1.
1912 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1912 in Ireland. 8 February – First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill addresses a pro Home Rule meeting in Belfast despite Ulster Unionist attempts to prevent him speaking, Churchill shares the platform with John Redmond the leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party. 11 April – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom H. H. Asquith introduces the 3rd Home Rule Bill in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom,12 April – a convention of Sinn Féin delegates led by Arthur Griffith opposes the Home Rule Bill. 14 April – RMS Titanic, the largest vessel in the world, built in Belfast and making her last call at Queenstown, collides with an iceberg and sinks within a few hours. 22 April – Englishman Denys Corbett Wilson completes the first aeroplane crossing of the Irish Sea,26 April – English-born Vivian Hewitt makes an aeroplane crossing of the Irish Sea from Holyhead to Phoenix Park, Dublin. 30 April – Winston Churchill moves the second reading of the Home Rule Bill at Westminster,9 May – the second reading of the Home Rule Bill is accepted in the British House of Commons. A Unionist amendment rejecting the Bill is defeated,10 May – at the Royal Albert Hall in London, Bonar Law speaks of Conservative Opposition to the Home Rule Bill. Elsewhere Edward Carson also voices his opposition,1 July – a serious outbreak of foot and mouth disease occurs in Counties Dublin, Meath, Kildare and Wicklow. July – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom H. H. Asquith travels to Dublin to make a speech,18 July – suffragettes attempt an arson attack on the Theatre Royal, Dublin, during Asquiths visit. 28 September – Ulster Day – Ulster Covenant to resist Home Rule is signed by almost 250,000 men throughout Ulster,229,000 women sign a parallel declaration. 23 October – large numbers of cattle are slaughtered in Mullingar due to the outbreak of foot, the golden eagle becomes extinct in Ireland. 11 April – Lennox Robinsons play Patriots is first performed, at the Abbey Theatre,20 April – Bram Stoker, author of Dracula and theatrical manager, dies in London. November – Lord Dunsanys short story collection The Book of Wonder is published, peadar Kearney and Patrick Heeneys A Soldiers Song is first published in Irish Freedom by Bulmer Hobson. Eleanor Hull publishes The Poem-Book of the Gael, translations from Irish Gaelic poetry into English prose and verse, forrest Reids coming-of-age novel Following Darkness is published. James Stephens novel The Crock of Gold is published, tritonville, another Dublin side, joins the League, but lasts just one season. Ken McArthur, born in Dervock, County Antrim, wins the race at the 1912 Summer Olympics for South Africa. 8 January – James Brophy, cricketer,5 February – Desmond Surfleet, cricketer. 14 February – Joseph Brennan, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister,22 March – Wilfrid Brambell, actor
2.
1911 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1911 in Ireland. 5 January – Protestant church leaders condemn the Ne Temere Papal decree on mixed marriages,2 April – the national census is taken. 16 May – Cunarder SS Ivernia strikes a rock on entering Queenstown harbour,27 May – the first issue of the Irish Worker is published. The paper is the organ of the Irish Transport and General Workers Union and is edited by James Larkin. 31 May – the RMS Titanics hull is launched at the Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast and it is the largest ship afloat. Her sister RMS Olympic sails for Liverpool the same day to take up transatlantic service,22 June – as George V is crowned in London a Sinn Féin meeting at the Customs House in Dublin condemns Irish participation in the coronation ceremonies. 8–12 July – George V and Queen Mary make a 5-day royal visit to Dublin which will be the last to the city this century, on 8 July they officially open the College of Science in Merrion Square and on 10 July they visit St Patricks College, Maynooth. 9 August – a statue of Charles Stewart Parnell is hoisted onto its pedestal in Sackville Street,17 August – Dublin County Council votes in favour of using Greenwich Mean Time. The councillors hear that Irish time, being 25 minutes behind Greenwich, is a handicap for trade. 18 August – the Parliament Act removes the House of Lords power regarding budgets and restricts their power over other bills to a two-year suspensive veto and this makes Irish Home Rule a possibility in the future. 21 August – Irish Womens Suffrage Federation founded,26 August – Wexford foundry workers locked out for attempting to join the I. T. G. W. U. The lockout continues until February 1912,23 September –70,000 unionists and Orangemen march from Belfast to Craigavon House to protest against Home Rule. 1 October – the monument to Parnell is officially unveiled in Upper Sackville Street, full date unknown Strike of women workers at Jacobs biscuit factory in Dublin organised by Rosie Hackett. Royal Arch Purple is formed, the organisation is separate but closely linked to the Orange Institution, bellevue Pleasure Gardens, a public park and recreational area, is opened on the slopes of Cavehill, Belfast. 16 April – St. John Greer Ervines Mixed Marriage premieres at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. 16 December – the Imperial Copyright Act confirms the library of Trinity College, Dublin, the Kalem Company of New York shoots a film based on the play The Colleen Bawn on location in Ireland with Canadian Irish director Sidney Olcott. Publication of Patrick MacGills Songs of a Navvy, publication of Adam Lynns Ulster Scots dialect Random Rhymes frae Cullybackey. Publication of W. F. Marshalls poems Ulster Sails West, publication of Ave, the first of novelist George Moores three-volume autobiographical Hail and Farewell in the same year that he leaves Dublin to settle in London
3.
1910 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1910 in Ireland. 8 January - Sinéad Flanagan marries Éamon de Valera in Dublin,21 February - Irish Unionist members of the Westminster Parliament elect Sir Edward Carson as party leader, replacing Walter Long. 23 February - St Patricks College, Maynooth, becomes a college of the National University of Ireland. June - Bridget Dowling elopes to London with Alois Hitler, Jr. a kitchen porter at the Shelbourne Hotel, Dublin, August - First passenger flight in Ulster, Harry Ferguson pilots Miss Rita Marr. 29 August - The Aero Club of Ireland holds its inaugural meeting at Leopardstown Racecourse. 11 September - English-born actor-aviator Robert Loraine makes a flight from Wales across the Irish Sea. 20 October - RMS Olympic is launched at the Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast, at 45,324 gross tons, she is the largest ship afloat. Her sister ship RMS Titanic will be launched in sixteen months time, November - Reconstruction of the original city bridge over the River Suir in Waterford begins, it will be opened by John Redmond in 1913. 3 December - Sir Edward Carson and James Campbell are re-elected unopposed as Unionist Members of Parliament for Trinity College Dublin, non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland created by merger of the Presbytery of Antrim and Remonstrant Synod of Ulster. Lilian Bland builds and flies her own glider, the first built in Ireland, from Carnmoney Hill, soon afterwards fitting an engine. 13 January - Deirdre of the Sorrows by J. M. Synge is performed for the first time at the Abbey Theatre,5 May - Padraic Colums play Thomas Muskerry is premiered at the Abbey Theatre. 7 May - Annie Horniman withdraws financial support from the Abbey Theatre in protest at its refusal to close on the death of Edward VII the previous day and this is the first production by an American film studio to be shot outside the United States. September - Lord Dunsanys short story collection A Dreamers Tales is published,3 November - Foundation of The Kilfenora Céilí Band in Kilfenora, County Clare, the oldest céilí band in Ireland. Terence MacSwineys first play, The Last Warriors of Coole, is produced, ella Youngs first book of stories, Celtic Wonder Tales, is published with illustrations by Maud Gonne. 4 July - George Otto Simms, Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin,1 August - Cathal Gannon, harpsichord maker and fortepiano restorer. 8 August - Bobby Kirk, ice hockey player,14 August - Eddie Ingram, cricketer. 1 November - Michael Lyons, Fine Gael TD and Senator,15 November - Geoffrey Toone, actor. 19 November - Manliff Barrington, motorcycle racer,26 November - Cyril Cusack, actor
4.
1909 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1909 in Ireland. 31 October - The Royal University of Ireland is dissolved,14 December - In the large hall of the National University in Dublin, Ernest Shackleton delivers a lecture entitled Nearest the South Pole. 31 December - Harry Ferguson becomes the first person to fly an aircraft in Ireland, mater Infirmorum Hospital in Belfast is officially recognised as a university teaching hospital. Commencement of fieldwork for the multidisciplinary Clare Island Survey, under the direction of Robert Lloyd Praeger,24 March - J. M. Synge, author and playwright, dies in Dublin aged 38 of Hodgkins disease. His only comedy The Tinkers Wedding has its première on 11 November at His Majestys Theatre in London,1 April - Lennox Robinsons first play, The Cross Roads, is performed at the Abbey Theatre of which he becomes manager later in the year. 22 July - Widowed Irish-born painter John Lavery marries Irish American painter Hazel Martyn,20 August - The famous tenor Enrico Caruso performs at the Theatre Royal in Dublin. 20 December - The first dedicated cinema in Ireland, the Volta Cinematograph, herbert Hughes collection of folk songs, Irish Country Songs, including She Moved Through the Fair with words largely composed by Padraic Colum, is published. Ella Youngs first work of Irish folklore, The Coming of Lugh, is published,30 January - George Crothers, cricketer. 1 February - Timothy McAuliffe, Labour Party politician,8 March - Francis MacManus, novelist. 3 April - Knox Cunningham, barrister, businessman and Ulster Unionist politician,19 April - Conel Hugh ODonel Alexander, cryptanalyst, chess player and chess writer. 24 April - Robert Farren, poet,30 April - F. E. McWilliam, sculptor. 4 June - Robert Dudley Edwards, historian,24 July - Geoffrey Bing, lawyer and Labour politician in UK.31 July - Martin White, Kilkenny hurler. 1 August - W. R. Rodgers, poet, essayist, book reviewer, radio broadcaster, scriptwriter, lecturer, teacher,4 October - Paddy Moore, soccer player. 7 October - Michael ONeill, nationalist politician and MP.20 October - James Patrick Scully,28 October - Francis Bacon, painter. 4 November - Sir Basil Goulding, 3rd Baronet, cricketer, squash player, jack Stanley Gibson, surgeon and writer. Gabriel Hayes, sculptor, designer of Irish coins, W. R. Rodgers, poet and writer. Cecilia Thackaberry, Presentation Sisters nun, killed in Nigeria performing relief work,10 January - John Conness, United States Senator from California from 1863 till 1869. 4 February - James Lynam Molloy, poet, songwriter and composer,24 March - William Lundon, Irish Parliamentary Party MP.24 March - John Millington Synge, dramatist, poet and writer
5.
1908 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1908 in Ireland. 17 February - Statue of Queen Victoria unveiled at Leinster House,19 April - The Guildhall, Londonderry, is largely destroyed by fire. 19 May - Work begins on a monument to Charles Stewart Parnell in Upper Sackville Street,31 July - Irish Universities Act receives Royal Assent in the Parliament of the UK. This ultimately leads to the establishment of the National University of Ireland,8 September - Padraic Pearse opens Scoil Eanna school for boys in Cullenswood House, Ranelagh. It would be moved to the Hermitage, Rathfarnham. 11 November - Irish Womens Franchise League is formed with Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington as secretary,29 December - Irish Transport Workers Union is formed with James Larkin as general secretary. January - Hugh Lane founds the Dublin City Gallery in Harcourt Street, yeats, produces its first publication, Poetry and Ireland, essays by W. B. Yeats and Lionel Johnson, the siblings sister Lily runs a workshop as part of Cuala Industries. Murray, Con OLeary and Daniel Corkery found the Cork Dramatic Society J. M. Synges only comedic play,1908 Summer Olympics, Ireland competes as a separate country in field hockey and polo, winning silver medals in both. 10 March - Patrick Shanahan, Fianna Fáil TD.27 April - Patrick Shea,10 June - Gerard Sweetman, Fine Gael TD and Cabinet Minister. 20 July - Mad Dog Coll, born Uinseann Ó Colla,24 July - Roger McHugh, professor, author and playwright. 18 August - Sam English, soccer player,26 September - Hugh Delargy, Labour Party politician and MP.6 December - Con Cremin, diplomat. Niall Ó Dónaill, Irish language lexicographer and writer,17 January - Eyre Massey Shaw, Superintendent of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade. 3 February - Thomas Mellon, entrepreneur, lawyer, and judge,23 March - Frederick Falkiner, lawyer, judge and author. 10 June - John F. Finerty, U. S,6 July - Thomas William Moffett, scholar, educationalist and President of Queens College Galway. 5 August - Caesar Litton Falkiner, Irish Unionist Party politician, barrister, writer and historian
6.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
7.
1914 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1914 in Ireland. 17 January – Edward Carson inspects a parade of the East Belfast Regiment of the Ulster Volunteers,20 February – the Fethard-on-Sea life-boat capsizes on service off the County Wexford coast, nine crew are lost. 26 February – HMHS Britannic, designed as the third and largest Olympic-class ocean liner, is launched at the Harland & Wolff shipyards in Belfast,1 March – three outbreaks of foot and mouth disease are confirmed in County Cork. 9 March – the British Prime Minister proposes to allow the Ulster counties to hold a vote on whether or not to join a Home Rule parliament in Dublin, the government backs down and they are reinstated. 2 April – Cumann na mBan, the Irish republican womens paramilitary organisation, is formed in Dublin as an auxiliary of the Irish Volunteers,6 April – the second reading of the Home Rule Bill is carried in Westminster. 25 May – the House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Irish Home Rule Bill,23 June–14 July – the Government of Ireland Bill passes through the House of Lords. It allows Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they want to come under Dublins jurisdiction, the wishes of Fermanagh and Tyrone are eventually ignored. 10 July – the Provisional Government of Ulster meets for the first time in the Ulster Hall and it vows to keep Ulster in trust for the King and the British constitution. 21 July – a conference is opened at Buckingham Palace by the King and it is hoped that unionists and nationalists attending will break the impasse over Home Rule. 24 July – the Buckingham Palace conference ends in failure, nationalists and Unionists present cannot agree in principle or detail. 26 July – Howth gun-running, Erskine Childers and his wife Molly sail into Howth in his yacht Asgard,4 August – World War I, Declaration of war by the United Kingdom on the German Empire. September – Ulster Division formed as a division of the British New Army from Ulster Volunteers,20 September – in a speech at Woodenbridge, County Wicklow, John Redmond calls on members of the Irish Volunteers to go wherever the firing line extends. The majority do so, fighting in the 10th and 16th Division alongside their counterparts from the 36th Division. 18 October – the British Royal Navys Grand Fleet takes shelter in Lough Swilly while Scapa Flow is secured against submarine attack. 27 October – World War I, Royal Navy super-dreadnought battleship HMS Audacious, is sunk off Tory Island, north-west of Ireland,5 December – the Irish Volunteers appoint a headquarters staff, with Eoin MacNeill as chief of staff. Welsh evangelist George Jeffreys establishes his first church in Belfast, predecessor of the Elim Pentecostal Church, February James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man commences serialization in The Egoist. Lord Dunsanys collection Five Plays is published in London,4 February – a staging of George A. Birminghams comedy General John Regan at Westport Town Hall provokes a riot. June – James Joyces Dubliners, a collection of fifteen short stories depicting the Irish middle classes in, Terence MacSwineys contemporary play The Revolutionist is published
8.
1915 in Ireland
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March – construction of St Colmans Cathedral, Cobh, concludes with completion of the spire. 4 April –25,000 National Volunteers assemble at the Phoenix Park, John Redmond takes the salute from under the statue of Charles Stewart Parnell on Sackville Street. In Dublin the Irish Parliamentary Party approves John Redmonds decision not to join,29 July – Republicans, led by Patrick Pearse, take over the Gaelic League at its Dundalk conference. Douglas Hyde resigns as its President,1 August – ODonovan Rossa is buried at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, and Pearse delivers the graveside oration. 26 December – the Irish Republican Brotherhood Military Council decides to stage an Easter Rising in 1916, the Elim Pentecostal Church is founded in Monaghan by Welsh evangelist George Jeffreys. 1 February – Helen Waddells first play, The Spoiled Buddha, is premiered at the Opera House, Belfast, francis Ledwidges poems Songs of the Fields published. James Stephens poems The Adventures of Seumas Beg, the Rocky Road to Dublin, the first dramatic film made in Ireland, Fun at Finglas Fair, is directed by F. J. McCormick. It is never released as all prints are destroyed in the Easter Rising of April 1916, Irish League Winners, Belfast Celtic Irish Cup Winners, Linfield 1–0 Belfast Celtic 11 January – Paddy Mayne, international rugby union footballer and decorated soldier. 13 January – Kit Ahern, Fianna Fáil TD.21 January – Andy OBrien,25 January – Liam Cunningham, Fianna Fáil TD.7 February – Mark Clinton, Fine Gael TD, Minister for Agriculture and MEP.15 February – Sam Kydd, actor. 15 March – Micho Russell, tin whistle player and collector of traditional music,9 April – Leonard Wibberley, author. 3 May – Walter Macken, novelist, dramatist and actor,17 May – Oisín Kelly, sculptor. 6 August – Tom OReilly, Cavan gaelic footballer and independent TD for Cavan 1944–194828 August – Patrick Hennessy,16 September – Eddie Filgate, Fianna Fáil TD.18 September – James Tully, Labour Party TD and Cabinet Minister. 7 November – Bill Hayes, soccer player,20 December – Noel Browne, politician, Cabinet Minister. Full date unknown John Graham, Irish Republican Army activist in the 1940s, George Harrison, member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and alleged gun-runner. 20 January – Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun, businessman, politician,26 January – Michael Sullivan, physician, professor and politician in Canada. 28 January – David Dickson Rogers, politician in Ontario,14 February – Cornelius Coughlan, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Delhi, India. 24 April – Frederick William Hall, soldier, posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1915 during the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium,7 May – on board RMS Lusitania OBrien Butler, composer. Hugh Lane, established Dublins Municipal Gallery of Modern Art,29 June – Jeremiah ODonovan Rossa, Fenian leader
9.
1916 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1916 in Ireland. 14 January – Michael Collins resigns his job in London and returns to Ireland,14 February – John Redmond is re-elected Chairman of the Irish Parliamentary Party in Dublin. 29 February – the week-long Derry Feis opens in the city,21 March – a crowd attacks Sinn Féins Tullamore headquarters, three police are injured. 21 April – Roger Casement and two others are arrested at Banna Strand, County Kerry, for attempting to land arms,22 April – Eoin MacNeill, Chief of Staff of the Irish Volunteers cancels all manoeuvres of Volunteers planned for the following day. 23 April – Easter Sunday, the council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood meets at Liberty Hall. The Proclamation of the Republic is signed by the seven leaders in the name of the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic, Volunteers from Belfast and County Cork begin manoeuvres but return home. 24 April – the Easter Rising begins in Dublin, at noon Patrick Pearse reads the proclamation on the steps of the General Post Office, Dublin. Liam Mellows leads a rising of Volunteers in County Galway,25 April – martial law is declared in Dublin by the British authorities for a period of one month. 26 April Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Thomas Dickson and Patrick McIntyre are summarily executed at Portobello Barracks, dublin-built HMS Helga shells Liberty Hall from the Liffey. 27 April Major-General Sir John Maxwell arrives in Dublin to take command of the British Army,12,000 of whose troops are now in the city, the centre is cordoned off. 29 April – at 3. 45pm, Patrick Pearse, James Connolly,1 May – the Easter Rising collapses. Sir John Maxwell, Commander-in-Chief of the British forces announces that all involved in the insurrection have surrendered,3 May – following their courts martial, Patrick Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas J. Clarke are executed at Kilmainham Gaol. 4 May – the executions continue, Joseph Plunkett, Michael OHanrahan, Edward Daly and Willie Pearse are executed for their part in the Rising. The Chief Secretary of Ireland, Augustine Birrell, resigns,5 May – John MacBride, another leader of the Rising, is executed today. W. T. Cosgrave is sentenced to death, however,8 May – another four leaders of the Easter Rising are executed. They are Éamonn Ceannt, Conn Colbert, Michael Mallin and Seán Heuston,12 May – two more leaders, Seán Mac Diarmada and James Connolly are executed. Connolly, who was wounded in the fighting, is strapped to a chair, meanwhile, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith arrives in Dublin for a week-long visit. 15 May – the trial of Roger Casement begins in London and he is charged with high treason for his part in the Easter Rising
10.
1917 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1917 in Ireland. 25 January – armed merchantman SS Laurentic sunk by mines off Lough Swilly,354 killed of 475 aboard,3 February – Count George Noble Plunkett, father of Joseph Mary Plunkett, wins Roscommon North on an abstentionist Sinn Féin platform. 7 February – Atlantic liner SS California sunk by Imperial German Navy U-boat U-8538 nmi southwest of Fastnet Rock,41 killed,25 February – RMS Laconia sunk by U-506 nmi northwest of Fastnet Rock, twelve killed. 7 March – David Lloyd-George announces that Britain is ready to confer self-government to the parts of Ireland that want it, the north-eastern part will not be coerced. 12 March – in the British House of Commons, J. P. Farrell proposes that Ireland be excluded from the operation of the National Services Act. 17 March – Booth Line armed merchant liner SS Antony inward bound from South America torpedoed,10 May – Sinn Féin candidate Joseph McGuinness wins a by-election in South Longford against the Irish Parliamentary Partys candidate McKenna. It is a disaster for John Redmond and his Party. 16 May – British Prime Minister, David Lloyd-George, announces that he wants immediate Home Rule for the 26 counties, six north-eastern counties are to be excluded for a period of five years. 16 June – oiler Batoum sunk by U-boat 6 nmi south of Fastnet Rock,18 June – prisoners taken during the Easter Rising arrive at Dún Laoghaire by mailboat. One Dublin Castle official calls it the most important election that has taken place, or ever will. 16 July – the Round Room in the Mansion House, Dublin, is filled to capacity as the leaders of Sinn Féin demand the bodies of the Easter Rising leaders so that they can be given a Christian burial. 25 July – large crowds assemble at College Green in Dublin as the Irish Convention meets for the first time, August – W. T. Cosgrave elected for Sinn Féin in a by-election in Kilkenny. 10 September – Imperial German Navy U-boat UC-42 is sunk in Cork Harbour, probably by one of her own mines,2 October – Royal Navy armoured cruiser HMS Drake is torpedoed by U-79 off Rathlin Island with the loss of 18 crew, capsizing later. 25 October –1,700 Sinn Féin delegates attend a convention in the Mansion House,17 November – Action of 17 November 1917, Queenstown-based United States Navy destroyers USS Fanning and USS Nicholson capture Imperial German Navy U-boat U-58 which is scuttled off Kinsale. 15 December – Cargo ship SS Formby bound for Waterford from Liverpool is torpedoed, August – Anglo-Welsh composer Philip Heseltine begins a years stay in Ireland. Austin Clarkes narrative poem The Vengeance of Fionn is published, Francis Ledwidges poems Songs of Peace are published posthumously. Annie M. P. Smithsons first novel Her Irish Heritage is published, the first feature film made in Ireland, A Girl of Glenbeigh, starring Kathleen OConnor, is made by the Film Company of Ireland. 15 February – Ruairi Brugha, Fianna Fáil TD, Member of the European Parliament,18 February – John Keane, Waterford hurler
11.
1918 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1918 in Ireland. 18 January – Count Plunkett, Seán T. OKelly and others protest at the feeding of Sinn Féin prisoners in Mountjoy Prison. 5 February – SS Tuscania is torpedoed off the Irish coast, it is the first ship carrying United States troops to Europe to be torpedoed,1 March – Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-19 sinks HMS Calgarian off Rathlin Island. 2 March – In Skibbereen, County Cork, Ernest Blythe is arrested for non-compliance with a military rule directing him to reside in Ulster. 6 March – in the British House of Commons, tributes are paid to John Redmond, Irish Nationalist leader,18 April – the Military Service Bill, which includes conscription in Ireland, becomes law. A conference of nationalist parties, Sinn Féin and labour movements meets in Dublin to organise an all-Ireland opposition to conscription,20 April – the Irish Parliamentary Party holds a meeting in Dublin to oppose conscription. 23 April – General Strike in opposition to conscription,5 May –15,000 people attend an anti-conscription meeting in County Roscommon. John Dillon, leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party and Éamon de Valera of Sinn Féin share the platform in a united cause,20 May – a special anti-conscription convention is held in Dublin. It condemns the arrest and deportation of Sinn Féin members consequent to the German Plot,20 June – Arthur Griffith of Sinn Féin wins a by-election in East Cavan. It is Sinn Féins first victory of the year after three successive by-election defeats,3 July – the Lord Lieutenant issues a proclamation banning Sinn Féin, the Irish Volunteers, the Gaelic League and Cumann na mBan. 17 July – RMS Carpathia is torpedoed and sunk off the east coast of Ireland by Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-55,218 of the 223 on board are rescued. 10 October – the Irish mail boat RMS Leinster is sunk in the Irish Sea by Imperial German Navy U-boat SM UB-123 with the loss of over 500 lives,11 November – at 5. 00am an armistice dictated by the Allies is signed by the Germans. Six hours later World War I officially ends, well over 206,000 Irishmen have served and over 35,000 been killed during the war, there is no Irish parish without a loss. 22 December – Ireland voices a united invitation to President of the United States Woodrow Wilson to visit,28 December – Sinn Féin have a landslide victory in the general election, winning 73 of the 105 seats in Ireland. The Irish Parliamentary Party is nearly wiped out, in accordance with their manifesto, Sinn Féin members will not take their seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom but will form the First Dáil. Countess Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway Prison, becomes the first woman elected to the Palace of Westminster, on 30 December the Irish Independent strongly criticises her. March – the Telemachus episode of James Joyces Ulysses is published in the American journal The Little Review,25 May – James Joyces Exiles, a play in three acts is published in London. August – Anglo-Welsh composer Philip Heseltine concludes a years stay in Ireland with the writing of a number of songs which will be published under the pseudonym Peter Warlock, francis Ledwidges poems Last Songs are published posthumously, edited by Lord Dunsany
12.
1913 in the United Kingdom
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Events from the year 1913 in the United Kingdom. Monarch - George V Prime Minister - H. H. Asquith 1 January - The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify,13 January - Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule in Ireland. 15 January - Unemployment and Maternity benefits introduced,30 January - The House of Lords rejects the Third Irish Home Rule Bill for the second time, by 326 to 69. 10 February - News reaches London of the failure of Capt. Scotts 1912 Polar expedition,15 February - Barry Jackson opens the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. 19 February - Suffragette arson attack on a house being built for David Lloyd George near Walton Heath Golf Club, Emmeline Pankhurst claims to have incited this and other incidents. 26 February - The Royal Flying Corps establishes the first operational airfield for fixed-wing aircraft in the U. K. at Montrose in Scotland. C.1 March - British steamship Calvados disappears in the Marmara Sea with 200 on board,28 March - The Morris Oxford 2-seater car goes on sale. 2 April - Suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst sentenced to three years of penal servitude,11 April - The Nevill Grounds cricket pavilion in Royal Tunbridge Wells is destroyed in a suffragette arson attack. 21 April - The Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania, built by John Brown & Company, is launched on the River Clyde,9 May–11 July - Major industrial strike in the Black Country of England. 20 May - The first Chelsea Flower Show held in London,4 June - Emily Davison, a suffragette, runs out in front of the Kings horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby. She is trampled and dies four days later, never having regained consciousness,26 June - First female magistrate appointed, Miss Emily Dawson, in London. 7 July - The Irish Home Rule Bill is once again carried in the House of Commons,26 July -50,000 women take part in a pilgrimage in Hyde Park, London organised by the National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies. August -50 sperm whales strand on the coast of Cornwall,7 August - American-born aviation pioneer Samuel Franklin Cody is killed with his passenger when his Cody Floatplane breaks up in a flight from Farnborough, Hampshire. 13 August - Invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley in Sheffield,31 August - Dublin Lock-out, The Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400 in dispersing a demonstration in Sackville Street. 6 September - Arsenal F. C. previously based in Plumstead, South London, move into their new stadium at Highbury,14 October -439 miners die in the Senghenydd Colliery Disaster, Britains worst pit disaster. 16 October - HMS Queen Elizabeth launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the Royal Navys first oil-fired battleship,20 December - Serious fire at Portsmouth Dockyard destroys the semaphore tower. Caroline Spurgeon named Hildred Carlile professor of English literature, University of London, sir Aston Webb remodels Buckingham Palaces main East Front, in London. Carters Crisps of London introduce commercial manufacture of potato crisps to the U. K. E. C, walter de la Mares Peacock Pie, a book of rhymes
13.
1913
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As of the start of 1913, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify, January 12 – Bolshevik activist Josef Dzhugashvili first publishes an article under the pseudonym Stalin which he adopts hereafter. At this time he, Adolf Hitler and Josip Broz Tito are simultaneously resident in Vienna, January 13 – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland. January 23 – General election in Tasmania, January 23 – In the 1913 Ottoman coup détat, Ismail Enver comes to power. January 30 – The British House of Lords rejects an Irish Home Rule Bill February 1 – New York Citys Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the worlds largest railroad station. February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose, February 9 – Mexican Revolution, Beginning of La Decena Trágica, the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China, February 18 – Mexican Revolution, President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign, pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office February 22 – Mexican Revolution, Assassination of Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez, February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd and exiled to Siberia. March The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve Chinas parliament and rules as a dictator. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara with 200 on board, march 3 – The Woman suffrage parade of 1913 takes place in Washington, D. C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback. March 4 Woodrow Wilson is sworn in as President of the United States, the U. S. Department of Commerce and U. S. Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries and U. S. Coast, march 4–6 – First Balkan War, Battle of Bizani, Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani from the Ottoman Empire. March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, march 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra. March 13 – Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his exile in the United States. March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy is founded in Uruguay, the Uruguayan Air Force would grow from this foundation. March 18 – George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne and he is succeeded by his son Constantine. March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party, is wounded in an assassination attempt, march 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin an attempt to revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina
14.
Edward Carson
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Edward Henry Carson, Baron Carson, PC, PC, KC, from 1900 to 1921 known as Sir Edward Carson, was an Irish unionist politician, barrister and judge. He was leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance and Ulster Unionist Party between 1910 and 1921, held positions in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom and served as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. He was one of the few people not a monarch to receive a British state funeral, Edward Carson was born at 4 Harcourt Street, in Dublin, into a wealthy Anglican family, His father was an architect. The Carsons were of Scottish origin, Edwards grandfather having originally moved to Dublin from Dumfries in 1815, Carsons mother was Isabella Lambert, the daughter of Captain Peter Lambert, part of an old Anglo-Irish family, the Lamberts of Castle Ellen, County Galway. Carson spent holidays at Castle Ellen, which was owned by his uncle and he was one of six children. Edward was educated at Portarlington School, Wesley College, Dublin and Trinity College, Dublin and he also played with the college hurling team. He later received a doctorate from the University of Dublin in June 1901. In 1877 Carson was called to the Irish Bar at Kings Inns and he gained a reputation for fearsome advocacy and supreme legal ability and became regarded as a brilliant barrister, one of the leading ones in Ireland at the time. He was also a master of the appeal to the jury by his legal wit. He was appointed Queens Counsel in 1889, in 1895, he was engaged by the Marquess of Queensberry to lead his defence against Oscar Wildes action for criminal libel. Wilde retaliated with an action, as homosexuality was, at the time. Kevin Myers states that Carsons initial response was to refuse to take the case, later, he discovered that Queensberry had been telling the truth about Wildes activity and was therefore not guilty of the libel of which Wilde accused him. He impugned Wildes works as morally repugnant and designed to corrupt the upbringing of the youth, Queensberry spent a considerable amount of money on private detectives who investigated Wildes activity in the London underworld of homosexual clubs and procurers. Wilde was bankrupted when he was ordered to pay the considerable legal. Based on the evidence of Queensberrys detectives and Carsons cross-examinations of Wilde at the trial and he was eventually found guilty and sentenced to two years hard labour, after which he moved to France, where he died penniless. In 1908 Carson appeared for the London Evening Standard in an action brought by George Cadbury. The Standard was controlled by Unionist interests which supported Joseph Chamberlains Imperial Preference views, the Cadbury family were Liberal supporters of free trade and had, in 1901, purchased The Daily News. The Standard articles alleged that Cadbury Bros Ltd, the Standard alleged that the Cadbury family knew that the reason cocoa from São Tomé was cheaper was because it was grown by slave labour
15.
Ulster Volunteer Force
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The Ulster Volunteer Force is an Ulster loyalist paramilitary group in Northern Ireland. It emerged in 1966 and is named after the original UVF of the early 20th century and its first leader was Gusty Spence, a former British soldier. The group undertook a campaign of almost thirty years during the Troubles. It declared a ceasefire in 1994 and officially ended its campaign in 2007, although some of its members have continued to engage in violence, the group is classified as a terrorist organisation by the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and United States. The UVFs declared goals were to combat Irish republicanism – particularly the Irish Republican Army – and it was responsible for more than 500 deaths. The vast majority of its victims were Irish Catholic civilians, who were killed at random. During the conflict, its deadliest attack in Northern Ireland was the 1971 McGurks Bar bombing, the group also carried out attacks in the Republic of Ireland from 1969 onward. The biggest of these was the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings, the no-warning car bombings had been carried out by units from the Belfast and Mid-Ulster brigades. Two UVF men were blown up in this poorly planned attack. The UVFs last major attack was the 1994 Loughinisland massacre, in which its members shot dead six Catholic civilians in a rural pub, until recent years, it was noted for secrecy and a policy of limited, selective membership. The other main loyalist paramilitary group during the conflict was the Ulster Defence Association, since the ceasefire, the UVF has been involved in rioting, organised crime, vigilantism and feuds with other loyalist groups. Some members have also found responsible for orchestrating a series of racist attacks. The UVFs stated goal was to combat Irish republicanism – particularly the Provisional Irish Republican Army –, the vast majority of its victims were Irish Catholic civilians, who were often killed at random. Whenever it claimed responsibility for its attacks, the UVF usually claimed that those targeted were IRA members or were giving help to the IRA. Other times, attacks on Catholic civilians were claimed as retaliation for IRA actions, many retaliatory attacks on Catholics were claimed using the covername Protestant Action Force, which first appeared in autumn 1974. They always signed their statements with the fictitious name Captain William Johnston, like the Ulster Defence Association, the UVFs modus operandi involved assassinations, mass shootings, bombings and kidnappings. It used sub machine-guns, assault rifles, pistols, grenades, incendiary bombs, booby trap bombs, referring to its activity in the early and mid-1970s, journalist Ed Moloney described no-warning pub bombings as the UVFs forte. Members were trained in bomb-making and it developed home-made explosives, however, from 1977 bombs largely disappeared from the UVFs arsenal owing to a lack of explosives and bomb-makers, plus a conscious decision to abandon their use in favour of more contained methods
16.
Ulster loyalism
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Ulster loyalism is a political ideology found primarily among working class Ulster Protestants in Northern Ireland, whose status as a part of the United Kingdom has remained controversial. Most Ulster Protestants are descendants of settlers from Great Britain in the 17th and 18th centuries, like unionists, loyalists are attached to the British monarchy, support the continued existence of Northern Ireland, and oppose a united Ireland. Ulster loyalism has been described as a kind of ethnic nationalism and it is strongly associated with paramilitarism. Ulster loyalism emerged in the late 19th century, as a response to the Irish Home Rule movement, although most of Ireland was Catholic, in the province of Ulster, Protestants were the majority. Ulster was also more industrialized than other parts of Ireland and was dependent on trade with Britain. Loyalism began as a movement among Ulster Protestants who did not want to become part of an autonomous Ireland. While some Irish Catholics were also unionist, loyalism emphasized a Protestant, loyalists often use Ulster as an alternative name for Northern Ireland. Since partition, most loyalists have supported upholding Northern Irelands status as a part of the United Kingdom, i. e. unionism. Historically, the terms unionist and loyalist were often used interchangeably, however, since the resurgence of loyalist paramilitarism in the 1960s, a distinction between the two is made more often. The term loyalist is now used to describe working class unionists who are willing to use, or tacitly support. Loyalists are also described as being loyal primarily to the Protestant British monarchy rather than to the British government, garret FitzGerald argued that loyalists are loyal primarily to Ulster rather than to the Union. A small minority of loyalists have called for an independent Ulster Protestant state, in Northern Ireland there is a long tradition of militaristic loyalist Protestant marching bands. There are hundreds of bands who hold numerous parades each year. The yearly Eleventh Night bonfires and The Twelfth parades are strongly associated with loyalism, the term loyalist was first used in Irish politics in the 1790s to refer to Protestants who opposed Catholic Emancipation and Irish independence from Great Britain. Upon the partition of Ireland in 1921, six of the nine counties in the province of Ulster didnt join the new independent Irish Free State and remained a part of the United Kingdom. Academically cited records from 1926 indicate that at that stage 33. 5% of the Northern Ireland population was Roman Catholic, tensions between Northern Irelands Catholic population and its Protestant population led to a long-running bloody conflict known as the Troubles from the late 1960s to the late 1990s. This includes the British National Front, the British Peoples Party, bigger and more moderate right-wing unionist parties like the Ulster Unionists or Democratic Unionists usually seek to distance themselves from loyalist paramilitary activity. Loyalist paramilitary and vigilante groups have been active since the early 20th century, in 1912, the Ulster Volunteers were formed to stop the British Government granting self-rule to Ireland, or to exclude Ulster from it
17.
Militia
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For instance, the members of some U. S. Army National Guard units are considered professional soldiers, as they are trained to maintain the same standards as their full-time counterparts. Militias thus can be military or paramilitary, depending on the instance, some of the contexts in which the term militia is used include, Forces engaged in defense activity or service, to protect a community, its territory, property, and laws. The entire able-bodied population of a community, town, county, or state, a subset of these who may be legally penalized for failing to respond to a call-up. A subset of these who actually respond to a call-up, regardless of legal obligation, a private, non-government force, not necessarily directly supported or sanctioned by its government. An irregular armed force enabling its leader to exercise military, economic, an official reserve army, composed of citizen soldiers. Called by various names in different countries, such as the Army Reserve, National Guard, the national police forces in several former communist states such as the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries, but also in the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia. The term was inherited in Russia and other former CIS countries, in France the equivalent term Milice has become tainted due to its use by notorious collaborators with Nazi Germany. A select militia is composed of a small, non-representative portion of the population, as regular military forces were insufficient to counter the British attackers, Santiago de Liniers drafted all males in the city capable of bearing arms into the military. These recruits included the peoples, who ranked low down in the social hierarchy. With these reinforcements, the British armies were twice defeated, the militias became a strong factor in the politics of the city afterwards, as a springboard from which the criollos could manifest their political ambitions. They were a key element in the success of the May Revolution, a decree by Mariano Moreno derogated the system of promotions involving criollos, allowing instead their promotion on military merit. The Argentine Civil War was waged by militias again, as both federalists and unitarians drafted common people into their ranks as part of ongoing conflicts and these irregular armies were organized at a provincial level, and assembled as leagues depending on political pacts. This system had declined by the 1870s, mainly due to the establishment of the modern Argentine Army, provincial militias were outlawed and decimated by the new army throughout the presidential terms of Mitre, Sarmiento, Avellaneda and Roca. Armenian militia also played a role in the Georgia-Abkhazia War of 1992–1993, in the Colony of New South Wales Governor Lachlan Macquarie proposed a colonial militia but the idea was rejected. Governor Ralph Darling felt a mounted force was more efficient than a militia. A military volunteer movement attracted wide interest during the Crimean War, following Federation, the various military reserve forces of the Commonwealth of Australia became the Citizen Military Force. In the beginning, members didnt have uniforms and often paraded in business attire and they were given instruction on guerrilla warfare, and later the private organization was taken over by the Australian Government and became part of the Australian Military Forces. After World War I, multiple militias formed as soldiers returned home to their villages, only to many of them occupied by Slovene
18.
House of Lords
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The House of Lords of the United Kingdom, referred to ceremonially as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. Unlike the elected House of Commons, all members of the House of Lords are appointed, the membership of the House of Lords is drawn from the peerage and is made up of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops in the established Church of England, of the Lords Temporal, the majority are life peers who are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission. However, they include some hereditary peers including four dukes. Very few of these are female since most hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men, while the House of Commons has a defined 650-seat membership, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. There are currently 805 sitting Lords, the House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its respective lower house. The House of Lords scrutinises bills that have approved by the House of Commons. It regularly reviews and amends Bills from the Commons, while it is unable to prevent Bills passing into law, except in certain limited circumstances, it can delay Bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions. In this capacity, the House of Lords acts as a check on the House of Commons that is independent from the electoral process, Bills can be introduced into either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. Members of the Lords may also take on roles as government ministers, the House of Lords has its own support services, separate from the Commons, including the House of Lords Library. The Queens Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament, the House also has a Church of England role, in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland, the Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium, the Great Council that advised the King during medieval times. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, the first English Parliament is often considered to be the Model Parliament, which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it. The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined, for example, during much of the reign of Edward II, the nobility was supreme, the Crown weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. In 1569, the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter, further developments occurred during the reign of Edward IIs successor, Edward III. It was during this Kings reign that Parliament clearly separated into two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The authority of Parliament continued to grow, and, during the fifteenth century
19.
Government of Ireland Act 1914
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It was the third such bill introduced by a Liberal government in a 28-year period in response to the Irish Home Rule movement. The Act was the first law passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom that sought to establish a devolved government in any part of the UK. However, the implementation of both it and the equally controversial Welsh Church Act 1914 was formally postponed for a minimum of twelve months with the outbreak of the First World War, in 1909, a constitutional crisis arose when the House of Lords rejected David Lloyd Georges Finance Bill. The Irish Party, which had campaigned for home rule for Ireland since the 1870s, the Parliament Act 1911 replaced the unlimited veto of the Lords with one lasting only two years, ensuring that a bill passed by the Commons could not be blocked for more than two years. The Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith, introduced the Bill on 11 April 1912, the abolition of Dublin Castle administration, though with the retention of the Lord Lieutenant. The financial situation was a concern, Irish taxes had yielded a surplus of £2 million in 1893, that had turned into a current spending net deficit of £1. 5m by 1910 that had to be raised by London. An annual Transferred Sum mechanism was proposed to maintain spending in Ireland as it was, the Bill was passed by the Commons by a majority of 10 votes in 1912 but the House of Lords rejected it 326 votes to 69 in January 1913. In 1913 it was reintroduced and again passed by the Commons but was rejected by the Lords by 302 votes to 64. In 1914 after the reading, the Bill was passed by the Commons on 25 May 1914 by a majority of 77. Having been defeated a third time in the Lords, the Government used the provisions of the Parliament Act to override the Lords, Unionists in Ulster were opposed to a home-rule Ireland governed from Dublin. Early in 1912, they began forming local militias. By April 1912, the Irish Unionist leader, Sir Edward Carson, on 28 September 1912, over 500,000 Unionists signed the Ulster Covenant pledging to defy Home Rule by all means possible. The Covenant was drawn up by Carson and organised by Sir James Craig, at the Bills third reading in the Commons on 21 May 1914 several members asked about a proposal to exclude the whole of Ulster for six years. Asquith was seeking any solution that would avoid a civil war and you have never tried to understand her position. You have never alleged, and you cannot allege, that this Bill gives her one atom of advantage, a government amending bill was introduced in the House of Lords on 23 June 1914 and passed there with amendments on 8 July. Carson and the Irish Unionist Party backed the bill, which envisaged temporary exclusion of Ulster from the workings of the future Act. The Lords amendments to the bill were unacceptable to the government. What was still to be negotiated were the number of counties excluded, the compromise proposed by Asquith was straightforward
20.
John Redmond
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John Edward Redmond was an Irish nationalist politician, barrister, and MP in the British House of Commons. He was best known as leader of the moderate Irish Parliamentary Party from 1900 until his death in 1918 and he was also leader of the paramilitary organisation the Irish National Volunteers. He was born to an old prominent Catholic family in rural Ireland and he took over control of the minority IPP faction loyal to Charles Stewart Parnell when that leader died in 1891. Redmond was a politician who achieved the two main objectives of his political life, party unity and, in September 1914, the passing of the Irish Home Rule Act. The Act granted limited self-government to Ireland, within the United Kingdom, however, implementation of Home Rule was suspended by the outbreak of the First World War. However, after the Easter Rising of 1916, Irish public opinion shifted in favour of militant republicanism and full Irish independence, in sharp contrast to Parnell, Redmond lacked charisma. He worked well in small committees, but had success in arousing large audiences. Parnell always chose the nominees to Parliament, now they were selected by the local party organisations, giving Redmond numerous weak MPs over whom he had little control. He never tried to understand the unionist forces emerging in Ulster, Redmond was further weakened in 1914 by the formation by Sinn Féin members of the Irish Volunteers. His enthusiastic support for the British war effort alienated many Irish nationalists and his party had been increasingly hollowed out, and a major crisis—notably the Easter Rising—was enough to destroy it. John Edward Redmond was born at Ballytrent House, Kilrane, County Wexford and he was the eldest son of William Archer Redmond, MP by Mary, daughter of General Hoey, the brother of Francis Hoey, heir of the Hoey seat, Dunganstown Castle, County Wicklow. For over seven hundred years the Redmonds had been a prominent Catholic gentry family in County Wexford and Wexford town. They were one of the oldest Hiberno-Norman families, and had for a time been known as the Redmonds of The Hall. His more immediate family were a political dynasty themselves. After his death in 1866, his nephew, William Archer Redmond, John Redmond was the brother of Willie Redmond, MP for Wexford and East Clare, and the father of William Redmond, whose wife was Bridget Redmond. Redmonds family heritage was more complex than that of most of his nationalist political colleagues and his mother came from a Protestant and unionist family, although she had converted to Catholicism on marriage, she never converted to nationalism. As a student, young John exhibited the seriousness that many would come to associate with him. After finishing at Clongowes, Redmond attended Trinity College, Dublin to study law, in 1876 he left to live with his father in London, acting as his assistant in Westminster, where he developed more fascination for politics than for law
21.
River Suir
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The River Suir is a river in Ireland that flows into the Atlantic Ocean near Waterford after a distance of 185 kilometres. The catchment area of the Suir is 3,610 km2 and its long term average flow rate is 76.9 cubic metres per second, more than twice the flow of the River Barrow. Popular with anglers, it holds plentiful reserves of brown trout, while the Suir holds the record for a salmon taken from an Irish river, as is the case in many other Atlantic rivers, salmon stocks have been in decline in recent years. Rising on the slopes of Devils Bit Mountain, just north of Templemore in County Tipperary, merging with the River Aherlow at Kilmoyler and further on with the Tar, it turns east at the Comeragh Mountains, forming the border between County Waterford and County Tipperary. It then passes through Cahir, Clonmel and Carrick-on-Suir before reaching Waterford, near the Port of Waterford it meets the River Barrow at Cheekpoint to form a wide navigable estuary, capable of accommodating seagoing vessels up to 32,000 tons dwt. It exits to the sea between Dunmore East and Hook Head, together with the Nore and the Barrow, the river is one of the trio known as The Three Sisters. The Suir is known in Irish as the Siúr and it is thought the present spelling in English with the u and i reversed is due to a mistake, some people therefore feel that the spelling in English should be Siur and this spelling is occasionally seen. In the early years of the 21st century, the remains of a very large Viking settlement were found at a bend in the river at Woodstown just upstream from Waterford. In Clonmel, the Suir floods the area after very heavy rainfalls falling in the up river catchment of 2,173 km2. Phase 1 of the Clonmel Flood defence which stated in 2007 is scheduled for completion in late 2009, the flood defence consists of demountable barriers, walls and earth banks. The Gashouse Bridge, Coleville Road, Davis Road, the quays, the tide turns above the Miloko chocolate crumb factory in Carrick-on-Suir. The flood waters spill onto the land above Miloko on the County Waterford side of the river, Carrick-on-Suir is tidal and has a 1–50-year flood defence. The Office of Public Works now plan to install a 1–200-year flood defence where the river Suir flows through Waterford city, rivers of Ireland Salmon Ireland, information on the Salmon rivers of Ireland The Suir Navigation from Carrick to Clonmel
22.
Waterford
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Waterford is a city in Ireland. It is in the South-East Region, Ireland and is part of the province of Munster, the city is situated at the head of Waterford Harbour. It is the oldest and the fifth most populous city in the Republic of Ireland and it is the eighth most populous city on the island of Ireland. Waterford City and County Council is the government authority for the city. Waterford is known for Waterford Crystal, a legacy of the citys former glass-making industry, according to the 2011 Census,65,928 people live in the Waterford Metropolitan District, however this figure does not include its suburbs in County Kilkenny and County Wexford. There are over 80,000 people within a 15 km radius of the city centre, with a population of 51,519, Waterford is the fifth most populous city in the State and the 32nd most populous area of local government. Following the Local Government Reform Act 2014, Waterford City and County Council is the government authority for the city. The authority came into operation on 1 June 2014, prior to this the city had its own local council, Waterford City Council. The new Council is the result of a merger of Waterford City Council, the Council has 32 representatives who are elected from five electoral areas. The city itself forms three of the electoral areas – which when combined form the Metropolitan District of Waterford –, residents in these areas are restricted to voting for candidates located in their ward for local elections. The office of the Mayor of Waterford was established in 1377, a mayor is then elected by the councillors from the two electoral areas of the Metropolitan District of Waterford every year, and there is no limit to the number of terms an individual may serve. Mary OHalloran who was mayor during 2007–2008 was the first woman to hold the post, the current mayor is Adam Wyse. The constituency elects four deputies to Dáil Éireann, there are no such ward restrictions for these elections and voters are entitled to vote for any candidate throughout the city and county. The name Waterford comes from Old Norse Veðrafjǫrðr, meaning ram fjord, the Irish name is Port Láirge, meaning Lárags port. Viking raiders first established a settlement near Waterford in 853 and it and all the other longphorts were vacated in 902, the Vikings having been driven out by the native Irish. Among the most prominent rulers of Waterford was Ivar of Waterford, in 1167, Diarmait Mac Murchada, the deposed King of Leinster, failed in an attempt to take Waterford. He returned in 1170 with Cambro-Norman mercenaries under Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, together they besieged, in furtherance of the Norman invasion of Ireland, King Henry II of England landed at Waterford in 1171. Waterford and then Dublin were declared cities, with Dublin also declared capital of Ireland
23.
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
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The House of Commons of the United Kingdom is the lower house of the countrys parliament. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. The House is a body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament. Members are elected to represent constituencies by first-past-the-post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved, under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The Government is primarily responsible to the House of Commons and the prime minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of its members. Although it does not formally elect the prime minister, the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance, by convention, the prime minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of, the House of Commons. Since 1963, by convention, the minister is always a member of the House of Commons. The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence, confidence and no confidence motions are sometimes phrased explicitly, for instance, That this House has no confidence in Her Majestys Government. Many other motions were considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such, in particular, important bills that form a part of the Governments agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence, as is the annual Budget. Parliament normally sits for a term of five years. Subject to that limit, the minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament. By this second mechanism, the government of the United Kingdom can change without a general election. In such circumstances there may not even have been a party leadership election, as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim. A prime minister may resign if he or she is not defeated at the polls. In such a case, the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons, in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime ministers party. Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader, when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor and it fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister, after taking the advice of ministers. By convention, all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords, a handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by-election or by receiving a peerage. Since 1902, all ministers have been members of the Commons
24.
Bonar Law
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Andrew Bonar Law, PC, commonly called Bonar Law, was a British Conservative Party politician and Prime Minister. Born in the colony of New Brunswick, he is the only British Prime Minister to have been born outside the British Isles. Law was of Scottish and Ulster Scots descent, and having moved back to Scotland in 1870, he left school aged sixteen to work in the iron industry, becoming a wealthy man by the age of thirty. He entered Parliament at the 1900 general election, relatively late in life for a front-rank politician, Law joined the Shadow Cabinet in opposition after the 1906 election. In 1911 he was appointed a Privy Councillor, and stood for the vacant party leadership, as Leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition, Law focused his attentions in favour of tariff reform and against Irish Home Rule. Law first held Cabinet office as Secretary of State for the Colonies in Asquiths Coalition Government, on Asquiths fall from power he declined to form a government, instead serving as Chancellor of the Exchequer in Lloyd Georges Coalition Government. He resigned on grounds of ill-health early in 1921, after Conservative MPs voted to end the Coalition, he again became Party Leader and, this time, Prime Minister. In November he won a majority at the 1922 general election. His brief premiership saw negotiation with the USA over Britains war loans, seriously ill with throat cancer, Law resigned in May 1923 and died later that year. He was the shortest-serving Prime Minister of the 20th century and is sometimes called The Unknown Prime Minister. Law was born on 16 September 1858 in Kingston, New Brunswick, to the Reverend James Law, a minister of the Free Church of Scotland with Scottish and Irish ancestry, and his wife Eliza Kidston Law. From the perspective of the time, Law was not born in Canada, as New Brunswick was then a separate colony, throughout his life he was always called Bonar by his family and close friends, never Andrew. He originally signed his name as A. B. Law, changing to A. Bonar Law in his thirties, James Law was the minister for several isolated townships, and had to travel between them by horse, boat and on foot. To supplement the income he bought a small farm on the Richibucto River, which Bonar helped tend along with his brothers Robert, William and John. Studying at the village school, Law excelled at his studies. After Eliza Law died in 1861, her sister Janet travelled to New Brunswick from her home in Scotland to look after the Law children, when James Law remarried in 1870 his new wife took over Janets duties, and Janet decided to return to Scotland. She suggested that Bonar Law should come with her, as the Kidston family were wealthier and better connected than the Laws, both James and Bonar accepted this, and Bonar left with Janet, never to return to Kingston. Law went to live at Janets house in Helensburgh, near Glasgow, immediately upon arriving from Kingston, Law began attending Gilbertfield School, a preparatory school in Hamilton
25.
Dublin lock-out
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The Dublin lock-out was a major industrial dispute between approximately 20,000 workers and 300 employers which took place in Irelands capital city of Dublin. The dispute lasted from 26 August 1913 to 18 January 1914, central to the dispute was the workers right to unionise. Irish workers lived in conditions in tenements. For example, an astonishing 835 people lived in 15 houses in Henrietta Streets Georgian tenements, at number 10 Henrietta Street, the Irish Sisters of Charity ran a laundry inhabited by more than 50 single women. An estimated four million pledges were taken in every year. The infant mortality rate among the poor was 142 per 1,000 births, the situation was made considerably worse by the high rate of disease in the slums, which was the result of a lack of health care and cramped living conditions, among other things. The most prevalent disease in the Dublin slums at this time was tuberculosis, a report published in 1912 found that TB-related deaths in Ireland were 50% higher than in England or Scotland. The vast majority of TB-related deaths in Ireland occurred among the poorer classes and this updated a 1903 study by Dr John Lumsden. Poverty was perpetuated in Dublin by the lack of work for unskilled workers and these unskilled workers often had to compete with one another for work every day, the job generally going to whoever agreed to work for the lowest wages. The hiring was done in pubs, resulting in alcoholism – if you didnt take drink with the foreman, James Larkin, the main protagonist on the side of the workers in the dispute, was a docker in Liverpool and a union organiser. In 1907 he was sent to Belfast as local organiser of the British-based National Union of Dock Labourers, while in Belfast, Larkin organised a strike of dock and transport workers. The Belfast strike was successful and boosted Larkins standing among Irish workers. However, his tactics were controversial and as a result Larkin was transferred to Dublin. Unskilled workers in Dublin were very much at the mercy of their employers, employers who suspected workers of trying to organise could blacklist them, destroying any chance of future employment. They suspended Larkin from the NUDL in 1908, Larkin then left the NUDL and set up an Irish union, the Irish Transport and General Workers Union. The ITGWU was the first Irish trade union to cater for both skilled and unskilled workers, in its first few months it quickly gained popularity, and soon spread to other Irish cities. The ITGWU was used as a vehicle for Larkins syndicalist views and he believed in bringing about a socialist revolution by the establishment of trade unions and calling general strikes. After losing several strikes between 1908 and 1910, after 1911 the union won strikes involving carters and railway workers, for example, between 1911 and 1913, membership of the ITGWU rose from 4,000 to 10,000, to the alarm of employers
26.
James Larkin
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James Larkin was an Irish trade union leader and socialist activist, born to Irish parents in Liverpool, England. He and his family moved to a small cottage in Burren. Growing up in poverty, he received formal education and began working in a variety of jobs while still a child. He became a trade union organiser in 1905. Larkin moved to Belfast in 1907 and founded the Irish Transport and General Workers Union, the Irish Labour Party, perhaps best known for his role in the 1913 Dublin Lockout, Big Jim continues to occupy a significant place in Dublins collective memory. Larkin was born on 21 January 1876 the second eldest son of Irish emigrants, James Larkin and Mary Ann McNulty, the impoverished Larkin family lived in the slums of Liverpool during the early years of his life. From the age of seven, he attended school in the mornings and worked in the afternoons to supplement the family income, a common arrangement in working-class families at the time. At the age of fourteen, after the death of his father, he was apprenticed to the firm his father had worked for and he was unemployed for a time and then worked as a sailor and docker. By 1903, he was a foreman, and on 8 September of that year. From 1893, Larkin developed an interest in socialism and became a member of the Independent Labour Party, in 1905, he was one of the few foremen to take part in a strike on the Liverpool docks. He later gained a permanent position with the union, which, in 1906, sent him to Scotland, where he successfully organised workers in Preston and Glasgow. In January 1907, Larkin undertook his first task on behalf of the union movement in Ireland. He succeeded in unionising the workforce, and as employers refused to meet the wage demands, carters and coal men soon joined in, the latter settling their dispute after a month. Tensions regarding leadership arose between Larkin and NUDL general secretary James Sexton, the latters handling of negotiations and agreement to a disastrous settlement for the last of the strikers resulted in a lasting rift between Sexton and Larkin. In 1908, Larkin moved south and organised workers in Dublin, Cork and Waterford and his involvement, against union instructions, in a dispute in Dublin resulted in his expulsion from the NUDL. The union later prosecuted him for diverting funds to give strike pay to Cork workers engaged in an unofficial dispute. After trial and conviction for embezzlement in 1910, he was sentenced to prison for a year and this was widely regarded as unjust, and the Lord-Lieutenant, Lord Aberdeen, pardoned him after he had served three months in prison. Also in 1908, Arthur Griffith during the Dublin carter’s strike described Larkin as an Englishman importing foreign political disruption into this country, after his expulsion from the NUDL, Larkin founded the Irish Transport and General Workers Union at the end of December 1908
27.
Irish Transport and General Workers' Union
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The Irish Transport and General Workers Union, an Irish trade union, was founded by James Larkin in January 1909 as a general union. Initially drawing its membership from branches of the Liverpool-based National Union of Dock Labourers, from which Larkin had been expelled, the ITGWU logo was the Red Hand of Ulster, which is synonymous with ancient Gaelic Ulster. The ITGWU was at the centre of the syndicalist-inspired Dublin Lockout in 1913, after Larkins departure for the United States in 1914 in the wake of the Lockout, William X. OBrien became the unions leading figure. He later served as secretary for many years. In 1923, Larkin formed a new union, the Workers Union of Ireland, the ITGWU nevertheless remained the dominant force in Irish trade unionism, especially outside the capital. A further split occurred in the Irish Trade Union Congress when that body accepted the WUIs membership in 1945, the ITGWU left the Congress and established the rival Congress of Irish Unions. From the 1950s on proposals to merge the two unions were floated, finally, in 1990, the ITGWU merged with the Workerss Union of Ireland to form SIPTU
28.
Dublin United Transport Company
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The Dublin United Transport Company operated trams and buses in Dublin, Ireland until 1945. Following legislation in the Oireachtas, the Transport Act,1944, the DUTC, the DUTCs logo was adopted as the logo of CIÉ and continued to be painted on the sides of Irelands buses and trains until the 1960s. The companys Sandymount depot was on Gilford Road, the Hill of Howth Tramway was never part of the DUTC, instead being operated by the Great Northern Railway prior to that companys incorporation into CIÉ in 1958. Unlike the 1,435 mm gauge being used by the Luas tram system, Dublin Bus Dublin tram system Preserved DUTC tramcar 253 National Transport Museum of Ireland
29.
William Martin Murphy
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William Martin Murphy was an Irish journalist, businessman and politician. A member of parliament representing Dublin from 1885 to 1892, he was dubbed William Murder Murphy among Dublin workers and he was arguably both Irelands first press baron and the leading promoter of tram development. Murphy was born on 29 December 1844 in Castletownbere County Cork, when his father, the building contractor Denis William Murphy, died, he took over the family business. His enterprise and business expanded the business, and he built churches, schools and bridges throughout Ireland, as well as railways and tramways in Britain, West Africa. He was elected as Irish Parliamentary Party MP for Dublin St Patricks at the 1885 general election, taking his seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He was a member of the grouping, the Bantry band – a group of politicians who hailed from the Bantry Bay area. The Bantry Band was also dubbed the Popes brass band. Its most famous member was Timothy Healy MP and included Timothy Harrington MP, sometime Lord Mayor of Dublin City – however, when the Irish Parliamentary Party split in 1890 over Charles Stewart Parnells leadership, Murphy sided with the majority Anti-Parnellites. However, Dublin emerged as a Parnellite stronghold and in the general election of 1892. Murphy was the financial backer of the Healyite newspapers the National Press. His support for Healy attracted the hostility of the majority anti-Parnellite faction led by John Dillon and he made two attempts to return to Parliament, at Kerry South in 1895 and Mayo North in 1900, but both were unsuccessful because of Dillonite opposition. In 1900, he bought the insolvent Irish Daily Independent from the Parnellites, in 1900 he re-launched this as a cheap mass-circulation newspaper, which rapidly displaced the Freemans Journal as Irelands most popular nationalist paper. In 1906, he founded the Sunday Independent newspaper and he refused a knighthood from King Edward VII in 1907 after organising a controversial International Exhibition in Herbert Park, Dublin. In fact, the King Edward VII was in the process of knighting Murphy when he refused, Murphy appears to have been motivated by pride, he did not wish to have it said that he had angled for a title and compromised his nationalist principles. Murphy was highly critical of the Irish Parliamentary Party, from 1914 he used the Irish Independent to oppose the partition of Ireland and advocate Dominion Home Rule involving full fiscal autonomy. Worried that the unions would destroy his Dublin tram system, he led Dublin employers against the trade unions led by James Larkin. This made him unpopular with many, being depicted as a vulture or a vampire in the workers press. Murphy privately disavowed the editorial, claiming it had been written and he was invited in 1917 to take part in talks during the Irish Convention which was called to agree terms for the implementation of the suspended 1914 Home Rule Act
30.
Dublin Metropolitan Police
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The Dublin Metropolitan Police was the police force of Dublin, Ireland, from 1836 to 1925, when it was amalgamated into the new Garda Síochána. The Dublin city police had been subject to major reforms in 1786 and 1808, organised rural policing in Ireland began when Robert Peel, then Chief Secretary for Ireland, created the Peace Preservation Force in 1814. Peel went on to found the London Metropolitan Police, in 1822, a new Act created four improved County Constabularies, whose organisation was based around the traditional provinces of Ireland. In 1836, the county constabularies were merged into a new centralised Constabulary of Ireland, at the same time separate non-paramilitary forces were set up in the largest cities, Dublin, Belfast, and Derry. The DMP was established under the Dublin Police Act 1836 as an unarmed, uniformed force of one thousand day, the Castle-controlled organisation was more accountable than the untrained constables and night watchmen it replaced. It also provided for the recruitment and appointment of policemen and the regulation of their conduct and it also created powers of arrest and made arrangements for the financial affairs of the new force, including new taxation. The DMP was modelled closely on Londons Metropolitan Police and this was descended from the 18th century system of controlling parish constables, and was a sop to the publics fears about the danger of a standing police force under government control. The force came under pressure in the 1880s during the Land Wars. A series of protest meetings were held and strikes were threatened in 1882, two men died and several hundred people were injured over the course of the 5-month Dublin Lock-out, including two hundred policemen. One of their number David Neligan records in his book The Spy in the Castle that the majority of the DMP uniformed personnel observed a neutral role restricted to traditional policing functions. The political G Division did not come off so lightly, and selected G men were first warned by the Irish Republican Army in April 1919, many DMP officers actively assisted the IRA, most notably Edward Broy, who passed valuable intelligence to Michael Collins throughout the conflict. Another DMP G Division spy for Collins was David Neligan, five of the G Division were killed by the IRA. In the 1996 film Michael Collins, Broy is discovered and subsequently tortured and killed by the British, in reality he was not caught and went on to become the Commissioner of the Garda Síochána in the 1930s. His fate in the film is based on that of Dick McKee, who, with Peadar Clancy, Dublin Metropolitan is today a geographic region of the Garda Síochánas command structure. Unlike the RIC but in common with police forces in Great Britain, in this, it provided the inspiration for the first Commissioner of the Garda Síochána, who declared that the new force should also be unarmed. DMP Roll of Honour in the British National Police Officers Roll of Honour Article about DMP on occasion of centenary of 1913 Lockout Dublin Metropolitan Police Prisoners Books 1905-1918
31.
O'Connell Street
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OConnell Street is Dublins main thoroughfare. It measures 49 m in width at its end,46 m at the north. During the 17th century it was a street known as Drogheda Street. Situated just north of the River Liffey, the street has a fine axial positioning, running close to a north-south orientation. OConnell Street Upper by contrast retains something of its original 18th century character, with the western side conforming to original plot widths, the streets layout is simple but elegant. A paved median space runs down the centre of the street, featuring monuments, both structures are addressed by a large civic plaza space, traversed by the streets two roadways. It also serves as a bus route artery through the city centre. The modern tram, the Luas, is undergoing an extension and it will only travel in one direction, the return loop, to link the system at St. Stephens Green, will run via Marlborough Street, parallel with and east of OConnell Street. OConnell Street has its origins in a street named Drogheda Street dating from the 17th century. In the 1740s, a banker and property speculator by the name of Luke Gardiner acquired the upper part of Drogheda Street extending down to Henry Street as part of a much larger land deal. He demolished the side of Drogheda Street creating an exclusive elongated residential square 46m in width. Gardiner also laid out a mall down the section of the street, lined with low granite walls. It was planted with trees a few years later and he titled the new development Sackville Street after the then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Lionel Cranfield Sackville, Duke of Dorset. It was also known as Sackville Mall, Gardiners Mall or simply The Mall and it had been Gardiners intention to eventually break this grand new street through to the river, however he died in 1755, with his son taking over the estate. It was not until 1777 that the body in the city. For the next 10 years work progressed in demolishing a myriad of dwellings and other buildings, laying out the new roadway, 1785–90, one of the finest streets in Europe had been created. The street became a success upon the opening of Carlisle Bridge, designed by James Gandon. Sackville Street prospered in the 1800s, though an invisible boundary seems to have maintained for some time between the Upper and Lower street
32.
Newry
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Newry is a city in Northern Ireland,34 miles from Belfast and 67 miles from Dublin. It had a population of 29,946 in 2011, Newry straddles counties Armagh and Down. Newry was founded in 1144 alongside a Cistercian monastery, although there are references to settlements in the area. It is one of Irelands oldest towns, the city is an entry to the Gap of the North, close to the border with the Republic of Ireland. It grew as a town and a garrison and became a port in 1742 when it was linked to Lough Neagh by the first summit-level canal built in Ireland or Great Britain. In 2002, as part of Queen Elizabeths Golden Jubilee celebrations, the name Newry is an anglicization of An Iúraigh, an oblique form of An Iúrach, which means the grove of yew trees. The modern Irish name for Newry is An tIúr, which means the yew tree, an tIúr is an shortening of Iúr Cinn Trá, yew tree at the head of the strand, which was formerly the most common Irish name for Newry. This relates to a story that Saint Patrick planted a yew tree there in the 5th century. The Irish name Cathair an Iúir appears on some signs around the city. In 820, the Danes made one of their earliest irruptions at Newry abbey, from whence they proceeded to Armagh, taking it by storm, todd James Henthorn tells us more in his 1867 Volume, where he tells us the abbey was attacked in 824. A small medieval town was in situ to the North and South of the abbey which was refounded in 1142 by King O Carroll of the Oriel on the request of Saint Malachi. The landing stage of the abbey was situated to the North of the college in Killmorey street, from early times it was the main pier. It stayed as such until the construction of the new canal took place, the abbey was later converted to a collegiate church in 1543, before being surrendered to the crown in 1548. The abbey is seen to be giving its earnings to the crown almost 200 years before this date and it is described as being one of the richest and largest in Ireland. The Vikings attacked the Abbey many time, slaughtering its occupants, the town was granted its first charter between 1157 by High King of Ireland Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn. In 1162 the monastery was attacked and burned to some degree, there is no evidence however as to how much of the abbey was burned in this attack stones dont burn so it was not completely destroyed as may be assumed. De Courcys lordship ensured a safe spell for the abbey after he had several castles in and around Newry. In 1539 an English mercenary, Nicholas Bagenal, fled to Ireland after murdering a man in Leek, Staffordshire, after some time in the employment of the O Neill he reached a high status, was granted a pardon in 1543, and became Marshal of the army
33.
Ulster
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Ulster is a province in the north of the island of Ireland. In ancient Ireland, it was one of the fifths ruled by a rí ruirech, the definition of the province was fluid from early to medieval times. It took a shape in the reign of King James I of England when all the counties of Ireland were eventually shired. This process of evolving conquest had been under way since the Norman invasion of Ireland, particularly as advanced by the Cambro-Norman magnates Hugh de Lacy, Ulster was a central topic role in the parliamentary debates that eventually resulted in the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Under the terms of the Act, Ireland was divided into two territories, Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland, with the passing through the province. While these six counties and two boroughs were all in the province of Ulster, three other counties of the province – Cavan, Donegal and Monaghan – were assigned to the Irish Free State. Ulster has no function for local government purposes in either country. However, for the purposes of ISO-3166-2, Ulster is used to refer to the three counties of Cavan, Donegal and Monaghan only, which are given country sub-division code IE-U. It has also suggested to have derived from Uladh plus the Norse suffix ster. The Irish name, Cúige Uladh, means the province of the Ulaid, the Ulaidh were a group of tribes who dwelt in the region. Ulaidh has historically been anglicised as Ulagh or Ullagh and Latinised as Ulidia or Ultonia, the latter two have yielded the terms Ulidian and Ultonian. Words that have used in English are Ullish and Ulsterman/Ulsterwoman. Northern Ireland is often referred to as Ulster, despite including only six of Ulsters nine counties and this usage is most common amongst people in Northern Ireland who are unionist, although it is also used by the media throughout the United Kingdom. Most Irish nationalists object to the use of Ulster in this context, Ulster has a population of just over 2 million people and an area of 21,552 square kilometres. About 62% of the area of Ulster is in the UK while the remaining 38% is in the Republic of Ireland. Ulsters biggest city, Belfast, has an population of over half a million inhabitants, making it the second-largest city on the island of Ireland. Three Ulster counties – Cavan, Donegal and Monaghan – form part of the Republic of Ireland, about half of Ulsters population lives in counties Antrim and Down. 8% to 42. 7%. While the traditional counties continue to demarcate areas of government in the Republic of Ireland
34.
Belfast
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Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, the second largest on the island of Ireland, and the heart of the tenth largest Primary Urban Area in the United Kingdom. On the River Lagan, it had a population of 286,000 at the 2011 census and 333,871 after the 2015 council reform, Belfast was granted city status in 1888. Belfast played a key role in the Industrial Revolution, and was an industrial centre until the latter half of the 20th century. It has sustained a major aerospace and missiles industry since the mid 1930s, industrialisation and the inward migration it brought made Belfast Irelands biggest city at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, Belfast remains a centre for industry, as well as the arts, higher education, business, and law, additionally, Belfast city centre has undergone considerable expansion and regeneration in recent years, notably around Victoria Square. Belfast is served by two airports, George Best Belfast City Airport in the city, and Belfast International Airport 15 miles west of the city. Although the county borough of Belfast was created when it was granted city status by Queen Victoria in 1888, the site of Belfast has been occupied since the Bronze Age. The Giants Ring, a 5, 000-year-old henge, is located near the city, Belfast remained a small settlement of little importance during the Middle Ages. The ONeill clan had a presence in the area, in the 14th century, Cloinne Aodha Buidhe, descendants of Aodh Buidhe ONeill built Grey Castle at Castlereagh, now in the east of the city. Conn ONeill of the Clannaboy ONeills owned vast lands in the area and was the last inhabitant of Grey Castle, evidence of this period of Belfasts growth can still be seen in the oldest areas of the city, known as the Entries. Belfast blossomed as a commercial and industrial centre in the 18th and 19th centuries, industries thrived, including linen, rope-making, tobacco, heavy engineering and shipbuilding, and at the end of the 19th century, Belfast briefly overtook Dublin as the largest city in Ireland. The Harland and Wolff shipyards became one of the largest shipbuilders in the world, in 1886 the city suffered intense riots over the issue of home rule, which had divided the city. In 1920–22, Belfast became the capital of the new entity of Northern Ireland as the island of Ireland was partitioned, the accompanying conflict cost up to 500 lives in Belfast, the bloodiest sectarian strife in the city until the Troubles of the late 1960s onwards. Belfast was heavily bombed during World War II, in one raid, in 1941, German bombers killed around one thousand people and left tens of thousands homeless. Apart from London, this was the greatest loss of life in a raid during the Blitz. Belfast has been the capital of Northern Ireland since its establishment in 1921 following the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and it had been the scene of various episodes of sectarian conflict between its Catholic and Protestant populations. These opposing groups in conflict are now often termed republican and loyalist respectively. The most recent example of conflict was known as the Troubles – a civil conflict that raged from around 1969 to 1998
35.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
36.
Trade union
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The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labour contracts with employers. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment and this may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies. Unions may organize a section of skilled workers, a cross-section of workers from various trades. The agreements negotiated by a union are binding on the rank and file members, originating in Great Britain, trade unions became popular in many countries during the Industrial Revolution. Trade unions may be composed of workers, professionals, past workers, students. Trade union density, or the percentage of workers belonging to a union, is highest in the Nordic countries. The trade unions aim at nothing less than to prevent the reduction of wages below the level that is maintained in the various branches of industry. That is to say, they wish to prevent the price of labour-power from falling below its value, yet historian R. A. the other the aggressive-expansionist drive to unite all labouring men and women for a different order of things. The 18th century economist Adam Smith noted the imbalance in the rights of workers in regards to owners. In The Wealth of Nations, Book I, chapter 8, Smith wrote, We rarely hear, it has said, of the combination of masters. But whoever imagines, upon this account, that masters rarely combine, is as ignorant of the world as of the subject. Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit, but constant and uniform combination, not to raise the wages of labor above their actual rate When workers combine, masters. As Smith noted, unions were illegal for many years in most countries, there were severe penalties for attempting to organize unions, up to and including execution. This pool of unskilled and semi-skilled labour spontaneously organized in fits and starts throughout its beginnings, Trade unions and collective bargaining were outlawed from no later than the middle of the 14th century when the Ordinance of Labourers was enacted in the Kingdom of England. In 1799, the Combination Act was passed, which banned trade unions, although the unions were subject to often severe repression until 1824, they were already widespread in cities such as London. Sympathy for the plight of the workers brought repeal of the acts in 1824, by the 1810s, the first labour organizations to bring together workers of divergent occupations were formed. Possibly the first such union was the General Union of Trades, also known as the Philanthropic Society, the latter name was to hide the organizations real purpose in a time when trade unions were still illegal. The Association quickly enrolled approximately 150 unions, consisting mostly of textile related unions, but also including mechanics, blacksmiths, and various others
37.
Hunger strike
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Most hunger strikers will take liquids but not solid food. In cases where an entity has or is able to obtain custody of the hunger striker, fasting was used as a method of protesting injustice in pre-Christian Ireland, where it was known as Troscadh or Cealachan. It was detailed in the contemporary civic codes, and had rules by which it could be used. The fast was often carried out on the doorstep of the home of the offender, scholars speculate this was due to the high importance the culture placed on hospitality. Allowing a person to die at ones doorstep, for a wrong of which one was accused, was considered a great dishonor, others say that the practice was to fast for one whole night, as there is no evidence of people fasting to death in pre-Christian Ireland. The fasts were primarily undertaken to recover debts or get justice for a perceived wrong, there are legends of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, using the hunger strike as well. This Indian practice is ancient, going back to around 400 to 750 BC and this can be known since it appears in the Ramayana, which was composed around that time. The actual mention appears in the Ayodhya kanda, in Sarga 103, bharata has gone to ask the exiled Rama to come back and rule the kingdom. Bharata tries many arguments, none of which work, at which point he decides to do a hunger strike and he announces his intention to fast, calls for his charioteer Sumantra to bring him some sacred Kusha grass, and lies down upon the grass in front of Rama. Rama, however, is able to persuade him to abandon the attempt. Rama mentions it as a practice of the brahmanas, in the first three days, the body is still using energy from glucose. After that, the liver starts processing body fat, in a process called ketosis, after depleting fat, the body enters a starvation mode. At this point the body mines the muscles and vital organs for energy, there are examples of hunger strikers dying after 46 to 73 days of strike. In the early 20th century suffragettes frequently endured hunger strikes in British prisons, marion Dunlop was the first in 1909. She was released, as the authorities did not want her to become a martyr, other suffragettes in prison also undertook hunger strikes. The prison authorities subjected them to force-feeding, which the suffragettes categorized as a form of torture, in 1913 the Prisoners Temporary Discharge of Ill Health Act changed policy. Hunger strikes were tolerated but prisoners were released when they became sick, when they had recovered, the suffragettes were taken back to prison to finish their sentences. Like their British counterparts, American suffragettes also used this method of political protest, Hunger strikes have deep roots in Irish society and in the Irish psyche
38.
Eoin MacNeill
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Eoin MacNeill was an Irish scholar, Irish language enthusiast, nationalist activist, and Sinn Féin politician. MacNeill has been described as the father of the study of early Irish medieval history. A key figure of the Gaelic revival, he was a co-founder of the Gaelic League, to preserve Irish language, in 1913 he established the Irish Volunteers and served as their Chief-of-Staff. He held this position at the outbreak of the Easter Rising but had no role in it or its planning, MacNeill helped countermand the Easter Monday uprising, after learning about it and confronting Patrick Pearse, by placing a last-minute news advertisement advising Volunteers not to take part. He was later elected to the First Dáil as a member of Sinn Féin, MacNeill was born John McNeill, one of five children born to Archibald McNeill, a Roman Catholic working class baker, sailor and merchant, and his wife, Rosetta McNeill, also a Catholic. He was reared in Glenarm, County Antrim, an area still retained some Irish-language traditions. He was educated at St Malachys College and Queens College, Belfast, MacNeill had an enormous interest in Irish history and immersed himself in its study. In 1888 he achieved a BA degree in economics, jurisprudence and constitutional history and he was also editor of the Gaelic Journal from 1894 to 1899. In 1908 he was appointed professor of early Irish history at University College Dublin and he married Agnes Moore on 19 April 1898, the couple had eight children, four sons and four daughters. The Gaelic League was from the start strictly non-political, but in 1915 a proposal was put forward to abandon this policy, MacNeill strongly supported this, and rallied to his side a majority of delegates at the 1915 Oireachtas. Douglas Hyde, a non-political Protestant, who had co-founded the League and been its President for 22 years, through the Gaelic League, MacNeill met members of Sinn Féin, the Irish Republican Brotherhood, and other nationalists and republicans. One such colleague, The ORahilly, ran the newspaper, An Claidheamh Soluis. Unlike the IRB, MacNeill was opposed to the idea of a rebellion, except in resisting any suppression of the Volunteers. The entry of the UK into the First World War was, in their view, with the co-operation of James Connolly and the Irish Citizen Army, a secret council of IRB officials planned a general rising on Easter,1916. Unbeknownst to MacNeill, the letter—called the Castle Document—was a forgery, Pearse, Connolly, and the others agreed that the uprising would go ahead anyway, but it began one day later than originally intended to ensure the authorities were taken by surprise. Beginning on Easter Monday,24 April 1916, the rising lasted less than a week, after the surrender of the rebels, MacNeill was arrested, although he had taken no part in the insurrection. MacNeill was released from prison in 1917 and was elected Member of Parliament for the National University of Ireland, in line with abstentionist Sinn Féin policy, he refused to take his seat in the British House of Commons and sat instead in the newly convened Dáil Éireann. He was a member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland for Londonderry during 1921–25 although he never took his seat, in 1921 he supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty
39.
Irish Volunteers
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The Irish Volunteers, sometimes called the Irish Volunteer Force or Irish Volunteer Army, was a military organisation established in 1913 by Irish nationalists. The Volunteers included members of the Gaelic League, Ancient Order of Hibernians and Sinn Féin, and, secretly, the second Home Rule Bill, seven years later having passed the House of Commons, was vetoed by the House of Lords. It would be the third Home Rule Bill, introduced in 1912, on 28 September 1912 at Belfast City Hall just over 450,000 Unionists signed the Ulster Covenant to resist the granting of Home Rule. This was followed in January 1913 with the formation of the Ulster Volunteers composed of adult male Unionists to oppose the passage, the initiative for a series of meetings leading up to the public inauguration of the Irish Volunteers came from the Irish Republican Brotherhood. They therefore confined themselves to encouraging the view that nationalists also ought to organise a volunteer force for the defence of Ireland, a small committee then began to meet regularly in Dublin from July 1913, who watched the growth of this opinion. They refrained however from any action until the precedent of Ulster should have first been established while waiting for the lead to come from a constitutional quarter, the IRB began the preparations for the open organisation of the Irish Volunteers in January 1913. James Stritch, an IRB member, had the Irish National Foresters build a hall at the back of 41 Parnell Square in Dublin, anticipating the formation of the Volunteers they began to learn foot-drill and military movements. The drilling was conducted by Stritch together with members of Fianna Éireann and they began by drilling a small number of IRB associated with the Dublin Gaelic Athletic Association, led by Harry Boland. The IRB knew they would need a highly regarded figure as a front that would conceal the reality of their control. The IRB found Eoin MacNeill the ideal candidate, Professor of Early, mcNeills academic credentials and reputation for integrity and political moderation had widespread appeal. The ORahilly suggested to MacNeill that it should be on some wider subject than mere Gaelic pursuits and it was this suggestion which gave rise to the article entitled The North Began, giving the Irish Volunteers its public origins. On 1 November, MacNeills article suggesting the formation of an Irish volunteer force was published, MacNeill wrote, There is nothing to prevent the other twenty-eight counties from calling into existence citizen forces to hold Ireland for the Empire. It was precisely with this object that the Volunteers of 1782 were enrolled, after the article was published, Hobson asked The ORahilly to see MacNeill, to suggest to him that a conference should be called to make arrangements for publicly starting the new movement. The article threw down the gauntlet to nationalists to follow the lead given by Ulster unionists, MacNeill was unaware of the detailed planning which was going on in the background, but was aware of Hobsons political leanings. He knew the purpose as to why he was chosen, with MacNeill willing to take part, ORahilly and Hobson sent out invitations for the first meeting at Wynns Hotel in Abbey Street, Dublin, on 11 November. Hobson himself did not attend this meeting, believing his standing as an extreme nationalist might prove problematical, the IRB, however, was well represented by, among others, Sean MacDermott and Eamonn Ceannt, who would prove to be substantially more extreme than Hobson. Several others meetings were soon to follow, as prominent nationalists planned the formation of the Volunteers, meanwhile, labour leaders in Dublin began calling for the establishment of a citizens defence force in the aftermath of the lock out of 19 August 1913. Thus formed the Irish Citizen Army, led by James Connolly, the Volunteer organisation was publicly launched on 25 November, with their first public meeting and enrolment rally at the Rotunda in Dublin
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Conradh na Gaeilge
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Conradh na Gaeilge is a social and cultural organisation which promotes the Irish language in Ireland and worldwide. The organisation was founded in 1893 with Douglas Hyde as its first president, the organisation would be the spearhead of the Gaelic revival and Gaeilgeoir activism. Originally the organisation intended to be apolitical, but many of its participants became involved in Irish nationalism, bruce Stewart suggests that an address by Douglas Hyde led to the formation of the Gaelic League with Hyde as the president. The address titled ‘The Necessity for De-Anglicising Ireland’ was delivered by Hyde to the Irish National Literary Society, the organisation developed from Ulick Bourkes earlier Gaelic Union and became the leading institution promoting the Gaelic Revival, carrying on efforts like the publishing of the Gaelic Journal. The Leagues first newspaper was An Claidheamh Soluis and its most noted editor was Patrick Pearse, the motto of the League was Sinn Féin, Sinn Féin amháin. The League encouraged female participation from the start and a number of women played a prominent role and they were not restricted to subordinate roles, but played an active part in leadership, although males were in the overwhelming majority. At the annual convention in 1906 women were elected to seven of the forty-five positions on the Gaelic League executive. Executive members included Máire Ní Chinnéide, Úna Ní Fhaircheallaigh, Bean an Doc Uí Choisdealbha, Máire Ní hAodáin, Máire de Buitléir, Nellie OBrien, Eibhlín Ní Dhonnabháin, though apolitical, the organisation attracted many Irish nationalists of different persuasions, much like the Gaelic Athletic Association. It was through the League that many political leaders and rebels first met. Most of the signatories of the 1916 Proclamation were members and it still continued to attract many Irish Republicans. Sean MacStiofain, the first chief of staff of the Provisional IRA was a prominent member in his later life. After the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922, the organisation had a prominent role in public life as Irish was made a compulsory subject in state-funded schools. It did unexpectedly badly in the Irish Seanad election,1925, conradh na Gaeilge was among the principal organisations responsible for co-ordinating the successful campaign to make Irish an official language of the European Union. Conradh na Gaeilge have responded by asking voters in the general election to vote only for candidates who are in favour of Irishs required position remaining. The organisation has branches in parts of Ireland and abroad and is closely involved in the development of the Seachtain na Gaeilge promotional campaign. Conradh na Gaeilge has recently opened free legal advice centres in Dublin, the Gaelic League publishes a magazine called Feasta, founded in 1948. This magazine, while it promotes the aims of the League, 1893–1915, Douglas Hyde 1916–1919, Eoin Mac Néill 1919–1922, Seán Ua Ceallaigh 1922–1925, Peadar Mac Fhionnlaoich 1925–1926, Seán P
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An Claidheamh Soluis
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An Claidheamh Soluis was an Irish nationalist newspaper published in the early 20th century by Conradh na Gaeilge. Eoin MacNeill was its first editor, overseeing its publication from 1899 to 1901, in 1900 the League took control of the weekly bilingual paper Fáinne an Lae, when its editor went bankrupt. Fáinne an Lae was merged with An Claidheamh Soluis under the title An Claidheamh Soluis agus Fáinne an Lae, from,1903 to 1909 the paper was edited by Pádraig Pearse, the teacher and barrister who later became a key figure in the Easter Rising in 1916. The paper continued under the names Fáinne an Lae and Misneach, reverting briefly to An Claidheamh Soluis in 1930–1
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The O'Rahilly
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Michael Joseph ORahilly, known as The ORahilly, was an Irish republican and nationalist, he was a founding member of the Irish Volunteers in 1913 and served as Director of Arms. Despite opposing the action, he took part in the Easter Rising in Dublin and was killed in a charge on a British machine gun post covering the retreat from the GPO during the fighting. Born in Ballylongford, County Kerry to Richard and Ellen Rahilly, ORahilly was educated in Clongowes Wood College and he had two siblings who lived to adulthood, Mary Ellen Nell Humphreys and Anna Anno Rahilly, both of whom were active in the Irish revolutionary period. As an adult, he became a republican and a language enthusiast and he joined the Gaelic League and became a member of An Coiste Gnotha, its governing body. He was well travelled, spending at least a decade in the United States, ORahilly was a founding member of the Irish Volunteers in 1913, who organized to work for Irish independence and resist the proposed Home Rule, he served as the IV Director of Arms. He personally directed the first major arming of the Irish Volunteers, ORahilly was a wealthy man, the Weekly Irish Times reported after the Easter Rising that he enjoyed a private income of £900 per annum, plenty of which went to the cause he espoused. When Hobson discovered that an insurrection was planned, he was kidnapped by the Military Council leadership, learning this, ORahilly went to Patrick Pearses school, Scoil Éanna on Good Friday. He barged into Pearses study, brandishing his revolver as he announced Whoever kidnaps me will have to be a quicker shot, pearse calmed ORahilly, assuring him that Hobson was unharmed, and would be released after the rising began. Arriving home, he learned that the Rising was about to begin in Dublin on the next day, Easter Monday,24 April 1916. Arriving in his De Dion-Bouton motorcar, he one of the most quoted lines of the rising – Well. Another famous, if less quoted line, was his comment to Markievicz, It is madness and he fought with the GPO garrison during Easter Week. Chalmers later recalled ORahillys kindness to him and you will see that no harm comes to him. On Friday 28 April, with the GPO on fire, ORahilly volunteered to lead a party of men along a route to Williams and Woods, a British machine-gun at the intersection of Great Britain and Moore streets cut him and several of the others down. ORahilly slumped into a doorway on Moore Street, wounded and bleeding badly but, hearing the English marking his position and he was wounded diagonally from shoulder to hip by sustained fire from the machine-gunner. Most accounts attest to ORahillys dying in Sackville Lane which joined Moore Lane - however, according to ambulance driver Albert Mitchell, long after the surrender had taken place on Saturday afternoon and 19 hours after being severely wounded, ORahilly still clung to life. Mitchell said he was recounting events more than 30 years later, the following is an extract from Mitchels witness statement, Desmond Ryans The Rising maintains that it was 2. ORahilly wrote a message to his wife on the back of a letter he had received in the GPO from his son, shane Cullen etched this last message to Nannie ORahilly into his limestone and bronze memorial sculpture to The ORahilly. The text reads, In Gaelic tradition, chief of clans were called by their clan name preceded by the determinate article, ORahillys calling himself The ORahilly was purely his own idea
43.
Protestantism
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Protestantism is a form of Christianity which originated with the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks from or attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Protestants reject the notion of papal supremacy and deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Five solae summarize the reformers basic differences in theological beliefs, in the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, and Iceland. Reformed churches were founded in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, the political separation of the Church of England from Rome under King Henry VIII brought England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement. Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, some Protestant denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of families, Adventism, Anglicanism, Baptist churches, Reformed churches, Lutheranism, Methodism. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity. Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, the edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. During the Reformation, the term was used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical, which refers to the gospel, was more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran and Calvinist traditions in Europe, above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the German-speaking area, such as the EKD. In continental Europe, an Evangelical is either a Lutheran or a Calvinist, the German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and it traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. Protestantism as a term is now used in contradistinction to the other major Christian traditions, i. e. Roman Catholicism. Initially, Protestant became a term to mean any adherent to the Reformation movement in Germany and was taken up by Lutherans. Even though Martin Luther himself insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ, French and Swiss Protestants preferred the word reformed, which became a popular, neutral and alternative name for Calvinists
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Irish Citizen Army
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It was formed by James Larkin, James Connolly and Jack White on 23 November 1913. Other prominent members included Seán OCasey, Constance Markievicz, Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, P. T. Daly, in 1916, it took part in the Easter Rising – an armed insurrection aimed at ending British rule in Ireland. The army rose out of the strike of the Irish Transport and General Workers Union in 1913. The dispute was over the recognition of labour union founded by James Larkin. It began when William Martin Murphy, an industrialist, locked out some trade unionists on 19 August 1913, then on 25 August, in response, Larkin called an all out tramway strike on Murphys Dublin United Tramway Company. Other companies, encouraged by Murphy, sacked ITGWU members in an effort to break the union, the conflict eventually escalated to involve 400 employers and 25,000 workers. Larkinism prompted the recruitment of a workers militia, but in October, Larkin was arrested by strikebreakers. And for the duration of the lockout James Connolly, his deputy took control, announcing a call to arms of four battalions of trained men with corporals, another striker was later fatally wounded by a ricochet from a revolver fired by a strike-breaker. The violence at union rallies during the strike prompted Larkin to call for a militia to be formed to protect themselves against the police. The Citizen army for the duration of the lock-out was armed with hurleys, Jack White, a former British Army Captain, volunteered to train this army and offered 50 pounds towards the cost of shoes to workers so they could train. In addition to its role as an organisation, the army. After a six-month standoff, the returned to work hungry. The original purpose of the ICA was over, but it would soon be totally transformed, the Irish Citizen Army underwent a complete reorganisation in 1914. In March of that year, police attacked a demonstration of the Citizen Army and arrested Jack White, Seán OCasey then suggested that the ICA needed a more formal organisation. Larkin insisted that all also be members of a trade union. In mid-1914, White resigned as ICA commander to join the mainstream nationalist Irish Volunteers, the ICA armed itself with Mauser rifles bought from Germany by the Irish Volunteers and smuggled into Ireland at Howth in July 1914. This organisation was one of the first to offer membership to both men and women and trained them both in the use of weapons. The armys headquarters was the ITGWU union building, Liberty Hall, however, Connolly also set up branches in Tralee and Killarney in County Kerry
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James Connolly
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James Connolly was an Irish republican and socialist leader, aligned to syndicalism and the Industrial Workers of the World. He was born in the Cowgate area of Edinburgh, Scotland and he left school for working life at the age of 11, but became one of the leading Marxist theorists of his day. He also took a role in Scottish and American politics and he was executed by a British firing squad because of his leadership role in the Easter Rising of 1916. Connolly was born in an Irish immigrant slum in Edinburgh in 1868 and his parents had moved to Scotland from Monaghan, Ireland and settled in Cowgate, an Irish ghetto where thousands of Irish people lived. He spoke with a Scottish accent throughout his life and he was born in St Patricks Roman Catholic parish, in the Cowgate district of Edinburgh known as Little Ireland. His father and grandfathers were labourers and he had an education up to the age of about ten in the local Catholic primary school. He then left and worked in labouring jobs, because of the economic difficulties he was having, like his eldest brother John, he joined the British Army. He enlisted in the British Army at age 14, falsifying his age and giving his name as Reid and he served in Ireland with the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Scots Regiment for nearly seven years, during a turbulent period in rural areas known as the Land War. He would later involved in the land issue. He developed a hatred for the British Army that lasted his entire life. When he heard that his regiment was being transferred to India, Connolly had another reason for not wanting to go to India, a young woman by the name of Lillie Reynolds. Lillie moved to Scotland with James after he left the army, there, Connolly began to get involved in the Scottish Socialist Federation, but with a young family to support, he needed a way to provide for them. He briefly established a shop in 1895, but this failed after a few months as his shoe-mending skills were insufficient. He was also active with the socialist movement at the time. He became secretary of the Scottish Socialist Federation, during this time, Connolly became involved with the Independent Labour Party which Keir Hardie had formed in 1893. At some time during this period, he took up the study of, and advocated the use of, by 1892 he was involved in the Scottish Socialist Federation, acting as its secretary from 1895. Two months after the birth of his daughter, word came to Connolly that the Dublin Socialist Club was looking for a full-time secretary. Connolly and his moved to Dublin, where he took up the position
46.
Unionism in Ireland
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Unionism in Ireland is a political ideology that favours the continuation of some form of political union between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. Since the partition of Ireland, unionism in Ireland has focused on maintaining and preserving the place of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom, in this context, a distinction may be made between the unionism in the province of Ulster and unionism elsewhere in Ireland. Irish nationalism is opposed to the ideology of unionism, most unionists come from Protestant backgrounds, most nationalists come from a Roman Catholic background. Exceptions to these generalisations exist, there are Protestant nationalists and there are Catholic unionists, the political relationship between England and Ireland dates from the 12th century with the establishment of the Lordship of Ireland. In 1542, the Crown of Ireland Act was passed by both the English and Irish Parliaments, the Act established a sovereign Kingdom of Ireland with Henry VIII as King of Ireland. Both parliaments later passed the Act of Union 1800 by which a new state was created - the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, twenty-six counties of Ireland gained autonomy from the U. K. as the Irish Free State, in 1949, the State was declared to be a Republic, the Republic of Ireland left the Commonwealth of Nations organisation. The remaining six counties of the island of Ireland constituted the territory of Northern Ireland, in 1927, the realm, consisting of combined territories of Northern Ireland and Great Britain, was renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Today, unionism is almost exclusively an issue for Northern Ireland and it is concerned with the governance of and relationship between Northern Ireland and Great Britain. Unionism emerged as a force in opposition to William Ewart Gladstones Home Rule Bill of 1886. Irish nationalists believed in separation from Great Britain, whether through repeal of the 1800 Act of Union, home rule, Unionists believed in maintaining and deepening the relationship between the various nations of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. They expressed pride in symbols of Britishness, a key symbol for unionists is the Union Flag. Unionist areas of Northern Ireland often display this and other symbols to show the loyalty, Unionism is also known for its allegiance to the person of the British monarch, both historically and today. Historically, most unionists in Ireland have been Protestants and most nationalists have been Catholics, however, a significant number of Protestants have adhered to the nationalist cause, and likewise with Catholics and unionism. These phenomena continue to exist in Northern Ireland, both unionism and nationalism have had sectarian and anti-sectarian elements. While nationalism has had a number of Protestant leaders, unionism was invariably always led by Protestant leaders, newe, served in the Government of Northern Ireland. UUP leader and Nobel Peace Prize-winner David Trimble suggested that Northern Ireland had been a house for Catholics in the past. People espousing unionist beliefs are sometimes referred to as loyalists, the two words are sometimes used interchangeably, but the latter is more often associated with particularly hardline forms of unionism
