soon began an affair. In 1894, the Robert Hichens novel The Green Carnation was published, said to be a roman à clef based on the relationship of Wilde and Douglas, it would be one of the texts used against Wilde during his trials in 1895. Douglas has been described as spoiled, reckless, insolent and extravagant and he would spend money on boys and gambling and expected Wilde to contribute to his tastes. They often argued and broke up, but would also always reconcile, Douglas had praised Wildes play Salome in the Oxford magazine, The Spirit Lamp, of which he was editor
20.
De Profundis (letter)
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De Profundis is a letter written by Oscar Wilde during his imprisonment in Reading Gaol, to Bosie. In its first half Wilde recounts their previous relationship and extravagant lifestyle which eventually led to Wildes conviction and he indicts both Lord Alfreds vanity and his own weakness in acceding to those wishes. In the second half, Wilde charts his spiritual development in prison and identification with Jesus Christ, the letter began Dear Bosie and ended Your Affectionate Friend. Wilde wrote the letter between January and March 1897, close to the end of his imprisonment, contact had lapsed between Douglas and Wilde and the latter had suffered from his close supervision, physical labour and emotional isolation. Nelson, the new governor, thought that writing might be more cathartic than prison labour. He was not allowed to send the letter which he was allowed to write for medicinal purposes, each page was taken away when completed. Nelson gave the letter to him on his release on 18 May 1897. Wilde entrusted the manuscript to the journalist Robert Ross, Ross published the letter in 1905, five years after Wildes death, giving it the title De Profundis from Psalm 130. In 1891 Wilde began a friendship with Lord Alfred Douglas. As the two grew closer, family and friends on both sides urged Wilde and Douglas to lessen their contact, Lord Alfreds father, the Marquess of Queensberry, often feuded with his son over the topic. Especially after the death of his eldest son, the Viscount Drumlanrig, Queensberry privately accused them of improper acts. When they refused, he began publicly harassing Wilde, in early 1895 Wilde had reached the height of his fame and success with his plays An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest on stage in London. When Wilde returned from holidays after the premieres, he found Queensberrys card at his club with the inscription, For Oscar Wilde, unable to bear further insults and encouraged by Lord Alfred, Wilde sued Queensberry for criminal libel. Wilde withdrew his claim as the defence began but the Judge deemed that Queensberrys accusation was justified, the Crown promptly issued a warrant for his arrest and he was charged with gross indecency with other men under the Labouchere Amendment in April 1895. The trial was the centre of discussion as details of Wildes consorts from the working class became known. Wilde refused to admit wrongdoing and the jury were unable to reach a verdict, at the retrial Wilde was sentenced to two years imprisonment, to be held to hard labour. He was imprisoned in Pentonville, Wandsworth, and Reading Prisons, where the food, manual labour. He quickly began suffering from hunger, insomnia, and disease and he was visited in Pentonville by R. B. S Haldane, a liberal, reforming MP whom he had known before
21.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
22.
Mark Twain
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Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. He served an apprenticeship with a printer and then worked as a typesetter and he later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred humorously to his lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, the short story brought international attention and was even translated into classic Greek. His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. He filed for bankruptcy in the wake of financial setbacks. He chose to pay all his creditors in full, even though he had no legal responsibility to do so. Twain was born shortly after an appearance of Halleys Comet, and he predicted that he would go out with it as well and he was lauded as the greatest American humorist of his age, and William Faulkner called him the father of American literature. His parents met when his father moved to Missouri, and they were married in 1823, Twain was of Cornish, English, and Scots-Irish descent. Only three of his siblings survived childhood, Orion, Henry, and Pamela and his sister Margaret died when Twain was three, and his brother Benjamin died three years later. His brother Pleasant died at six months of age, slavery was legal in Missouri at the time, and it became a theme in these writings. His father was an attorney and judge, but he died of pneumonia in 1847, the next year, Twain left school after the fifth grade to become a printers apprentice. In 1851, he working as a typesetter, contributing articles and humorous sketches to the Hannibal Journal. He educated himself in libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a conventional school. Twain describes his boyhood in Life on the Mississippi, stating there was but one permanent ambition among his comrades. Pilot was the grandest position of all, the pilot, even in those days of trivial wages, had a princely salary – from a hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty dollars a month, and no board to pay. As Twain describes it, the pilots prestige exceeded that of the captain, bixby took Twain on as a cub pilot to teach him the river between New Orleans and St. Louis for $500, payable out of Twains first wages after graduating. It was more than two years before he received his pilots license, piloting gave also him his pen name from mark twain, the leadsmans cry for a measured river depth of two fathoms, which was safe water for a steamboat
23.
H. G. Wells
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Herbert George H. G. Wells was an English writer. He was prolific in many genres, including the novel, history, politics, social commentary, Wells is now best remembered for his science fiction novels and is called a father of science fiction, along with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback. His most notable science fiction works include The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Invisible Man and he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times. Wellss earliest specialised training was in biology, and his thinking on ethical matters took place in a specifically and fundamentally Darwinian context and he was also from an early date an outspoken socialist, often sympathising with pacifist views. His later works became increasingly political and didactic, and he wrote science fiction. A diabetic, in 1934, Wells co-founded the charity The Diabetic Association, Herbert George Wells was born at Atlas House,46 High Street in Bromley, Kent, on 21 September 1866. Called Bertie in the family, he was the fourth and last child of Joseph Wells and his wife, Sarah Neal. An inheritance had allowed the family to acquire a shop in which they sold china and sporting goods, although it failed to prosper, the stock was old and worn out, and the location was poor. Joseph Wells managed to earn an income, but little of it came from the shop. Payment for skilled bowlers and batsmen came from voluntary donations afterwards, a defining incident of young Wellss life was an accident in 1874 that left him bedridden with a broken leg. To pass the time he started reading books from the local library and he soon became devoted to the other worlds and lives to which books gave him access, they also stimulated his desire to write. Later that year he entered Thomas Morleys Commercial Academy, a school founded in 1849 following the bankruptcy of Morleys earlier school. The teaching was erratic, the curriculum mostly focused, Wells later said, Wells continued at Morleys Academy until 1880. In 1877, his father, Joseph Wells, fractured his thigh, the accident effectively put an end to Josephs career as a cricketer, and his subsequent earnings as a shopkeeper were not enough to compensate for the loss of the primary source of family income. No longer able to support financially, the family instead sought to place their sons as apprentices in various occupations. From 1880 to 1883, Wells had an apprenticeship as a draper at the Southsea Drapery Emporium. Wellss parents had a turbulent marriage, owing primarily to his mother being a Protestant, when his mother returned to work as a ladys maid, one of the conditions of work was that she would not be permitted to have living space for her husband and children. Thereafter, she and Joseph lived separate lives, though they never divorced and remained faithful to each other, as a consequence, Herberts personal troubles increased as he subsequently failed as a draper and also, later, as a chemists assistant
24.
The War of the Worlds
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The War of the Worlds is a science fiction novel by English author H. G. Wells first serialised in 1897 in the UK by Pearsons Magazine and in the US by Cosmopolitan magazine. The novels first appearance in hardcover was in 1898 from publisher William Heinemann of London, written between 1895 and 1897, it is one of the earliest stories that detail a conflict between mankind and an extraterrestrial race. The novel is the narrative of both an unnamed protagonist in Surrey and of his younger brother in London as southern England is invaded by Martians. The novel is one of the most commented-on works in the science fiction canon, the plot has been related to invasion literature of the time. The novel has been interpreted as a commentary on evolutionary theory, British imperialism. At the time of publication, it was classified as a scientific romance and it has even influenced the work of scientists, notably Robert Goddard, who invented both the liquid fuelled rocket and multistage rocket, which resulted in the Apollo 11 moon landing 71 years later. The narrative opens in an observatory at Ottershaw where explosions are seen on the surface of planet Mars. Later a meteor lands on Horsell Common, near the unnamed narrators home in Woking, the narrator finds them at once vital, intense, inhuman, crippled and monstrous. They briefly emerge, have difficulty in coping with the Earths atmosphere, a human deputation approaches the cylinder with a white flag, but the Martians incinerate them and others nearby with a heat-ray before beginning to assemble their machinery. Military forces arrive that night to surround the common, including Maxim guns, the population of Woking and the surrounding villages are reassured by the presence of the military. A tense day begins, with anticipation of military action by the narrator. On the road during the height of the storm, he has his first terrifying sight of a fast-moving Martian fighting-machine, in panic he crashes the horse cart, barely escaping detection. He discovers the Martians have assembled towering three-legged fighting-machines, each armed with a heat-ray and a chemical weapon and these tripods have wiped out the army units positioned around the cylinder and attacked and destroyed most of Woking. The two try to escape via Byfleet just after dawn, but are separated at the Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry during a Martian afternoon attack on Shepperton and this gives the authorities precious hours to form a defence-line covering London. The brother encounters Mrs. Elphinstone and her younger sister-in-law, just in time to help fend off three men who are trying to rob them. Since Mrs. Elphinstones husband is missing, the three continue on together, after a terrifying struggle to cross a streaming mass of refugees on the road at Barnet, they head eastward. Two days later, at Chelmsford, their pony is confiscated for food by the local Committee of Public Supply and they press on to Tillingham and the sea. There they manage to buy passage to the Continent on a paddle steamer
25.
Pearson's Magazine
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Pearsons Magazine was a monthly periodical which first appeared in Britain in 1896. It specialised in literature, political discussion, often of a socialist bent. It was the first British periodical to publish a crossword puzzle, British publisher C. Arthur Pearson established and served as the editor of the monthly magazine from 1896 to 1899. He removed himself as editor as blindness set in but continued as its publisher, succeeding editors included - Percy W. Everett Philip OFarrell John Reed Wade W. E. Johns. The magazine ceased publication in November 1939 after 527 issues, a like-for-like US version of Pearsons appeared in 1899. It eventually diverged into more US-oriented authors and separate editorial oversight, the United States version was published by J. J. Little until the title folded in April 1925 after a total run of 314 issues. George Griffiths The Angel of the Revolution C. J. Cutcliffe Hynes The Lost Continent, H. G. Wells The Sea Lady Herbert C. Fyfe, Pearsons Magazine, July 1900, How Will The World End
26.
Grand Guignol
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Le Théâtre du Grand-Guignol —known as the Grand Guignol—was a theatre in the Pigalle area of Paris. From its opening in 1897 until its closing in 1962, it specialised in naturalistic horror shows and its name is often used as a general term for graphic, amoral horror entertainment, a genre popular from Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre, to todays splatter films. Le Théâtre du Grand-Guignol was founded in 1894 by Oscar Méténier, with 293 seats, the venue was the smallest in Paris. A former chapel, the previous life was evident in the boxes—which looked like confessionals—and in the angels over the orchestra. Although the architecture created frustrating obstacles, the design that was initially a predicament ultimately became beneficial to the marketing of the theatre, the opaque furniture and gothic structures placed sporadically on the walls of the building exude a feeling of eeriness from the moment of entrance. People came to this theatre for an experience, not only to see a show, the audience at Le Théâtre du Grand-Guignol endured the terror of the shows because they wanted to be filled with strong “feelings” of something. Many attended the shows to get a feeling of arousal, underneath the balcony were boxes that were available for theatre-goers to rent during performances because they would get so aroused by the action happening on stage. It has been said that members would get so boisterous in the boxes. Frequently, the “special effects” would be too realistic and often a member would faint or vomit during performances. The theatre owed its name to Guignol, a traditional Lyonnaise puppet character, joining political commentary with the style of Punch, the theatres peak was between World War I and World War II, when it was frequented by royalty and celebrities in evening dress. Oscar Méténier was the Grand Guignols founder and original director, max Maurey served as director from 1898 to 1914. Maurey discovered André de Lorde, who would become the most important playwright for the theatre, de Lorde was the theatres principal playwright from 1901 to 1926. Camille Choisy served as director from 1914 to 1930 and he contributed his expertise in special effects and scenery to the theatres distinctive style. Paula Maxa was one of the Grand Guignols best-known performers, from 1917 to the 1930s, she performed most frequently as a victim and was known as the most assassinated woman in the world. During her career at the Grand Guignol, Maxas characters were murdered more than 10,000 times in at least 60 different ways, Jack Jouvin served as director from 1930 to 1937. He shifted the subject matter, focusing performances not on gory horror. Under his leadership, the popularity waned and, after World War II. Charles Nonon was the theatres last director, at the Grand Guignol, patrons would see five or six plays, all in a style that attempted to be brutally true to the theatres naturalistic ideals
27.
HM Prison Pentonville
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HM Prison Pentonville is an English Category B/C mens prison, operated by Her Majestys Prison Service. Pentonville Prison is not in Pentonville, but is located north, on the Caledonian Road in the Barnsbury area of the London Borough of Islington. The first modern prison in London, Millbank, opened in 1816, construction started on 10 April 1840 and was completed in 1842. The cost was £84,186 12s 2d and it had a central hall with five radiating wings, all visible to staff at the centre. This design, intended to keep prisoners isolated – the separate system first used at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia – was not, as is often thought, guards had no view into individual cells from their central position. The cost of keeping a prisoner at Pentonville was about 15 shillings a week in the 1840s, prisoners were forbidden to speak to each other and when out on exercise would tramp in silent rows, wearing brown cloth masks. In chapel, which they had to every day, they sat in cubicles, or coffins as the prisoners referred to them, their heads visible to the warder. The chaplains were very influential, making individual cell visitations, urging the convicts to reform, an official report admitted that for every sixty thousand persons imprisoned in Pentonville there were 220 cases of insanity,210 cases of delusion, and forty suicides. However, conditions were better and healthier than at Newgate and similar older prisons, the work lasted from six in the morning until seven at night. Pentonville became the model for British prisons, a further 54 were built to similar designs over six years, for instance, Pentonville was used as a model for the eventual construction of Corradino Prison in Rahal Gdid, Malta by W. Lamb Arrowsmith in 1842. Prisoners under sentence of death were not housed at Pentonville Prison until the closure of Newgate in 1902, condemned cells were added and an execution room built to house Newgates gallows. At the same time Pentonville took over from Newgate the function of being the location for future executioners. Irish revolutionary Roger Casement was hanged there on 3 August 1916, Udham Singh, the Indian revolutionary, who shot Sir Michael ODwyer, was also held in custody and hanged at Pentonville. Various other people were executed at Pentonville and all were buried at the rear of the prison in unmarked graves. The prison cemetery is at 51°32′44. 05″N 0°06′54. 62″W, the final execution at Pentonville took place on 6 July 1961 when Edwin Bush, aged 21, was hanged. He returned to the four days later after giving himself up to police. The public was warned not to approach the escaped prisoners, Baker was recaptured a few days later hiding in his sisters house in Illford, with Whitlock found by police six days after the breakout. The Prison Officers Association said that the escape of Baker and Whitlock followed years of under investment, steve Gillan of the POA said, The reality of the situation is the focus should be on Government and their budget cuts that have created this situation
28.
Twyford railway station
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Twyford railway station is a railway station in the village of Twyford in Berkshire, England. It is served by services operated by Great Western Railway from London Paddington,31 mi east. Twyford is also the junction for the Henley-on-Thames branch, the station is on the Great Western Main Line, the original line of the Great Western Railway, which opened as far as Twyford in 1839 and was extended to Reading in 1840. Platform 1 and 2 are on the fast Reading – London lines, platforms 3 and 4 are the relief line platforms, with platform 3 being the down line. Platform 5 is a bay platform with access only to the Henley Branch Line. Platform 4 also allows access to the Henley Branch via two crossovers, one just east of Platform 4 and one just west of it between it and Platform 5, throughout the day trains mainly call at platforms 3,4 and 5. However, during peak times fast services to and from London Paddington use platforms 1 and 2, the platform are of differing lengths. Platform 1 is long enough to accommodate an eight coach train, platforms 2 and 4 can each hold a nine coach train, platform 3 is long enough for twelve coaches, whilst platform 5 can hold just five. At Twyford, the speed is 125 mph on the fast lines. The up relief line is signalled for wrong direction running at a speed of 40 mph. The main entrance to the station, and main building, are on platform 4. There is an entrance on platform 1. There is a car park between the main line and Henley branch and it is often full with morning commuters cars. Monday to Saturdays there are four trains per hour to London Paddington eastbound, on Sundays there is a half-hourly service in each direction. Trains to Henley-on-Thames run at about 50 minute intervals Mondays to Fridays, typical train times are 50 minutes to London,7 minutes to Reading and 12 minutes to Henley. In the peak there are a few through trains to. Services are summarised as follows, The first Twyford station opened on 1 July 1839 and was the terminus of the GWR until 30 March 1840 and it was a timber building to the north of the line at right angles to the track. The actual platform was on a loop off the line and served trains running in either direction
29.
Hatchards
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Hatchards is the oldest bookshop in the United Kingdom. The bookshop was founded at 173 Piccadilly, London, by John Hatchard in 1797 and it moved within Piccadilly in 1801, to No. 189–190, the site of the first shop was cleared in 1810 for the Egyptian Hall to be built. The second shop had a change to 187, in 1820. It still trades today from the address, and Hatchards portrait can be seen on the staircase of the shop. It was founded with a collection of merchandise bought from Simon Vandenbergh, Hatchards was acquired by William Collins, Sons in 1956. It was bought by Pentos in 1990, and Pentos was later acquired by Waterstones and it has a reputation for attracting high-profile authors and holds three Royal Warrants. Hatchards opened a new store in St Pancras railway station in 2014, the 2,000 sq ft store, opened at the beginning of August, is located next door to a new branch of Fortnum and Mason, continuing a relationship that goes back over two centuries
