1.
Street or road name
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A street or road name or odonym is an identifying name given to a street. The street name usually forms part of the address, buildings are often given numbers along the street to further help identify them. Names are often given in a form, an individual name known as the specific. Examples are Main Road, Fleet Street and Park Avenue, the type of street stated, however, can sometimes be misleading, a street named Park Avenue need not have the characteristics of an avenue in the generic sense. Some street names have only one element, such as Broadway, The Mall, a street name can also include a direction especially in cities with a grid-numbering system. Examples include E Roosevelt Boulevard and 14th Street NW and these directions are often used to differentiate two sections of a street. Other qualifiers may be used for purpose as well. Examples, upper/lower, old/new, or adding extension, Main Street and High Street are common names for the major street in the middle of a shopping area in the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively. The most common name in the US is 2nd or Second. The etymology of a name is sometimes very obvious. In the United States, most streets are named after numbers, landscapes, trees, Some streets, such as Elm Street in East Machias, Maine, have been renamed due to features changing. Elm Streets new name, Jacksonville Road, was chosen because it leads to the village of Jacksonville and its former name was chosen because of elm trees, it was renamed when all of the trees along the street succumbed to Dutch elm disease. The Shambles, derived from the Anglo-Saxon term fleshammels, is a street name which still exists in various cities. The best-known example is in York, the unusual etymologies of quite a few street names in the United Kingdom are documented in Rude Britain, complete with photographs of local signage. In the past, many streets were named for the type of commerce or industry found there and this rarely happens in modern times, but many such older names are still common. Examples are Londons Haymarket, Barcelonas Carrer de Moles, where the used to have their shops. Some streets are named for landmarks that were in the street, or nearby, such names are often retained after the landmark disappears. Barcelonas La Rambla is officially a series of streets, only the convent of Santa Monica survives as a building, and it has been converted to a museum
2.
Montevideo
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Montevideo is the capital and largest city of Uruguay. According to the 2011 census, the city proper has a population of 1,319,108 in an area of 201 square kilometres. The southernmost capital city in the Americas, Montevideo is situated in the southern coast of the country, the city was established in 1724 by a Spanish soldier, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala, as a strategic move amidst the Spanish-Portuguese dispute over the platine region. It was also under brief British rule in 1807, Montevideo hosted all the matches during the first FIFA World Cup. Montevideo is the seat of the headquarters of Mercosur and ALADI, Latin America’s leading trade blocs. Montevideo has consistently rated as having the highest quality of life of any city in Latin America. As of 2010, Montevideo was the 19th largest city economy in the continent, in 2015, it has a GDP of $40.5 billion, and a per capita of $24,400. It is classified as a Beta World City, ranking seventh in Latin America, by 2014, is also regarded as the tenth most gay-friendly city in the world, first in Latin America. It is the hub of commerce and higher education in Uruguay as well as its chief port, the city is also the financial and cultural hub of a larger metropolitan area, with a population of around 2 million. There are several explanations about the word Montevideo, all agree that Monte refers to the Cerro de Montevideo, the hill situated across the Bay of Montevideo, but there is disagreement about the etymological origin of the video part. Monte vide eu is the most widespread belief but is rejected by the majority of experts, who consider it unlikely because it involves a mix of dialects. This is the oldest Spanish document that mentions the promontory with a similar to the one that designates the city. With the passing of time, these words were unified to Montevideo, no conclusive evidence has been found to confirm this academic hypothesis nor can it be asserted with certainty which were the other five mounts observable before the Cerro. Ovidio was the bishop of the Portuguese city of Braga, where he was always revered. Between 1680 and 1683, Portugal founded the city of Colonia do Sacramento in the region across the bay from Buenos Aires and this city met with no resistance from the Spanish until 1723, when they began to place fortifications on the elevations around Montevideo Bay. On 22 November 1723, Field Marshal Manuel de Freitas da Fonseca of Portugal built the Montevieu fort, a Spanish expedition was sent from Buenos Aires, organized by the Spanish governor of that city, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. There was also one significant early Italian resident by the name of Jorge Burgues, a census of the citys inhabitants was performed in 1724 and then a plan was drawn delineating the city and designating it as San Felipe y Santiago de Montevideo, later shortened to Montevideo. The census counted fifty families of Galician and Canary Islands origin, more than 1000 indigenous, mostly Guaraní, in 1776, Spain made Montevideo its main naval base for the South Atlantic, with authority over the Argentine coast, Fernando Po, and the Falklands
3.
Uruguay
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Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east, with the Río de la Plata to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.42 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the area of its capital and largest city. With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometres, Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America, only larger in size than Suriname. Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4000 years before the Portuguese established Colonia del Sacramento, one of the oldest European settlements in the region, in 1680. Montevideo was founded as a stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century. Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828, following a struggle between Spain, Portugal, Argentina and Brazil. It remained subject to influence and intervention throughout the 19th century. Modern Uruguay is a constitutional republic, with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government. Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy, peace, lack of corruption, e-government, on a per-capita basis, Uruguay contributes more troops to United Nations peace-keeping missions than any other country. It ranks second in the region on economic freedom, income equality, per-capita income, Uruguay is the third-best country on the continent in terms of HDI, GDP growth, innovation and infrastructure. It is regarded as a country by the UN. Uruguay is also the third-best ranked in the world in e-Participation, Uruguay is an important global exporter of combed wool, rice, soybeans, frozen beef, malt and milk. Nearly 95% of Uruguays electricity comes from energy, mostly hydroelectric facilities. The Economist named Uruguay country of the year in 2013, acknowledging the innovative policy of legalizing the production, sale, the name of the namesake river comes from the Spanish pronunciation of the regional Guarani word for it. There are several interpretations, including bird-river, the name could also refer to a river snail called uruguá that was plentiful in the water. The only documented inhabitants of Uruguay before European colonization of the area were the Charrúa, the Portuguese discovered the region of present-day Uruguay in 1512. The Spanish arrived in present-day Uruguay in 1516, the indigenous peoples fierce resistance to conquest, combined with the absence of gold and silver, limited their settlement in the region during the 16th and 17th centuries
4.
Constitution of Uruguay of 1830
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The first Constitution of Uruguay dates back to 1830. Drafted by the Constituent Assembly, summoned in the Church of La Aguada in 1829 and this political constitution was in force until 1918, when it was replaced by a new constitutional text. The 1830 constitution has been regarded as Uruguays most technically perfect charter, the bicameral General Assembly was empowered to elect a president with considerable powers to head the executive branch for a four-year term. Members of the General Assembly were empowered to pass laws but lacked the authority to dismiss the president or his ministers or to issue votes of no confidence, an 1834 amendment, however, provided for juicio político, or impeachment, of the ministers for unacceptable conduct. As established by the 1830 constitution, the Supreme Court of Justice, the General Assembly appointed the members of the high court. The latter – with the consent of the Senate in the case of the appellate courts – appointed the members of the lesser courts. The constitution also divided the country into departments, each headed by an appointed by the president. Although the 1830 constitution remained in effect for years, de facto governments violated it repeatedly. In the 1878–90 period, the Blancos and Colorados, helped also by the Constitutional Party and this governing principle, called coparticipation, meaning the sharing of formal political and informal bureaucratic power, has been formally practiced since 1872. The anniversary of the 1830 promulgation of this constitution on July 18 is a public holiday in Uruguay. Many squares in Uruguay bear the name of the Constitution, notably the Constitution Square in Montevideo, many streets in different cities of Uruguay are named after the date of the First Constitutional Oath, notably 18 de Julio Avenue in Montevideo. The Centennial of 1830 was an occasion to celebrate a century of constitutional life, also in the framework of the Centennial, the Obelisk of Montevideo was erected as a memorial to the First Constitution. Manual de Historia del Uruguay 1830–1903, Montevideo, Ediciones de la Banda Oriental. Montevideo, Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, treaty of Montevideo Constitution of Uruguay Text of the Constitution of 1830
5.
Plaza Independencia
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Plaza Independencia is the name of Montevideos most important plaza. It separates Ciudad Vieja from downtown Montevideo, with the Gateway of The Citadel on one side, in the center, the Artigas Mausoleum dominates the perspective. Many important buildings, such as the Solís Theatre and the workplaces of the President of Uruguay are located by this square, one of the characteristic buildings located by the square is Palacio Salvo. This square was designed in the 1830s by Carlo Zucchi, inspired in the Rue de Rivoli, three decades later it was redesigned by Bernardo Poncini. In May and June 2009 an exhibition of the United Buddy Bears was held in the square, list of city squares in Montevideo
6.
Ciudad Vieja, Montevideo
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Ciudad Vieja is the name of the oldest part of the city of Montevideo, capital city of Uruguay. Nowadays, Ciudad Vieja is a barrio of this city, in the last couple of years it has gone through a major transformation that has made it the main nightlife centre in town. It is in area where most of the nightclubs are. The main port of Uruguay is located in Ciudad Vieja, part of this transformation is due to the campaign made by the mayor since this part of the city had been in a state of abandonment for decades. Until 1829 it was surrounded by a wall that protected it from possible invasions, after the wall was torn down, the only part of it that was kept was its gateway, which is up to this day an emblem of this part of town. The old street Sarandí was turned into a walkway in 1992. In 2005 it was extended to beyond the Constitution Square, Ciudad Vieja has the most beautiful buildings from the colonial era and the first decades of independence. The Cabildo, the Solís Theatre, the Metropolitan Cathedral and several museums, also several design shops and recycled loft floors flourish in the streets near the port. Montevideo Colonia del Sacramento Barrios of Montevideo Intendencia de Montevideo / Historia de la Ciudad Vieja Fotos of Ciudad Vieja History of Barrio Guruyú
7.
Centro, Montevideo
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Centro is the inner city barrio of Montevideo, Uruguay. Its main avenue is 18 de Julio Avenue and it is delimited by La Paz Str. to the North, Florida Str. and Andes Str. to the West, Canelones Str. to the South and Barrios Amorin Str. to the East. It used to be the commercial venue of the city. Now, that process is being reverted and the area is coming back to life, because of the military origins of Montevideo, it had been forbidden to build anything permanent in the area outside the walls of the city up to the time that Uruguay gained Independence. That area was called Campo de Marte or ejido, around 1750, the colonial Gobernación Política y Militar de Montevideo traced the limits of the forbidden area at a canonballs reach from the citys fortifications by a line or cordón. Eventually, Cordón became the name of the area outside the Campo de Marte, in 1829, four years after the declaration of Independence, the National Assembly decided to pull down the fortifications of the Ciudad Vieja and extend the city to form the Ciudad Nueva. At the time, the population of Montevideo was around 14,000, the plans for some additional 160 city blocks were drawn by military engineer Don José María Reyes. That extension is the barrio of Centro. The plans included a new square, which in 1840 took on the name Plaza Cagancha, the development of this area was very slow due to the Guerra Grande of 1839-1852. In 1867 a pillar with the statue of Peace was erected in the centre of Plaza Cagancha, the former is mostly used as a relaxation area and the latter is mostly a place where craftsmen and other small vendors exhibit their work and products for sale. One of the most architecturally notable buildings of the Centro, is the Palacio Lapido, designed by Juan Aubriot and built in 1933, a National Heritage Site since 1989. The Centro is also home to the Palacio Municipal, the building of the City Hall, several temples have been built in this important neighbourhood. St. Michael Garicoits Church, popularly known as Iglesia de los Vascos Church of St. Joseph and St
8.
Obelisk of Montevideo
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The Obelisk of Montevideo, officially listed as the Obelisco a los Constituyentes de 1830, is a monument created by sculptor José Luis Zorrilla de San Martín. It is an obelisk made of granite,40 metres tall with three bronze statues on its sides, representing Law, Liberty and Force. It has a water fountain around it with six spheres on its outer circumference. It is located at the intersection of 18 de Julio and Artigas Boulevard avenues, in Montevideo and it was built in 1930 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay and is an homage to the participants of the General Assembly of the first Constitution. 18 de Julio Avenue Artigas Boulevard Parque Batlle Constitution of Uruguay
9.
Tres Cruces
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Tres Cruces is a barrio of Montevideo, Uruguay. Its name means three crossings, referring to the three major transportation routes intersect which intersect in the area, Avenida 18 de Julio, Bulevar Artigas and it is also the starting point of Italia Avenue. Tres Cruces shares borders with Cordón to the south and to the west, with La Comercial and Larrañaga to the north, with La Blanqueada and Parque Batlle to the east, Cordón and Pocitos to the south. The barrio is the site of the bus terminal, a major shopping centre. Several major monuments are located here. One is an erected in 1930 to commemorate the centennial of Uruguay’s 1830 constitution. A giant cross and statue of Pope John Paul II is located near the obelisk, across from the bus terminal is the Plaza de la Bandera, a monument erected in honour of Fructuoso Rivera, the founder of the Uruguay Colorado Party and first President of Uruguay
10.
Palacio Salvo
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Palacio Salvo is a building in Montevideo, Uruguay, located at the intersection of 18 de Julio Avenue and Plaza Independencia. It was designed by the architect Mario Palanti, an Italian immigrant living in Buenos Aires, finished in 1928, Palacio Salvo stands 100 m high with the antenna included. The site was bought by the Salvo brothers for 650,000 Uruguayan pesos and it was built on the site where the Confiteria La Giralda was once located, a place renowned for being where Gerardo Matos Rodríguez wrote his tango La Cumparsita in 1917. The original specifications, describing the details of the construction, describe a lighthouse at the top of the building, which was replaced by a set of antennas. ”The building was intended to be a hotel, but this plan didnt work out. The building has a height of 95 m, while the set of antennas was at its top, its total height was 100 m. The antennas were removed in November 2012
11.
Edificio Lapido
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Edificio Lapido is a building on the 18 de Julio Avenue in Centro, Montevideo, Uruguay. It is a building, built in 1933 and designed by architect Juan Aubriot. It is an example of the Uruguayan international architectural renewal of the early decades of the 20th century. It is a National Heritage Site since 1989, universitad ORT - Facultad de Arquitectura Artucio, Leopoldo C. Montevideo y la arquitectura moderna, N°5, Nuestra Tierra, Montevideo,1971
12.
Plaza Fabini
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Plaza Fabini, or Plaza Ingeniero Juan Pedro Fabini, also known as Plaza del Entrevero, is a square of the Uruguayan capital, Montevideo. It is located on Montevideos main avenue,18 de Julio Avenue, in the barrio of Centro and its main fountain has a big bronze sculpture of José Belloni called El Entrevero, which has given the nickname to the square. Under the square, there is an exposition area called Subte Municipal
13.
Plaza de Cagancha
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Plaza de Cagancha, or Plaza Cagancha, also known as Plaza Libertad, is a square of the Uruguayan capital, Montevideo. It is located on Montevideos main avenue,18 de Julio Avenue, in 1829, four years after the declaration of Independence, it was decided to pull down the fortifications of the Ciudad Vieja and extend the city to form the Ciudad Nueva. In 1867 the Pillar of Peace was erected in its centre with a statue on its top. At the beginning of the 20th century, the French landscape architect Charles Thays undertook the embellishment of this square, the Pillar of Peace of Plaza de Cagancha marks the Kilometre zero of the main National Routes of Uruguay
14.
Palacio Municipal (Montevideo)
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Palacio Municipal is the seat of the local government agency of the Municipality of Montevideo, Uruguay. Located on the avenue of the city,18 de Julio Avenue, in barrio Centro. It also lacked the brick siding, the side wings, the underground concourse and garage were built later, giving the building its current appearance. While not the tallest building in Montevideo, its location on the Avenida 18 de Julio, built on the crest of a ridge or long hill, the area of the building had begun development from at least 1867. In front of the entrance is an impressive bronze replica of David of Michelangelo. The atrium of the building hosts exhibitions of art, craft and varied cultural expressions, the west wing of the building hosts the Museum of History of Art. The Municipal centre of Photography includes the Photographic Archive of Montevideo, on the back side of the building, there is an external elevator taking the public to floor 22 of the building where there is a city observatory. Also on the back of the building is the Direccion de Necropolis which supervises the cemeteries of the city, information about the observatory on floor 22, Viajando Por Uruguay
15.
University of the Republic (Uruguay)
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The University of the Republic is Uruguays public university. It is the most important, oldest, and largest university of the country and it was founded on July 18,1849 in Montevideo, where most of its buildings and facilities are still located. Its current Rector is Dr. Roberto Markarián, the process of founding the countrys public university began on June 11,1833 when a law proposed by then-Senator Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga was passed. It called for the creation of nine departments, the President of the Republic would pass a decree formally creating the departments once the majority of them were in operation. In 1836 the House of General Studies was formed, housing the departments of Latin, philosophy, mathematics, theology, on May 27,1838, Manuel Oribe passed a decree through which created the Greater University of the Republic. That decree had few effects, given the institutional instability of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay at that time. In 2011, according to University Ranking by Academic Performance, it is the best university in Uruguay, in 2015, according to QS World University Rankings, it ranks #651-700 worldwide and #56 in Latin America. It became a branch of the University of the Republic on July 18,1849 and it is the only branch of the university that hasnt moved from the main building downtown Montevideo. It was the law school in Uruguay until the arrival of the Catholic University in 1984. Many Presidents of Uruguay, senators, representatives and other authorities with a law degree have graduated from this law school. Notable professors include Jorge Gamarra, Alejandro Abal, Alberto Perez Perez, Dora Bagdassarian, Helios Sarthou, Carlos Delpiazzo, Gonzalo Fernandez, the Dean is Dr. Gonzalo Uriarte Audi. Its main executive organ is the Law School Council, integrated by the dean and members in representation of students, former students, in an effort to decentralize higher education, the University has opened schools in cities other than Montevideo. Its Regional Norte in Salto offers degrees in Architecture, Law, fragments of other degrees, which can be completed in Montevideo, are also offered there. At the Casa Universitaria in Rivera, the Faculty of Sciences offers the Technicature in Management of Environmental Resources, which has a duration of two and a half years
16.
Plaza Cagancha
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Plaza de Cagancha, or Plaza Cagancha, also known as Plaza Libertad, is a square of the Uruguayan capital, Montevideo. It is located on Montevideos main avenue,18 de Julio Avenue, in 1829, four years after the declaration of Independence, it was decided to pull down the fortifications of the Ciudad Vieja and extend the city to form the Ciudad Nueva. In 1867 the Pillar of Peace was erected in its centre with a statue on its top. At the beginning of the 20th century, the French landscape architect Charles Thays undertook the embellishment of this square, the Pillar of Peace of Plaza de Cagancha marks the Kilometre zero of the main National Routes of Uruguay
17.
Palacio Chiarino
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Palacio Chiarino is a French Neoclassical building located on the corner of Plaza de Cagancha and Avenue 18 de Julio in the center of Montevideo, Uruguay. Its construction began in 1922 and finished in 1928, the architects Antonio Chiarino, Bartolome Triay and Gaetano Moretti was commissioned to create the design for the Arturo Soneira family. Moretti died before the building was completed, Moretti also designed Palcio Legislativo in Montevideo, Uruguay. Palacio Chiarino was added to the National Register of Historic Places and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2011, the building has been used for international movie productions. Including, In the film Un paradiso per due, Palacio Chiarino is used as the mansion in Rome, Italy of Charles Bramati, guia Centro Montevideo 1996 by Julio C. Gaeta and Eduardo Folle La revista de El Pais, Paula Magazine April 2005 Edition, Oasis Urbano Page 42 El Pais, City eyes to haven, in the page 717 youll see an article and drawn images of the project for the Palacio Chiarino. Here is the link to the version of the book http
18.
Palacio Piria
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Palacio Piria is a building in Centro, Montevideo, Uruguay, located between Plaza de Cagancha and San José Street. It is a National Heritage Site since 1975 and an example of the Eclecticism style of architecture and its construction started in 1916, by the architect Camille Gardelle. Initially, it was the residence of businessman and politician Francisco Piria. After his death it was acquired by industrialist José Martínez Reina and it was acquired by the Uruguayan State on 5 January 1954 by the Act of N°12.090 as seat of the Supreme Court. Universitad ORT Facultad de Arquitectura Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo - Palacio Piria
19.
Ministry of Foreign Relations (Uruguay)
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The Ministry of Foreign Relations conducts Uruguays foreign relations with other countries. It is commonly referred to in Uruguayan media and diplomatic jargon as the Palacio Santos and it is located in downtown Montevideo. This building is one of the historic structures in the Uruguayan capital. The Minister of Foreign Relations is more known as Canciller. Since 1 March 2015 the ministry is headed by vice president Rodolfo Nin Novoa
20.
ANCAP (Uruguay)
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ANCAP is a state-owned company in Uruguay. It is involved in the production of products, Portland cement. It operates Uruguays single oil refinery at La Teja with a capacity of 50, ANCAP has a long-term corporate credit rating BB- with positive outlook by Standard & Poors. In December 2008, ANCAP launched Uruguays first offshore licensing round and it offered 11 blocks for oil and gas exploration covering areas ranging from 4,000 to 8,000 square kilometres each, with water depths ranging from 50 to 1,450 metres. In addition to Uruguay, ANCAP operates in Argentina where it owns Petrolera del Cono Sur, operating a petrol station network
21.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
