1.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
2.
1899 in Norway
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Events in the year 1899 in Norway. Monarch – Oscar II Prime Minister – Johannes Steen 1 April – The Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions established,27 June – The paperclip is patented by Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian inventor. 10 August – Viking FK football club is founded, the sports club Kongsberg IF is founded. The gymnastics club Volda TI is founded,23 July - Johan Trandem, shot putter and discus thrower 25 July – Olav Svendsen, jurist. 6 August – Lillebil Ibsen, dancer and actress 6 August – Torstein Børte, politician 6 August – Finn Nagell, military officer, Milorg pioneer, economist and businessperson
3.
1900 in Norway
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Events in the year 1900 in Norway. Monarch, Oscar II Prime Minister, Johannes Steen 17 February - The Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture,3 December – Population Census, There were 2,239,881 inhabitants in Norway. The 1900 Parliamentary election takes place,5 January - Nina Eik-Nes, politician 31 January - Bertel Flaten, politician 14 February - Ola Johan Gjengedal, politician 4 March – Axel Coldevin, historian. 30 December – Lillemor von Hanno, actress and writer
4.
Oscar II of Sweden
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Oscar II was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death and King of Norway from 1872 until his dethronement in 1905. He was the third of four sons of King Oscar I, as his eldest brother Charles XV was without heirs and his brother Prince Gustaf died in 1852, it was he who succeeded his brother as king. Oscar II was king during a period when Sweden was undergoing a period of industrialization, the declining Union of Sweden and Norway was finally dissolved in 1905 and Oscar became the last Bernadotte king of Norway. He died in 1907 and was succeed as King of Sweden by his son, at his birth in Stockholm, Oscar Fredrik was created Duke of Östergötland. He entered the navy at the age of eleven, and was appointed lieutenant in July 1845. Later he studied at Uppsala University, where he distinguished himself in mathematics, on 13 December 1848, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. On 6 June 1857 he married in Wiesbaden-Biebrich, Germany, Princess Sophia Wilhelmina, from 1859, when his father died, he was first in line to the Swedish throne after his oldest brother King Charles, who then had no male heirs. His middle brother Gustaf had died in 1852 and he succeeded his brother Charles XV / IV on 18 September 1872. At the accession he adopted as his motto Brödrafolkens väl / Broderfolkenes Vel, the political events which led up to the peaceful dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 could hardly have been attained but for the tact and patience of the king himself. He was dethroned on 7 June 1905 by the Norwegian Parliament and he declined, indeed, to permit any prince of his house to become king of Norway, but better relations between the two countries were restored before his death. He died in Stockholm on 8 December 1907 at 9,10 AM and his acute intelligence and his aloofness from the dynastic considerations affecting most European sovereigns gave the king considerable weight as an arbitrator in international questions. At the request of Great Britain, Germany and the United States in 1889 he appointed the justice of Samoa. He was the 1, 027th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain, the office of prime minister was instituted in 1876. Louis De Geer became the first head of government in Sweden to use this title, the most known and powerful first minister of the Crown during the reign of Oscar was the conservative estate owner Erik Gustaf Boström. Boström served as Prime Minister in 1891-1900 and 1902-1905 and he was trusted and respected by the king, who had much difficulty approving someone else as prime minister. Over a period of time, the king gave Boström a free hand to select his own ministers without much royal involvement and it was an arrangement that furthered the road to parliamentarism. Himself a distinguished writer and musical amateur, King Oscar proved a friend of learning. In 1858 a collection of his lyrical and narrative poems, Memorials of the Swedish Fleet, published anonymously, obtained the second prize of the Swedish Academy
5.
Prime Minister of Norway
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For a list, see List of heads of government of Norway. The Prime Minister of Norway is the leader of Norway. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to the Storting, to their political party, and ultimately the electorate. In practice, since it is impossible for a government to stay in office against the will of the Storting. Norway has a Constitution, which was adopted on 17 May 1814, the position of Prime Minister is the result of legislation. As of 2017, the Prime Minister of Norway is Erna Solberg, unlike their counterparts in the rest of Europe, Norwegian Prime Ministers do not have the option of advising the King to dissolve the Storting and call a snap election. The Constitution requires that the Storting serve out its full four-year term, if the Prime Minister loses the confidence of the Storting, he or she must resign. As of 2015 six former Prime Ministers are alive, Odvar Nordli born 3 November 1927, kåre Willoch born 3 October 1928, served 1981–1986. Gro Harlem Brundtland born 20 April 1939, served 1981, 1986–1989, kjell Magne Bondevik born 3 September 1947, served 1997–2000 and 2001–2005. Thorbjørn Jagland born 5 November 1950, served 1996–1997, jens Stoltenberg born 16 March 1959, served 2000–2001 and 2005–2013. List of Prime Ministers of Norway Regjeringskvartalet Government Official Homepage
6.
Francis Hagerup
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George Francis Hagerup was a Norwegian law professor, diplomat and politician for the Conservative Party. He was Prime Minister of Norway from 14 October 1895 to 17 February 1898, as a legal scholar, he is known for his contributions to the development of public international law, and was chairman of the Institut de Droit International. Francis Hagerup grew up in Trondheim and he was a son of admiral and cabinet minister Henrik Steffens Hagerup and Nicoline Christine Jenssen. Degree at the Royal Frederick University in 1876, received a grant to study abroad and he obtained the dr. juris degree in 1885, and was professor of law at the Royal Frederick University from 1887 to 1906. He was minister of justice in the Second cabinet Stang from 2 May 1893 to 14 October 1895, in August 1895 he was Finance minister. He was a member of the Storting from 1901 to 1906, in social policy, Hagerups time as Prime Minister saw the passage of a child care law in 1896 that increased the power of local authorities and courts over neglected and abused children. Following his two bouts as Prime Minister, he entered the diplomacy in 1906, as ambassador to Copenhagen, The Hague, from 1916 he was ambassador in Stockholm. Hagerup was passionately involved in the development of international law. From 1897 he was member of the Institut de Droit International, in 1907 he headed the Norwegian delegation at the second peace conference in The Hague. He was also delegate at international conferences regarding admiralty law, in 1920 he led the Norwegian delegation when the League of Nations convened for the first time in Geneva. The same year he was elected to the Law committee under the League council, in 1888, he founded Tidsskrift for Retsvidenskab, and served as its editor until his death. Hagerup was also member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 1 January 1907 until his death, george Francis Hagerup biography at government. no Foundations of the Welfare State, 2nd Edition by Pat Thane, published 1996
7.
Johannes Steen
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Johannes Wilhelm Christian Steen was a Norwegian politician and educator who served as Prime Minister of Norway from 1891 to 1893 and from 1898 to 1902. He grew up in Vesteraalen as the son of Judge and Member of Parliament John Svaboe Steen and his brother Frederik Steen was also a member of Parliament. At the University of Christiania in 1848, over the next 42 years, Steen combined his profession as teacher and educationist with a political career. He served as a teacher in Bergen and Tromsø and he was mayor of Tromsø and. From 1866 he was rector of Stavanger Latin School and he was mayor of Stavanger and In 1859 he was first elected member of the Storting for Tromsø. In 1868, Steen was elected to the Storting for Stavanger, from 1871, the Storting became increasingly marked by political struggle. Steen first became Prime Minister in 1891, in 1894, Steen was re-elected to the Storting from Trondheim. He subsequently held the position of Prime Minister from 1898–1902 and he was married in 1849 to Elise Henriette Stoltenberg. He died in 1906 at Voss in Hordaland, Norway
8.
Gina Krog
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Gina Krog was a Norwegian feminist pioneer, teacher, liberal politician and editor. She played a role in the Norwegian womens movement from the 1880s until her death, notably as a leading campaigner for womens right to education. She founded the Norwegian Association for Womens Rights together with liberal MP Hagbart Berner, jørgine Anna Sverdrup Krog was born in Flakstad, Lofoten as the daughter of parish priest Jørgen Sverdrup Krog and Ingeborg Anna Dass Brinchmann. After her fathers death she lived with her mother in Karmøy until she was eight years old. In Christiania she attended a school for girls and she later worked as an autodidact teacher in private schools for several years, until 1880. Through her brother she was aunt of writer Helge Krog, and she was also among the first women to go hiking in the mountains of Jotunheimen, which gave her a reputation as mountaineer. Back in Norway she started writing articles, first under pseudonyms. She proclaimed the right to vote on equal conditions as men. This point of view came to be an issue within the feminist movement of the time. Krog co-founded the Norwegian Association for Womens Rights in 1884, together with its first chairman Hagbard Emanuel Berner and she edited the associations periodical Nylænde from its start in 1887 until her death in 1916. In 1885 Berner resigned as chairman, as a protest against Krogs talk Stemmeret for Kvinder, in December 1885 Krog founded Kvinnestemmerettsforeningen, an association only for women. Twelve years later, after conflicts with more compromising members, Krog left this association. LKSF was admitted as a member of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance from it start 1904, in 1904 she founded the Norwegian National Womens Council, and chaired this organization until her death. Krog early became a member of the Liberal Party, and was elected a deputy member of its board in 1909. Krog was the first women in Norway to be honoured with a funeral at public expense and her funeral in 1916 was attended by the Prime Minister, the President of the Storting, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The Gina Krog Prize, awarded by the Norwegian Association for Womens Rights since 2009, is named in her honour, on 8 March 2013, the Dagny oil field was renamed Gina Krog by Statoil in her honour
9.
Hagbard Emanuel Berner
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Hagbard Emanuel Berner was a Norwegian jurist, Liberal Party politician and newspaper editor. He initiated a series of long-lived enterprises, including the publishing house Det Norske Samlaget, the newspaper Dagbladet, Berner served as a liberal Member of Parliament, as Auditor General of Norway and as Burgomaster of Christiania. Berner was born in Sunndal in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway and he was the son of parish priest Ole Christian Berner and Laura Nicoline Collin. The family moved to Akershus in 1850 and he married Selma Augusta Hovind in 1871. He was the brother-in-law of both industrialist Hans Mustad and Hans Gerhard Stub, Bishop of the Norwegian Lutheran Church in America, Berner graduated as a student in 1858, and as a jurist in 1863. In Christiania he befriended intellectuals such as Ernst Sars and Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, and became politically active and he co-founded the publishing house Det Norske Samlaget in 1868, and was its chairman until 1877. In 1868 he co-founded the newspaper Dagbladet, together with Danish-born author and literary figure and he was editor of Dagbladet from 1869 to 1879. The newspaper had close connections to the movement that later came to be the Liberal Party of Norway. His demand for a clean Norwegian flag, instead of the then-flag with a union badge, the parliamentary majority voted for the removal of the union badge three times, but was defeated by royal veto twice. Finally, in 1898, the royal veto was overruled and the union badge was removed from the national. He was elected as a member of the Parliament of Norway in 1879, representing Akershus, Berner co-founded the Norwegian Association for Womens Rights in 1884, together with Gina Krog, and was the organizations first chairman. He was Auditor General of Norway from 1883 to 1898, and burgomaster of Kristiania from 1898 to 1912
10.
Melhus
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Melhus is a village and municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Gauldalen region, the administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Melhus. Other villages include Gimse, Gåsbakken, Hovin, Korsvegen, Kvål, Ler, agriculture is important in Melhus, and the extensive lowland areas in the almost flat valley surrounding the Gaula River are dominated by grain fields. Many inhabitants work in the city of Trondheim, a 20-minute drive north from Melhus, the village of Melhus is located on the shores of the Gaula River in the north part of the municipality. The 2. 84-square-kilometre village has a population of 5,894, the population density is 2,075 inhabitants per square kilometre. The 100+ year old Melhus Church is located on the side of the village. Melhus was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, in 1865, the western district of Høilandet was separated from Melhus to form a separate municipality. Then on 1880, the district of Flå was separated to form its own municipality. On 1 January 1964, Melhus was merged with Hølonda, Flå, Horg, the municipality is named after the old Melhus farm, since the first church was built there. The first element is meðal which means middle and the last element is the form of hús which means house. The farm is one part of a greater and older farm, the coat-of-arms is from modern times, they were granted on 8 November 1979. The arms show a gold-colored archer with a red background, the arms were chosen to symbolize Einar Tambarskjelve, who was a famous chief and archer from Melhus in the 11th century. He is mentioned as an archer for King Olav Tryggvason in the Battle of Svolder, the Church of Norway has four parishes within the municipality of Melhus. It is part of the Deanery of Gauldal and the Diocese of Nidaros, Melhus was the site of many important events during the Viking Era. It was the site of the farm Rimul in Melhus at which Jarl Haakon was killed by his slave, jarlshola is the location in Melhus thought to have been the hiding place of Jarl Haakon and Tormod Kark on their last night before the infamous murder at Rimul. The 695-square-kilometre municipality of Melhus includes the valley of the Gaula River as it flows northwards towards its mouth at the Gaulosen, the lake Svorksjøen lies on the western border with Orkdal and Meldal. The lakes Benna and Ånøya lie in the part of the municipality. The mountains of Rensfjellet and Vassfjellet lie on the border with Selbu and Klæbu respectively
11.
Holmenkolbanen
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A/S Holmenkolbanen was a company that owned and operated part of the Oslo Tramway and Oslo Metro in Norway from 1898 until 1975 when services were taken over by the majority owner Oslo Sporveier. Holmenkolbanen opened the Holmenkoll Line in 1898, and expanded it to become the first Nordic underground railway in 1928, the company took over operations of the Smestad Line in 1933, the Sognsvann Line in 1934. The company was merged into Oslo Sporveier in 1992, the company was founded on 17 February 1896 by H. M. Heyerdahl and Albert Fenger Krog as the leading executives. The goal was to build a suburban tramway—the Holmenkoll Line—from the Holmenkollen neighborhood in northwestern Oslo to the end of the tramway at Majorstuen. The line opened first to Besserud on 31 May 1898 and then to Frognerseteren on 15 May 1916, the second part of the line was constructed by its subsidiary A/S Tryvandsbanen, and included a single track cargo line to Tryvandshøiden. It was established on 4 January 1912 and disestablished on 1 January 1920, to offer direct services into the city center, the company started the construction Common Tunnel to the underground Nationaltheatret Station. Construction started in 1912, but had to stop in October 1914 after about thirty properties had received damage from the construction. A settlement was not reached until 1925, and construction started again in 1926, however, the real estate owners were not satisfied with the settlement and it ended in court, with the property owners gaining additional claims. The cost of the tunnel was too high for the company to bear, in 1942 the Kolsås Line was rebuilt to terminate through the Smestad Line, and in 1944 the owner Bærumsbanen was bought by Oslo Sporveier. Operation was transferred to Oslo Sporveier on 1 August 1975, after it had bough almost all the shares in the company, A/S Holmenkolbanen remained a separate company until 6 May 1992, when it was fully merged with Oslo Sporveier
12.
Holmenkollen Line
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The Holmenkollen Line is an 11. 4-kilometre-long Oslo Metro line which runs between Majorstuen and Nordmarka in Oslo, Norway. Operating as Metro Line 1, it is the route with the fewest passengers, the line runs mostly through residential areas of detached houses, and the upper parts of the line principally serve the recreational area of Nordmarka. Holmenkollen Station is located close to Holmenkollen National Arena which hosts international Nordic skiing tournaments, the line is the oldest one on the metro system, having been opened as a light railway in 1898 by the Holmenkolbanen company. Originally it ran for 6.2 km from Majorstuen Station to Besserud, in 1916, the line was extended to Tryvann, with the last 1.4 km being used for freight only. In 1928, the city terminus was moved 2.0 km to the underground Nationaltheatret Station, since its upgrade ahead of the 2011 World Skiing Championship, the Holmenkollen line has been powered by third rail and operated by single three-car sets of MX3000 trains. The Oslo public transport authority Ruter also considered continued use of the T2000 and T1300, but rejected the T2000 due to unreliability, the platforms are long enough to handle two cars only, so the doors in the third car are kept closed during station stops. Passengers can, however, make use of the car by walking between the cars once they have boarded. There are numerous level crossings along the line, as the line does not run through densely populated parts of Oslo, traffic is normally lighter than on any other line. However, there is an amount of seasonal tourist traffic. The Holmenkollen ski jump and Tryvannstårnet broadcasting tower are further attractions along the line, the line was opened on 31 May 1898 as a tram line between Majorstuen and Besserud. On 22 October 1987, the line suffered an accident when a braking system failed in a train causing it to roll down the line. The accident killed one person and seriously injured four others, the accident led to scrutiny of the safety of the old teak cars which were used on the line. The old trains were pulled from service, but reintroduced after some refits of the cars until new trains were delivered in 1993, until 1991, A/S Holmenkolbanen was the company responsible for the operations of the line, but the company was then merged with Oslo Sporveier. In a cost-saving measure between 2002 and 2004, the line was taken off the shared stretch and ran only between Majorstuen and Frognerseteren. Oslo Sporveier was highly satisfied with the SL79 articulated trams that had delivered during the 1980s for the tramway. In 1985, work started on the development of a version for the western suburban lines. The stock on the Holmenkollen and Kolsås Lines were the first that needed to be replaced, the new stock was considered to be a limited trial. If it met expectations, future orders could be made to replace the T1000 stock when the latter reached the end of its economical life in around 2000
13.
HNoMS Storm (1898)
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Stormserved the Royal Norwegian Navyfor almost 42 years, including neutrality protection duties during the First World War. She was lost in the 1940 Norwegian Campaignof the Second World War, during the Norwegian Campaign, she was the only Norwegian warship that launched a torpedo against the invading Germans. Following the successful introduction of the small coastal 2, class torpedo boats in the 1880s, the Royal Norwegian Navy decided to acquire a new class of larger torpedo boats, to carry out offensive operations at sea. The new warships, designated as 1, class torpedo boats, were introduced in 1896 with the purchase of three boats from the Schichau-Werke in Germany. A further seven boats of the class were built in Norway in 1898–1901, the class was considered reasonably seaworthy, although it was also found to be difficult to accurately fire torpedoes from the 1. Class vessels in anything but calm seas, the German-built vessels, as well as the first three Norwegian-built ships, were criticized for having insufficient manoeuvrability, a design issue that was addressed in the final four vessels built. The class was considered to have very poor ventilation, especially in the engine compartment. Class torpedo boats was located in a turret near the bow, visibility from the turret was poor and the commander would often remain outside, relying on another crew member to stand at the wheel and follow his directions. The class could carry 17 tons of coal for fuel, and had a range of 900 nautical miles at 12 knots or 500 nautical miles at 16 knots, Storm was the first of the 1. Class torpedo boats to be built in Norway, as the first ship of a series of three constructed in 1898 and she had yard number 79 at Karljohansvern, and was launched on 1 June 1898. A107 ton vessel, she had a length of 39.9 metres, a beam of 4.9 metres, Storm was powered by a 1,100 indicated horsepower triple expansion steam engine, which gave her a top speed of 21 knots. Storm was armed with two quick-firing 37 mm guns and two 45 cm torpedo tubes, and was manned by a crew of 19 officers and men. The exercises in 1900 focused on developing the coordination between the coastal ships and the torpedo boats, as the two main weapon systems of the Royal Norwegian Navy. During the cruise Storm was under the command of Captain Oppegaard, around 10 torpedo boats were equipped annually for unit exercises in the years up until the outbreak of the First World War. In the lead-up to the First World War, the Royal Norwegian Navy mobilized, the mobilization was initiated on 2 August 1914 and initially completed on 5 August 1914. The Norwegian torpedo boats were scattered along the coast from the Oslofjord to Trøndelag, Storm was based in Naare in Western Norway during the war, and in May 1915 carried out torpedo firing exercises together with other torpedo boats. From 1917 to 1919, Storm was under the command of South Pole explorer First Lieutenant Hjalmar Fredrik Gjertsen, the Royal Norwegian Navys ships suffered much wear and tear during the First World War and many were decommissioned in 1920, including 14 torpedo boats. Most of the vessels were mothballed
14.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
15.
Nordal Church
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Nordal Church is a parish church in Flora Municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. It is located in the village of Norddalsfjord, and it serves the northeastern part of the municipality. The church is part of the Nordal parish in the Sunnfjord deanery in the Diocese of Bjørgvin, the white, wooden church was built in 1898 by the architect Jacob Wilhelm Nordan. The church was consecrated on 14 September 1898 by the Dean Andreas D. Jespersen, the people of Norddalsfjorden had for a long time belonged to the parish of Svanøy, which meant an extremely long and strenuous way to get to church. From the upper parts of the valley of Grøndalen down to the fjord it was a distance of 20 kilometres, from the fjord to Svanøy Church it was another 40 kilometres, which took about four hours by row boat, if the weather was fine. They had to go all the way to the Svanøy Church, not only for ordinary services, but also for baptism ceremonies, weddings. In 1887, the residents began asking for their own church. The people in the valley had raised 2000 kr, and the sum was allocated by the Norwegian Parliament. The Kinn Sparebank also donated 1500 kr, so the sum raised was 7500 kr which was enough to cover the construction costs. At first the parish vicar was somewhat reluctant to have a new building because this implied that he would have to travel more frequently. Furthermore, when the church was completed, he tried to confine the services to the summer months, in the first years, services were held five times a year, preferably in the winter. Nowadays services are held fourteen times a year, list of churches in Sogn og Fjordane
16.
Norddalsfjord
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Norddal or Norddalsfjord is a village in Flora Municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The village lies along the Norddalsfjorden at the entrance to the Solheimsdalen valley and it sits at the mouth of the Norddalselva river on a small peninsula that sticks out into the fjord. The village lies along Norwegian County Road 544 about 25 kilometres east of the town of Florø, nordal Church is located in the small village, serving the northeastern part of the municipality
17.
Snillfjord Church
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Snillfjord Church is a parish church in the municipality of Snillfjord in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The church is located in Krokstadøra, the center of Snillfjord. The church is part of the Snillfjord parish in the Orkdal deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros, the building was built in 1898 and it was designed by the architect Ole Falck Ebbell. It is built out of wood and seats 250 people, the church was consecrated on 27 September 1899 by the Bishop Johannes Skaar
18.
Johannes Skaar
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Johannes Nilsson Skaar was a Norwegian bishop and hymnologist. Skaar was born in Øystese, Kvam, Norway in 1828, Skaar began his career in Skien where he was a chaplain. He went on to be a parish priest in Gjerpen in 1872, in 1885, he was named the bishop of the Diocese of Tromsø. He served in that post until 1892 when he was appointed as the bishop of the Diocese of Nidaros and he served there until his death in 1904. He was decorated a Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1887 and his daughter Anna Elisabet was married to politician Sven Adolf Svensen. Lovsange og aandelige Viser Norsk salmehistorie
19.
Stryn TIL
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Stryn Turn- og Idrettslag is a Norwegian multi-sports club from Stryn, Sogn og Fjordane. It has sections for football, team handball, basketball, track and field, Nordic skiing, alpine skiing, gymnastics. The club was founded on 30 December 1898, the mens football team currently plays in the 3. Divisjon, the tier of Norwegian football, where it has played since 1999. Before that they had a stint in the 2, while playing on the fourth tier, the team contested a Playoff to the 2. Divisjon in 2005, but lost to Hamarkameratene 2 on aggregate, the club is well known as the youth club of the Flo football family, Håvard, Jarle, Jostein, Tore André, Per Egil and Ulrik. Other professional footballers from Stryn include Steinar Tenden and Mats Solheim, harald Aabrekk coached the mens team from 1987 to 1989. Official site Official site, football section
20.
Stryn
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Stryn is a municipality in the county of Sogn og Fjordane, Norway. It is located in the district of Nordfjord. The administrative center of the municipality is the village of Stryn, the municipality is located along the innermost part of the Nordfjorden. Some of the villages in Stryn include Loen, Innvik, Utvik, Randabygda, Olden. Farming, forestry, fruit growing, animal breeding for furs, small manufacturing industries, tourism, the wide river Stryneelva enters the village of Stryn from the east after meandering through the fertile Stryn Valley, from the large lake Oppstrynsvatn. The Jostedalsbreen National Park Centre is situated on the shore of this lake, Stryn is known for its all year glacier skiing at Stryn Sommerski. The name originally belonged to the river of Stryneelva, the name is derived from strjónn which means stream. The coat of arms was introduced in 1987 and it shows a yellow branch of a linden on a green background. See also, Coat of arms of Lindås Innvik was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, the original municipality was identical to the Innvik parish with the sub-parishes of Oppstryn, Nedstryn, Loen, Olden, Innvik, and Utvik. In 1843, the sub-parishes of Loen, Oppstryn, and Nedstryn were separated from the municipality of Innvik, the population of Stryn at this time was 2,401. On 10 January 1922, the area of Raksgrenda was transferred from Innvik to Stryn, the population in this area was 120 at that time. On 1 January 1977, the parts of Hornindal municipality that were merged with Stryn in 1965 were transferred back to the newly re-constituted Hornindal municipality, the population of Stryn was reduced by 1,202 in this transaction. The Church of Norway has eight parishes within the municipality of Stryn and it is part of the Nordfjord deanery in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The municipality is governed by a council of elected representatives. The municipal council of Stryn is made up of 25 representatives that are elected to four years. For 2011–2015, the party breakdown is as follows, The mayor of a municipality in Norway is a representative of the majority party of the council who is elected to lead the council. Sven Flo of the Conservative Party was elected as mayor in 2011, Stryn is located on the northern border of Sogn og Fjordane county. To the north, Stryn is bordered by the municicaplities of Hornindal and Stranda, to the east is Skjåk, to the southeast is Luster, to the southwest is Jølster, and to the west is Gloppen and Eid
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Edvard Grieg
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Edvard Hagerup Grieg was a Norwegian composer and pianist. He is widely considered one of the leading Romantic era composers, the Edvard Grieg Museum in Troldhaugen is dedicated to his legacy. Edvard Hagerup Grieg was born in Bergen, Norway, on 15 June 1843 and his parents were Alexander Grieg, a merchant and vice-consul in Bergen, and Gesine Judithe Hagerup, a music teacher and daughter of Edvard Hagerup. The family name, originally spelled Greig, has Scottish origins, after the Battle of Culloden in 1746, Griegs great-grandfather, Alexander Greig, traveled widely, settling in Norway about 1770, and establishing business interests in Bergen. Edvard Grieg was raised in a musical milieu and his mother was his first piano teacher and taught him to play at the age of six. Grieg studied in schools, including Tanks Upper School, Tanks School. In the summer of 1858, Grieg met the eminent Norwegian violinist Ole Bull, Bull recognized the 15-year-old boys talent and persuaded his parents to send him to the Leipzig Conservatory, the piano department of which was directed by Ignaz Moscheles. Grieg enrolled in the conservatory, concentrating on the piano, and enjoyed the many concerts and he disliked the discipline of the conservatory course of study. An exception was the organ, which was mandatory for piano students, in the spring of 1860, he survived two life-threatening lung diseases, pleurisy and tuberculosis. Throughout his life, Griegs health was impaired by a left lung. He suffered from respiratory infections, and ultimately developed combined lung. Grieg was admitted many times to spas and sanatoria both in Norway and abroad, several of his doctors became his personal friends. In 1861, Grieg made his debut as a concert pianist in Karlshamn, in 1862, he finished his studies in Leipzig and held his first concert in his home town, where his programme included Beethovens Pathétique sonata. In 1863, Grieg went to Copenhagen, Denmark, and stayed there for three years and he met the Danish composers J. P. E. Hartmann and Niels Gade. He also met his fellow Norwegian composer Rikard Nordraak, who became a good friend, Nordraak died in 1866, and Grieg composed a funeral march in his honor. On 11 June 1867, Grieg married his first cousin, Nina Hagerup, the next year, their only child, Alexandra, was born. Alexandra died in 1869 from meningitis, in the summer of 1868, Grieg wrote his Piano Concerto in A minor while on holiday in Denmark. Edmund Neupert gave the concerto its premiere performance on 3 April 1869 in the Casino Theater in Copenhagen, Grieg himself was unable to be there due to conducting commitments in Christiania
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Bergen
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Bergen, historically Bjørgvin, is a city and municipality in Hordaland on the west coast of Norway. At the end of the first quarter of 2016, the population was 278,121. Bergen is the second-largest city in Norway, the municipality covers 465 square kilometres and is on the peninsula of Bergenshalvøyen. The city centre and northern neighbourhoods are on Byfjorden, the city fjord, many of the extra-municipal suburbs are on islands. Bergen is the centre of Hordaland and consists of eight boroughs—Arna, Bergenhus, Fana, Fyllingsdalen, Laksevåg, Ytrebygda, Årstad. Trading in Bergen may have started as early as the 1020s, according to tradition, the city was founded in 1070 by king Olav Kyrre, its name was Bjørgvin, the green meadow among the mountains. It served as Norways capital in the 13th century, and from the end of the 13th century became a city of the Hanseatic League. Until 1789, Bergen enjoyed exclusive rights to trade between Northern Norway and abroad and it was the largest city in Norway until the 1830s when it was surpassed by the capital. What remains of the quays, Bryggen, is a World Heritage Site, the city was hit by numerous fires over the years. The Bergen School of Meteorology was developed at the Geophysical Institute beginning in 1917, the Norwegian School of Economics was founded in 1936, from 1831 to 1972, Bergen was its own county. In 1972 the municipality absorbed four surrounding municipalities and became a part of Hordaland county, the city is an international centre for aquaculture, shipping, offshore petroleum industry and subsea technology, and a national centre for higher education, media, tourism and finance. Bergen Port is Norways busiest in both freight and passengers with over 300 cruise ship calls a year bringing nearly a half a million passengers to Bergen, almost half of the passengers are German or British. The citys main team is SK Brann and the citys unique tradition is the buekorps. Natives speak the distinct Bergensk dialect, the city features Bergen Airport, Flesland, Bergen Light Rail, and is the terminus of the Bergen Line. Four large bridges connect Bergen to its suburban municipalities, Bergen is well known for having a mild winter climate, though with a lot of precipitation. In December - March, the difference between Bergen and Oslo can be up to 30 degrees Celsius, despite the fact that both cities are at approximately 60 degrees North. The Gulf Stream keeps the sea relatively warm, considering the latitude, the city of Bergen was traditionally thought to have been founded by king Olav Kyrre, son of Harald Hardråde in 1070 AD, four years after the Viking Age ended with the Battle of Hastings. Modern research has, however, discovered that a settlement was established already during the 1020s or 1030s
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Northern Sami
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Northern or North Sami, sometimes also simply referred to as Sami, is the most widely spoken of all Sami languages. The area where Northern Sami is spoken covers the parts of Norway, Sweden. The number of Northern Sami speakers is estimated to be somewhere between 15,000 and 25,000, about 2,000 of these live in Finland and between 5,000 and 6,000 in Sweden. Among the first printed Sami texts is Svenske och Lappeske ABC Book, written in Swedish and it was published in two editions in 1638 and 1640 and includes 30 pages of prayers and confessions of Protestant faith. It has been described as the first book with a regular Sami language form, Northern Sami was first described by Knud Leem in 1748 and in dictionaries in 1752 and 1768. The majority of his work has disappeared, en omarbejdelse af Prof. Knud Leems Lappiske grammatica in 1832. Rask opted for a phonemic orthographic system, following in the tradition of Rask meant that diacritics were used with some consonants, which caused data-processing problems before Unicode was introduced. Both Stockfleth and J. A. Friis went on to publish grammar books and it can be said that Northern Sami was better described than Norwegian was before Ivar Aasen published his grammar on Norwegian. Northern Sami was and is used in three countries, each of which used its own orthography for years, Friis orthography was used when work on translating the Bible into Northern Sami commenced, in the first Sami newspaper called Saǥai Muittalægje, and in the Finnemisjonens own newspaper Nuorttanaste. The groundwork for Northern Sami lexicography was laid by Konrad Nielsen who used an orthography of his own creation in his dictionary Lappisk ordbok, starting in 1948, the orthographies used in Norway and Sweden were combined into a single Bergsland-Ruong orthography. It was not greatly used in Norway, in addition, the authorities there instituted a policy that prohibited Sami from being used in practice. In Sweden, classes were taught in Sami in the Sami schools, in 1979, an official orthography for Northern Sami was adopted for use in Norway, Sweden and Finland. In Norway, Northern Sami is currently a language of two counties and six municipalities. The consonant inventory of Northern Sami is large, consisting of three different series of plosives/affricates and two series of nasals, in addition, length is contrastive for almost all consonants. /v/ is realised as a fricative in the syllable onset. Although is a fricative, it behaves phonologically like an approximant, all consonants can be geminated, except for /h/. This distinction is phonemically contrastive and widely productive as a grammatical feature, geminated glottalized nasals are realised with the glottalization in between the two consonants. In geminated preaspirated consonants, it is the preaspiration that lengthens rather than the occlusion, except for glottalized or preaspirated consonants, /h/, /j/ or /ʎ/, all consonants also possess a third overlong length
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Rolf Hofmo
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Rolf Hofmo was a Norwegian politician and sports official. He was chairman of Arbeidernes Idrettsforbund from 1939 to 1940, and he was arrested in December 1940, and transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in 1942. From 1946 to 1947 he was chairman of Norges Idrettsforbund. He participated in the Left Communist Youth Leagues military strike action of 1924 and he was convicted for assisting in this crime and sentenced to 75 days of prison. He was also active in wrestling in the club SK Sleipner
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1963 in Norway
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Events in the year 1963 in Norway. 1 July - Work begins to build Tromsø Airport 28 August – Lyngs Cabinet was appointed,25 September – Gerhardsens Fourth Cabinet was appointed. Norsk Hydro in cooperation with Harvey Aluminum starts Alnor, a plant at Karmøy to produce aluminium Municipal, the Munch Museum was opened,100 years after Edvard Munchs birth. Stein Mehren, poet, novelist, essayist and playwright, is awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature and the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment for Mot en verden av lys
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1959 in Norway
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Events in the year 1959 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Einar Gerhardsen 16 February - The Norwegian National Opera,26 June - The Farmers Party changes its name to the Centre Party. 19 July - Nikita Khrushchev cancels a visit to Norway. 29 December - The Norwegian government signs the EFTA free trade treaty, municipal and county elections are held throughout the country. Harald Sverdrup, poet and childrens writer, is awarded the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment literary prize
