1.
1905
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As of the start of 1905, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. As the second year of the massive Russo-Japanese War began, more than 100,000 died in the largest world battles of that era, Canada and the U. S. expanded west, with the Alberta and Saskatchewan provinces and the founding of Las Vegas. January 1 – The Trans-Siberian Railway officially opens after its completion on July 21,1904, january 2 – Russo-Japanese War, The Russian Army surrenders at Port Arthur in Qing dynasty China. January 5 – The play The Scarlet Pimpernel opens at the New Theatre in London and begins a run of 122 performances, january 26 Russian Revolution of 1905, The Imperial Russian Army opens fire on demonstrators in Riga, Governorate of Livonia, killing 73 and injuring 200 people. The Cullinan Diamond is found near Pretoria, South Africa, at the Premier Mine, february 12 – In Christchurch, New Zealand, the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament is opened. February 16 – At Haulbowline Base in Ireland, two explosions on board HM Submarine A5, due to gasoline fumes after refueling, kill six of the eleven crew, february 17 – At Fremantle, the R. M. S. Orizaba is wrecked, but all 160 passengers and the mail are saved, february 20 – Russo-Japanese War, The Battle of Mukden begins in Manchuria. February 23 – Rotary International is founded, march 1 – Australian Conservative leader Richard Butler takes office as Premier of South Australia. March 3 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly, march 4 – Theodore Roosevelt is sworn in for a full term as President of the United States. March 5 – Russo-Japanese War, Russian troops begin to retreat from Mukden after losing 100,000 troops in 3 days, march 10 Russo-Japanese War, The Japanese capture of Mukden completes the rout of Russian armies in Manchuria. Cassie Chadwick is sentenced for 14 years in Cleveland, Ohio for fraud, chelsea F. C. is founded in London. March 13 – Mata Hari introduces her dance act in Paris. March 20 – Grover Shoe Factory disaster, A boiler explosion, building collapse and fire in Brockton, march 31 – Wilhelm II, German Emperor asserts German equality with France in Morocco, triggering the Tangier or First Moroccan Crisis. April – Albert Einstein works on the theory of relativity as well as the theory of Brownian motion. April 1 – Penny Post established between the United Kingdom and Australia, april 2 – The Simplon Tunnel is officially opened through the Alps. April 3 – Boca Junior, as known for football club of Argentina. April 4 – In India, the 1905 Kangra earthquake hits the Kangra Valley, kills 20,000, april 6 – Lochner v. New York, The Supreme Court of the United States invalidates New Yorks 8-hour-day law. April 14 – Erik Gustaf Boström resigns as the Prime Minister of Sweden and his Minister without Portfolio, Johan Ramstedt, becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1903 in the United States
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Events from the year 1903 in the United States. President, Theodore Roosevelt Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Melville Fuller Speaker of the House of Representatives, henderson, Joseph Gurney Cannon Congress, 57th, 58th January 19 – The first west-east transatlantic radio broadcast is made from the United States to England. January 21 – Section of Militia Affairs within the Adjutant Generals office, february 11 – The Oxnard Strike of 1903 becomes the first time in U. S. history that a labor union is formed from members of different races. February 14 Census Board within the Department of Commerce and Labor, Department of Commerce and Labor founded U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. February 15 – Morris and Rose Mitchom introduce the first teddy bear in America, february 23 – Cuba leases Guantanamo Bay to the United States in perpetuity. March 2 – In New York City, the Martha Washington Hotel, March 14 – The Hay–Herrán Treaty, granting the United States the right to build the Panama Canal, is ratified by the United States Senate. The Colombian Senate later rejects the treaty, june 12 – The Sigma Alpha Iota International Music Fraternity is founded at the University of Michigan School of Music. June 14 – Heppner Flood of 1903, The town of Heppner, july 1 – U. S. Bureau of Fisheries within Department of Commerce & Labor. July 23 – Dr. Ernst Pfenning of Chicago becomes the first owner of a Ford Model A, August 9 – Commanding General post replaced by that of Chief of Staff of the Army. September 11 – The first stock car event is held at the Milwaukee Mile, September 27 – The Wreck of the Old 97 engine at Stillhouse Trestle near Danville, Virginia, which kills 9 people, inspires a ballad and song. October – Frank Nelson Cole proves that 267-1 is composite by factoring it as 193,707,721 *761,838,257,287 after trying for every Sunday for 3 years. October 1 – The first modern World Series pits the National Leagues Pittsburgh against Boston of the American League, november 4 – With the encouragement of the United States, Panama proclaims itself independent from Colombia. November 13 – The United States recognizes the independence of Panama, november 18 – The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty is signed by the United States and Panama, giving the U. S. exclusive rights over the Panama Canal Zone. November 23 – Colorado Governor James Hamilton Peabody sends the state militia into the town of Cripple Creek to break up a miners strike. December 17 – Orville Wright flies an aircraft with an engine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in the first documented, successful, controlled, powered. December 30 – A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago kills 600, the Lincoln–Lee Legion is established to promote the temperance movement and signing of alcohol abstinence pledges by children. The first box of Crayola crayons was made and sold for 5 cents and it contained 8 colors, brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet and black. Coca-Cola removes cocaine as a key ingredient from their formula, at the time, Coca-Cola contained approximately nine milligrams of cocaine per glass
4.
1904 in the United States
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Events from the year 1904 in the United States.37 mph. January 16 – The first large-scale bodybuilding competition in America takes place at Madison Square Garden in New York City, February 7 – The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, Maryland destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. February 23 – For $10 million, the United States gains control of the Panama Canal Zone, April 8 – Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square after The New York Times. April 30 – The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Worlds Fair opens in St. Louis, may 4 – U. S. Army engineers begin work on The Panama Canal. May 5 – Pitching against the Philadelphia Athletics, Cy Young of the Boston Americans throws the first perfect game in the era of baseball. May 30 – Alpha Gamma Delta womens fraternity is founded at Syracuse University in Syracuse, june 15 – A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York Citys East River kills 1,021. July 1 – The third Modern Olympic Games opens in St. Louis, Missouri, july 23 – In St. Louis, Missouri, the ice cream cone is invented during the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. October 1 – Phi Delta Epsilon, the medical fraternity, is founded by Aaron Brown. October 17 – Amadeo Giannini founds the Bank of Italy in San Francisco, october 19 – Polytechnic University of the Philippines is founded as Manila Business School through the superintendence of the American C. A. October 27 – The first underground line of the New York City Subway opens, november 8 – U. S. presidential election,1904, Republican incumbent Theodore Roosevelt defeats Democrat Alton B. December 10 – The Pi Kappa Phi Fraternity is founded at the College of Charleston in South Carolina, december 30 – The East Boston Tunnel opens. December 31 – In New York City, the first New Years Eve celebration is held in Times Square, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints President Joseph F. Smith issues a Second Manifesto against polygamy. Stuyvesant High School is founded in New York City, the Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls, now Bethune-Cookman University, is founded. Senator from Idaho from 1945 to 1951 April 20 – Bob Bartlett, senator from Alaska from 1959 to 1968 May 17 – John J. Williams, U. S. Senator from Georgia from 1873 to 1880 and from 1891 to 1897 January 20 – Maria Louisa Bustill, schoolteacher, mother of Paul Robeson February 15 – Mark Hanna, U. S. Shoup, U. S. Senator from Idaho from 1890 to 1901 List of American films of 1904 Domestic Chronology, Statistician and Economist, San Francisco, Louis P. McCarty,1905, media related to 1904 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
5.
1906 in the United States
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Events from the year 1906 in the United States. February 26 – Upton Sinclair publishes The Jungle, a novel depicting the life of an immigrant family in Chicago during the early 1900s, march 17 – The Phi Kappa Tau Fraternity is founded at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. April 5 – The Maryland General Assembly authorizes the election of the Union Soldiers and Sailors Monument in Baltimore, june 6 – Durham and Southern Railway operates its first revenue train, Bonsal to Durham, North Carolina. June 8 – Theodore Roosevelt signs the Antiquities Act into law, june 25 – Harry K. Thaw shoots architect Stanford White. June 29 – Mesa Verde is declared a National Park, june 30 – The United States Congress passes the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act. July 11 – Murder of Grace Brown, august 23 – Unable to control a rebellion in the newly formed Cuban Republic, President Tomás Estrada Palma requests U. S. intervention. September 5 – Bradbury Robinson of St. Louis University throws the first legal pass in an American football game. September 22 – Atlanta race riot, Race riots in Atlanta, Georgia result in 27 people killed, september 24 – U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt proclaims Devils Tower, Wyoming as the nations first National Monument. September 26 – The first concert of the Telharmonium, the first music synthesizer, is presented at Telharmonic Hall, september 30 – The first Gordon Bennett Cup in ballooning is held, starting in Paris. The winning team, piloting the balloon United States, lands in Fylingdales, Yorkshire, England. October 1 – The Madeira School, a boarding school for girls, opens with 28 students attending classes in 2 buildings on 19th Street, just off Dupont Circle in downtown Washington. October 11 – The San Francisco public school board sparks a United States diplomatic crisis with Japan, November 9 – U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt leaves for a trip to Panama to inspect the construction progress of the Panama Canal. December 4 – Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, the first inter-collegiate Greek-letter organization established for African Americans, is founded at Cornell University, december 8 – The Petrified Forest, Arizona is designated a National Monument. December 10 – U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in negotiating peace in the Russo-Japanese War, the muffuletta sandwich is invented in New Orleans, Louisiana. Progressive Era Lochner era Black Patch Tobacco Wars January 25 John S. Harris, November 4 – John H. Ketcham, politician November 23 – Willard Warner, United States Senator from Alabama from 1868 till 1871. December 12 – Arthur Brown, United States Senator from Utah from 1896 till 1897, december 30 – Thomas M. Bowen, United States Senator from Colorado from 1883 till 1889. December 31 – Donelson Caffery, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1892 till 1901, list of American films of 1906 Media related to 1906 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
6.
1907 in the United States
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Events from the year 1907 in the United States. January 23 – Charles Curtis from Kansas becomes the first Native American U. S. Senator, february 12 – The steamship Larchmont collides with the Harry Hamilton in Long Island Sound,183 lives are lost. February 26 – President Theodore Roosevelt appoints Col. George Washington Goethals as chief engineer of the Panama Canal, march 9 – Reclamation Service within the Department of the Interior. April – The April 1907 issue of Good Housekeeping Magazine displays the cover price One Dollar a Year, April 7 – Hersheypark opens in Hershey, Pennsylvania. April 15 – Triangle, is founded at Pennsylvania State University, April 17 – April 17 goes down as the busiest day of immigration in the history Ellis Island. 1907 is the busiest year ever seen at Ellis Island, with 1.1 million immigrants arriving there, April 18 – The USS Kansas, a Connecticut-class battleship, is commissioned. July 21 – The SS Columbia sinks after colliding with the lumber schooner San Pedro off Shelter Cove, California, august 1 – Aeronautical Division established within the U. S. Army Signal Corps. August 15 – Ordination in Constantinople of Fr, raphael Morgan, first African-American Orthodox priest, Priest-Apostolic to America and the West Indies. August 17 – Pike Place Market in Seattle, Washington officially opens for business, august 28 – UPS is founded by James E. September 7 – The new passenger liner RMS Lusitania makes its maiden voyage from Liverpool, september 29 – A foundation stone is laid for the Washington National Cathedral, construction would not be fully completed until 1990. October 1 – Office of the Superintendent of Prisons and Prisoners established within Department of Justice, october 22 – Panic of 1907, A bank run forces New Yorks Knickerbocker Trust Company to suspend operations. October 24 – A major American financial crisis is averted when J. P. Morgan, E. H. November 3 – President Roosevelt approves the takeover of the Tennessee Coal, Iron, november 7 – Delta Sigma Pi is founded at the School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance of New York University in New York City. November 16 Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory become Oklahoma, which is admitted as the 46th U. S. state, passenger liner RMS Mauretania, the worlds largest and fastest at this date, sets out on her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York. November 28 – Johnny Hayes wins the inaugural Yonkers Marathon, December 6 – Monongah Mining Disaster, A coal mine explosion kills 362 workers in Monongah, West Virginia. December 16 – The Great White Fleet departs Hampton Roads, Virginia on a 14-month circumnavigation of the globe, December 19 – An explosion in a coal mine in Jacobs Creek, Pennsylvania kills 239. December 31 – The first electric ball drops in Times Square, the Lockport Powerhouse is built in Illinois. Progressive Era Lochner era Black Patch Tobacco Wars Great White Fleet voyage January 2 – Gordon L. Allott, January 19 – Paul Fannin, United States Senator from Arizona from 1959 till 1965
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Theodore Roosevelt
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Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt successfully overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle and he integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity. Home-schooled, he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College and his first of many books, The Naval War of 1812, established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the faction of Republicans in New Yorks state legislature. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898, the state party leadership distrusted him, so they took the lead in moving him to the prestigious but powerless role of vice presidential candidate as McKinleys running mate in the election of 1900. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously across the country, helping McKinleys re-election in a victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity. Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Roosevelt succeeded to the office at age 42, making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nations natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal and he greatly expanded the United States Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, elected in 1904 to a full term, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies, but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress. Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend, William Howard Taft, to succeed him in the presidency, after leaving office, Roosevelt went on safari in Africa and toured Europe. Returning to the United States, he became frustrated with Tafts approach, failing to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, Roosevelt founded his own party, the Progressive, so-called Bull Moose Party, and called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. The split among Republicans enabled the Democrats to win both the White House and a majority in the Congress in 1912, Republicans aligned with Taft nationally would control the Republican Party for decades. Frustrated at home, Roosevelt led an expedition to the Amazon basin. During World War I, he opposed President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and offered his military services, although planning to run again for president in 1920, Roosevelt suffered deteriorating health and died in early 1919. Roosevelt has consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest American presidents. Historians admire Roosevelt for rooting out corruption in his administration, but are critical of his 1909 libel lawsuits against the World and his face was carved into Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27,1858, at East 20th Street in New York City and he was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr
12.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
13.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
14.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
15.
Charles W. Fairbanks
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Charles Warren Fairbanks was an American politician who served as the 26th Vice President of the United States from 1905 to 1909 and a Senator from Indiana from 1897 to 1905. Fairbanks was born in a log cabin near Unionville Center, Ohio, the son of Mary Adelaide and Loriston Monroe Fairbanks, fairbankss ancestry traced back to Puritan followers of Oliver Cromwell, with Jonathan Fairbanks being the first family member to reach America, in 1632. Fairbanks in his youth saw his familys home used as a place for runaway slaves. After attending country schools and working on a farm, Fairbanks attended Ohio Wesleyan University, while there, Fairbanks was co-editor of the school newspaper with Cornelia Cole, whom he married after both graduated from the school. Fairbanks first position was as an agent of the Associated Press in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Fairbanks then moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he briefly attended law school before his admittance to the Ohio bar in 1874. He then moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, the same year, during his early years in Indiana, Fairbanks was paid $5,000 a year as manager for the bankrupt Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western Railroad. Prior to the 1888 Republican National Convention, federal judge Walter Q, gresham sought Fairbanks help in seeking the nomination for U. S. President. While the bid was unsuccessful, Fairbanks began to take an even greater interest in politics. He was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1897, Fairbanks was elected Vice President of the United States in 1904 on the Republican ticket with Theodore Roosevelt and served all four years. Fairbanks, a conservative who had once been labelled a reactionary machine politician by Roosevelt, for his part, Roosevelt did not provide Fairbanks with a significant role during his administration, and strongly promoted William Howard Taft as his potential successor in 1908. Although Fairbanks also sought the Republican nomination for President, he was unsuccessful, in 1912, Fairbanks supported Tafts re-election against Roosevelts Bull Moose candidacy. In 1916, Fairbanks was in charge of establishing the platform for the Republican party. In 1916, he sought the Republican presidential nomination, and although he failed in that bid, five months later, Hughes and Fairbanks lost a close election to the Democratic incumbents Woodrow Wilson and Thomas Marshall. Fairbanks is the most recent former Vice President to seek reelection for a non-consecutive term, Fairbanks once again resumed the practice of law in Indianapolis, but his health started to fail. He died of nephritis in his home on June 4,1918 and he was interred in Crown Hill Cemetery. On May 15,2009, an Ohio historical marker was dedicated in Unionville Center, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
16.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
17.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
18.
Melville Fuller
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Melville Weston Fuller was the eighth Chief Justice of the United States from 1888 to his death in 1910. Fuller was born in Augusta, Maine, the son of Catherine Martin, both his maternal grandfather, Nathan Weston and paternal grandfather, Henry Weld Fuller were judges. His father was a well-known lawyer and his parents divorced shortly after his birth, and he was raised by Nathan Weston. He attended college at Harvard University for one year before graduating from Bowdoin College and he then spent six months at Harvard Law School, leaving without graduating in 1855. Fuller first studied law under the direction of an uncle, in 1855, he went into partnership with another uncle. He also became the editor of The Age, a leading Democratic newspaper in Augusta, soon he got tired of Maine and moved to Chicago. In 1860, he managed Democrat Stephen Douglas campaign for the Presidency of the United States At the time, railroads had just linked it to the east. Fuller built a law practice in Chicago, within two years, he appeared before the Supreme Court of Illinois in the case of Beach v. Derby. He became an attorney in the city. He first appeared before the United States Supreme Court in the case of Traders Bank v. Campbell. He also argued the case of Tappan v. the Merchants National Bank of Chicago, which was the first case heard by Chief Justice Morrison Waite and he was a minor figure in Illinois politics. In 1876, he made the speech for Thomas Hendricks. After his inauguration as President, Grover Cleveland tried to make Fuller chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission, Cleveland then tried to persuade Fuller to accept appointment as Solicitor General of the United States, but Fuller again declined. In 1886, Fuller was president of the Illinois State Bar Association, on April 30,1888, President Grover Cleveland nominated him for the chief justice position following the death of Morrison R. Waite. Fuller was not the first man to be mentioned as a possible Supreme Court nominee and he had avoided military service during the Civil War, and while serving in the Illinois House of Representatives had attempted to block wartime legislation proposed by Governor Richard Yates. However, he was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 20,1888, by a vote of 41 to 20. He received his commission the same day, Fuller did not take the oath of office until October 8,1888. On the bench, he oversaw a number of memorable or important opinions, the famous phrase Equal Justice Under Law paraphrases his opinion in Caldwell v. Texas,137 U. S.692 where Fuller discussed equal and impartial justice under the law
19.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
20.
Joseph Gurney Cannon
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Joseph Gurney Cannon was a United States politician from Illinois and leader of the Republican Party. Cannon is the second-longest continuously serving Republican Speaker in history, having been surpassed by fellow Illinoisan Dennis Hastert, Cannon is also the longest serving Republican Representative ever, as well as first member of congress, of either party, ever to surpass 40 years of service. Cannons congressional career spanned 46 years of cumulative service—a record that was not broken until 1959, although technically the second-longest serving Republican member of Congress ever, he was the longest-serving Republican to never change his party affiliation. Cannon also has the distinction of being the subject of the first Time cover ever, Cannon was born in Guilford County, North Carolina, and in 1840 moved with his parents to Annapolis, Indiana, about 30 miles north of Terre Haute. He was the elder of two sons of Gulielma and Horace Franklin Cannon, a country doctor, Horace Cannon drowned on August 7,1851 when Joseph was fifteen years old as he tried to reach a sick patient by crossing Sugar Creek. Young Cannon took charge of the family farm and his brother William would become a successful banker and realtor. Asked by Terre Haute politician and lawyer John Palmer Usher, future Secretary of the Interior under President Abraham Lincoln, to testify in a slander case, eventually, he asked Usher if he could study law under him and moved to Terre Haute. At age 19 he traveled to Cincinnati, Ohio to attend a semester of law school at the University of Cincinnati law school. In 1858, he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Terre Haute and that year he relocated to Tuscola, Illinois. His choice of a new hometown was somewhat involuntary, taking place while he was travelling from Shelbyville, Illinois, during the trip, he ran out of money. He boarded a Chicago-bound train in Mattoon, Illinois, after the train had started, as Cannon did not have a ticket, he was removed from the train in Tuscola. There, he became States attorney for the judicial district of Illinois. He was one of the members of Tuscolas Masonic Lodge No. 332, which was founded on October 2,1860, in 1876 Cannon moved to Danville, Illinois, where he resided for the rest of his life. He and his wife Mary P. Reed, whom he married in 1862, had two daughters and he became a follower of Abraham Lincoln during the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. After Lincoln was elected President in 1860, Cannon received an appointment as a regional prosecutor, Cannon was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1890 to the Fifty-second Congress, but was elected to the Fifty-third and to the nine succeeding Congresses that sat between 1893 and 1913. He attempted to gain the Speakership four times before succeeding and his antic speaking style, diminutive stature and pugnacious manner were his trademarks. The newspapers frequently lampooned him as a colorful rube, Uncle Joe, as he was known, often clashed with fellow Republican Theodore Roosevelt, asserting that Roosevelt has no more use for the Constitution than a tomcat has for a marriage license
21.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
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58th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from March 4,1903 to March 4,1905, during the third and fourth years of Theodore Roosevelts presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twelfth Census of the United States in 1900, both chambers had a Republican majority. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, at this time, Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Many of the district numbers are linked to articles describing the district itself. Since the boundaries of the districts have changed often and substantially, the article may only describe the district as it exists today. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress. Archived from the original on June 1,2006, archived from the original on June 1,2006. Archived from the original on June 1,2006, official Congressional Directory for the 58th Congress, Special Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 58th Congress, Extraordinary Session, official Congressional Directory for the 58th Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 58th Congress, 2nd Session, official Congressional Directory for the 58th Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 58th Congress, 3rd Session, official Congressional Directory for the 58th Congress, 3rd Session
23.
59th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1905 to March 4,1907, during the fifth and sixth years of Theodore Roosevelts presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twelfth Census of the United States in 1900, both chambers had a Republican majority. June 8,1906, Antiquities Act June 29,1906, Hepburn Act June 30,1906, Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, ch. 3915,34 Stat.768 June 30,1906, Meat Inspection Act 1906, Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below At this time, Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Palmer, Charles A. Stillings Secretary of the Senate, Charles G. Bennett of New York, sergeant at Arms of the Senate, Daniel M. Ransdell of Indiana, elected February 1,1900. Chaplain of the Senate The Rev. Edward E. Hale, Unitarian, clerk of the House, Alexander McDowell of Pennsylvania, elected December 4,1905. Sergeant at Arms of the House, Henry Casson of Wisconsin, doorkeeper of the House, Frank B. Lyon of New York, elected December 4,1905, postmaster of the House, Joseph C. McElroy of Ohio, elected December 4,1905. Clerk at the Speaker’s Table, Asher C, hinds Chaplain, The Rev. Henry N. Couden, Universalist, elected December 4,1905. Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress, archived from the original on June 1,2006. Archived from the original on June 1,2006, archived from the original on June 1,2006. Official Congressional Directory for the 59th Congress, 1st Session, official Congressional Directory for the 59th Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 59th Congress, 1st Session, official Congressional Directory for the 59th Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 59th Congress, 2nd Session
24.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
25.
William D. Jelks
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William Dorsey Jelks was an American Democratic politician who was the 32nd Governor of Alabama from 1901 to 1907, he had been a newspaper publisher and editor. He also served as acting governor between December 1 and December 26,1900 when governor William J. Samford was out-of-state seeking medical treatment, when Samford died on June 11,1901, Jelks became governor. In 1904, Jelks fell ill and left the state for treatment, Jelks, an Alabama native, graduated in 1876 from Mercer University in Macon, Georgia, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. In 1879, Jelks acquired a substantial interest in the Union Springs Herald, later that year he bought, during his residence in Eufaula, Alabama, Jelks served on the board and as superintendent of education for the city schools. Elected to the Alabama Senate from Barbour County, Alabama in 1898, Jelks served as chairman of the Committee on Constitution, Constitutional Revision, in 1900, he was elected President of the Senate. Samford from December 1–26,1900, and succeeded to the office on June 11,1901, as governor, Jelks played an active role in securing the ratification of the State Constitution of 1901. The new constitution reinstated the office of lieutenant governor and established the term of office of governor as four years, developed according to the Mississippi model, it established requirements for voter registration that effectively disfranchised most blacks and tens of thousands of poor whites. Blacks were disfranchised for more than 60 years, until passage in the mid-1960s of federal civil rights legislation. Elected to his first full term in 1902, Jelks was the first Alabama governor elected to serve a four-year term, the legislature prohibited manufacturers from employing children under twelve years of age or working them more than sixty-six hours per week. The State Textbook Commission was established to provide a series of textbooks for use in the states public schools. According to Owen, the state realized a savings of several hundred dollars in this way. Public indignation with the freight rates charged by the railroads resulted in a reform of the State Railroad Commission. Jelks understanding of the workings of the commission was inadequate and, although he was apprehensive about popular election of the commissioners and he ordered a review of the bookkeeping practices and greater accountability to be applied to the states convict lease system. Efficient administration of the convict system net the state nearly $400,000 per year between 1901 and 1906, the recently established State Department of Archives and History was provided offices and storage space in the new wing of the Capitol. He supported lynchings, stating that black men accused of rape was justified. Briefly during his governorship he opposed lynching, preferring the judicial process and it usually resulted in death sentences as, unable to vote, blacks were excluded from serving on juries. They were also excluded from local offices, Jelks opposed education for blacks, believing that it took them from their labors in the field and led to idleness, vagrancy, and crime. When Jelks left office in 1907, he had served longer than any governor before him and he left a cash balance in the treasury of $1.8 million, which he recommended be spent on education
26.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
27.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
28.
Jeff Davis (Arkansas governor)
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Jefferson Davis, commonly known as Jeff Davis, was a Democratic politician who served as the 20th Governor of Arkansas from 1901 to 1907 and in the United States Senate from 1907 to 1913. He took office as one of Arkansass first New South governors, Davis utilized his silver tongue and ability to demagogue to exploit existing feelings of agrarian frustration among poor rural whites and thus build a large populist appeal. However, since Davis often blamed city-dwellers, blacks and Yankees for problems on the farm, Davis began his political career as Arkansas Attorney General, where he immediately began making political waves. His office challenged the legality of the Kimball State House Act, Davis three two-year terms as Arkansas Governor produced more politics than government, but succeeded in building a new state house and reforming the penal system. An almost-constant series of scandals and outrageous behavior characterized his time in office, Davis was born near Rocky Comfort in Little River County in southwestern Arkansas. His parents were Lewis W. Davis, a Baptist preacher originally from Kentucky and his wife, Elizabeth Phillips, originally from Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Lewis Davis did not join the Confederate army until drafted in 1864 and his service was largely a chaplains commission, but he quit the ministry following the war and became a lawyer. No Civil War battles were fought within Sevier Countys bounds, after the Union captured Little Rock in 1863, the state capitol was moved to Washington. Union General Nathaniel Banks later lead the Red River Campaign, an attempt to capture Shreveport, Louisiana via southwest Arkansas. Beginning in 1865, Laynesport became a Confederate garrison, not far from the Davis property, perhaps equally indelible was the romanticism of The Lost Cause in the years following the war, as a majority of southwestern Arkansas residents remained staunch Confederate supporters. Following the war, Lewis Davis was elected to serve as county and probate judge of Sevier County, the following year, Radical Reconstruction swept Davis and most other Democrats from office. Confederate supporters did not accept this political overhaul, turning to vigilante groups like the Ku Klux Klan and Knights of the White Camelia to intimidate blacks, the rough and tumble nature of Little River County was especially conductive for gangs, outlaws and violence. Eventually the situation devolved to such lawlessness that governor Powell Clayton declared martial law in Little River, desperado Cullen Baker initially assembled a posse to oppose Claytons militia, but after several skirmishes the militia gained control of the county. Local history tells of rape, torture, murder and pillaging by the militia in the ensuing months, the martial law months were later described by Jeff Davis as the most bitter episode of his youth. The Davis family moved to Dover, Arkansas in the Arkansas River Valley in 1869, following a move to Pope County, Lewis Davis former judgeship quickly elevated him within a very small legal community. However, the Davis family had moved into a similarly explosive post-war situation rooted deep in Pope Countys past, divided sharply into city-country and Union-Rebel factions, both sides held grudges long after the war was over. The Republican domination of local government lead to resentment from the ex-Confederate Democrats, later known as the Pope County Militia War, the county fell into lawlessness for six months resulting in robbery, murder and pillaging. Pope County Democrats became heroes across the state for providing openly armed resistance to Powell Claytons state militia, in a new town but witnessing a violent conflict, Reconstruction violence continued to make an impact on ten-year-old Jeff Davis
29.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
30.
George Pardee
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George Cooper Pardee was an American doctor of medicine and politician. Pardee was born on July 25,1857, in San Francisco, California, the Pardee family was well known in the San Francisco Bay Area. His father was a prominent oculist in San Francisco and Oakland, enochs stature within the community helped him get elected to the California State Assembly in the early 1870s, and later as the Mayor of Oakland for a single term from 1876 to 1878. Raised in the Pardee Home in Oakland, George Pardee closely followed in his fathers medical background and he attended the nearby University of California, Berkeley, then studied medicine at the Cooper Medical College in San Francisco. In 1885, Pardee traveled abroad to receive his degree at the University of Leipzig in the German Empire. After his return from Germany, Pardee joined his fathers practice, specializing in eye. Like his father, Enoch, Pardee also developed an early interest in politics, by the early 1890s, Pardee had become an active member of the Republican Party, and was elected to the Oakland Board of Health and the Oakland City Council. In 1893, following an election, Pardee became the 29th Mayor of Oakland. During his mayoralship, Pardee began a battle with the Southern Pacific Railroads ownership of the Port of Oakland. At one point, Pardee kicked down a piece of the fence erected by the Southern Pacific out of anger. During the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904, Pardees quick rise in East Bay politics was noticed by the state Republican leadership prior to the 1902 general elections. In the 1902 general elections, Pardee faced a race between the Democrats Lane, Socialist Gideon Brower and Prohibitionist Theodore Kanouse. Pardee barely edged over Lane, winning the governorship with a plurality of 0. 9%, less than 3,000 votes separated the two leading candidates. Assuming the governorship on January 7,1903, Pardee began a program to eradicate San Franciscos bubonic plague outbreak. The plague had been present in the city since 1900, yet was denied by the previous administration of Henry Gage. As both a physician and politician, Pardee realized the dire consequences both to the citys population and the states economy, now under threats of a nationwide boycott. Pardee permitted state health officials and federal authorities of the Marine Hospital Service to stamp out the plague, by the end of 1904, the plague had been brought under control. Nearly 200 deaths were attributed to the outbreak, during his medical studies in the German Empire, Pardee was greatly influenced by Germanys push for higher education and environmental conservation during its rapid industrialization
31.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
32.
James Hamilton Peabody
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James Hamilton Peabody was the 13th and 15th Governor of Colorado, and is noted for his public service in Cañon City. James was the youngest of 17 children and he was born in Topsham, Orange County, Vermont, where his family raised crops and children. He attended school in Vermont, and later furthered his education there at the Bryant Commercial College at Barre, three of his brothers fought for the Union in the American Civil War. In early 1875, he moved to Cañon City, Colorado, on March 19,1878, he married his employers daughter, Frances Lillian Clelland, and the couple eventually had four children together. Peabody quickly climbed the ladder at Clellands store, becoming a manager, then a full partner, in 1885, he was elected county clerk for Fremont County, Colorado, unseating the incumbent, who had held the post for 18 years. In 1889, while serving in the position of county clerk, Peabody helped to organize the First National Bank of Cañon City. He also served Cañon City as city treasurer for two years and as alderman for two years and he helped organize the Cañon City Water Works Company and served as its secretary and treasurer for many years. He was instrumental in forming the Electric Light Company of Cañon City and he ran on a law and order platform and was elected, but his administration met with numerous difficulties, especially labor issues in Colorados many mines. During Peabodys administration, miners unions acted on a variety of issues, including wages, hours, Peabodys tactic in dealing with these strikes was to call out the Colorado National Guard whenever he felt it necessary, a strategy many felt was heavy-handed. The union representing hard rock miners was the Western Federation of Miners, the coal miners union was the United Mine Workers. Some of the officials in Teller County, and particularly in the Cripple Creek District, were considered sympathetic to the union, in 1903 the WFM called a strike in support of mill workers. On September 4,1903, almost 1,000 militiamen entered Teller County, on June 6,1904, after nine months of the strike, someone destroyed the Independence Railway Station near Victor, Colorado with dynamite, killing 13 non-union miners. County Sheriff Henry Robertson became a target of the Cripple Creek Mine Owners Association and their ally, the Citizens Alliance, the Colorado National Guard made several dozen unwarranted arrests of miners and their supporters and held many people without formal charges, some for several days. Colorado National Guard Adjutant General Sherman Bell said of the miners, Habeas corpus, with the support of the state militia, the owners regained control of the mines, and by midsummer the strike was broken. The mines reopened with non-union labor, and the labor unions lost significant power in Cripple Creek, a union member named Harry Orchard later wrote in a confession to Pinkerton agent James McParland that he had committed the attack at the Independence Station. He also admitted to serving as an informant for the Mine Owners Association. Peabody ran for a term in 1904, but was vilified by his opponents. And felt that he was in league with the mine owners, Peabodys opponent, Democrat Alva Adams, ripped into his handling of the Cripple Creek strike and insisted that he could handle Colorados vicious industrial warfare
33.
Alva Adams (governor)
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For the United States Senator, his son, see Alva B. Alva Adams was an American politician and he was born in Iowa County, Wisconsin. John Adams, his father, was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and he served four years and two months as the fifth, tenth and 14th Governor of Colorado from 1887 to 1889,1897 to 1899, and briefly in 1905. His last tenure as Governor lasted a little over two months and he and previous Governor James Peabody each declared the other an illegitimate Governor, even though both were involved in illegal electoral practices. Eventually the Republican legislature removed Adams, installed Peabody, who immediately abdicated for his Lt, Governor Jesse Fuller McDonald, and ended the whole ruckus. Adams died in Battle Creek, Michigan at the age of 72, Adams County, Colorado, is named for Alva Adams, and it is believed the city of Alva, Oklahoma is as well. Alva Adams younger brother, William Herbert Billy Adams also served as Governor of Colorado, Alva Adams son, Alva Blanchard Adams, served as United States Senator from Colorado, 1923-1925 and 1933-1941 The Governor Alva Adams Collection at the Colorado State Archives
34.
Jesse Fuller McDonald
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Jesse Fuller McDonald was an American public official civil engineer and surveyor, born in Ashtabula, Ohio. Colorados 16th governor was born in Ashtabula, Ohio, on June 30,1858, after completing his education in Ohios public school system, he studied civil engineering and surveying. McDonald moved to Leadville, Colorado, in 1879, and started his career in mining, five years later, he formed a partnership with George M. Robinson, and became the owner of several lucrative mines, including the Harvard, Penrose and El Dorado. McDonald entered politics as mayor of Leadville, a position he held from 1899 to 1905 and he served in Colorados senate in 1902, and as Colorados lieutenant governor in 1904. Alva Adams won the 1904 gubernatorial election, and took office in January 1905, however, the Republican candidate James H. Peabody contested the election, and the predominantly Republican legislature forced Governor Adams to step down. The office was allocated to Peabody, but on the condition he would immediately resign, McDonald succeeded him, and in the span of one day Colorado had three different governors. During McDonalds tenure, he advocated the protection of state lands, McDonald did not seek reelection in 1906, but ran unsuccessfully in the 1908 gubernatorial election. He stayed active in service, serving as chair of the Republican State Central Committee from 1910 to 1914. He also devoted his time to the American Mining Congress, the Colorado Mining Association, Governor Jesse McDonald died on February 25,1942 and had his ashes scattered around Denver. Governor of Colorado Lieutenant Governor of Colorado State of Colorado Governor Jesse F, McDonald Collection at the Colorado State Archives
35.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
36.
Abiram Chamberlain
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Abiram Chamberlain was an American politician, and the 60th Governor of Connecticut from 1903 to 1905. Chamberlain was born in Colebrook, Connecticut on December 7,1837, son of Abiram Chamberlain and he was a student of civil engineering at the Williston Seminary in Easthampton, Massachusetts. He was married on November 21,1872, to Charlotte E. Roberts, Chamberlain worked at fathers engineering firm for many years. Chamberlain entered into banking and at the age of thirty, in 1867, he was elected Cashier of the Home National Bank of Meriden, in 1881 he was elected president of that bank and served as president of the New Britain National Bank in 1881. He also served as president of the Meriden Savings Bank. Chamberlain won the 1902 Republican gubernatorial nomination, and was elected Connecticuts 43rd governor, during his tenure, he signed legislation that sanctioned the establishment of the Connecticut State Police, and he endorsed laws that assisted workers. On January 4,1905, Chamberlain left office and retired from public service and he returned to his various business interests in Meriden. Chamberlain died on May 15,1911 and he is interred at Walnut Grove Cemetery, Meriden, New Haven County, Connecticut. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978, ISBN 0-313-28093-2 National Governors Association The governors of Connecticut, biographies of the chief executives Abiram Chamberlain at Find a Grave The Political Graveyard
37.
Henry Roberts (governor)
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Henry Roberts was an American politician who was the 61st Governor of Connecticut. Roberts was born in Brooklyn, New York on January 22,1853, son of George Roberts and he studied at Yale University, where he was on the fourth editorial board of The Yale Record. After graduating from Yale in 1878, he studied one year at Columbia University and in 1879, on October 5,1881, he married Carrie Elizabeth Smith and they had three sons, John Taylor Roberts, Francis Thatcher Roberts, and Edward Constant Roberts. He was also involved in other business activities. Roberts became alderman of Hartford, Connecticut in 1897 and he became a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1899. He held that position till 1901 and he also was a member of the Connecticut Senate from 1901 to 1902. He served as President pro tempore of the Connecticut Senate and he became lieutenant governor of Connecticut in 1903. He held that position till 1905, winning the 1904 gubernatorial nomination, Roberts was elected, and became the Governor of Connecticut on January 4,1905. During his term, several legislations were passed, the bakeries were banned from operating below ground level and a bill was launched that regulated the operation of automobiles. Also enacted during Roberts administration was fortification of the safety from fraudulent practices. Roberts left office on January 9,1907, and returned to his business activities. He served as president of the Hartford Water Board and he was also a trustee of the Slater Industrial School in North Carolina. Roberts died of respiratory failure on May 1,1929 and he ia interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Connecticut. He was a member of Sons of the American Revolution, biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978. ISBN 0-313-28093-2 Henry Roberts at Find a Grave NNDB Soylent Communications National Governors Association The Political Graveyard
38.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
39.
John Hunn (governor)
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John Hunn was an American businessman and politician from Camden, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party who served as Governor of Delaware, Hunn was born near Odessa, Delaware, son of John and Mary Swallow Hunn. He married Sarah Cowgill Emerson in 1874 and they had one child and they lived at 3 South Main Street in Camden and were members of the Camden Friends Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends or Quakers. Hunns father, also John Hunn, was a noted abolitionist, shortly after the younger Johns birth, the family lost their New Castle County farm, Happy Valley, in a sheriffs sales because of fines assessed for helping runaway slaves. They then went to live with family at Magnolia, Delaware, the younger Hunn, known as Honest John, grew up at Magnolia and Port Royal, South Carolina, where his father was working with the Freedmens Bureau. In 1876 he returned to Delaware, permanently settled at Camden, Delaware and began operating a fruit, lumber. He maintained this business throughout his life, at the turn of the twentieth century Delaware was going through a political transformation. Most obvious to the public was the division in the Republican Party caused, in part. A gas company industrialist, he spent vast amounts of his own fortune to build a Republican Party, largely successful in heavily Democratic Kent County and Sussex County, he financed the organization of a faction that came to be known as the Union Republicans. Meanwhile, he was making bitter enemies of the New Castle County Regular Republicans, behind the headlines, however, all the effort was making obvious the archaic and corrupt practices that characterized elections and the resultant state government. The result of the all this was the Constitution of 1897 and it also created a statewide, moderately progressive, Republican Party, which become a statewide majority, particularly after the 1905 end of the highly personal Addicks controversy. Hunn was to be a beneficiary of these developments. As a political newcomer, Hunn was acceptable as a candidate to all Republicans. He handily won the election in 1900 and began a period of Republican occupancy of the Governors office that lasted for all, Hunn also benefited from being the first Governor elected under Delawares new Constitution of 1897. As such he enjoyed an authority unknown to Governors since the colonial times and he was also the first Governor to serve with an elected Lieutenant Governor. Along with changes to the Governors authority, the new Constitution modified the duties of the General Assembly so that it too became more effective, finally, the responsibility for granting divorces was moved to the courts. After his term ended, Hunn returned full-time to his business and he died at Camden and is buried there at the Camden Friends Meetinghouse, along with his wife and parents. There is a road off U. S. Highway 13 and Loockerman Street in Dover named for him, elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1
40.
Preston Lea
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Preston Lea was an American businessman and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party who served as Governor of Delaware, Lea was born at Brandywine Village, now a part of Wilmington, Delaware, son of William and Jane Scott Lovett Lea. His ancestors came to Pennsylvania with William Penn and his grandfather, Thomas Lea, built a flour mill on the Brandywine Creek in 1811. In 1870, he married Adelaide Moore, they had three children, Claudia Wright, Alice Moore, and Ethel Mildred, in 1897, he married again, to Eliza Naudain Corbit, with whom he had one child, Louise Corbit. Their home for years was at 2315 17th Street in Wilmington. They were members of the Wilmington Friends Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, Wilmington, Delaware, is really a combination of two towns. Wilmington proper rises from the banks of the navigable Christina River and prospered as a convenient place to collect products from the interior of Delaware. At its back, though, is a tributary of the Christina River, navigable for only a short distance, the creek quickly rises into the Piedmont and through a series of small falls, provides a dependable source of power for mills. Small boats, or shallops, sailed up to the base of these falls, unloaded their grain and these mills were known as the Brandywine Mills and the town around them, Brandywine Village. Leas grandfather, Thomas Lea, built a mill in Brandywine Village on the Brandywine Creek in 1811. His father, William Lea, ran the mill until his death in 1873, after receiving an education at Lawrenceville, New Jersey, Preston Lea went to work for his father at the age of eighteen. When William Lea died, the firm was incorporated as William Lea & Sons, Preston Lea became its Vice President and then its President in 1876. In addition, he became President of the Wilmington Board of Trade in 1873, during the 30 years following the Civil War the Republican Party was largely the party of New Castle County industrialists and the African-American population. Some years they didnt even field a ticket, another reason behind the success of the Addicks effort was the resentment many had for the established Republican leaders in New Castle County. Their control of the party seemed to others to be more important than beating Democrats, the established party leaders could not abide the thought of supporting the carpetbagger Addicks, and rebuffed him and the newcomers he brought into the party with him. So, with a progressive agenda, and styling themselves Union Republicans, they frequently ran their own candidates. Townsend, Jr. and was counted among the Union Republicans, in 1904 he was the Union Republican candidate for Governor. Within a year after the election, Addicks suffered major personal and business setbacks, with no further reason to disagree, the two Republicans factions came together under the political leadership of T. Coleman du Pont
41.
Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
42.
William Sherman Jennings
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William Sherman Jennings was an American politician. He served as the 18th Governor of Florida after being a lawyer, county judge and he was born near Walnut Hill, Illinois, and attended public schools in Marion County. Jennings graduated from Southern Illinois University in 1883, then studied law at the Union College of Law in Chicago, and finished his law studies in Chicago under the supervision of his brother, Charles E. Jennings, who was the States Attorney for Marion County. He came to Florida in 1885 and settled in Brooksville, Florida, in 1887, he was appointed circuit court commissioner, and became county judge of Hernando County, Florida in 1888. Jennings resigned his office as county judge in 1893 to serve in the Florida House of Representatives, after his term ended, he served as a Colonel in the Florida militia, was president of the Brooksville town council and chairman of the Democratic committee. Jennings campaigned for and was elected governor in 1900, taking the oath of office on January 8,1901, during his term in office, he introduced the statewide primary election system, replacing the previous method of nominating candidates for political office at a convention. The first statewide election was conducted in 1902. It was also Jennings idea to drain and develop the Everglades by cutting the natural rock dams in the rivers of south Florida and his term ended on January 3,1905. He moved to Jacksonville, then Florida’s largest city, where he established a law practice. He divided his time between a home in Jacksonville and a farm and timber holdings in Clay County near Middleburg, in 1905, he was appointed by Governor Napoleon B. Broward as General Counsel for the Internal Improvement Fund, the agency responsible for administering public lands. The new governor also favored the development of the Everglades, so in this position, Jennings met May Mann at her father’s home near Brooksville, and began a courtship. Mays father, Austin Mann, had been a Florida Senator and had just won election to the house of representatives. When the legislative session began in January,1891, May went to Tallahassee to serve as her fathers aide, with responsibility for her fathers appointments, correspondence, Jennings went to Tallahassee to continue his courtship. He married May Mann on May 12,1891 and they were escorted down the aisle by the full legislative membership, the newlyweds lived in Brooksville in the William Sherman Jennings House. The couple had one child, a son, Sherman Bryan Jennings, politics and the law were prominent in his family. In addition to his brother, who was a lawyer and state attorney, he was a first cousin to William Jennings Bryan, congressman and three-time Democratic presidential nominee. At one point, the controversy became so heated that Jennings and Lincoln Hulley, Jennings died on February 27,1920 in St. Augustine, Florida and was buried in Jacksonville, Florida
43.
Napoleon B. Broward
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Napoleon Bonaparte Broward was an American river pilot, captain, and politician, he was elected as the 19th Governor of the U. S. state of Florida from January 3,1905 to January 5,1909. He was best known for his project to drain the Everglades to recover land for agricultural cultivation. As governor, he built alliances with the government to gain funds for this project. He had previously served as the sheriff of Duval County, Florida and he was allied with the Straightouts, Populist-leaning elements of the Democratic Party in the state. Broward spent his childhood on a series of farms along the St. Johns River in Jacksonville. After the war, the Browards had a time getting back on their feet. Napoleons parents both died when he was quite young. He and his brother tended the farm for a few years before moving into the city with their uncle. Broward first worked on the river with this uncle, doing odd jobs during the summer on his uncles steamboat during the summer, in 1876, having graduated high school, Broward became a ships mate and traveled to New England. He stayed in that region for two years, working on ships up and down the New England coast, after gaining this experience, he returned to Jacksonville in 1878 and took a job working tugboats on the St. Johns River. He got to know many of the captains and shipping operations, Broward married his captains daughter in January 1883. Piloting ships over the bar was quite lucrative. Broward seemed destined for a life of comfort until his wife died during childbirth in December and he withdrew from the river for a while and again traveled north. By 1885 he was back on the St. Johns, piloting his father-in-laws steamboat Kate Spencer, while working on the ship he met Annie Isabell Douglass, a frequent passenger. Broward established his reputation as a pilot and captain. In January 1888, a prison break disgraced the citys sheriff. The county Democratic leadership got together to nominate a new sheriff, the governor appointed him to the post on February 27. In less than a month, Broward gained statewide notoriety for breaking up gambling operations in the city, Broward soon took an active part in city politics
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Joseph M. Terrell
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Joseph Meriwether Terrell was a United States Senator and the 57th Governor of Georgia. Born in Greenville, he was the son of Dr. Joel Edgar Green and he attended the common schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1882, commencing practice in Greenville. On October 19,1886, he married Jessie Lee Spivey, Terrell was a self-declared uncompromising friend of common school education. Terrell was of entirely English ancestry and is of partial Norman descent and he was a fourth generation great-grandson of William and Susannah Terrell. As a result, he was related to presidents Barack Obama. Terrell was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1884 to 1887, and he served as state attorney general from 1892 to 1902, and Governor of Georgia from 1902 to 1907, marred by the Atlanta race riot of 1906. Terrell suffered a stroke in February 1911 and he again resumed the practice of law in Atlanta although in poor health and died there from Brights Disease on November 17,1912. He was survived by his wife, interment was in the City Cemetery, Greenville. The Liberty ship Joseph M. Terrell was named for him, Terrell Hall, on the campus of Georgia College and State University in Milledgeville, was also named for him. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Joseph M. Terrell at Find a Grave
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Governor of Idaho
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The Governor of Idaho is the head of the executive branch of Idahos state government and commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The governor has the duty to see state laws are executed, Idaho Territory had 16 territorial governors appointed by the President of the United States from the territorys organization in 1863 until the formation of the state of Idaho in 1890. Four of these never took office, resigning before reaching the territory, thirty individuals have held the office of governor of Idaho since the states admission to the Union in 1890, two of whom—C. A. Bottolfsen and Cecil D. Andrus—served non-consecutive terms, the states first governor, George Laird Shoup, had the shortest term of three months, and Cecil D. Andrus served as governor the longest at 14 years. Four governors resigned, but none has died while in office, there have been 20 Republican and 12 Democratic governors. The current governor is C. L. Butch Otter, who took office on January 1,2007, Idaho Territory was created from Dakota Territory, Nebraska Territory, and Washington Territory on March 4,1863. Initially, the territory included all of modern-day Idaho and Montana, on May 26,1864, Montana Territory was split from Idaho Territory, and most of the Wyoming portion was reassigned to Dakota Territory. The portion east of the 111th meridian was split off as part of the new Wyoming Territory on July 25,1868, giving Idaho Territory its final borders. Due to the distance between Washington, D. C. and Boise, there was often a lengthy gap between a governor being appointed and his arrival in the territory, four resigned before even arriving. Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3,1890, since then, the state has had 30 governors, two of whom served non-consecutive terms. The terms for governor and lieutenant governor are four years, commencing on the first Monday in the January following the election, prior to 1946, the offices were elected to terms of two years. If the office of governor is vacant or the governor is out of state or unable to discharge his duties, after the change to four-year terms, self-succession was not initially allowed, newly elected Governor Robert E. There is no limit to the number of terms a governor may serve, Democratic Republican Sixteen of Idahos governors have served higher federal offices or as governors of other states. Nine have served in the U. S. Senate, eight of those representing Idaho, and three have served in the U. S. House, one representing Idaho, one New York, and one the territories of Idaho and Washington. Idaho shares a governor with Arizona Territory, and one was appointed to Washington Territory, Secretaries of the Interior, and one served as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Six governors resigned to take a new office, including both territorial delegates, both Secretaries of the Interior, and two senators, in addition, two people who were appointed governor of Idaho Territory but never took office held other high offices. Gilman Marston, appointed governor in 1870, was a representative and senator from New Hampshire, all representatives and senators mentioned represented Idaho except where noted. There are four living former governors of Idaho, the oldest being Phil Batt, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John V. Evans, at age 89 on July 8,2014
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Media related to 1905 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
