1.
1899 in Norway
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Events in the year 1899 in Norway. Monarch – Oscar II Prime Minister – Johannes Steen 1 April – The Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions established,27 June – The paperclip is patented by Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian inventor. 10 August – Viking FK football club is founded, the sports club Kongsberg IF is founded. The gymnastics club Volda TI is founded,23 July - Johan Trandem, shot putter and discus thrower 25 July – Olav Svendsen, jurist. 6 August – Lillebil Ibsen, dancer and actress 6 August – Torstein Børte, politician 6 August – Finn Nagell, military officer, Milorg pioneer, economist and businessperson
2.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
3.
1902 in Norway
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Events in the year 1902 in Norway. Monarch, Oscar II Prime Minister, Johannes Steen, then Otto Blehr 15 November – The Ofoten Line opened,23 November – The Valdres Line opened. Football Association of Norway is founded,15 January - Olaug Hay, politician 24 January - Sigurd Lund Hamran, politician 30 January - Magnus Jensen, historian and educator
4.
1900 in Sweden
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Events from the year 1900 in Sweden Monarch – Oscar II Prime Minister – Erik Gustaf Boström, Fredrik von Otter The newspaper Västerbottens-Kuriren established. Maternity leave for female industrial workers, the Swedish branch of the Womans Christian Temperance Union is organized by Emilie Rathou. 16 January – Helge Gustafsson, gymnast,29 July – Eyvind Johnson, writer 29 August – Åke Bergqvist, sailor
5.
Monarchy of Norway
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The Norwegian monarch is the monarchical head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The present monarch is King Harald V, who has reigned since 17 January 1991, succeeding his father, the heir apparent is his only son, Crown Prince Haakon. The crown prince undertakes various public functions, as does the kings wife. The crown prince also acts as regent in the kings absence, there are several other members of the Royal Family, including the kings daughter, grandchildren and siblings. Whilst the Constitution of Norway grants important executive powers to the King, formally the King appoints the government according to his own judgement, but parliamentary practice has been in place since 1884. Constitutional practice has replaced the meaning of the word King in most articles of the constitution from the king personally to the elected government. The powers vested in the monarch are significant, but are treated only as reserve powers, the King does not, by convention, have direct participation in government. He ratifies laws and royal resolutions, receives and sends envoys from and to foreign countries and he has a more tangible influence as the symbol of national unity. The annual New Years Eve speech is one occasion when the King traditionally raises negative issues, the King is also Supreme Commander of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. The King has no role in the Church of Norway. The position of King of Norway has been in existence since the unification of Norway in 872. In recent years members of the Socialist Left party have proposed the abolition of the monarchy during each new session of parliament and this gives the Norwegian monarchy the unique status of being a popularly elected royal family and receiving regular formal confirmations of support from the Storting. Prior to and in the phase of the Viking Age Norway was divided into several smaller kingdoms. Harald Fairhair was the first king of Norway, the boundaries of Fairhairs kingdom were not identical to those of present-day Norway, and upon his death the kingship was shared among his sons. Some historians emphasise the actual control over the country and assert that Olaf II, alias Saint Olaf. Olaf is generally held to have been the force behind Norways final conversion to Christianity. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Norwegian kingdom was at its geographical and cultural peak, the kingdom included Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Shetland, Orkney and other smaller areas in the British Isles. The king had diplomatic relations with most of the European kingdoms and formed alliances with Scotland and Castile, large castles such as Haakons Hall and cathedrals, the foremost being Nidaros Cathedral, were built
6.
Oscar II of Sweden
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Oscar II was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death and King of Norway from 1872 until his dethronement in 1905. He was the third of four sons of King Oscar I, as his eldest brother Charles XV was without heirs and his brother Prince Gustaf died in 1852, it was he who succeeded his brother as king. Oscar II was king during a period when Sweden was undergoing a period of industrialization, the declining Union of Sweden and Norway was finally dissolved in 1905 and Oscar became the last Bernadotte king of Norway. He died in 1907 and was succeed as King of Sweden by his son, at his birth in Stockholm, Oscar Fredrik was created Duke of Östergötland. He entered the navy at the age of eleven, and was appointed lieutenant in July 1845. Later he studied at Uppsala University, where he distinguished himself in mathematics, on 13 December 1848, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. On 6 June 1857 he married in Wiesbaden-Biebrich, Germany, Princess Sophia Wilhelmina, from 1859, when his father died, he was first in line to the Swedish throne after his oldest brother King Charles, who then had no male heirs. His middle brother Gustaf had died in 1852 and he succeeded his brother Charles XV / IV on 18 September 1872. At the accession he adopted as his motto Brödrafolkens väl / Broderfolkenes Vel, the political events which led up to the peaceful dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 could hardly have been attained but for the tact and patience of the king himself. He was dethroned on 7 June 1905 by the Norwegian Parliament and he declined, indeed, to permit any prince of his house to become king of Norway, but better relations between the two countries were restored before his death. He died in Stockholm on 8 December 1907 at 9,10 AM and his acute intelligence and his aloofness from the dynastic considerations affecting most European sovereigns gave the king considerable weight as an arbitrator in international questions. At the request of Great Britain, Germany and the United States in 1889 he appointed the justice of Samoa. He was the 1, 027th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain, the office of prime minister was instituted in 1876. Louis De Geer became the first head of government in Sweden to use this title, the most known and powerful first minister of the Crown during the reign of Oscar was the conservative estate owner Erik Gustaf Boström. Boström served as Prime Minister in 1891-1900 and 1902-1905 and he was trusted and respected by the king, who had much difficulty approving someone else as prime minister. Over a period of time, the king gave Boström a free hand to select his own ministers without much royal involvement and it was an arrangement that furthered the road to parliamentarism. Himself a distinguished writer and musical amateur, King Oscar proved a friend of learning. In 1858 a collection of his lyrical and narrative poems, Memorials of the Swedish Fleet, published anonymously, obtained the second prize of the Swedish Academy
7.
Prime Minister of Norway
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For a list, see List of heads of government of Norway. The Prime Minister of Norway is the leader of Norway. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to the Storting, to their political party, and ultimately the electorate. In practice, since it is impossible for a government to stay in office against the will of the Storting. Norway has a Constitution, which was adopted on 17 May 1814, the position of Prime Minister is the result of legislation. As of 2017, the Prime Minister of Norway is Erna Solberg, unlike their counterparts in the rest of Europe, Norwegian Prime Ministers do not have the option of advising the King to dissolve the Storting and call a snap election. The Constitution requires that the Storting serve out its full four-year term, if the Prime Minister loses the confidence of the Storting, he or she must resign. As of 2015 six former Prime Ministers are alive, Odvar Nordli born 3 November 1927, kåre Willoch born 3 October 1928, served 1981–1986. Gro Harlem Brundtland born 20 April 1939, served 1981, 1986–1989, kjell Magne Bondevik born 3 September 1947, served 1997–2000 and 2001–2005. Thorbjørn Jagland born 5 November 1950, served 1996–1997, jens Stoltenberg born 16 March 1959, served 2000–2001 and 2005–2013. List of Prime Ministers of Norway Regjeringskvartalet Government Official Homepage
8.
Johannes Steen
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Johannes Wilhelm Christian Steen was a Norwegian politician and educator who served as Prime Minister of Norway from 1891 to 1893 and from 1898 to 1902. He grew up in Vesteraalen as the son of Judge and Member of Parliament John Svaboe Steen and his brother Frederik Steen was also a member of Parliament. At the University of Christiania in 1848, over the next 42 years, Steen combined his profession as teacher and educationist with a political career. He served as a teacher in Bergen and Tromsø and he was mayor of Tromsø and. From 1866 he was rector of Stavanger Latin School and he was mayor of Stavanger and In 1859 he was first elected member of the Storting for Tromsø. In 1868, Steen was elected to the Storting for Stavanger, from 1871, the Storting became increasingly marked by political struggle. Steen first became Prime Minister in 1891, in 1894, Steen was re-elected to the Storting from Trondheim. He subsequently held the position of Prime Minister from 1898–1902 and he was married in 1849 to Elise Henriette Stoltenberg. He died in 1906 at Voss in Hordaland, Norway
9.
Ministry of Agriculture and Food (Norway)
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The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food is a Norwegian ministry established on February 17,1900, and is responsible for agriculture, forestry and food in Norway. It is since October 2013 led by Minister of Agriculture and Food Sylvi Listhaug, the department reports to the parliament. Norwegian Agriculture Authority, or Statens landbruksforvaltning Authority for the agriculture industry, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, or Mattilsynet Controls all aspects of food safety, including agriculture, import and trade. Reindeer Husbandry Administration, or Reindriftforvaltningen Authority for the reindeer husbandry industry, state enterprises, Statskog Manages the state owned forests and natural property. Limited companies, Staur Farm, or Staur Gård A farm
10.
Jens Schive
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Jens Schive was a Norwegian journalist and diplomat. Schive was born in Grimstad, and finished his education in 1918. The same year, however, he started working as a journalist in the newspaper Vestlandske Tidende, in 1920 he left to work for the Norwegian News Agency, where he was made director of the international news department in 1932. In 1936 he became Morgenbladets correspondent in Moscow, working from 1937 also for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, in 1939 he accompanied Crown Prince Olav and his wife to the United States, an experience that led him to write the book Med Kronsprinsparet - for Norge. During the German occupation of Norway, from 1940 to 1945, he was press attaché in Stockholm, from 1945 to 1948 he was media director in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1948 to 1951 he was Norways representative at the new Indian government in Delhi, in 1951 he was appointed ambassador in Moscow, moving on to Sweden in 1953 and Switzerland in 1961
11.
Lillemor von Hanno
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Lillemor von Hanno was a Norwegian actress, novelist and playwright. Von Hanno was born in Balsfjord, the daughter of actress Ågot Gjems Selmer, the family moved to Ås near Kristiania when she was two years old. She was married to Major Otto Friedrich Wilhelm von Hanno in 1927, in 1950 she married industrialist Joakim Lund Ihlen. Von Hanno made her debut in 1920 at Trondhjems nationale Scene. Among her books are De og vi from 1936, and Dumme menn og troll til kjerringer from 1937 and she also wrote articles for the newspapers Dagbladet and Morgenbladet. Her play Leken vi lever was staged at Det Nye Teater in 1938 and she participated in the film Familien på Borgan in 1939. She also published the books Blindebukk in 1939 and Det går et år in 1940, during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany she took active part in the actors resistance. She was among the actors who were ordered by the Ministry to contribute to its broadcasting programs and this incident sparked a country-wide strike among the actors, which lasted for several weeks. In 1944 she fled from the country to Sweden. She was a member of the Norwegian Actors Equity Association for two years. She retired as an actor in 1951. In 1953 she staged an adaptation of Clare Boothe Luces play The Women at Det Nye Teater, and contributed to the 1959 film Støv på hjernen
12.
Oslo
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Oslo is the capital and the most populous city in Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality, founded in the year 1040, and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada, the city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814, after being destroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to Akershus Fortress during the reign of Christian IV of Denmark and renamed Christiania in his honour. It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, following a spelling reform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, at which time its original Norwegian name was restored. Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway, the city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to companies within the maritime sector, some of which are among the worlds largest shipping companies, shipbrokers. Oslo is a city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme. Oslo is considered a city and ranked Beta World City in studies carried out by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group. It was ranked one in terms of quality of life among European large cities in the European Cities of the Future 2012 report by fDi magazine. A survey conducted by ECA International in 2011 placed Oslo as the second most expensive city in the world for living expenses after Tokyo. In 2013 Oslo tied with the Australian city of Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world, as of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, while the population of the citys urban area was 942,084. The metropolitan area had an population of 1.71 million. The population was during the early 2000 increasing at record rates and this growth stems for the most part from international immigration and related high birth rates, but also from intra-national migration. The immigrant population in the city is growing faster than the Norwegian population. As of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, the urban area extends beyond the boundaries of the municipality into the surrounding county of Akershus, the total population of this agglomeration is 942,084. To the north and east, wide forested hills rise above the city giving the location the shape of a giant amphitheatre. The urban municipality of Oslo and county of Oslo are two parts of the entity, making Oslo the only city in Norway where two administrative levels are integrated
13.
Arne Korsmo
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Arne Korsmo was a leading architect in Norway and a propagator of the international architectural style. Arne Korsmo grew up in Oslo and took his final exams during 1920 and he earned a diploma from the architectural line of the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1926. He practiced with some of Oslos leading architects including Arnstein Arneberg, during 1926–27, Korsmo worked at Bryn and Ellefsens architectural office, where he first came into contact with modernism. In 1928, Korsmo started his own practice with architect, Sverre Aasland, Korsmo drew plans for 50 villas, several of which are regarded as masterpieces of Norwegian functionalism. Several of his villas were designed and built in the years while he was in partnership with Sverre Aasland, from 1935, Korsmo lectured at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry in Oslo and was professor at the Norwegian Institute of Technology. At the same time he worked as an architect and designer, often with his second wife, among his central mission was Norways pavilion at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne and arranging Norways participation in Milan X Triennale. In 1950, Korsmo was asked by Swiss art historian, Sigfried Giedion to lead the Norwegian group of Congrès International dArchitecture Moderne, the group, which was named PAGON, had the goal of implementing and promoting modern architecture. Arne Korsmo received the Sundt Prize and Houen Foundation award and for the Havna Housing Development, in 1939, he was knighted with the French Legion of Honor. At the Triennale in Milan, he won the Grand Prix and he was honored with a memorial exhibition at the Henie-Onstad Art Centre. Skjerven, Astrid, Arne Korsmo, arkitektur og design ISBN 82-15-00209-9 Arne Korsmo, timeline of Korsmos life Villa Stenersen
14.
Viggo Hansteen
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Harald Viggo Hansteen was a Norwegian lawyer who was executed by the Germans during their five-year occupation of Norway. Harald Viggo Hansteen was born in Oslo, Norway, as a student he was a part of the establishment of Mot Dag. When cooperation between Mot Dag and the Norwegian Communist Party came to an end in 1929, he stayed in the Communist Party and he became a Supreme Court advocate in 1933 and judicial consultant for the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions in 1936. In 1940 he went with the government in exile to London and he contributed strongly to the prevention of the Nasjonal Samlings attempt to gain control of the Confederation of Trade Unions. Hansteen was executed on 10 September 1941 during the state of law which followed the so-called Milk Strike. The reason for the strike was that food supplies had become increasingly worse by September 1941, also executed at that same time was labour activist Rolf Wickstrøm, who was the union steward and chairman for the union workers at the Skabo Jernbanevognfabrikk in Oslo. Hansteen and Wickstrøm were the first two Norwegian citizens executed by the Germans during the occupation of Norway. Hansteen and Rolf Wickstrøm are buried in Vår Frelsers gravlund, Viggo Hansteen and Rolf Wickstrøm were honored by the naming of a section of road around Oslo which bears their names. Hansteens widow Kirsten Hansteen became a part of Einar Gerhardsens coalition government in 1945 and was Norways first female cabinet member, in 1948, a memorial was erected in granite with a bronze relief at the site of Hansteens execution at Årvoll in the Bjerke district of Oslo. The memorial was directed by Norwegian sculptor Nic Schiøll and it bears the following, Berntsen, Harald To liv - én skjebne, Viggo Hansteen og Rolf Wickstrøm ISBN 82-03-26002-0 Photograph gallery at Oslo Museum
15.
Martha Ostenso
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Martha Ostenso was a Canadian novelist and screenwriter. Ostenso was born in Haukeland, in Hordaland County, Norway and her parents were Sigurd and Olina Ostenso. She emigrated with her family, first settling in the province of Manitoba, Canada, Ostenso taught in a rural school and attended the University of Manitoba for approximately one year, she never graduated. While studying at the University of Manitoba, she was a student of Douglas Durkin, shortly thereafter Durkin left his wife and children and moved to New York City, Ostenso joined him there. They lived together in New York, where she studied at Columbia and worked as a social worker, after Durkins wife died, he and Ostenso married in 1945. Ostenso is probably best known for the award-winning novel Wild Geese, hailed by critics as a landmark in Canadian realism, the novel is a story about a young schoolteacher sent to teach in rural Manitoba. Wild Geese won the 1925 Dodd, Mead and Company Best Novel of the Year Award and brought her much popular and it made her a well-known and best-selling author. The novel was filmed as Ruf der Wildgänse in 1961 as a West-German and Austrian co-production, Ostenso continued to publish short stories, novels and wrote a number of screenplays. Although it is now known that Ostenso collaborated with her husband, fellow novelist Douglas Durkin, all their writing appeared under her name alone. Ostenso produced fifteen more novels, the most successful of which was O River, Remember, many of her novels were based on Minnesota farm life, most incorporate elements of romance and melodrama. Ostenso portrays the lives of immigrants with dignity. Although none of her later novels ever reached the acclaim Wild Geese attracted, most continued to explore a similar theme, a number of her other works were translated and have been reprinted several times. Ostenso and Durkin lived for a time in Hollywood, California, regrettably, the lifestyle had a negative impact on both Ostenso and Durkin, leading to less productivity and quality of their work. In 1963, the moved to Seattle, Washington, to be near Durkins sons. Shortly after the move, Martha Ostenso died from cirrhosis of the liver, the result of years of heavy drinking. Asked how to pronounce her name, she told The Literary Digest, Of the three syllables in Ostenso, the first receives the major accent, the second is without accent, the final result is as if you spoke the name Austin and added so as an afterthought. Since I was born in Norway, I suppose I should insist on the Norwegian values, I am even weary of correcting people who insist that it is Ostenso. The accent is the same, so perhaps I am not too pedantic in maintaining that accent, a Far Land, Ostensos only book of poetry
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