1.
1911 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1911 in Ireland. 5 January – Protestant church leaders condemn the Ne Temere Papal decree on mixed marriages,2 April – the national census is taken. 16 May – Cunarder SS Ivernia strikes a rock on entering Queenstown harbour,27 May – the first issue of the Irish Worker is published. The paper is the organ of the Irish Transport and General Workers Union and is edited by James Larkin. 31 May – the RMS Titanics hull is launched at the Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast and it is the largest ship afloat. Her sister RMS Olympic sails for Liverpool the same day to take up transatlantic service,22 June – as George V is crowned in London a Sinn Féin meeting at the Customs House in Dublin condemns Irish participation in the coronation ceremonies. 8–12 July – George V and Queen Mary make a 5-day royal visit to Dublin which will be the last to the city this century, on 8 July they officially open the College of Science in Merrion Square and on 10 July they visit St Patricks College, Maynooth. 9 August – a statue of Charles Stewart Parnell is hoisted onto its pedestal in Sackville Street,17 August – Dublin County Council votes in favour of using Greenwich Mean Time. The councillors hear that Irish time, being 25 minutes behind Greenwich, is a handicap for trade. 18 August – the Parliament Act removes the House of Lords power regarding budgets and restricts their power over other bills to a two-year suspensive veto and this makes Irish Home Rule a possibility in the future. 21 August – Irish Womens Suffrage Federation founded,26 August – Wexford foundry workers locked out for attempting to join the I. T. G. W. U. The lockout continues until February 1912,23 September –70,000 unionists and Orangemen march from Belfast to Craigavon House to protest against Home Rule. 1 October – the monument to Parnell is officially unveiled in Upper Sackville Street, full date unknown Strike of women workers at Jacobs biscuit factory in Dublin organised by Rosie Hackett. Royal Arch Purple is formed, the organisation is separate but closely linked to the Orange Institution, bellevue Pleasure Gardens, a public park and recreational area, is opened on the slopes of Cavehill, Belfast. 16 April – St. John Greer Ervines Mixed Marriage premieres at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. 16 December – the Imperial Copyright Act confirms the library of Trinity College, Dublin, the Kalem Company of New York shoots a film based on the play The Colleen Bawn on location in Ireland with Canadian Irish director Sidney Olcott. Publication of Patrick MacGills Songs of a Navvy, publication of Adam Lynns Ulster Scots dialect Random Rhymes frae Cullybackey. Publication of W. F. Marshalls poems Ulster Sails West, publication of Ave, the first of novelist George Moores three-volume autobiographical Hail and Farewell in the same year that he leaves Dublin to settle in London
2.
1910 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1910 in Ireland. 8 January - Sinéad Flanagan marries Éamon de Valera in Dublin,21 February - Irish Unionist members of the Westminster Parliament elect Sir Edward Carson as party leader, replacing Walter Long. 23 February - St Patricks College, Maynooth, becomes a college of the National University of Ireland. June - Bridget Dowling elopes to London with Alois Hitler, Jr. a kitchen porter at the Shelbourne Hotel, Dublin, August - First passenger flight in Ulster, Harry Ferguson pilots Miss Rita Marr. 29 August - The Aero Club of Ireland holds its inaugural meeting at Leopardstown Racecourse. 11 September - English-born actor-aviator Robert Loraine makes a flight from Wales across the Irish Sea. 20 October - RMS Olympic is launched at the Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast, at 45,324 gross tons, she is the largest ship afloat. Her sister ship RMS Titanic will be launched in sixteen months time, November - Reconstruction of the original city bridge over the River Suir in Waterford begins, it will be opened by John Redmond in 1913. 3 December - Sir Edward Carson and James Campbell are re-elected unopposed as Unionist Members of Parliament for Trinity College Dublin, non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland created by merger of the Presbytery of Antrim and Remonstrant Synod of Ulster. Lilian Bland builds and flies her own glider, the first built in Ireland, from Carnmoney Hill, soon afterwards fitting an engine. 13 January - Deirdre of the Sorrows by J. M. Synge is performed for the first time at the Abbey Theatre,5 May - Padraic Colums play Thomas Muskerry is premiered at the Abbey Theatre. 7 May - Annie Horniman withdraws financial support from the Abbey Theatre in protest at its refusal to close on the death of Edward VII the previous day and this is the first production by an American film studio to be shot outside the United States. September - Lord Dunsanys short story collection A Dreamers Tales is published,3 November - Foundation of The Kilfenora Céilí Band in Kilfenora, County Clare, the oldest céilí band in Ireland. Terence MacSwineys first play, The Last Warriors of Coole, is produced, ella Youngs first book of stories, Celtic Wonder Tales, is published with illustrations by Maud Gonne. 4 July - George Otto Simms, Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin,1 August - Cathal Gannon, harpsichord maker and fortepiano restorer. 8 August - Bobby Kirk, ice hockey player,14 August - Eddie Ingram, cricketer. 1 November - Michael Lyons, Fine Gael TD and Senator,15 November - Geoffrey Toone, actor. 19 November - Manliff Barrington, motorcycle racer,26 November - Cyril Cusack, actor
3.
1909 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1909 in Ireland. 31 October - The Royal University of Ireland is dissolved,14 December - In the large hall of the National University in Dublin, Ernest Shackleton delivers a lecture entitled Nearest the South Pole. 31 December - Harry Ferguson becomes the first person to fly an aircraft in Ireland, mater Infirmorum Hospital in Belfast is officially recognised as a university teaching hospital. Commencement of fieldwork for the multidisciplinary Clare Island Survey, under the direction of Robert Lloyd Praeger,24 March - J. M. Synge, author and playwright, dies in Dublin aged 38 of Hodgkins disease. His only comedy The Tinkers Wedding has its première on 11 November at His Majestys Theatre in London,1 April - Lennox Robinsons first play, The Cross Roads, is performed at the Abbey Theatre of which he becomes manager later in the year. 22 July - Widowed Irish-born painter John Lavery marries Irish American painter Hazel Martyn,20 August - The famous tenor Enrico Caruso performs at the Theatre Royal in Dublin. 20 December - The first dedicated cinema in Ireland, the Volta Cinematograph, herbert Hughes collection of folk songs, Irish Country Songs, including She Moved Through the Fair with words largely composed by Padraic Colum, is published. Ella Youngs first work of Irish folklore, The Coming of Lugh, is published,30 January - George Crothers, cricketer. 1 February - Timothy McAuliffe, Labour Party politician,8 March - Francis MacManus, novelist. 3 April - Knox Cunningham, barrister, businessman and Ulster Unionist politician,19 April - Conel Hugh ODonel Alexander, cryptanalyst, chess player and chess writer. 24 April - Robert Farren, poet,30 April - F. E. McWilliam, sculptor. 4 June - Robert Dudley Edwards, historian,24 July - Geoffrey Bing, lawyer and Labour politician in UK.31 July - Martin White, Kilkenny hurler. 1 August - W. R. Rodgers, poet, essayist, book reviewer, radio broadcaster, scriptwriter, lecturer, teacher,4 October - Paddy Moore, soccer player. 7 October - Michael ONeill, nationalist politician and MP.20 October - James Patrick Scully,28 October - Francis Bacon, painter. 4 November - Sir Basil Goulding, 3rd Baronet, cricketer, squash player, jack Stanley Gibson, surgeon and writer. Gabriel Hayes, sculptor, designer of Irish coins, W. R. Rodgers, poet and writer. Cecilia Thackaberry, Presentation Sisters nun, killed in Nigeria performing relief work,10 January - John Conness, United States Senator from California from 1863 till 1869. 4 February - James Lynam Molloy, poet, songwriter and composer,24 March - William Lundon, Irish Parliamentary Party MP.24 March - John Millington Synge, dramatist, poet and writer
4.
1908 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1908 in Ireland. 17 February - Statue of Queen Victoria unveiled at Leinster House,19 April - The Guildhall, Londonderry, is largely destroyed by fire. 19 May - Work begins on a monument to Charles Stewart Parnell in Upper Sackville Street,31 July - Irish Universities Act receives Royal Assent in the Parliament of the UK. This ultimately leads to the establishment of the National University of Ireland,8 September - Padraic Pearse opens Scoil Eanna school for boys in Cullenswood House, Ranelagh. It would be moved to the Hermitage, Rathfarnham. 11 November - Irish Womens Franchise League is formed with Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington as secretary,29 December - Irish Transport Workers Union is formed with James Larkin as general secretary. January - Hugh Lane founds the Dublin City Gallery in Harcourt Street, yeats, produces its first publication, Poetry and Ireland, essays by W. B. Yeats and Lionel Johnson, the siblings sister Lily runs a workshop as part of Cuala Industries. Murray, Con OLeary and Daniel Corkery found the Cork Dramatic Society J. M. Synges only comedic play,1908 Summer Olympics, Ireland competes as a separate country in field hockey and polo, winning silver medals in both. 10 March - Patrick Shanahan, Fianna Fáil TD.27 April - Patrick Shea,10 June - Gerard Sweetman, Fine Gael TD and Cabinet Minister. 20 July - Mad Dog Coll, born Uinseann Ó Colla,24 July - Roger McHugh, professor, author and playwright. 18 August - Sam English, soccer player,26 September - Hugh Delargy, Labour Party politician and MP.6 December - Con Cremin, diplomat. Niall Ó Dónaill, Irish language lexicographer and writer,17 January - Eyre Massey Shaw, Superintendent of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade. 3 February - Thomas Mellon, entrepreneur, lawyer, and judge,23 March - Frederick Falkiner, lawyer, judge and author. 10 June - John F. Finerty, U. S,6 July - Thomas William Moffett, scholar, educationalist and President of Queens College Galway. 5 August - Caesar Litton Falkiner, Irish Unionist Party politician, barrister, writer and historian
5.
1907 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1907 in Ireland. 2 January - A new system of rail cars running from Dublin Amiens Street station to Howth is introduced,5 January - The first motor show under the auspices of the Irish Automobile Club opens at the Royal Dublin Society. 6 January - The Sunday provisions of the new Licensing Act come into operation in Dublin, Sunday opening hours will be from 2pm to 5pm. 26 January - The first performance of J. M. Synges play The Playboy of the Western World at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin triggers a week of rioting,4 May - The Irish International Exhibition opens in Dublin. 7 May - Augustine Birrell introduces the Irish Councils Bill, rejected by a Nationalist convention on 21 May,6 July - The Crown Jewels of Ireland, valued at £50,000, are stolen from the safe in Dublin Castle. 10–11 July - State visit of Edward VII and Queen Alexandra to visit the Irish International Exhibition in Dublin,26 July - A large rally is held in Belfast City Hall in support of the ongoing Dockers and Carters Strike. 4 September - An Irish Parliamentary Party meeting in the Mansion House,17 October - The Marconi transatlantic wireless telegraphy service between Galway and Canada is opened. Messages are exchanged without a hitch,9 November - The Irish International Exhibition ends after six months. An estimated 2.75 million people visited it, including a number from abroad. Early - 7-year-old Elizabeth Bowen moves with her mother from Ireland to the south of England,26 January - Large sections of the audience boo the opening performance of J. M. Synges The Playboy of the Western World at the Abbey Theatre. 28 January - Another performance of The Playboy of the Western World at the Abbey Theatre is interrupted by the audience who continue to boo, hiss,4 February - In a public debate at the Abbey Theatre, the poet W. B. Yeats denies trying to suppress audience distaste during a performance of The Playboy of the Western World, may - Publication of James Joyces poems Chamber Music. Publication of Padraic Colums poems Wild Earth, peadar Kearney and Patrick Heeney write A Soldiers Song, it will become Amhrán na bhFiann, the national anthem of the Republic of Ireland. Publication of County Cork-born retired Chicago chief of police Francis ONeills collection The Dance Music of Ireland,21 February - Colville Deverell, cricketer and politician. 15 May - John Galvin, Fianna Fáil TD.2 June - Dan OKeeffe,29 June - Paul ODwyer, lawyer and politician in the United States. 13 July - John David Gwynn, cricketer, montgomery Hyde, barrister, author and Ulster Unionist MP.14 September Janet McNeill, novelist and playwright Edel Quinn, lay missionary. 8 October - J. G. Devlin, actor,28 October - John Hewitt, poet. 1 November - Bill Loughery, cricketer,26 November - Theodore William Moody, historian
6.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
7.
1913 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1913 in Ireland. 13 January – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias,30 January – at Westminster the House of Lords rejects the 3rd Home Rule Bill by 326 to 69. 10 February – John Redmond opens the replacement city bridge over the River Suir in Waterford that will be named after him,7 July – the Home Rule Bill is once again carried in the House of Commons, despite attempts by Bonar Law to obstruct it. 31 August – Dublin Lock-out, the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator,1 September – protest by locked-out workers lead to serious riots in Dublin. Shops are looted and attempts made to tear up tram lines,3 September – a meeting of 400 employers with William Martin Murphy pledges not to employ any persons who continue to be members of the Irish Transport & General Workers Union. 7 September – a large meeting in Sackville Street asserts the right of speech, trade union representation. 17 September In Newry, Edward Carson says that a Provisional Government will be established in Ulster if Home Rule is introduced, in Dublin, labour unrest grows with a march 5,000 through the city. 27 September –12,000 Ulster Volunteers parade at the Royal Ulster Agricultural Societys show grounds at Balmoral in protest at the Home Rule Bill,27 September – in Dublin the food ship, The Hare, arrives bringing forty tons of food raised by British trade unionists. 6 October – an official report on the lockout suggests that workers should be reinstated without having to give a not to join the ITGWU. 16 October –4,000 men and women march through Dublin in support of James Larkin,27 October – James Larkin of the ITGWU is sentenced to seven months in prison for seditious language. 1 November Kingstown trade unionist James Byrne, arrested for his part in the lockout,10 November – the Dublin Volunteer Corps enrolls over 2,000 men. They declare they will preserve the civil and religious liberties of Protestants outside Ulster in the event of Irish Home Rule,19 November – the Irish Citizen Army is founded by James Connolly to protect workers in the general lockout. 25 November – the pro-Home Rule Irish Volunteers are formed at a meeting attended by 4,000 men in Dublins Rotunda Rink. 28 November – Andrew Bonar Law addresses a huge unionist rally in the Theatre Royal in Dublin, declaring that if Home Rule is introduced Ulster will resist, george A. Birminghams comedy General John Regan is premièred in London and New York City. Winifred Mary Letts publishes Songs from Leinster, conal Holmes OConnell ORiordan produces his play Rope Enough. Pádraig Ó Siochfhradhas story An Baile S’Againne is published, katharine Tynans Irish Poems is published. Yeats poem September 1913 is published in The Irish Times during the Dublin Lock-out and his Poems Written in Discouragement is also published this year. English music hall comedian Arthur Lucan meets and marries 16-year-old actress Kitty McShane in Dublin,19 January – Matt OMahoney, international soccer player
8.
1914 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1914 in Ireland. 17 January – Edward Carson inspects a parade of the East Belfast Regiment of the Ulster Volunteers,20 February – the Fethard-on-Sea life-boat capsizes on service off the County Wexford coast, nine crew are lost. 26 February – HMHS Britannic, designed as the third and largest Olympic-class ocean liner, is launched at the Harland & Wolff shipyards in Belfast,1 March – three outbreaks of foot and mouth disease are confirmed in County Cork. 9 March – the British Prime Minister proposes to allow the Ulster counties to hold a vote on whether or not to join a Home Rule parliament in Dublin, the government backs down and they are reinstated. 2 April – Cumann na mBan, the Irish republican womens paramilitary organisation, is formed in Dublin as an auxiliary of the Irish Volunteers,6 April – the second reading of the Home Rule Bill is carried in Westminster. 25 May – the House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Irish Home Rule Bill,23 June–14 July – the Government of Ireland Bill passes through the House of Lords. It allows Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they want to come under Dublins jurisdiction, the wishes of Fermanagh and Tyrone are eventually ignored. 10 July – the Provisional Government of Ulster meets for the first time in the Ulster Hall and it vows to keep Ulster in trust for the King and the British constitution. 21 July – a conference is opened at Buckingham Palace by the King and it is hoped that unionists and nationalists attending will break the impasse over Home Rule. 24 July – the Buckingham Palace conference ends in failure, nationalists and Unionists present cannot agree in principle or detail. 26 July – Howth gun-running, Erskine Childers and his wife Molly sail into Howth in his yacht Asgard,4 August – World War I, Declaration of war by the United Kingdom on the German Empire. September – Ulster Division formed as a division of the British New Army from Ulster Volunteers,20 September – in a speech at Woodenbridge, County Wicklow, John Redmond calls on members of the Irish Volunteers to go wherever the firing line extends. The majority do so, fighting in the 10th and 16th Division alongside their counterparts from the 36th Division. 18 October – the British Royal Navys Grand Fleet takes shelter in Lough Swilly while Scapa Flow is secured against submarine attack. 27 October – World War I, Royal Navy super-dreadnought battleship HMS Audacious, is sunk off Tory Island, north-west of Ireland,5 December – the Irish Volunteers appoint a headquarters staff, with Eoin MacNeill as chief of staff. Welsh evangelist George Jeffreys establishes his first church in Belfast, predecessor of the Elim Pentecostal Church, February James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man commences serialization in The Egoist. Lord Dunsanys collection Five Plays is published in London,4 February – a staging of George A. Birminghams comedy General John Regan at Westport Town Hall provokes a riot. June – James Joyces Dubliners, a collection of fifteen short stories depicting the Irish middle classes in, Terence MacSwineys contemporary play The Revolutionist is published
9.
1915 in Ireland
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March – construction of St Colmans Cathedral, Cobh, concludes with completion of the spire. 4 April –25,000 National Volunteers assemble at the Phoenix Park, John Redmond takes the salute from under the statue of Charles Stewart Parnell on Sackville Street. In Dublin the Irish Parliamentary Party approves John Redmonds decision not to join,29 July – Republicans, led by Patrick Pearse, take over the Gaelic League at its Dundalk conference. Douglas Hyde resigns as its President,1 August – ODonovan Rossa is buried at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, and Pearse delivers the graveside oration. 26 December – the Irish Republican Brotherhood Military Council decides to stage an Easter Rising in 1916, the Elim Pentecostal Church is founded in Monaghan by Welsh evangelist George Jeffreys. 1 February – Helen Waddells first play, The Spoiled Buddha, is premiered at the Opera House, Belfast, francis Ledwidges poems Songs of the Fields published. James Stephens poems The Adventures of Seumas Beg, the Rocky Road to Dublin, the first dramatic film made in Ireland, Fun at Finglas Fair, is directed by F. J. McCormick. It is never released as all prints are destroyed in the Easter Rising of April 1916, Irish League Winners, Belfast Celtic Irish Cup Winners, Linfield 1–0 Belfast Celtic 11 January – Paddy Mayne, international rugby union footballer and decorated soldier. 13 January – Kit Ahern, Fianna Fáil TD.21 January – Andy OBrien,25 January – Liam Cunningham, Fianna Fáil TD.7 February – Mark Clinton, Fine Gael TD, Minister for Agriculture and MEP.15 February – Sam Kydd, actor. 15 March – Micho Russell, tin whistle player and collector of traditional music,9 April – Leonard Wibberley, author. 3 May – Walter Macken, novelist, dramatist and actor,17 May – Oisín Kelly, sculptor. 6 August – Tom OReilly, Cavan gaelic footballer and independent TD for Cavan 1944–194828 August – Patrick Hennessy,16 September – Eddie Filgate, Fianna Fáil TD.18 September – James Tully, Labour Party TD and Cabinet Minister. 7 November – Bill Hayes, soccer player,20 December – Noel Browne, politician, Cabinet Minister. Full date unknown John Graham, Irish Republican Army activist in the 1940s, George Harrison, member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and alleged gun-runner. 20 January – Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun, businessman, politician,26 January – Michael Sullivan, physician, professor and politician in Canada. 28 January – David Dickson Rogers, politician in Ontario,14 February – Cornelius Coughlan, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Delhi, India. 24 April – Frederick William Hall, soldier, posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1915 during the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium,7 May – on board RMS Lusitania OBrien Butler, composer. Hugh Lane, established Dublins Municipal Gallery of Modern Art,29 June – Jeremiah ODonovan Rossa, Fenian leader
10.
1916 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1916 in Ireland. 14 January – Michael Collins resigns his job in London and returns to Ireland,14 February – John Redmond is re-elected Chairman of the Irish Parliamentary Party in Dublin. 29 February – the week-long Derry Feis opens in the city,21 March – a crowd attacks Sinn Féins Tullamore headquarters, three police are injured. 21 April – Roger Casement and two others are arrested at Banna Strand, County Kerry, for attempting to land arms,22 April – Eoin MacNeill, Chief of Staff of the Irish Volunteers cancels all manoeuvres of Volunteers planned for the following day. 23 April – Easter Sunday, the council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood meets at Liberty Hall. The Proclamation of the Republic is signed by the seven leaders in the name of the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic, Volunteers from Belfast and County Cork begin manoeuvres but return home. 24 April – the Easter Rising begins in Dublin, at noon Patrick Pearse reads the proclamation on the steps of the General Post Office, Dublin. Liam Mellows leads a rising of Volunteers in County Galway,25 April – martial law is declared in Dublin by the British authorities for a period of one month. 26 April Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Thomas Dickson and Patrick McIntyre are summarily executed at Portobello Barracks, dublin-built HMS Helga shells Liberty Hall from the Liffey. 27 April Major-General Sir John Maxwell arrives in Dublin to take command of the British Army,12,000 of whose troops are now in the city, the centre is cordoned off. 29 April – at 3. 45pm, Patrick Pearse, James Connolly,1 May – the Easter Rising collapses. Sir John Maxwell, Commander-in-Chief of the British forces announces that all involved in the insurrection have surrendered,3 May – following their courts martial, Patrick Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas J. Clarke are executed at Kilmainham Gaol. 4 May – the executions continue, Joseph Plunkett, Michael OHanrahan, Edward Daly and Willie Pearse are executed for their part in the Rising. The Chief Secretary of Ireland, Augustine Birrell, resigns,5 May – John MacBride, another leader of the Rising, is executed today. W. T. Cosgrave is sentenced to death, however,8 May – another four leaders of the Easter Rising are executed. They are Éamonn Ceannt, Conn Colbert, Michael Mallin and Seán Heuston,12 May – two more leaders, Seán Mac Diarmada and James Connolly are executed. Connolly, who was wounded in the fighting, is strapped to a chair, meanwhile, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith arrives in Dublin for a week-long visit. 15 May – the trial of Roger Casement begins in London and he is charged with high treason for his part in the Easter Rising
11.
1917 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1917 in Ireland. 25 January – armed merchantman SS Laurentic sunk by mines off Lough Swilly,354 killed of 475 aboard,3 February – Count George Noble Plunkett, father of Joseph Mary Plunkett, wins Roscommon North on an abstentionist Sinn Féin platform. 7 February – Atlantic liner SS California sunk by Imperial German Navy U-boat U-8538 nmi southwest of Fastnet Rock,41 killed,25 February – RMS Laconia sunk by U-506 nmi northwest of Fastnet Rock, twelve killed. 7 March – David Lloyd-George announces that Britain is ready to confer self-government to the parts of Ireland that want it, the north-eastern part will not be coerced. 12 March – in the British House of Commons, J. P. Farrell proposes that Ireland be excluded from the operation of the National Services Act. 17 March – Booth Line armed merchant liner SS Antony inward bound from South America torpedoed,10 May – Sinn Féin candidate Joseph McGuinness wins a by-election in South Longford against the Irish Parliamentary Partys candidate McKenna. It is a disaster for John Redmond and his Party. 16 May – British Prime Minister, David Lloyd-George, announces that he wants immediate Home Rule for the 26 counties, six north-eastern counties are to be excluded for a period of five years. 16 June – oiler Batoum sunk by U-boat 6 nmi south of Fastnet Rock,18 June – prisoners taken during the Easter Rising arrive at Dún Laoghaire by mailboat. One Dublin Castle official calls it the most important election that has taken place, or ever will. 16 July – the Round Room in the Mansion House, Dublin, is filled to capacity as the leaders of Sinn Féin demand the bodies of the Easter Rising leaders so that they can be given a Christian burial. 25 July – large crowds assemble at College Green in Dublin as the Irish Convention meets for the first time, August – W. T. Cosgrave elected for Sinn Féin in a by-election in Kilkenny. 10 September – Imperial German Navy U-boat UC-42 is sunk in Cork Harbour, probably by one of her own mines,2 October – Royal Navy armoured cruiser HMS Drake is torpedoed by U-79 off Rathlin Island with the loss of 18 crew, capsizing later. 25 October –1,700 Sinn Féin delegates attend a convention in the Mansion House,17 November – Action of 17 November 1917, Queenstown-based United States Navy destroyers USS Fanning and USS Nicholson capture Imperial German Navy U-boat U-58 which is scuttled off Kinsale. 15 December – Cargo ship SS Formby bound for Waterford from Liverpool is torpedoed, August – Anglo-Welsh composer Philip Heseltine begins a years stay in Ireland. Austin Clarkes narrative poem The Vengeance of Fionn is published, Francis Ledwidges poems Songs of Peace are published posthumously. Annie M. P. Smithsons first novel Her Irish Heritage is published, the first feature film made in Ireland, A Girl of Glenbeigh, starring Kathleen OConnor, is made by the Film Company of Ireland. 15 February – Ruairi Brugha, Fianna Fáil TD, Member of the European Parliament,18 February – John Keane, Waterford hurler
12.
1912 in the United Kingdom
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Events from the year 1912 in the United Kingdom. Monarch - George V Prime Minister - H. H. Asquith 1 January - Post Office takes over National Telephone Company,17 January - British polar explorer Robert Falcon Scott and a team of four reach the South Pole to find that Ronald Amundsen had beaten them to it. 31 January - G. K.26 February - Coal miners strike begins,1 March - Suffragettes smash shop windows in the West End of London, especially around Oxford Street. 16 March - Lawrence Oates, ill member of Scotts South Pole expedition leaves the tent saying, I am just going outside,19 March - Minimum wage introduced for miners after national strike. 29 March - The remaining members of Scotts expedition die,11 April - Irish Home Rule Bill introduced in the House of Commons, but fails to receive the support of the House of Lords. 13 April - The Royal Flying Corps is established by royal charter, 14–15 April - Sinking of the RMS Titanic, The White Star liner RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg and sinks on her maiden voyage from the United Kingdom to the United States. 15 April - The syndicalist Daily Herald newspaper is first published on a permanent basis,22 April - English aviator Denys Corbett Wilson completes the first aeroplane crossing of the Irish Sea, from Goodwick in Wales to Crane near Enniscorthy in Ireland. April/May - Thousands of Jewish workers in Londons garment trade in the West End strike, may - Liberal Unionist Party formally merges into the Conservative And Unionist Party. 2 May–3 July - Board of Trade inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic,5 May–22 July - Great Britain and Ireland compete at the Olympics in Stockholm and win 10 gold,15 silver and 16 bronze medals. 13 May - The Air Battalion Royal Engineers becomes the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps,15 July - The National Insurance Act 1911 comes into force introducing National Insurance payments. August Cabinet ministers accused of corruption in the Marconi scandal,10 August - Frank McClean flies a Short Brothers floatplane up the River Thames between the upper and lower parts of Tower Bridge and underneath London Bridge. 25–27 August - The wet summer climaxes in a major rainstorm across England, causing floods particularly in Norfolk, september - The tradition of the Blackpool Illuminations begins. 24 October - Formation of the Edinburgh and Leith Branch of the Workers Educational Association at a meeting addressed by Albert Mansbridge,31 October - Robert Baden-Powell marries Olave St Clair Soames at Parkstone. 5 November - Establishment of the British Board of Film Censors,12 November - The bodies of Captain Scott and his team found in the Antarctic. 27 November - Concerted Suffragette attacks on pillar boxes,18 December - Piltdown Man, thought to be the fossilized remains of a hitherto unknown form of early human, presented to the Geological Society of London. It is revealed to be a hoax in 1953, sir Rufus Isaacs, the Attorney General, becomes the first Jew appointed to the Cabinet. Glucozade, the predecessor of Lucozade, is first produced, walter de la Mares The Listeners, and Other Poems. Ethel M. Dells novels Greatheart and The Way of an Eagle, arthur Conan Doyles novel The Lost World
13.
1912
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As of the start of 1912, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The Republic of China is proclaimed, January 4 – The Scout Association is incorporated throughout the British Commonwealth by Royal Charter. January 5 – Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet opens, January 6 – New Mexico becomes the 47th state of the United States. January 6 – German geophysicist Alfred Wegener first presents his theory of continental drift, January 14 – Raymond Poincaré forms a coalition government in France, beginning his first term of office as Prime Minister on 21 January. January 17 – British polar explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott and a team of four become the second group to reach the South Pole. January 18 – Prague Party Conference, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party break away from the rest of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. January 22 – The Overseas Railroad opens and the first train arrives in Key West, Florida at 10,43 AM, with Henry M. Flagler, January 23 – The International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague. February 12 – The Manchu Qing dynasty of China comes to an end after 268 years with the abdication of Emperor Puyi in favour of the Republic of China. February 14 – Arizona becomes the 48th U. S. state, february 29 – Serbia and Bulgaria secretly sign a treaty of alliance for a term of eight years, with each pledging to come to the defense of the other during war. March 1 – Albert Berry is reported to have made the first parachute jump from a flying airplane. March 6 – Italian forces became the first to use airships in war, march 7 – Roald Amundsen in Hobart, Tasmania, announces his success in reaching the South Pole the previous December. March 12 – The Girl Scouts is founded by Juliette Gordon Low in Savannah, march 16 – Lawrence Oates, dying member of Scotts South Pole expedition, leaves the tent saying, I am just going outside and may be some time. March 22 – State of Bihar is formed out of the ertswhile State of Bengal in British India, march 27 – Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo gives 3,000 cherry trees to be planted in Washington, D. C. to symbolize the friendship between the two countries. March 29 – The remaining members of Robert Falcon Scotts South Pole expedition die, march 30 – The French Third Republic establishes the French protectorate in Morocco. April 10 – White Star liner RMS Titanic departs from Southampton with 2225 passengers, april 11 – RMS Titanic makes her last call, at Queenstown in Ireland. April 14–15 – Sinking of the RMS Titanic, RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg in the northern Atlantic Ocean, the wreck will not be discovered until 1985. April 16 – Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to fly across the English Channel, april 17 –500 striking gold miners in Siberia are killed or wounded by troops in the Lena massacre. April 18 – Cunard Line vessel RMS Carpathia arrives in New York with the 708 RMS Titanic survivors, april 20 – Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, opens
14.
Winston Churchill
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Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill KG OM CH TD PC DL FRS RA was a British statesman who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his overall, in 1963, he was the first of only eight people to be made an honorary citizen of the United States. Churchill was born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough and his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a charismatic politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, his mother, Jennie Jerome, was an American socialite. As a young officer, he saw action in British India, the Anglo–Sudan War. He gained fame as a war correspondent and wrote books about his campaigns, at the forefront of politics for fifty years, he held many political and cabinet positions. Before the First World War, he served as President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary, during the war, he continued as First Lord of the Admiralty until the disastrous Gallipoli Campaign caused his departure from government. He then briefly resumed active service on the Western Front as commander of the 6th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers. He returned to government under Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, at the outbreak of the Second World War, he was again appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain on 10 May 1940, Churchill became Prime Minister and he led Britain as Prime Minister until victory over Nazi Germany had been secured. After the Conservative Party suffered a defeat in the 1945 general election. He publicly warned of an Iron Curtain of Soviet influence in Europe, after winning the 1951 election, Churchill again became Prime Minister. His second term was preoccupied by foreign affairs, including the Malayan Emergency, Mau Mau Uprising, Korean War, domestically his government laid great emphasis on house-building. Churchill suffered a stroke in 1953 and retired as Prime Minister in 1955. Upon his death aged ninety in 1965, Elizabeth II granted him the honour of a state funeral and his highly complex legacy continues to stimulate intense debate amongst writers and historians. Born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough, a branch of the noble Spencer family, Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, like his father. His ancestor George Spencer had changed his surname to Spencer-Churchill in 1817 when he became Duke of Marlborough, to highlight his descent from John Churchill, Churchill was born on 30 November 1874, two months prematurely, in a bedroom in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire. From age two to six, he lived in Dublin, where his grandfather had been appointed Viceroy, Churchills brother, John Strange Spencer-Churchill, was born during this time in Ireland
15.
John Redmond
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John Edward Redmond was an Irish nationalist politician, barrister, and MP in the British House of Commons. He was best known as leader of the moderate Irish Parliamentary Party from 1900 until his death in 1918 and he was also leader of the paramilitary organisation the Irish National Volunteers. He was born to an old prominent Catholic family in rural Ireland and he took over control of the minority IPP faction loyal to Charles Stewart Parnell when that leader died in 1891. Redmond was a politician who achieved the two main objectives of his political life, party unity and, in September 1914, the passing of the Irish Home Rule Act. The Act granted limited self-government to Ireland, within the United Kingdom, however, implementation of Home Rule was suspended by the outbreak of the First World War. However, after the Easter Rising of 1916, Irish public opinion shifted in favour of militant republicanism and full Irish independence, in sharp contrast to Parnell, Redmond lacked charisma. He worked well in small committees, but had success in arousing large audiences. Parnell always chose the nominees to Parliament, now they were selected by the local party organisations, giving Redmond numerous weak MPs over whom he had little control. He never tried to understand the unionist forces emerging in Ulster, Redmond was further weakened in 1914 by the formation by Sinn Féin members of the Irish Volunteers. His enthusiastic support for the British war effort alienated many Irish nationalists and his party had been increasingly hollowed out, and a major crisis—notably the Easter Rising—was enough to destroy it. John Edward Redmond was born at Ballytrent House, Kilrane, County Wexford and he was the eldest son of William Archer Redmond, MP by Mary, daughter of General Hoey, the brother of Francis Hoey, heir of the Hoey seat, Dunganstown Castle, County Wicklow. For over seven hundred years the Redmonds had been a prominent Catholic gentry family in County Wexford and Wexford town. They were one of the oldest Hiberno-Norman families, and had for a time been known as the Redmonds of The Hall. His more immediate family were a political dynasty themselves. After his death in 1866, his nephew, William Archer Redmond, John Redmond was the brother of Willie Redmond, MP for Wexford and East Clare, and the father of William Redmond, whose wife was Bridget Redmond. Redmonds family heritage was more complex than that of most of his nationalist political colleagues and his mother came from a Protestant and unionist family, although she had converted to Catholicism on marriage, she never converted to nationalism. As a student, young John exhibited the seriousness that many would come to associate with him. After finishing at Clongowes, Redmond attended Trinity College, Dublin to study law, in 1876 he left to live with his father in London, acting as his assistant in Westminster, where he developed more fascination for politics than for law
16.
Eoin MacNeill
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Eoin MacNeill was an Irish scholar, Irish language enthusiast, nationalist activist, and Sinn Féin politician. MacNeill has been described as the father of the study of early Irish medieval history. A key figure of the Gaelic revival, he was a co-founder of the Gaelic League, to preserve Irish language, in 1913 he established the Irish Volunteers and served as their Chief-of-Staff. He held this position at the outbreak of the Easter Rising but had no role in it or its planning, MacNeill helped countermand the Easter Monday uprising, after learning about it and confronting Patrick Pearse, by placing a last-minute news advertisement advising Volunteers not to take part. He was later elected to the First Dáil as a member of Sinn Féin, MacNeill was born John McNeill, one of five children born to Archibald McNeill, a Roman Catholic working class baker, sailor and merchant, and his wife, Rosetta McNeill, also a Catholic. He was reared in Glenarm, County Antrim, an area still retained some Irish-language traditions. He was educated at St Malachys College and Queens College, Belfast, MacNeill had an enormous interest in Irish history and immersed himself in its study. In 1888 he achieved a BA degree in economics, jurisprudence and constitutional history and he was also editor of the Gaelic Journal from 1894 to 1899. In 1908 he was appointed professor of early Irish history at University College Dublin and he married Agnes Moore on 19 April 1898, the couple had eight children, four sons and four daughters. The Gaelic League was from the start strictly non-political, but in 1915 a proposal was put forward to abandon this policy, MacNeill strongly supported this, and rallied to his side a majority of delegates at the 1915 Oireachtas. Douglas Hyde, a non-political Protestant, who had co-founded the League and been its President for 22 years, through the Gaelic League, MacNeill met members of Sinn Féin, the Irish Republican Brotherhood, and other nationalists and republicans. One such colleague, The ORahilly, ran the newspaper, An Claidheamh Soluis. Unlike the IRB, MacNeill was opposed to the idea of a rebellion, except in resisting any suppression of the Volunteers. The entry of the UK into the First World War was, in their view, with the co-operation of James Connolly and the Irish Citizen Army, a secret council of IRB officials planned a general rising on Easter,1916. Unbeknownst to MacNeill, the letter—called the Castle Document—was a forgery, Pearse, Connolly, and the others agreed that the uprising would go ahead anyway, but it began one day later than originally intended to ensure the authorities were taken by surprise. Beginning on Easter Monday,24 April 1916, the rising lasted less than a week, after the surrender of the rebels, MacNeill was arrested, although he had taken no part in the insurrection. MacNeill was released from prison in 1917 and was elected Member of Parliament for the National University of Ireland, in line with abstentionist Sinn Féin policy, he refused to take his seat in the British House of Commons and sat instead in the newly convened Dáil Éireann. He was a member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland for Londonderry during 1921–25 although he never took his seat, in 1921 he supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty
17.
Patrick Pearse
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Patrick Henry Pearse was an Irish teacher, barrister, poet, writer, nationalist and political activist who was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising in 1916. Following his execution along with fifteen others, Pearse came to be seen by many as the embodiment of the rebellion, Pearse and his brother Willie and sisters Margaret and Mary Brigid were born at 27 Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, the street that is named after them today. It was here that their father, James Pearse, established a business in the 1850s. Pearses father was a mason and monumental sculptor, and originally a Unitarian from Birmingham in England, Pearses maternal grandfather Patrick was a supporter of the 1848 Young Ireland movement and was sworn in to the IRB. Pearses maternal grand uncle, James Savage fought in the American Civil War Pearse grew up surrounded by books and his father had had very little formal education, but was self-educated, he had two children Emily and James, from his first marriage. His second wife, Margaret Brady, was from Dublin, the Irish-speaking influence of Pearses great-aunt Margaret, together with his schooling at the CBS Westland Row, instilled in him an early love for the Irish language. Pearse was radicalised from an early age and he recalls that at the age of ten he prayed to God, promising him he would dedicate his life to Irish freedom. Pearse soon became involved in the Gaelic revival, in 1896, at the age of 16, he joined the Gaelic League, and in 1903, at the age of 23, he became editor of its newspaper An Claidheamh Soluis. Both had been Protestant, but it was from such men as these that the fervently Catholic Pearse drew inspiration for the rebellion of 1916. In 1900, Pearse was awarded a B. A. in Modern Languages by the Royal University of Ireland, in the same year, he was enrolled as a Barrister-at-Law at the Kings Inns. Pearse was called to the bar in 1901, in 1905, Pearse represented Neil McBride, a poet and songwriter from Feymore, Creeslough, Donegal, who had been fined for having his name displayed in illegible writing on his donkey cart. The appeal was heard before the Court of Kings Bench in Dublin and it was Pearses first and only court appearance as a barrister. The case was lost but it became a symbol of the struggle for Irish independence, in his June 27,1905 An Claidheamh Soluis column, Pearse wrote of the decision. it was in effect decided that Irish is a foreign language on the same level with Yiddish. As a cultural nationalist educated by the Irish Christian Brothers, like his younger brother Willie, the Irish school system, he believed, raised Irelands youth to be good Englishmen or obedient Irishmen, and an alternative was needed. Thus for him and other language revivalists saving the Irish language from extinction was a priority of the utmost importance. The key to saving the language, he felt, would be an education system. To show the way he started his own school for boys, St. Endas School in Cullenswood House in Ranelagh. The pupils were taught in both Irish and English, Cullenswood House is now the home of a Gaelscoil, Lios na nÓg
18.
Tim Healy (politician)
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He was born in Bantry, County Cork, the second son of Maurice Healy, clerk of the Bantry Poor Law Union, and Eliza Healy. His father was descended from a line which in holding to their Catholic faith, lost their lands. His father was transferred in 1862 to a position in Lismore, County Waterford. He then moved to England finding employment in 1871 with the North Eastern Railway Company in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, there he became deeply involved in the Irish Home Rule politics of the local Irish community. Parnell admired Healys intelligence and energy after Healy had established himself as part of Parnells broader political circle and he became Parnells secretary, but was denied contact to Parnells small inner circle of political colleagues. Healy was returned unopposed to parliament, aided by the fact that Redmond stood aside, by the mid-1880s Healy had already acquired a reputation for a scurrilousness of tone. In 1884 he was called to the Irish bar as barrister and his reputation allowed him to build an extensive legal practice particularly in land cases. Parnell choose him unwisely for South Londonderry in 1885, which Ulster seat he held for a year. He was then elected in 1886–92 for North Longford, Healy devised a strategy to secure a reduction in rent from the landlords which became known as the Plan of Campaign, organised in 1886 amongst others by Timothy Harrington. Initially a passionate supporter of Parnell, he became disenchanted with his leader after Healy opposed Parnells nomination of Captain William O’Shea to stand for a by-election in Galway city, at the time O’Shea was separated from his wife, Katharine OShea, with whom Parnell was secretly living. Healy objected to this, as the party had not been consulted, when Parnell travelled to Galway to support O’Shea, Healy was forced to back down. In 1890 in a divorce case OShea sued his wife for divorce. Healy and most of Parnells associates rejected Parnells continuing leadership of the party, Healy became Parnells most outspoken critic. When Parnell asked his colleagues at one party meeting Who is the master of the party, Healy famously retorted with another question Aye, but who is the mistress of the party. – a comment that almost led to the men coming to blows and his savage onslaught in public reflected his conservative Catholic origin. A substantial minority of the Irish people never forgave him for his role during the divorce crisis, the rift prompted nine-year-old Dublin schoolboy James Joyce to write a poem called Et Tu, Healy. which Joyces father had printed and circulated. Only three lines remain, Following Parnells death in 1891, the IPPs anti-Parnellite majority group broke away forming the Irish National Federation under John Dillon. Healy was at first its most outspoken member, when in 1892 he captured North Louth for the anti-Parnellites, but Healys talent for disruption was soon recognised when two years later he was again expelled
19.
General Post Office, Dublin
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The General Post Office in Dublin is the headquarters of the Irish Post Office, An Post, and Dublins principal post office. Sited in the centre of OConnell Street, the main thoroughfare, it is one of Irelands most famous buildings. On 6 January 1818, the new post-office in Sackville Street was opened for business, the structure was completed in the short space of three years for the sum of £50,000. The front, which extends 67.1 metres, has an Ionic portico, the frieze of the entablature is highly enriched, and in the tympanum of the pediment were the royal arms until removed following restoration in the 1920s. The entablature, with the exception of the architrave, is continued along the rest of the front, a balustrade surmounts the cornice of the building, which is 15.2 metres from the ground. With the exception of the portico, which is of Portland stone, during the Easter Rising of 1916, the GPO served as the headquarters of the uprisings leaders. The building was destroyed by fire in the course of the rebellion, the facade is all that remains of the original building. The museum closed at the end of May 2015 being replaced by a new centre to commemorate the 1916 Rising, GPO Witness History. The building has remained a symbol of Irish nationalism, the statue was featured on the Irish ten shilling coin of 1966, marking the fiftieth anniversary of the Rising. Despite its fame as an place of Irish freedom, ground rent for the GPO continued to be paid to English. The broadcasting studios of 2RN, which later became Radio Éireann, were located at the GPO from 1928 until 1974, draws for Prize Bonds are held weekly, on Fridays, in the building. Nelsons Pillar was formerly located in the centre of OConnell Street adjacent to the GPO, however the Pillar was destroyed by Irish republicans in an explosion in 1966. The Spire of Dublin now takes a dominant position on the site of the Pillar
20.
Orange Order
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The Loyal Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based primarily in Northern Ireland. It also has a significant presence in the Scottish Lowlands and lodges throughout the Commonwealth, the Orange Order was founded in County Armagh in 1795, during a period of Protestant–Catholic sectarian conflict, as a Masonic-style brotherhood sworn to maintain the Protestant Ascendancy. It is headed by the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland, which was established in 1798 and its name is a tribute to the Dutch-born Protestant king William of Orange, who defeated the army of Catholic king James VII & II in the Williamite War in Ireland. Its members wear orange sashes and are referred to as Orangemen, the Order is best known for its yearly marches, the biggest of which are held on or around 12 July. Politically, the Orange Order is a conservative British unionist organisation with links to Ulster loyalism and it campaigned against Scottish independence in 2014. The Order sees itself as defending Protestant civil and religious liberties, whilst critics accuse the Order of being sectarian and it has also been criticised for associating with loyalist paramilitary groups. As a Protestant society, it does not accept non-Protestants as members unless they convert and adhere to the principles of Orangeism, Orange marches through mainly Catholic and nationalist neighbourhoods in Northern Ireland are controversial and have often led to violence. In particular, the Institution remembers the victories of William III and his forces in Ireland in the early 1690s and these followed a tradition started in Elizabethan England of celebrating key events in the Protestant calendar. By the 1740s there were organisations holding parades in Dublin such as the Boyne Club, throughout the 1780s, sectarian tension had been building in County Armagh, largely due to the relaxation of the Penal Laws. Here the number of Protestants and Catholics were of equal number. Drunken brawls between rival gangs had by 1786 become openly sectarian, in September 1795, at a crossroads known as The Diamond near Loughgall, Defenders and Protestant Peep o Day Boys gathered to fight each other. When a contingent of Defenders from County Tyrone arrived on 21 September, however, the Peep o Day Boys quickly regrouped and opened fire on the Defenders. According to William Blacker, the battle was short and the Defenders suffered not less than thirty deaths. After the battle had ended, the Peep o Days marched into Loughgall, and in the house of James Sloan they founded the Orange Order, the principal pledge of these lodges was to defend the King and his heirs so long as he or they support the Protestant Ascendancy. At the start the Orange Order was an organisation to the Defenders in that it was a secret oath-bound society that used passwords. One of the few landed gentry that joined the Orange Order at the outset. He says that a determination was expressed to driving from this quarter of the county the entire of its Roman Catholic population, with notices posted warning them to Hell or Connaught. Other people were warned by notices not to inform on local Orangemen or I will Blow your Soul to the Low hils of Hell And Burn the House you are in, within two months,7,000 Catholics had been driven out of County Armagh
21.
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
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The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majestys Government in the United Kingdom. The prime minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party, the office is one of the Great Offices of State. The current prime minister, Theresa May, leader of the Conservative Party, was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016. The position of Prime Minister was not created, it evolved slowly and erratically over three hundred years due to acts of Parliament, political developments, and accidents of history. The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective, the origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament. The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of political parties, the introduction of mass communication. By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged, prior to 1902, the prime minister sometimes came from the House of Lords, provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons. However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the Prime Minister should always sit in the lower house. As leader of the House of Commons, the Prime Ministers authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act of 1911 which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law-making process. The Prime Minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury, certain privileges, such as residency of 10 Downing Street, are accorded to Prime Ministers by virtue of their position as First Lord of the Treasury. As the Head of Her Majestys Government the modern Prime Minister leads the Cabinet, in addition the Prime Minister leads a major political party and generally commands a majority in the House of Commons. As such the incumbent wields both legislative and executive powers, under the British system there is a unity of powers rather than separation. In the House of Commons, the Prime Minister guides the process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party. The Prime Minister also acts as the face and voice of Her Majestys Government. The British system of government is based on an uncodified constitution, in 1928, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith described this characteristic of the British constitution in his memoirs, In this country we live. Our constitutional practices do not derive their validity and sanction from any Bill which has received the assent of the King, Lords. They rest on usage, custom, convention, often of slow growth in their early stages, not always uniform, the relationships between the Prime Minister and the Sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet are defined largely by these unwritten conventions of the constitution. Many of the Prime Ministers executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still vested in the Sovereign
22.
H. H. Asquith
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He had a central role in the design and passage of major liberal legislation. In August 1914, Asquith took the United Kingdom into the First World War, Asquiths father owned a small business but died when Asquith was seven. Asquith was educated at City of London School and Balliol College and he trained as a barrister and after a slow start to his career achieved great success. In 1886, he was adopted as Liberal candidate for East Fife, in 1892, he was appointed as Home Secretary in Gladstones fourth ministry, remaining in the post until the Liberals lost the 1895 election. In 1908, Asquith succeeded him as minister, with David Lloyd George as chancellor. With their first majority government since the 1880s, the Liberals were determined to advance their agenda, an impediment to this was the unelected House of Lords, dominated by the Conservatives. When Lloyd George proposed, and the House of Commons passed, the Peoples Budget of 1909, meanwhile the South Africa Act 1909 passed. Asquith called an election for January 1910, and the Liberals won, Asquith was less successful in dealing with Irish Home Rule. Repeated crises led to gun running and violence, verging on civil war, bitter rivalries inside and between the three major parties worsened when Asquith was unable to forge the coalition into a harmonious team. It was weakened by his own indecision over strategy, conscription, Lloyd George organised his overthrow and replaced him as Prime Minister in December 1916. Asquith remained as leader of the Liberal Party, but was unable to quell the internal conflict, the party rapidly declined in popularity and was ruined by the 1918 general election. Asquith accepted a peerage in 1925 and died, aged 75 and his roles in creating the modern British welfare state, 1906-1911 have been celebrated, but his weaknesses as a war leader and as a party leader after 1914 have been emphasised by historians. Asquith was born in Morley, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the couple also had three daughters, of whom only one survived infancy. The Asquiths were an old Yorkshire family, with a long nonconformist tradition and it was a matter of family pride, shared by Asquith, that an ancestor, Joseph Asquith, was imprisoned for his part in the pro-Roundhead Farnley Wood Plot of 1664. Both Asquiths parents came from families associated with the Yorkshire wool trade, Dixon Asquith inherited the Gillroyd Mill Company, founded by his father. Emilys father, William Willans, ran a successful wool-trading business in Huddersfield, both families were middle-class, Congregationalist, and politically radical. Dixon was a man, cultivated and in his sons words not cut out for a business career. He was described as a man of character who held Bible classes for young men
23.
Government of Ireland Act 1914
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It was the third such bill introduced by a Liberal government in a 28-year period in response to the Irish Home Rule movement. The Act was the first law passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom that sought to establish a devolved government in any part of the UK. However, the implementation of both it and the equally controversial Welsh Church Act 1914 was formally postponed for a minimum of twelve months with the outbreak of the First World War, in 1909, a constitutional crisis arose when the House of Lords rejected David Lloyd Georges Finance Bill. The Irish Party, which had campaigned for home rule for Ireland since the 1870s, the Parliament Act 1911 replaced the unlimited veto of the Lords with one lasting only two years, ensuring that a bill passed by the Commons could not be blocked for more than two years. The Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith, introduced the Bill on 11 April 1912, the abolition of Dublin Castle administration, though with the retention of the Lord Lieutenant. The financial situation was a concern, Irish taxes had yielded a surplus of £2 million in 1893, that had turned into a current spending net deficit of £1. 5m by 1910 that had to be raised by London. An annual Transferred Sum mechanism was proposed to maintain spending in Ireland as it was, the Bill was passed by the Commons by a majority of 10 votes in 1912 but the House of Lords rejected it 326 votes to 69 in January 1913. In 1913 it was reintroduced and again passed by the Commons but was rejected by the Lords by 302 votes to 64. In 1914 after the reading, the Bill was passed by the Commons on 25 May 1914 by a majority of 77. Having been defeated a third time in the Lords, the Government used the provisions of the Parliament Act to override the Lords, Unionists in Ulster were opposed to a home-rule Ireland governed from Dublin. Early in 1912, they began forming local militias. By April 1912, the Irish Unionist leader, Sir Edward Carson, on 28 September 1912, over 500,000 Unionists signed the Ulster Covenant pledging to defy Home Rule by all means possible. The Covenant was drawn up by Carson and organised by Sir James Craig, at the Bills third reading in the Commons on 21 May 1914 several members asked about a proposal to exclude the whole of Ulster for six years. Asquith was seeking any solution that would avoid a civil war and you have never tried to understand her position. You have never alleged, and you cannot allege, that this Bill gives her one atom of advantage, a government amending bill was introduced in the House of Lords on 23 June 1914 and passed there with amendments on 8 July. Carson and the Irish Unionist Party backed the bill, which envisaged temporary exclusion of Ulster from the workings of the future Act. The Lords amendments to the bill were unacceptable to the government. What was still to be negotiated were the number of counties excluded, the compromise proposed by Asquith was straightforward
24.
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
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The House of Commons of the United Kingdom is the lower house of the countrys parliament. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. The House is a body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament. Members are elected to represent constituencies by first-past-the-post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved, under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The Government is primarily responsible to the House of Commons and the prime minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of its members. Although it does not formally elect the prime minister, the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance, by convention, the prime minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of, the House of Commons. Since 1963, by convention, the minister is always a member of the House of Commons. The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence, confidence and no confidence motions are sometimes phrased explicitly, for instance, That this House has no confidence in Her Majestys Government. Many other motions were considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such, in particular, important bills that form a part of the Governments agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence, as is the annual Budget. Parliament normally sits for a term of five years. Subject to that limit, the minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament. By this second mechanism, the government of the United Kingdom can change without a general election. In such circumstances there may not even have been a party leadership election, as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim. A prime minister may resign if he or she is not defeated at the polls. In such a case, the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons, in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime ministers party. Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader, when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor and it fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister, after taking the advice of ministers. By convention, all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords, a handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by-election or by receiving a peerage. Since 1902, all ministers have been members of the Commons
25.
Arthur Griffith
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Arthur Griffith was an Irish politician and writer, who founded and later led the political party Sinn Féin. He served as President of Dáil Éireann from January to August 1922, Arthur Griffith was born at 61 Upper Dominick Street, Dublin, Ireland on 31 March 1872, of distant Welsh lineage, and was educated by the Irish Christian Brothers. He worked for a time as a printer before joining the Gaelic League and his father had been a printer on The Nation newspaper — Griffith was one of several employees locked out in the early 1890s due to a dispute with a new owner of the paper. The young Griffith was a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and he visited South Africa from 1897 to 1898, after the defeat and death of Charles Stewart Parnell whose more moderate views he had initially supported, while recovering from tuberculosis. There he supported the Boers against British expansionism and was an admirer of Paul Kruger. In 1899, on returning to Dublin, he co-founded the weekly United Irishman newspaper with his associate William Rooney, on 24 November 1910, Griffith married his fiancée, Maud Sheehan, after a fifteen-year engagement, they had a son and a daughter. Griffiths fierce criticism of the Irish Parliamentary Partys alliance with British Liberalism was heavily influenced by the rhetoric of Young Irelander John Mitchel. Griffith made a number of controversial statements and opinions. He defended anti-semitic rioters in Limerick, and denounced socialists and pacifists as conscious tools of the British Empire, Griffith also supported movements seeking national independence from the British Empire in Egypt and India and wrote a highly critical description of the British government action at Matabele. Despite his opposition to communism and socialism, he worked with James Connolly. In September 1900, he established an organisation called Cumann na nGaedheal to unite advanced nationalist/separatist groups, in 1903 he set up the National Council to campaign against the visit to Ireland of King Edward VII and his consort Alexandra of Denmark. In 1907, this merged with the Sinn Féin League, which itself had been formed from an amalgamation of Cumann na nGaedheal. Most historians opt for 28 November 1905 as a date because it was on this date that Griffith first presented his Sinn Féin Policy. Its first president was Edward Martyn and this was similar to the policy of Henry Grattan a century earlier. Griffith sought to combine elements of Parnellism with the traditional separatist approach, he saw not as a leader. In 1907 Sinn Féin unsuccessfully contested a by-election in North Leitrim, the IRB members argued that the aim of dual monarchism should be replaced by republicanism, and that Griffith was excessively inclined to compromise with conservative elements. In 1916 rebels seized and took over a number of key locations in Dublin, in became known as the Easter Rising. After its defeat, it was widely described both by British politicians and the Irish and British media as the Sinn Féin rebellion, even though Sinn Féin had very limited involvement
26.
RMS Titanic
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Of the 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. Thomas Andrews, her architect, died in the disaster, the first class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and luxury, with an on-board gymnasium, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants and opulent cabins. A high-power radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending passenger marconigrams and for the operational use. Titanic only carried enough lifeboats for 1,178 people—slightly more than half of the number on board, after leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912, Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown in Ireland before heading west to New York. On 14 April, four days into the crossing and about 375 miles south of Newfoundland, the collision caused the ships hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea, she could only survive four flooding. Meanwhile, passengers and some members were evacuated in lifeboats. A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a women and children first protocol for loading lifeboats, at 2,20 a. m. she broke apart and foundered—with well over one thousand people still aboard. Just under two hours after Titanic sank, the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrived at the scene, where she brought aboard an estimated 705 survivors. The disaster was greeted with shock and outrage at the huge loss of life. Public inquiries in Britain and the United States led to improvements in maritime safety. One of their most important legacies was the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, which still governs maritime safety today. Additionally, several new regulations were passed around the world in an effort to learn from the many missteps in wireless communications—which could have saved many more passengers. The wreck of Titanic, first discovered over 70 years after the sinking, remains on the seabed, since her discovery in 1985, thousands of artifacts have been recovered and put on display at museums around the world. Titanic has become one of the most famous ships in history, her memory is kept alive by numerous works of culture, including books, folk songs, films, exhibits. Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world, only beaten by her sister HMHS Britannic, the name Titanic was derived from Greek mythology and meant gigantic. They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Lines fleet, Teutonic was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic. Majestic would be back into her old spot on White Stars New York service after Titanics loss. The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff, cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships, plus a five percent profit margin
27.
Belfast
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Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, the second largest on the island of Ireland, and the heart of the tenth largest Primary Urban Area in the United Kingdom. On the River Lagan, it had a population of 286,000 at the 2011 census and 333,871 after the 2015 council reform, Belfast was granted city status in 1888. Belfast played a key role in the Industrial Revolution, and was an industrial centre until the latter half of the 20th century. It has sustained a major aerospace and missiles industry since the mid 1930s, industrialisation and the inward migration it brought made Belfast Irelands biggest city at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, Belfast remains a centre for industry, as well as the arts, higher education, business, and law, additionally, Belfast city centre has undergone considerable expansion and regeneration in recent years, notably around Victoria Square. Belfast is served by two airports, George Best Belfast City Airport in the city, and Belfast International Airport 15 miles west of the city. Although the county borough of Belfast was created when it was granted city status by Queen Victoria in 1888, the site of Belfast has been occupied since the Bronze Age. The Giants Ring, a 5, 000-year-old henge, is located near the city, Belfast remained a small settlement of little importance during the Middle Ages. The ONeill clan had a presence in the area, in the 14th century, Cloinne Aodha Buidhe, descendants of Aodh Buidhe ONeill built Grey Castle at Castlereagh, now in the east of the city. Conn ONeill of the Clannaboy ONeills owned vast lands in the area and was the last inhabitant of Grey Castle, evidence of this period of Belfasts growth can still be seen in the oldest areas of the city, known as the Entries. Belfast blossomed as a commercial and industrial centre in the 18th and 19th centuries, industries thrived, including linen, rope-making, tobacco, heavy engineering and shipbuilding, and at the end of the 19th century, Belfast briefly overtook Dublin as the largest city in Ireland. The Harland and Wolff shipyards became one of the largest shipbuilders in the world, in 1886 the city suffered intense riots over the issue of home rule, which had divided the city. In 1920–22, Belfast became the capital of the new entity of Northern Ireland as the island of Ireland was partitioned, the accompanying conflict cost up to 500 lives in Belfast, the bloodiest sectarian strife in the city until the Troubles of the late 1960s onwards. Belfast was heavily bombed during World War II, in one raid, in 1941, German bombers killed around one thousand people and left tens of thousands homeless. Apart from London, this was the greatest loss of life in a raid during the Blitz. Belfast has been the capital of Northern Ireland since its establishment in 1921 following the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and it had been the scene of various episodes of sectarian conflict between its Catholic and Protestant populations. These opposing groups in conflict are now often termed republican and loyalist respectively. The most recent example of conflict was known as the Troubles – a civil conflict that raged from around 1969 to 1998
28.
Cobh
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Cobh, known from 1849 until 1920 as Queenstown, is a tourist seaport town on the south coast of County Cork, Ireland. Cobh is on the side of Great Island in Cork Harbour and is home to Irelands only dedicated cruise terminal. Tourism in the draws on the maritime and emigration legacy of the town - including its association with the RMS Titanic. Facing the town are Spike Island and Haulbowline Island, and on a point in the town stands St Colmans Cathedral, one of the tallest buildings in Ireland. The port, which has had several Irish-language names, was first called Cove in 1750 and it was renamed Queenstown in 1849 to commemorate a visit by Queen Victoria. This remained the name until 1920, when it was renamed Cobh by the new authorities of the Irish Free State. Cobh is a Gaelicisation of the English name Cove and it shares the same pronunciation but has no meaning in the Irish language, according to legend, one of the first colonists of Ireland was Neimheidh, who landed in Cork Harbour over 1000 years BC. He and his followers were said to have wiped out in a plague. Later it became known as Crich Liathain because of the powerful Uí Liatháin kingdom who ruled in the area from Late Antiquity into the early 13th century, the island subsequently became known as Oilean Mor An Barra, after the Barry family who inherited it. The village on the island was known as Ballyvoloon, overlooking The Cove and in 1743 a fort, the settlement itself was first referred to as Cove village in 1750 by Smith the historian who said it was inhabited by seamen and revenue officials. The Cork directory of 1787 shows about thirty businesses in the town including one butcher, the Water Club established at Haulbowline in 1720 was the progenitor of the present Royal Cork Yacht Club and is the oldest yacht club in the world. The RCYC was based for years in Cobh and the present Sirius Arts Centre used to be a clubhouse of the RCYC organisation. In 1966 the RCYC merged with the Royal Munster Yacht Club, retaining the name of the RCYC, International upheaval led to Cobh experiencing rapid development in the early 19th century. Today, the Irish Naval Service headquarters is based on Haulbowline island facing Cobh, the wars against the French led to the town becoming a British Naval port with its own admiral, and many of the present-day buildings date from this time. The eventual cessation of hostilities dented Cobhs prosperity for a while but it became known as a health resort. Notable amongst these people was Charles Wolfe who wrote The Burial of Sir John Moore After Corunna, Wolfe is buried in the Old Church Cemetery outside the town. One of the major transatlantic Irish ports, the former Queenstown was the point for 2.5 million of the six million Irish people who emigrated to North America between 1848 and 1950. On 11 April 1912, Queenstown was famously the final port of call for the RMS Titanic when she set out across the Atlantic on her maiden voyage
29.
Denys Corbett Wilson
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Denys Corbett Wilson was a pioneering Irish aviator. He is most notable for his 100-minute flight on 22 April 1912, the journey time was 1 hour 40 minutes. This was the first complete flight between Britain and Ireland, a flight had been made by actor-aviator Robert Loraine on 11 September 1910. Loraine flew from Wales but landed 300 to 400 yards short of the Irish coast at Dublin, corbett-Wilson meanwhile was forced to land near Hereford and booked into the Mitre Hotel. Rather than wait for his mechanic to arrive, he decided to purchase petrol, the oil however turned out to be the wrong grade and on resuming his flight the following morning he was once again forced down because of engine trouble. This time he landed in Colva, Radnorshire where he waited for his mechanic to arrive. It was on 21 April he took off and decided to head west instead of north for Chester and he arrived at a field near Harbour Village, Goodwick around mid-morning. The historic flight to Ireland began at 5. 47am on the 22nd, both were reported to have been killed instantly. He is buried in the Cabaret-Rouge British Cemetery, Souchez, France
30.
Irish Sea
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The Irish Sea, separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south by St Georges Channel, anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea, followed by the Isle of Man. The sea is occasionally, but rarely, referred to as the Manx Sea, the sea is of significant economic importance to regional trade, shipping and transport, fishing, and power generation in the form of wind power and nuclear power plants. Annual traffic between Great Britain and Ireland amounts to over 12 million passengers and 17 million tonnes of traded goods, the Irish Sea has undergone a series of dramatic changes over the last 20,000 years as the last glacial period ended and was replaced by warmer conditions. At the height of the glaciation the central part of the sea was probably a long freshwater lake. As the ice retreated 10,000 years ago the lake reconnected to the sea, becoming brackish, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Irish Sea as follows, On the North. The Southern limit of the Scottish Seas, a line joining St. Davids Head to Carnsore Point. It is connected to the North Atlantic at both its northern and southern ends, to the north, the connection is through the North Channel between Scotland and Northern Ireland and the Malin Sea. The southern end is linked to the Atlantic through the St Georges Channel between south eastern Ireland and Pembrokeshire in Wales, and the Celtic Sea. The Irish Sea is composed of a channel about 300 km long and 30–50 km wide on its western side. The western channels depth ranges from 80 metres up to 275 m in the Beauforts Dyke in the North Channel, the main embayments – Cardigan Bay in the south and the waters to the east of the Isle of Man – are less than 50 m deep. The Sea has a water volume of 2,430 km3, 80% of which is to the west of the Isle of Man. The largest sandbanks are the Bahama and King William Banks to the east and north of the Isle of Man, the Irish Sea, at its greatest width, is 200 km and narrows to 75 km. Unlike Great Britain, Ireland has no tunnel or bridge connection to continental Europe, thus the vast majority of heavy goods trade is done by sea. The Port of Liverpool handles 32 million tonnes of cargo and 734 thousand passengers a year, Holyhead port handles most of the passenger traffic from Dublin and Dún Laoghaire ports, as well as 3.3 million tonnes of freight. Ports in the Republic handle 3,600,000 travellers crossing the sea each year and this has been steadily dropping for a number of years, probably as a result of low cost airlines. There is also a connection between Liverpool and Belfast via the Isle of Man or direct from Birkenhead, the worlds largest car ferry, Ulysses, is operated by Irish Ferries on the Dublin Port–Holyhead route, Stena Line also operates between Britain and Ireland. The Port of Barrow-in-Furness, despite being one of Britains largest shipbuilding centres, a ferry crossing used to run between Swansea and Cork, but given the geographical limits defined above, this route crosses the Celtic Sea rather than the Irish Sea
31.
Goodwick
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Goodwick is a coastal town in Pembrokeshire, south-west Wales, immediately west of its twin town of Fishguard. The coasts of Wales were subjected to Norse raids during the Viking Era and, in the latter 10th century, the place name probably derives from a combination of the old Norse forms, góðr and vik giving góðrvik. Compare formation with Reykjavík where reykr = smoke, many older developments in Goodwick have the name Goedwig meaning forest - Goedwig Terrace, Villas, Chapel etc. Thus an alternative explanation for the name may be that it was Goedwig, Goodwick was a small fishing village in the parish of Llanwnda, but in 1887 work commenced on a railway connection and harbour, and the village grew rapidly to service this. The main industry is now tourism although in the industrial past brick making was once an important industry. Some fishing still takes place on a scale but most activity is centered on Milford Haven. The local beach, Goowick Sands, is where the defeated French invasion force assembled prior to their surrender on 24 February 1797. A separate electoral ward exists with the same name, the total population of this ward at the 2011 census was 1,988. The harbour was constructed by blasting 1.6 million tonnes of rock from the hillside to make a 900 m long breakwater, the quarried-out area became the quay. The harbour was opened on 30 August 1906. Planned to be the end of the Great Western Railways line and its sea port, replacing Neyland. Accordingly, the harbour has an inner breakwater protecting the remaining open side. The Great Western Railway ordered three new steamers for its service to Rosslare, St David, St George and St Patrick, RMS Mauretania visited once in 1909 although passengers had to board by tender when transferring to and from the London train. The smaller breakwater was built as part of the preparations for the visit of the RMS Mauretania and is known as the Mauretania Mole. The breakwater lead to unanticipated silting, and the prospect of future visits from larger liners was abandoned, directly above the harbour is a small estate known as Harbour Village, built to house workers during the construction of the harbour. The port now accommodates a ferry service to Rosslare operated by Stena Line, the RNLI operate an all weather Trent class lifeboat, the Blue Peter VII, and a class D inshore lifeboat from within the harbour. In October 2011 plans for Fishguard & Goodwick Marina were revealed in the Western Telegraph, the scheme would also create a publicly accessible promenade and waterfront, and visitor parking as well as workshops, stores and ancillary facilities. Conygar have also exchanged contracts to acquire a site for a lorry stop
32.
Wales
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Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and it had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2. Wales has over 1,680 miles of coastline and is mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon. The country lies within the temperate zone and has a changeable. Welsh national identity emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudds death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of Englands conquest of Wales, though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century. The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism, Welsh national feeling grew over the century, Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, two-thirds of the population live in south Wales, mainly in and around Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and in the nearby valleys. Now that the countrys traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, Wales economy depends on the sector, light and service industries. Wales 2010 gross value added was £45.5 billion, over 560,000 Welsh language speakers live in Wales, and the language is spoken by a majority of the population in parts of the north and west. From the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the land of song, Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness. The Old English-speaking Anglo-Saxons came to use the term Wælisc when referring to the Celtic Britons in particular, the modern names for some Continental European lands and peoples have a similar etymology. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. The use of the word Cymry as a self-designation derives from the location in the post-Roman Era of the Welsh people in modern Wales as well as in northern England and southern Scotland. It emphasised that the Welsh in modern Wales and in the Hen Ogledd were one people, in particular, the term was not applied to the Cornish or the Breton peoples, who are of similar heritage, culture, and language to the Welsh. The word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century and it is attested in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. The Latinised forms of names, Cambrian, Cambric and Cambria, survive as lesser-used alternative names for Wales, Welsh
33.
Enniscorthy
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Enniscorthy is the second-largest town in County Wexford, Ireland. At the 2011 census, the population of the town and environs is 10,838, the Placenames Database of Ireland sheds no light on the origins of the towns name. It may refer either to the Island of Corthaidh or the Island of Rocks, with a history going back to 465, Enniscorthy is one of the longest continuously-occupied sites in Ireland. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ferns is located in the town, Enniscorthy railway station is on the Dublin–Rosslare line. For connecting trains to Swansea and Cardiff Central for London Paddington, there are also Irish Ferries connections from Rosslare Europort to Pembroke and Cherbourg. The station opened on 16 November 1863, there is a bus stop at Templeshannon with connections to Waterford, Dublin, and other cities. In October 2015, work began on the Enniscorthy Bypass, the new bypass will consist of a 27km motorway that connects the N11 with the M11 motorway. This motorway will be situated to the east of Enniscorthy, allowing motorists to stay clear of the city centre, the project, which is due to be completed by early 2019, will also include a single carriageway that connects the N30 with the M11. The first successful flight from Britain to Ireland was made from Goodwicks Harbour Village on 22 April 1912 by Denys Corbett Wilson, the flight lasted one hour 40 minutes, with landfall near Enniscorthy, Ireland. Enniscorthy Castle is an imposing Norman stronghold, which dates from 1205 and was a dwelling until 1951. The castle was built by the DePrendergasts, in the early 1580s the poet Edmund Spenser leased the property that included the castle. The castle was once owned by Sir Henry Wallop. The castle was the site of fierce battles during the Cromwellian years. The castle houses the Wexford County Museum, which contains extensive 1798 rebellion-related material and it was closed for major refurbishment from 2007 until May 2011. However, many managed to flee south through a gap left in the British lines by General Needham, during this time, Beauchamp Bagnell Harvey was declared President of the Wexford Republic. The 1798 Visitor Centre is devoted to the history and aftermath of the 1798 Rising, setting it in its European context and it is housed in the former Congregation of Christian Brothers monastery. The Visitor Centre offers people the chance to see what famous figures were involved in the 1798 Rising, built in 1843, St. Aidans Cathedral was designed by Augustus Welby Pugin, famous for having designed Londons Houses of Parliament. The cathedral is in the same Neo-Gothic style, notable features include the striking façade, a reredos carved from Caen stone and a great north window with intricate stone tracery
34.
Holyhead
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Holyhead is the largest town in the county of Isle of Anglesey in Wales. It is also a community and a major Irish Sea port, despite being the largest town in the county, with a population of 11,431 at the 2011 census, it is neither the county town nor actually on the island of Anglesey. Holyhead is located on Holy Island, which has a population of 13,659 at the 2011 census and it was originally connected to Anglesey via Four Mile Bridge, so called because the bridge was four miles from Holyhead on the old turnpike Road. In the mid 19th century, Lord Stanley, a local philanthropist, funded the building of a causeway, known locally as The Cobb, it now carries the A5. The A55 dual carriageway runs parallel to the Cobb on a modern causeway, the town centre is built around St. Cybis Church, which is built inside one of Europes few three-walled Roman forts. The Romans also built a watchtower on the top of Holyhead Mountain inside Mynydd y Twr, settlements in the area date from prehistoric times, with circular huts, burial chambers and standing stones featuring in the highest concentration in Britain. The current lighthouse is on South Stack on the side of Holyhead Mountain and is open to the public. The Port of Holyhead has a ferry port. Stena Line, Northern Europes biggest ferry company, operates from the port, Ferries sail to Dublin, in Ireland, this forms the principal link for surface transport from central and northern England and Wales to Ireland. There is archaeological evidence that people have been sailing between Holyhead and Ireland for 4,000 years, Holyheads maritime importance was at its height in the 19th century with a 1.7 mile long sea breakwater. Holyhead Breakwater is the longest in the UK and was built to create a harbour for vessels caught in stormy waters on their way to Liverpool. Holyheads sea heritage is remembered in a maritime museum, the post road built by Thomas Telford from London strengthened Holyheads position as the port from which the Royal Mail was dispatched to and from Dublin on the Mail coach. The A5 terminates at Admiralty Arch, which was designed by Thomas Harrison to commemorate a visit by King George IV in 1821 en route to Ireland, the A55 forms part of Euroroute E22. The Anglesey section was financed through a Private Finance Initiative scheme, with the opening of the railway from London to Liverpool, Holyhead lost the London to Dublin Mail contract in 1839 to the Port of Liverpool. Holyhead is the terminus of the North Wales Coast Line and is served by Virgin Trains. The rail and ferry terminals are connected to the centre by The Celtic Gateway bridge. Holyheads main industry was aluminium-based until September 2009, with Rio Tinto Groups Anglesey Aluminium subsidiary operating a massive aluminium smelter on the outskirts of the town, the jetty is now used by Anglesey County Council to dock cruise ships visiting from all over the world. The jetty is wide enough for coaches to travel down to collect and deliver passengers to the town, the plant relied for its electricity supply on the islands nuclear power station at Wylfa, near Cemaes Bay
35.
Phoenix Park
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Phoenix Park is an urban park in Dublin, Ireland, lying 2–4 km west of the city centre, north of the River Liffey. Its 11 km perimeter wall encloses 707 hectares it is one of the largest enclosed recreational spaces within any European capital city. It includes large areas of grassland and tree-lined avenues, and since the 17th century has been home to a herd of fallow deer. The English name comes from the Irish fionn uisce meaning clear water, the Irish Government is lobbying UNESCO to have the park designated as a world heritage site. They established an abbey at Kilmainham on the now occupied by Royal Hospital Kilmainham. The knights lost their lands in 1537 following the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII of England, eighty years later the lands reverted to the ownership of the Kings representatives in Ireland. On the restoration of Charles II of England, his Viceroy in Dublin and it contained pheasants and wild deer, making it necessary to enclose the entire area with a wall. It was opened to the people of Dublin by the Earl of Chesterfield in 1745, in 1882, it was the location of a double murder. The Chief Secretary for Ireland, Lord Frederick Cavendish and the Under-Secretary for Ireland, a small insurgent group called the Invincibles were responsible. During the Emergency thousands of tons of turf were transported from the bogs to Dublin, the park is split between three civil parishes, Castleknock to the north-west, Chapelizod to the south and St James to the north. The last named is mainly centred south of the River Liffey around St James parish church, the residence of the President of Ireland, Áras an Uachtaráin, built in 1754, is located in the park. As the Viceregal Lodge, it was the residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland until the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922. Dublin Zoo is one of Dublins main attractions, within a year the zoo housed 123 species. The Papal Cross was erected at the edge of Fifteen Acres for the visit of Pope John Paul II on 29 September 1979, over one million people attended an open-air mass in the park at the time. The white cross, which dominates its surroundings, is 35 metres high and was built with steel girders and it was installed with some difficulty, after several attempts, the cross was eventually erected just a fortnight before the Pope arrived. The Wellington Monument is a 62 metres tall obelisk commemorating the victories of the Duke of Wellington and it is the largest obelisk in Europe and would have been even higher if the publicly subscribed funding had not run out. There is also a monument to commemorate Lord Cavendish and Thomas Henry Burke and it is a 60cm long cross, filled with a small amount of gravel and cut thinly in to the grass. The Deerfield Residence, originally built in 1776 was the residence of the Chief Secretary for Ireland
36.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
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It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, one of the boroughs of the British capital, the parliament is bicameral, consisting of an upper house and a lower house. The Sovereign forms the third component of the legislature, prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords. The House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections held at least every five years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster in London, most cabinet ministers are from the Commons, whilst junior ministers can be from either House. The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The UK parliament and its institutions have set the pattern for many throughout the world. However, John Bright – who coined the epithet – used it with reference to a rather than a parliament. In theory, the UKs supreme legislative power is vested in the Crown-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the Prime Minister, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801, by the merger of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland under the Acts of Union. The principle of responsibility to the lower House did not develop until the 19th century—the House of Lords was superior to the House of Commons both in theory and in practice. Members of the House of Commons were elected in an electoral system. Thus, the borough of Old Sarum, with seven voters, many small constituencies, known as pocket or rotten boroughs, were controlled by members of the House of Lords, who could ensure the election of their relatives or supporters. During the reforms of the 19th century, beginning with the Reform Act 1832, No longer dependent on the Lords for their seats, MPs grew more assertive. The supremacy of the British House of Commons was established in the early 20th century, in 1909, the Commons passed the so-called Peoples Budget, which made numerous changes to the taxation system which were detrimental to wealthy landowners. The House of Lords, which consisted mostly of powerful landowners, on the basis of the Budgets popularity and the Lords consequent unpopularity, the Liberal Party narrowly won two general elections in 1910. Using the result as a mandate, the Liberal Prime Minister, Herbert Henry Asquith, introduced the Parliament Bill, in the face of such a threat, the House of Lords narrowly passed the bill. However, regardless of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, the Government of Ireland Act 1920 created the parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland and reduced the representation of both parts at Westminster
37.
Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
38.
Royal Albert Hall
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The Royal Albert Hall is a concert hall on the northern edge of South Kensington, London, which holds the Proms concerts annually each summer since 1941. It has a capacity of up to 5,272 seats, the Hall is a registered charity held in trust for the nation and receives no public or government funding. A further 400 events are each year in the non-auditorium spaces. In 1851, the Great Exhibition was held in Hyde Park, the Exhibitions Royal Commission bought Gore House and its grounds on the advice of the Prince. Progress on the scheme was slow and in 1861 Prince Albert died, however, a memorial was proposed for Hyde Park, with a Great Hall opposite. The proposal was approved and the site was purchased with some of the profits from the Exhibition, the Hall was designed by civil engineers Captain Francis Fowke and Major-General Henry Y. D. Scott of the Royal Engineers and built by Lucas Brothers. The designers were heavily influenced by ancient amphitheatres, but had also exposed to the ideas of Gottfried Semper while he was working at the South Kensington Museum. The recently opened Cirque dHiver in Paris was seen in the press as the design to outdo. The Hall was constructed mainly of Fareham Red brick, with terra cotta block decoration made by Gibbs, the dome on top was made of wrought iron and glazed. There was an assembly made of the iron framework of the dome in Manchester, then it was taken apart again and transported to London via horse. When the time came for the structure to be removed from the dome after reassembly in situ. It did drop – but only by five-sixteenths of an inch, the Hall was scheduled to be completed by Christmas Day 1870 and the Queen visited a few weeks beforehand to inspect. The official opening ceremony of the Hall was on 29 March 1871, a welcoming speech was given by Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Victoria was too overcome to speak. At some point, the Queen remarked that the Hall reminded her of the British constitution, a concert followed, when the Halls acoustic problems became immediately apparent. Engineers first attempted to solve the strong echo by suspending a canvas awning below the dome, in July 1871, French organist Camille Saint-Saëns performed Church Scene from the Faust by Charles Gounod, The Orchestra described his performance as an exceptional and distinguished performer. Initially lit by gas, the Hall contained a system where its thousands of gas jets were lit within ten seconds. Though it was demonstrated as early as 1873 in the Hall, full electric lighting was not installed until 1888, during an early trial when a partial installation was made, one disgruntled patron wrote to The Times declaring it to be a very ghastly and unpleasant innovation. In May 1877, Richard Wagner himself conducted the first half of each of the eight concerts which made up the Grand Wagner Festival
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London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
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Bonar Law
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Andrew Bonar Law, PC, commonly called Bonar Law, was a British Conservative Party politician and Prime Minister. Born in the colony of New Brunswick, he is the only British Prime Minister to have been born outside the British Isles. Law was of Scottish and Ulster Scots descent, and having moved back to Scotland in 1870, he left school aged sixteen to work in the iron industry, becoming a wealthy man by the age of thirty. He entered Parliament at the 1900 general election, relatively late in life for a front-rank politician, Law joined the Shadow Cabinet in opposition after the 1906 election. In 1911 he was appointed a Privy Councillor, and stood for the vacant party leadership, as Leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition, Law focused his attentions in favour of tariff reform and against Irish Home Rule. Law first held Cabinet office as Secretary of State for the Colonies in Asquiths Coalition Government, on Asquiths fall from power he declined to form a government, instead serving as Chancellor of the Exchequer in Lloyd Georges Coalition Government. He resigned on grounds of ill-health early in 1921, after Conservative MPs voted to end the Coalition, he again became Party Leader and, this time, Prime Minister. In November he won a majority at the 1922 general election. His brief premiership saw negotiation with the USA over Britains war loans, seriously ill with throat cancer, Law resigned in May 1923 and died later that year. He was the shortest-serving Prime Minister of the 20th century and is sometimes called The Unknown Prime Minister. Law was born on 16 September 1858 in Kingston, New Brunswick, to the Reverend James Law, a minister of the Free Church of Scotland with Scottish and Irish ancestry, and his wife Eliza Kidston Law. From the perspective of the time, Law was not born in Canada, as New Brunswick was then a separate colony, throughout his life he was always called Bonar by his family and close friends, never Andrew. He originally signed his name as A. B. Law, changing to A. Bonar Law in his thirties, James Law was the minister for several isolated townships, and had to travel between them by horse, boat and on foot. To supplement the income he bought a small farm on the Richibucto River, which Bonar helped tend along with his brothers Robert, William and John. Studying at the village school, Law excelled at his studies. After Eliza Law died in 1861, her sister Janet travelled to New Brunswick from her home in Scotland to look after the Law children, when James Law remarried in 1870 his new wife took over Janets duties, and Janet decided to return to Scotland. She suggested that Bonar Law should come with her, as the Kidston family were wealthier and better connected than the Laws, both James and Bonar accepted this, and Bonar left with Janet, never to return to Kingston. Law went to live at Janets house in Helensburgh, near Glasgow, immediately upon arriving from Kingston, Law began attending Gilbertfield School, a preparatory school in Hamilton
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Edward Carson
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Edward Henry Carson, Baron Carson, PC, PC, KC, from 1900 to 1921 known as Sir Edward Carson, was an Irish unionist politician, barrister and judge. He was leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance and Ulster Unionist Party between 1910 and 1921, held positions in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom and served as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. He was one of the few people not a monarch to receive a British state funeral, Edward Carson was born at 4 Harcourt Street, in Dublin, into a wealthy Anglican family, His father was an architect. The Carsons were of Scottish origin, Edwards grandfather having originally moved to Dublin from Dumfries in 1815, Carsons mother was Isabella Lambert, the daughter of Captain Peter Lambert, part of an old Anglo-Irish family, the Lamberts of Castle Ellen, County Galway. Carson spent holidays at Castle Ellen, which was owned by his uncle and he was one of six children. Edward was educated at Portarlington School, Wesley College, Dublin and Trinity College, Dublin and he also played with the college hurling team. He later received a doctorate from the University of Dublin in June 1901. In 1877 Carson was called to the Irish Bar at Kings Inns and he gained a reputation for fearsome advocacy and supreme legal ability and became regarded as a brilliant barrister, one of the leading ones in Ireland at the time. He was also a master of the appeal to the jury by his legal wit. He was appointed Queens Counsel in 1889, in 1895, he was engaged by the Marquess of Queensberry to lead his defence against Oscar Wildes action for criminal libel. Wilde retaliated with an action, as homosexuality was, at the time. Kevin Myers states that Carsons initial response was to refuse to take the case, later, he discovered that Queensberry had been telling the truth about Wildes activity and was therefore not guilty of the libel of which Wilde accused him. He impugned Wildes works as morally repugnant and designed to corrupt the upbringing of the youth, Queensberry spent a considerable amount of money on private detectives who investigated Wildes activity in the London underworld of homosexual clubs and procurers. Wilde was bankrupted when he was ordered to pay the considerable legal. Based on the evidence of Queensberrys detectives and Carsons cross-examinations of Wilde at the trial and he was eventually found guilty and sentenced to two years hard labour, after which he moved to France, where he died penniless. In 1908 Carson appeared for the London Evening Standard in an action brought by George Cadbury. The Standard was controlled by Unionist interests which supported Joseph Chamberlains Imperial Preference views, the Cadbury family were Liberal supporters of free trade and had, in 1901, purchased The Daily News. The Standard articles alleged that Cadbury Bros Ltd, the Standard alleged that the Cadbury family knew that the reason cocoa from São Tomé was cheaper was because it was grown by slave labour
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County Dublin
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County Dublin is a former county in Ireland. It is conterminous with the Dublin Region and is in the province of Leinster and it is named after the city of Dublin, which is the regional capital and the capital city of Ireland. County Dublin was one of the first parts of Ireland to be shired by John, prior to 1994 County Dublin was also an administrative unit covering the whole county outside of Dublin City Council. In 1994 Dublin County Council was abolished and replaced with three separate administrative county councils, Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin, the total population of the three aforementioned counties and Dublin city was 1,345,402 according to the census of 2016. Since the abolition of the Dublin Regional Assembly by statutory instrument No, 573/2014, the Eurostat statistical region known as Dublin Region falls under the remit of the wider Eastern and Midland Regional Authority. There are four local authorities whose remit collectively encompasses the area of the county and city of Dublin. These are Dublin City Council, South Dublin County Council, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council, prior to the enactment of the Local Government Act 1993, the county was a unified whole even though it was administered by two local authorities - Dublin County Council and Dublin Corporation. They rank equally as first level administrative units of the NUTS3 Dublin Region for Eurostat purposes. There are 34 LAU1 entities in the Republic of Ireland, each local authority is responsible for certain local services such as sanitation, planning and development, libraries, the collection of motor taxation, local roads and social housing. Dublin County Council was abolished in 1994 and the area divided among the counties of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal. To these areas may be added the area of Dublin city which collectively comprise the Dublin Region, the area lost its administrative county status in 1994, with Section 9 Part 1 of the Local Government Act,1993 stating that the county shall cease to exist. I am not sure whether Dubliners realise that that is what we are about today, the county is part of the Dublin constituency for the purposes of European elections. Together they return 44 deputies to the Dáil, despite the legal status of the Dublin Region, the term County Dublin is still in common usage. Many organisations and sporting teams continue to organise on a County Dublin or Dublin Region basis, the term Greater Dublin Area, which might consist of some or all of the Dublin Region along with counties of Kildare, Meath and Wicklow, has no legal standing. The Dublin Region is a NUTS Level III region of Ireland, the region is one of eight regions of the Republic of Ireland for the purposes of Eurostat statistics. It is co-extensive with the old county, the regional capital is Dublin City which is also the national capital. The latest Ordnance Survey Ireland Discovery Series 1,50,000 map of the Dublin Region, Sheet 50, shows the boundaries of the city and three surrounding counties of the region. Extremities of the Dublin Region, in the north and south of the region, Local radio stations include 98FM, FM104,103.2 Dublin City FM, Q102, SPIN1038, Sunshine 106.8, TXFM, Raidió Na Life and Radio Nova
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County Meath
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County Meath is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Mid-East Region and it is named after the historic Kingdom of Meath. Meath County Council is the authority for the county. The population of the county is 194,942 according to the 2016 census, the county is drained by the River Boyne. Meath is the 14th largest of Ireland’s 32 counties in area and it is the second largest of Leinster’s 12 counties in size and third largest in terms of population. The county town is Navan, where the county hall and government are located, although Trim, County Meath also has the only two Gaeltacht areas in the province of Leinster, at Ráth Cairn and Baile Ghib. There are eighteen historic baronies in the county and they include the baronies of Morgallion and Ratoath. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, There are 40 elected members in Meath County Council. Fine Gael hold 13 seats, Fianna Fáil hold 10, Sinn Féin hold 8, There are 2 Dáil constituencies, Meath West and Meath East. Before, there was only one constituency, the two current constituencies are within the borders of the county. The constituencies also include part of the county of Westmeath. Together they return 6 deputies to Dáil Éireann, part of the county along the Irish Sea coast, known as East Meath which includes Julianstown and Laytown-Bettystown-Mornington are part of the Louth constituency for general elections. Fianna Fáil currently hold no seats, Fine Gael have 2 in each constituency, Labour has 1 in the East constituency, the county is colloquially known by the nickname The Royal County due to its history as the seat of the High King of Ireland. It formed from the part of the former Kingdom of Mide. The seat of the High King of Ireland was at Tara, the archaeological complex of Brú na Bóinne is 5,000 years old and includes the burial sites of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth, in the north-east of the county. It is a UNESCO designated World Heritage Site, the Hill of Tara, an ancient historical site. Castles at Trim, Slane, Dunsany, Killeen, religious ruins at Trim, Bective, Slane, Dunsany, Skryne
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County Kildare
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County Kildare is a county in Ireland. It is located in the province of Leinster and is part of the Mid-East Region and it is named after the town of Kildare. Kildare County Council is the authority for the county which has a population of 222,130. Kildare is the 24th largest of Irelands 32 counties in area and it is the eighth largest of Leinsters twelve counties in size, and second largest in terms of population. It is bordered by the counties of Carlow, Laois, Meath, Offaly, Dublin, as an inland county, Kildare is a generally lowland region. The countys highest points are the foothills of the Wicklow Mountains bordering to the east, the highest point in Kildare is Cupidstown Hill on the border with Dublin, with the better known Hill of Allen in central Kildare. The county has three rivers running through it, the Barrow, the Liffey and the Boyne. The Grand Canal crosses the county from Lyons on the east to Rathangan, a southern branch joins the Barrow navigation at Athy. The Royal Canal stretches across the north of the county along the border with Meath, the Bog of Allen is a large bog that extends across 958 km2 and into County Kildare, County Meath, County Offaly, County Laois, and County Westmeath. Kildare has 243 km2 of bog mostly located in the south-west and north-west and it is habitat to over 185 plant and animal species. There are 8,472 hectares of Forested land in Kildare,4,056 hectares of this is Coniferous, while there is 2,963 hectares of Broadleaf and the remaining area are Unclassified Species. Coillte and Dúchas currently own 47% of the forestry, coillte run Donadea Forest Park which is in North-Central Kildare. The forest covers 259 hectares of mixed woodland and is the largest forest park in Kildare, Kildare was shired in 1297 and assumed its present borders in 1832, following amendments to remove a number of enclaves and exclaves. The county was the home of the powerful Fitzgerald family, parts of the county were also part of the Pale area around Dublin. Kildare County Council is the authority for the county. The Local Electoral Areas of Kildare are Athy, Celbridge - Leixlip, Maynooth, Kildare - Newbridge, the current council was elected in May 2013. Under the Local Government Reform Act 2014 the towns of Leixlip, Naas, Newbridge, for elections to Dáil Éireann, there are two constituencies in the area of the county, Kildare North, which returns four TDs and Kildare South which returns three TDs. As part of the Mid-East Region, it is within the purview of the Mid-East Regional Authority, for elections to the European Parliament, it is part of the Midlands North-West constituency which returns four MEPs
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County Wicklow
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County Wicklow is a county in Ireland. The second last of the traditional 32 counties to be formed, as late as 1606 and it is named after the town of Wicklow, which derives from the Old Norse name Víkingaló, which means Vikings Meadow. Wicklow County Council is the authority for the county. The population of the county is 142,332 according to the 2016 census, Wicklow is colloquially known as the Garden of Ireland. It is the 17th-largest of Irelands 32 counties by area, being thirty-three miles in length by twenty miles in breadth and it is the fourth-largest of Leinsters twelve counties by size and the fifth-largest in terms of population. Between 2011 and 2016 the population of the county grew by 4. 2%, the adjoining counties are Wexford to the south, Carlow to the south-west, Kildare to the west and Dublin to the north. The Wicklow Mountains range is the largest continuous upland region in Ireland, the highest mountain in the range, Lugnaquilla, rises to 925 metres, making Wicklow the second-highest county peak after Kerry. The River Slaney is in the part of the county. The Turlough Hill pumped-storage scheme, a significant civil engineering project, was carried out in the mountains in the 1960s and 1970s, the lakes are small but numerous, located mainly in mountain valleys or glacial corries. They include Lough Dan, Lough Tay, Lough Brae, the lakes of Glendalough as well as the Poulaphouca reservoir, County Wicklow was the last of the traditional counties of Ireland to be shired in 1606 from land previously part of counties Dublin and Carlow. Established as a county, it was aimed at controlling local groups such as the OByrnes. It provided them access to an area that had been a hotbed of Irish rebellion for centuries. Several barracks to house the soldiers were built along the route, the ancient monastery of Glendalough is located in County Wicklow. During the Cromwellian invasion of Ireland, local authorities immediately surrendered without a fight, the local government authority is Wicklow County Council which returns 32 councillors from five municipal districts. All of the previous Town Councils were abolished under a new Local Government Act at the 2014 Local Elections, for elections to Dáil Éireann, the entire county in included in the Wicklow constituency along with some eastern parts of County Carlow. The constituency returns five TDs to the Dáil, mermaid, County Wicklow Arts Centre is based in Bray. Two of the festivals take place in Arklow, the Arklow music Festival. The county is a popular film-making location in Ireland, the BBC series Ballykissangel was also filmed in County Wicklow
