1.
New Zealand
–
New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
2.
1913
–
As of the start of 1913, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify, January 12 – Bolshevik activist Josef Dzhugashvili first publishes an article under the pseudonym Stalin which he adopts hereafter. At this time he, Adolf Hitler and Josip Broz Tito are simultaneously resident in Vienna, January 13 – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland. January 23 – General election in Tasmania, January 23 – In the 1913 Ottoman coup détat, Ismail Enver comes to power. January 30 – The British House of Lords rejects an Irish Home Rule Bill February 1 – New York Citys Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the worlds largest railroad station. February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose, February 9 – Mexican Revolution, Beginning of La Decena Trágica, the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China, February 18 – Mexican Revolution, President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign, pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office February 22 – Mexican Revolution, Assassination of Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez, February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd and exiled to Siberia. March The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve Chinas parliament and rules as a dictator. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara with 200 on board, march 3 – The Woman suffrage parade of 1913 takes place in Washington, D. C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback. March 4 Woodrow Wilson is sworn in as President of the United States, the U. S. Department of Commerce and U. S. Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries and U. S. Coast, march 4–6 – First Balkan War, Battle of Bizani, Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani from the Ottoman Empire. March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, march 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra. March 13 – Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his exile in the United States. March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy is founded in Uruguay, the Uruguayan Air Force would grow from this foundation. March 18 – George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne and he is succeeded by his son Constantine. March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party, is wounded in an assassination attempt, march 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin an attempt to revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina
3.
Head of state
–
A head of state is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In some countries, the head of state is a figurehead with limited or no executive power, while in others. Former French president Charles de Gaulle, while developing the current Constitution of France, some academic writers discuss states and governments in terms of models. An independent nation state normally has a head of state, the non-executive model, in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers, and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role. In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the chief executive officer, heading the executive branch of the state. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the legislature and it also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of government and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. In parliamentary constitutional monarchies, the legitimacy of the head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. In reality, numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system, usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament. For example, under the 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, the Statuto Albertino—the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king—was customary, so, Italy had a de facto parliamentarian system, but a de jure presidential system. These officials are excluded completely from the executive, they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, hence their states governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state styles of His/Her Majestys Government or His/Her Excellencys Government. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist, the constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the Cabinet, who is chaired by the prime minister and responsible to the Diet. The emperor is defined in the constitution as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people and he is a ceremonial figurehead with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan. Today, the Speaker of the Riksdag appoints the prime minister, Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. In contrast, the contact the President of Ireland has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the taoiseach to the president. However, he or she has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the Department of the Taoiseach. The president does, however, hold limited reserve powers, such as referring a bill to the court to test its constitutionality. The most extreme non-executive republican Head of State is the President of Israel, semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature. The constitution of the Fifth French Republic provides for a minister who is chosen by the president
4.
George V
–
George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. He was the son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. From the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his own brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, on the death of his grandmother in 1901, Georges father became King-Emperor of the British Empire, and George was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in 1910 and he was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, the Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, in 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. He had health problems throughout much of his reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son. George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House and he was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and he was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley. As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871, neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. For three years from 1879, the brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, after Lausanne, the brothers were separated, Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire, during his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his rank was largely honorary
5.
Governor-General of New Zealand
–
The Governor-General of New Zealand is the viceregal representative of the monarch of New Zealand, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The office is mandated by letters patent and the officeholder is formally titled the Governor-General, when travelling abroad, the governor-general is seen as the representative of New Zealand, and of the Queen of New Zealand. For this reason, the governor-general is viewed by some as the de facto head of state, under the Niue Constitution Act, the governor-general also represents the monarch in Niue. The governor-general initially represented the British monarch and the government of the United Kingdom, therefore, many officeholders have been British statesmen. In 1972, Sir Denis Blundell became the first New Zealand resident to be appointed to the office, governors-general are not appointed for a specific term, but are generally expected to serve for five years. The current Governor-General is Dame Patsy Reddy, who has served since 28 September 2016, administrative support for the governor-general is provided by the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Appointment to the Office is made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of New Zealand, the Prime Ministers advice has sometimes been the result of a decision by Cabinet, although there is no requirement for this. The appointment of Anand Satyanand met with the approval of every leader in the House of Representatives, by convention the Leader of the Opposition is also consulted on the appointment, however this too has not always been the case. This suggestion was in turn criticised by the Government, as Sir Edmund had backed Labour in 1975 as part of the Citizens for Rowling campaign, however, the right granted by the convention was not exercised directly by a New Zealand Prime Minister until 1967. Although non-partisan while in office, there have been a number of appointments of Governors-General to the office that have attracted considerable controversy, despite their political backgrounds, neither of these appointments could be said to have discharged their duties in a partisan way. There has often been speculation that a member of the Royal Family might take up the position, before the Governor-General enters office, his or her commission of appointment is publicly read in the presence of the Chief Justice of New Zealand and the members of the Executive Council. The Governor-General must take the Oath of Allegiance and the oath for the due execution of the office, from time to time, there have been proposals to elect the Governor-General. When first drafted by then Governor George Grey, the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 contained provision for the Governor to be elected by New Zealands Parliament. This provision was removed from the enactment, probably because the Colonial Office wanted to keep a check on New Zealands colonial government. In 1887 Sir George Grey, by then also a former Premier, the Bill was narrowly defeated 46–48, being opposed by the government of Harry Atkinson. In 2006 political commentator Colin James suggested that the Governor-General could be elected by a 60% majority of votes cast in Parliament, James argued that the New Zealand public should be given the ability to choose the Queens representative, and that the current system is undemocratic and not transparent. National MP Nikki Kaye queried whether several one-member parties in parliament could veto the decision, the Republican Movement responded that the method would ensure appointments were made that most MPs and parties found acceptable. The Governor-General holds office at the pleasure of the Queen, under clause II of the Letters Patent
6.
Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool
–
On his mothers side he descended from Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, the architect. He was educated at Eton and the Sandhurst before joining the Rifle Brigade, Foljambe served in the Second Boer War and was promoted to Captain. In July 1901 he was appointed an extra aide-de-camp to the Earl Cadogan and he retired from the army in 1906. Liverpool succeeded his father in the earldom in 1907 and took his seat in the House of Lords on the Liberal benches, in July 1909 he was appointed Comptroller of the Household in the Liberal administration of H. H. Asquith, a post he held until 1912. The latter year he was appointed Governor of New Zealand, in 1917 the office was raised in dignity to that of Governor-General of New Zealand. The same year Liverpool was also admitted to the Privy Council and his term was extended to cover the visit of the Prince of Wales. He retired as Governor-General in 1920 and was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 7 October 1920, during the First World War, Liverpool conferred his name upon a New Zealand infantry regiment. The New Zealand Rifle Brigade was formed in 1915, served with the New Zealand Division during the war and was disbanded in 1919, Lord Liverpool married the Hon. Annette Louise Monck, daughter of Henry Monck, 5th Viscount Monck, in 1897. In the 1918 New Year Honours, Annette, Countess of Liverpool was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire and he owned Hartsholme Hall from 1909 to 1939. He died at his home Canwick Hall in May 1941, aged 70, the Countess of Liverpool died in May 1948, aged 73. Works by or about Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool at Internet Archive
7.
Arthur Guinness (New Zealand politician)
–
Sir Arthur Robert Guinness was a New Zealand politician, and Speaker of the House of Representatives. He was born in Calcutta, India, son of Frank V. Guinness and he was educated at Christs College, Christchurch 1854–1859. He received his education from Edward Harston and then from Garrick and Cowlishaw. Guinness first stood for two-member Grey Valley in the 1876 election and out of the four candidates, in his second attempt in 1884, he defeated the incumbent, Joseph Petrie, in the single-member electorate that was by now called Greymouth. He remained a member of the House of Representatives for Greymouth until 1890 and he belonged to the Liberal Party. He was Chairman of Committees from 1893 to 1902, then the 7th Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1903 until his death in 1913, upon the death of William Steward on 30 October 1912, he became Father of the House. When he died, his replacement from the Grey by-election was Paddy Webb, in 1875, Guinness married Elisabeth Westbrook, daughter of Mr James Westbrook of Launceston. Guinness died on 10 June 1913 and is buried at Greymouth Cemetery and he was a great-grandson of his namesake the Dublin brewer Arthur Guinness. The School list of Christ’s College,1850 to 1995, Christchurch, the Cyclopedia of New Zealand, Wellington Provincial District. Wellington, The Cyclopedia of New Zealand, who’s who in New Zealand and the western Pacific 1908, Wellington, Gordon & Gotch,1908 Kitchingman, Frederick A. Guinness and his days, Greymouth, Greymouth Evening Star Scholefield, Guy, a Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, A–L. I
8.
New Zealand Reform Party
–
The Reform Party, formally the New Zealand Political Reform League, was New Zealands second major political party, having been founded as a conservative response to the original Liberal Party. It was in government between 1912 and 1928, and later formed a coalition with the United Party, and then merged with United to form the modern National Party. The Liberal Party, founded by John Ballance and fortified by Richard Seddon, was dominant in New Zealand politics at the beginning of the 20th century. The conservative opposition, consisting only of independents, was disorganised and demoralised, gradually, however, the Liberals began to falter — the first blow came with the death of Richard Seddon, their popular leader, but other factors contributed to their decline. Importantly for conservatives, the Liberals were slowly losing support from small farmers, having achieved the land reforms, farmers had little reason to continue their support the Liberals, and drifted towards the socially conservative opposition. The Liberals were split between the farmers and the workers, attempting to both and therefore satisfying neither. The attempts of the Liberals to win back the vote were decried by conservatives as socialistic. The conservative opposition, which pledged its opposition to the alleged socialist tendencies of the Liberals, was strengthened, the foundation of the Reform Party was closely associated with this return of the opposition to political significance, and with growing agitation against the Liberal Partys alleged socialism. Also closely linked to the group were the Political Reform League, Aucklands National Association, the opposition began referring to itself as the Reform Party in 1909, and adopted a common platform for contesting elections. Among the partys important policy planks were farmers freehold and the reform of the public service, despite campaigning heavily against the governments socialism, it did not propose to undo the Liberal Partys labour and welfare reforms. In the 1911 elections, the Reform Party managed to win thirty-seven seats compared with thirty-three for the Liberals, supporters of the Liberals denied that Reform had won a mandate to rule, however, pointing out that the country quota worked to inflate Reforms vote. Nevertheless, it did not take long for the Liberal government, now ruling only with the support of independents, william Massey became Prime Minister on 10 July 1912. In government, the Reform Party implemented many of its policies regarding freehold, many other Liberal-era policies were not changed, however, and Reform gained further support from disillusioned members of the Liberal Party. A dockworkers strike in 1913 was also broken, the strikes prompted considerable concern about socialism in certain sectors of society, boosting Reforms results in the 1914 elections. In the 1919 elections, Reform further strengthened its position, despite the emergence of a single united Labour Party, in the 1922 elections, however, the approach of depression cost the government considerably, and Reform was forced to build an unstable coalition of independents. After a period under interim leader Francis Bell, Reform chose Gordon Coates as its new leader, Coates, while not regarded as politically astute, was relatively popular with the public, and campaigned well. In the 1925 elections, Reform won a high number of seats — fifty-five, compared with twelve for Labour. This victory was not as pronounced in the statistics for the vote, however — many believed that Reform had profited from the three-party configuration
9.
Prime Minister of New Zealand
–
The Prime Minister of New Zealand is the head of government of New Zealand. The current prime minister is Bill English of the National Party, the prime minister is the most senior government minister, and chairs cabinet meetings. The office exists by a convention, which originated in New Zealands former colonial power. The convention stipulates that the Governor-General of New Zealand must select as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Representatives and this individual is typically the leader of the political party that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber. The title prime minister had made its first formal appearance in the 1873 Schedule of the Civil List Act and this was changed in 1869 to premier. That title remained in use for more than 30 years, being changed by Richard Seddon to prime minister in 1901 during his tenure in office. Following the declaration of New Zealand as a dominion in 1907, the office of prime minister is not defined by codified laws, but by unwritten customs known as constitutional conventions which developed in Britain and were replicated in New Zealand. The Prime Minister is leader of the cabinet, and takes a coordinating role, the Cabinet Manual 2008 provides an outline of the prime ministers powers and responsibilities. The post of minister is, like other ministerial positions. However, the convention has long since established that the prime minister must have. Historically, this has meant that the prime minister is the parliamentary leader of the largest political party in the House of Representatives. By constitutional convention, the minister holds formal power to advise the sovereign. As head of government, the prime minister alone has the right to advise the governor-general to, Appoint, dismiss, call elections by advising the governor-general to dissolve parliament. The governor-general may reject the advice to dissolve parliament if the minister has recently lost a vote of confidence. The prime minister is regarded by convention as first among equals and they do hold the most senior post in government, but are also required to adhere to any decisions taken by cabinet, as per the convention of cabinet collective responsibility. The ability to appoint and dismiss ministers, furthermore, the MMP electoral system has complicated this, as the prime minister may have to consult with another party leader. The influence a prime minister is likely to have as leader of the dominant party and these powers may give more direct control over subordinates than is attached to the prime ministers role. The power gained simply from being central to most significant decision-making, in addition, like all other ministers and members of parliament, the prime minister receives annual allowances for travel and lodging, as do the prime ministers spouse and children
10.
William Massey
–
William Ferguson Massey, often known as Bill Massey or Farmer Bill, was the 19th Prime Minister of New Zealand, from 1912 to 1925, and the founder of the Reform Party. He is widely considered to have one of the more skilled politicians of his time. After Richard Seddon, he is the second-longest-serving Prime Minister of New Zealand, Massey was born in 1856 into a Protestant farming family, and grew up in Limavady, County Londonderry in Ireland. His father John Massey and his mother Marianne née Ferguson were tenant farmers and his family arrived in New Zealand on 21 October 1862 on board the Indian Empire as Nonconformist settlers, although Massey remained in Ireland for a further eight years to complete his education. After arriving on 10 December 1870 on the City of Auckland, Massey worked as a farmhand for some years before acquiring his own farm in Mangere, south Auckland, in 1882 Massey married his neighbours daughter, Christina Allan Paul. Massey gradually became prominent in his community. This was partly due to his involvement in the school board, the debating society. Because of his prominence in these circles, he involved in political debate. In 1893 Massey stood as a candidate in the election in the Franklin electorate, losing to the Liberal candidate. In early 1894 he was invited to contest a by-election in the electorate of Waitemata. In the 1896 election he stood for the Franklin electorate, which he represented until he died in 1925, Massey joined the ranks of the independent MPs opposing the Liberal Party, led by Richard Seddon. They were poorly organised and dispirited, and had little chance of unseating the Liberals, William Russell, the Leader of the Opposition, was able to command only 15 votes. Massey brought increased vigour to the conservative faction, while the conservatives rallied for a time, support for the Liberals increased markedly during the Second Boer War, leaving the conservatives devastated. Masseys political career survived the period, despite a challenge by William Herries, after Seddons death the Liberals were led by Joseph Ward, who proved more vulnerable to Masseys attacks. In particular, Massey made gains by claiming that alleged corruption and his conservative politics also benefited him when voters grew concerned about militant unionism and the supposed threat of socialism. In February 1909, Massey announced the creation of the Reform Party from his New Zealand Political Reform League, the party was to be led by him and backed by his conservative colleagues. In the 1911 election the Reform Party won more seats than the Liberal Party, the Liberals, relying on support from independents who had not joined Reform, were able to stay in power until the following year, when they lost a vote of confidence. Massey was sworn in as Prime Minister on 10 July 1912, two days later it was reported in the press on 12 July that he had accepted the appointment of Honorary Commandant of the Auckland District of the Legion of Frontiersmen
11.
Minister of Finance (New Zealand)
–
The Minister of Finance, originally known as Colonial Treasurer, is a senior figure within the government of New Zealand. The position is considered to be the most important cabinet post after that of the Prime Minister. The current Minister of Finance is Steven Joyce, there are also two Associate Minister roles. They are currently held by Amy Adams and Simon Bridges, the Minister of Finance is responsible for producing an annual New Zealand budget outlining the governments proposed expenditure. According to Parliaments Standing Orders, the Minister of Finance may veto any bill which would have a significant impact on the governments budget plans. The Minister of Finance also supervises the Treasury, which is the primary advisor on matters of economic. As such, the Minister of Finance has broad control of the spending, making the position quite powerful. Some analysts, such as Jonathan Boston, claim that the Minister of Finance can sometimes hold more influence than the Prime Minister, gordon Coates, Finance Minister in the early 1930s, was sometimes such a figure. The office of Minister of Finance has existed since 1841, apart from the office of Prime Minister itself, the only other cabinet posts to have existed since the first cabinet are those of Attorney-General and Minister of Internal Affairs. Originally, the holder of the post was designated Colonial Treasurer and this occurred in 1907, during the cabinet of Joseph Ward. In the past, several Prime Ministers took on the post of Minister of Finance themselves, robert Muldoon, the last person to concurrently serve as Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, created considerable controversy by doing so. It is more common, however, for a Deputy Prime Minister to serve as Minister of Finance, bob Tizard, Michael Cullen and the current Prime Minister Bill English served as Deputy Prime Minister when in the position as Minister of Finance. After the 1996 elections, the role of the Minister of Finance was split between two portfolios – that of Minister of Finance and that of Treasurer. The position of Treasurer was senior to that of the Minister of Finance and it was established especially for Winston Peters, leader of New Zealand First, who demanded it as part of the deal
12.
James Allen (New Zealand politician)
–
Sir James Allen GCMG KCB VD was a prominent New Zealand politician and diplomat. He held a number of the most important political offices in the country, including Minister of Finance and he was also New Zealands Minister of Defence during World War I. Allen was born in Adelaide, Australia. After his mothers death, his father took him to Dunedin, New Zealand. In either 1861 or 1862, however, Allen and his brother were given into the care of an uncle in Somerset, shortly afterwards, Allens father also died, leaving him an orphan. Despite this rather turbulent beginning to his life, Allen made a good start, after first attending Clifton College in Bristol, he gained admittance to St Johns College at Cambridge University. He graduated with a BA in 1877, shortly afterwards, Allen decided to return to Dunedin, where he had inherited a significant amount of property from his father. In Dunedin, Allen was highly successful, serving on the City Council and he left for England once again in 1883, studying at the Royal School of Mines for several years. When he returned to Dunedin, he established a presence in Otagos coal, in 1887, Allen decided to enter national politics, standing in the Dunedin East seat as a conservative opponent to Robert Stout, the Premier. Few expected a first-time challenger to defeat the Premier, but amazingly, Allens own tenure as MP for Dunedin East was short, however, as he was himself voted out of office at the next election. In 1892, however, Allen returned to Parliament after winning a by-election in the rural Otago electorate of Bruce, gradually, Allen developed a reputation as a solid performer in Parliament. He lacked the skills at oratory of some of his contemporaries, but he was nevertheless considered dependable, reasonable, and practical. When Reform won the 1911 election, Massey became Prime Minister and his primary responsibilities were finance, education, and defence in the Reform Government, and he was very active in all three portfolios. As Minister of Finance, he attempted to curtail the spending of the outgoing Premier, Joseph Ward, as Minister of Education, he was responsible for legislation that guaranteed statutory funding for universities. As Minister of Defence, he encouraged New Zealands development of naval and air capabilities independent of the United Kingdom and he also reversed the previous governments policy of opposing close defence co-operation with Australia. In World War I, Allen was a figure in New Zealands war effort. His reforms of the training program were widely credited with allowing a rapid deployment of New Zealand forces. In August 1915, a coalition government was formed, and Allen lost his finance and education roles to members of the erstwhile Opposition. Towards the end of the war, when both Massey and Ward travelled overseas for meetings and conferences, Allen was Acting Prime Minister - in total, he spent nearly two years in this role
13.
Chief Justice of New Zealand
–
The Chief Justice of New Zealand is the head of the New Zealand judiciary, and presides over the Supreme Court of New Zealand. Before the establishment of the court in 2004 the Chief Justice was the presiding judge in the High Court of New Zealand and was also ex officio a member of the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. The office is established by the Judicature Act 1908, the Governor-General of New Zealand appoints the Chief Justice on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Chief Justice acts in place of the Governor-General if one has not been appointed or if the appointee is unable to perform his or her duties, when acting in place of the Governor-General, the Chief Justice is known as the Administrator of the Government. Sir James Prendergast GCMG Rt Hon, sir Charles Skerrett KCMG KC Rt Hon. Sir Michael Myers GCMG KC Rt Hon, sir Humphrey OLeary KCMG KC Rt Hon. Sir Harold Barrowclough KCMG CB DSO MC ED Rt Hon, sir Richard Wild GBE KCMG QC Rt Hon. Sir Ronald Davison GBE CMG QC Rt Hon, sir Thomas Eichelbaum GBE QC Rt Hon. Dame Sian Elias GNZM PC QC Ministry of Justice - The Chief Justice Administrators of the Government
14.
Robert Stout
–
Sir Robert Stout KCMG was a New Zealand politician who was the 13th Premier of New Zealand on two occasions in the late 19th century, and later Chief Justice of New Zealand. He was the person to hold both these offices. He was noted for his support of causes such as womens suffrage. Born in the town of Lerwick in Scotlands Shetland Islands, Stout retained an attachment to the Shetland Islands throughout his life. He received an education and eventually qualified as a teacher. He also qualified as a surveyor in 1860 and he became highly interested in politics through his extended family, which often met to discuss and debate political issues of the day. Stout was exposed to different political philosophies during his youth. In 1863, Stout emigrated to Dunedin, New Zealand, once there, he quickly became involved in political debate, which he greatly enjoyed. He also became active in the Freethought circles of the city, after failing to find employment as a surveyor on the Otago gold-fields, Stout returned to education, holding a number of senior teaching positions at the high-school level. Eventually, however, Stout moved away from education and entered the legal profession, in 1867 he was working in the law firm of William Downie Stewart, Sr. He was called to the bar in 1871, and proved to be a highly successful trial-lawyer and he also became one of Otago Universitys first students, studying political economy and the theory of morality. He later became the universitys first law-lecturer, Stouts political career started with his election to the Otago Provincial Council. Stout successfully contested an August 1875 by-election in the Caversham electorate and he unsuccessfully opposed moves by the central government to abolish the provinces. At the 1875 election a few later, he was returned in the City of Dunedin electorate. On 13 March 1878, Stout became Attorney-General in the government of Premier George Grey and he had a hand in a number of significant pieces of legislation while in this role. On 25 July 1878, Stout gained the role of Minister of Lands. A strong advocate of reform, Stout worked towards the goal of state ownership of land. He often expressed fears that private ownership would lead to the sort of powerful landlord class that existed in Britain, Stout also supported taxation of privately owned land, especially gains in value
15.
Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)
–
The Leader of the Opposition in New Zealand is the politician who, at least in theory, commands the support of the non-government bloc of members in the Parliament of New Zealand. In the debating chamber the Leader of the Opposition sits directly opposite the Prime Minister, the current Leader of the Opposition is Andrew Little, the Leader of the Labour Party. By convention, the Leader of the Opposition is the leader of the largest party of the Opposition, the Leader of the Opposition does not have a large official role, as most of the posts functions are ceremonial. Nevertheless, there are ways in which the Leader of the Opposition participates directly in affairs of state. The Leader of the Opposition also receives a higher salary than other members of the Opposition, for much of the countrys early history, the role was not a formal one. It was only when the Liberal Party was formed that any unified leadership appeared in Parliament, john Ballance, leader of the Liberals is usually considered the first Leader of the Opposition in the modern sense. When Ballance led the Liberals into government in 1891, they faced no opposition in a party sense. However, their opponents gradually coalesced around a leader, William Massey, who became Opposition leader in 1903, and in 1909 became the first leader of the new Reform Party. After this, the Leader of the Opposition would always be the leader of the largest party in the House of Representatives that had not undertaken to support the Government of the day. One notable exception to this was during World War I, when the opposition Liberal Party accepted the governing Reform Partys offer to form a wartime coalition, Prime Minister Massey also extended the offer to the new Labour Party who rejected it. This made Labour the largest party not in government, however their leader Alfred Hindmarsh was not recognized as the Leader of the Opposition, joseph Ward, who became Deputy Prime Minister in the wartime cabinet still retained the title, albeit in name only. During the 1910s and 1920s, the role of Opposition alternated between the Liberal and Reform parties, after the 1925 Election there was no official Leader of the Opposition until Rex Mason of Labour won the seat of Eden in the by-election held on 15 April 1926. Labour became superseded the Liberals as the opposition and their leader Harry Holland became Leader of the Opposition. The 1928 General Election put United in government for the last time, Reform then became the Opposition, however in 1931 Reform entered into coalition with the Liberals, and Labour then became the Opposition, despite being the third party. With the introduction of the MMP voting system, first used in the 1996 general elections, now, though the leader of the largest non-Government party still becomes the Leader of the Opposition, there will usually be several parties who are in opposition. An example of this arose after the 2002 general elections, when the National Party gained only 27 seats and this prompted calls from a number of parties, notably New Zealand First and the Greens, for the abolition or reform of the post. It was argued by these parties that the position had become an anachronism in the modern multi-party environment, however, with the resurrection of the National Party in the 2005 general election, a more traditional relationship between Government and Opposition has been restored. A table of Leaders of the Opposition is below, the table begins in 1891, when the first real political party was founded
16.
Joseph Ward
–
Sir Joseph George Ward, 1st Baronet, GCMG, PC was the 17th Prime Minister of New Zealand on two occasions in the early 20th century. Ward was born in Melbourne on 26 April 1856 to a Roman Catholic family of Irish descent and his father, who is believed to have been an alcoholic, died in 1860, aged 31 – Ward was raised by his mother, Hannah. In 1863, the moved to Bluff, in New Zealands Southland region, seeking better financial security – Hannah Ward established a shop. Ward received his education at primary schools in Melbourne and Bluff. He did not go to secondary school and he did, however, read extensively, and also picked up a good understanding of business from his mother. In 1869, Ward found a job at the Post Office, later, with the help of a loan from his mother, Ward began to work as a freelance trader, selling supplies to the newly established Southland farming community. Ward became involved in local politics very quickly and he was elected to the Campbelltown Borough Council in 1878, despite being only 21 years old – at age 25 he became Mayor, the youngest in New Zealand. He also served on the Bluff Harbour Board, eventually becoming its chairman, in 1887, Ward stood for Parliament, winning the seat of Awarua. Politically, Ward was a supporter of such as Julius Vogel and Robert Stout. Ward became known as a strong debater on economic matters, in 1891, when the newly founded Liberal Party came to power, the new Prime Minister, John Ballance, appointed Ward as Postmaster General. Later, when Richard Seddon became Prime Minister after Ballances death, Wards basic political outlook was that the state existed to support and promote private enterprise, and his conduct as Treasurer reflects this. Wards increasing occupation with government affairs led to neglect of his own interests, however. In 1896, a judge declared Ward hopelessly insolvent and this placed Ward, as Treasurer, in a politically difficult situation, and he was forced to resign his portfolios on 16 June. In 1897, he was forced to file for bankruptcy, which legally obligated him to resign his seat in Parliament, a loophole meant that there was nothing to stop him contesting it again, however. In the resulting by-election he was elected with an increased majority, gradually, Ward rebuilt his businesses, and paid off his creditors. Seddon, still Prime Minister, quickly reappointed him to Cabinet where he served as Minister of Railways, Ward gradually emerged as the most prominent of Seddons supporters, and was seen as a possible successor. As Seddons long tenure as Prime Minister continued, some suggested that Ward should challenge Seddon for the leadership, Ward was in London at the time. It was generally agreed in the party that Ward would succeed him, Ward was sworn in on 6 August 1906
17.
New Zealand Liberal Party
–
The New Zealand Liberal Party was the first real political party in New Zealand. It governed from 1891 until 1912, the Liberal strategy was to create a large class of small land-owning farmers who supported Liberal ideals, by buying large tracts of Maori land and selling it to small farmers on credit. In 1893 it extended voting rights to women, making New Zealand the first country in the world to enact universal female suffrage, New Zealand gained international attention for the Liberal reforms, especially how the state regulated labour relations. Of special note were innovations in the areas of maximum hour regulations, minimum wage laws, the goal was to encourage unions but discourage strikes and class conflict. The impact was strong on the reform movement in the United States. Coleman argues that the Liberals in 1891 lacked a clearcut ideology to guide them, instead they approached the nations problems pragmatically, keeping in mind the constraints imposed by democratic public opinion. To deal with the issue of distribution, they worked out innovative solutions to access, tenure. Out of office after 1912, the Liberals gradually found themselves pressed between the conservative Reform Party and the growing Labour Party, the Liberals fragmented in the 1920s, and the remnants of the Liberal Party eventually merged with Reform in 1936 to establish the modern National Party. Prior to the establishment of the Liberal Party, MPs were all independent, some of these factions were occasionally referred to as parties, but were vague and ill-defined. Towards the 1880s, however, factions had gradually become stabilised along lines of liberalism and conservatism, the key figure in the establishment of the Liberal Party was John Ballance. Ballance, an MP, had served in a number of liberal-orientated governments, and had held office in posts such as Treasurer, Minister of Defence and he had a well-established reputation as a liberal, and was known for supporting land reform, womens suffrage, and Māori rights. In the 1890 elections, Ballance led his faction to victory. Ballance and his allies, recognising the benefit that they had gained from their unity, the Liberal Party, with common policies and a well-defined leadership, was proclaimed. The Liberal Party drew its support from two basic sources — the cities, and small farmers, in the cities, the Liberals were supported particularly strongly by workers and labourers, but also by the more socially progressive members of the middle class. In the countryside, the Liberals won support from farmers who lacked the ability to compete with the large runholders. Both groups saw themselves as being mistreated and oppressed by what had been described as New Zealands early colonial gentry — the well-educated and aristocratic land-owners and commercial magnates. It was this group that most strongly opposed the Liberal Party, in power, the Liberals enacted a large number of reforms. This was made possible by their unity — previously, reforms had stalled due to the need for long, among the changes introduced were land reforms, progressive taxes on land and income, and legislation to improve the working conditions of urban labourers
18.
Mayor of Auckland
–
The Mayor of Auckland is the directly elected head of the Auckland Council, the local government authority for the Auckland Region in New Zealand, which it controls as a unitary authority. The mayor has significant executive powers, their own staff and the ability to appoint the chairpersons of the councils committees, the position was first elected on 9 October 2010 for the establishment of the Auckland Council on 1 November 2010. The Council replaced seven territorial authority councils and the Auckland Regional Council, before 2010, the term Mayor of Auckland applied to the mayor of Auckland City Council. The mayoral office had a budget of $4.1 million, Brown preferred not to use the honorific His Worship. Contenders in the 2013 Auckland mayoral election included Brown, John Minto, Brown announced in November 2015 that he would not contest the 2016 mayoralty election. There were 19 contenders for the position, and Phil Goff won against Victoria Crone, John Palino, and Chlöe Swarbrick
19.
Mayor of Wellington City
–
The Mayor of Wellington City is the head of the municipal government of Wellington, New Zealand, and presides over the Wellington City Council. Adjacent local bodies – Lower Hutt, Upper Hutt, and Porirua – have their own mayors, the Mayor is directly elected using STV. The current Mayor is Justin Lester, elected in October 2016, the development of local government in Wellington was erratic. The first attempt to establish governmental institutions, the so-called Wellington Republic, was short lived and based on rules written by the New Zealand Company, colonel William Wakefield was to be the first President. The office of mayor was established, but there were two holders of this office under the Ordinance. George Hunter received the most votes in the election for 12 Burgesses to the new council on 3 October 1842 and was declared mayor and he died suddenly on 19 July 1843. William Guyton was then declared mayor, as runner-up in 1842, after a brief period of little local government, the Province of Wellington was established in 1852, and most of Wellingtons affairs were handled by the provincial government. Initially, the elected one of their own as mayor towards the end of the year. The role was awarded to the longest serving councillor. The system changed upon the introduction of The Municipal Corporations Acts Amendment Act,1875 and it legislated that mayors must be elected at large by eligible voters. The inaugural mayoral election was held in 1875 resulting in William Hutchison being the first mayor to be elected by voters, in 1863, a Town Board was established with three wards, but no Mayor. On 16 September 1870, Wellington was officially incorporated as a city, and a new mayoralty created, the establishment of the new council was primarily driven by John Plimmer, called by some the Father of Wellington. Since then the office of Mayor has been held by 34 people, five people have been Mayor on two separate occasions, and the longest-serving Mayor was Sir Frank Kitts, from 1956 to 1974
20.
John Luke (politician)
–
Sir John-Pearce Luke CMG was a New Zealand politician. Luke was Mayor of Wellington from 1913–1921 and Member of Parliament for Wellington Suburbs 1908–1911 and his brother Charles Manley Luke had previously also been Mayor of Wellington in 1895. Sir John Pearce was nicknamed Peanut because he was short, born at St Just, near Penzance, Cornwall, England, to Samuel and Ann Luke, John Luke came to New Zealand with his parents in July 1874 after the Cornish tin industry failed. Luke completed his apprenticeship with the Lion Foundry, and worked on various projects before joining his fathers newly established Te Aro Engineering Works in 1879. After initially struggling the business was successful and constructed several steamships, in June 1886 his oldest brother William died after a short and painful illness in his 34th year followed by his next oldest brother, Samuel, at 32 years of age, in December. Luke was first elected to the city council in 1898 and served between that year and 1911 and he was responsible for the expansion of the Wellington tramway system. The Returned Soldiers Association conferred upon them the honour of membership of the organisation. Luke contested the 1905 Wellington City mayoral election and of the six candidates, from 1911 until 1918 he was not a member of Parliament, and was re-elected to Parliament in the 1918 by-election as a member of the Reform Party and again 1919, in the Wellington North electorate. He held this electorate continuously until the election of 1928. Luke was married in 1880 to Jacobina McGregor and he was knighted in the 1921 Birthday Honours for his work in combatting the 1918 flu pandemic, having previously been made a CMG. He was leader of the New Zealand delegation which visited South Africa in 1924 in connection with the Empire Parliamentary Association and he died suddenly on 7 December 1931, and was survived by his wife, four sons, and one daughter. His funeral service was held at St. Pauls Cathedral in Wellington, followed by a private cremation, with his ashes buried at Karori Cemetery. Lukes Lane in the Wellington CBD is named after the business, Lukes Foundry. Lukes Foundry built New Zealands first steel ship, and several lighthouses, Sir John Pearce and his wife, Lady Jacobina Luke, donated the decorative iron gates at the entrance to Central Park, in Brooklyn, Wellington. Lady Luke was President of the Victoria League Wellington Branch from 1920 to 1922 Perry, Stuart, No Mean City, Wellington, Wellington City Council Taylor History – John Pearce Luke
21.
Mayor of Christchurch
–
The Mayor of Christchurch is the head of the municipal government of Christchurch, New Zealand, and presides over the Christchurch City Council. The mayor is elected using a First Past the Post electoral system. The current mayor, Lianne Dalziel, was first elected in the October 2013 mayoral election and was re-elected in October 2016, the current deputy mayor is Andrew Turner. Christchurch was initially governed by the chairman of the town council, in 1868, the chairman became the city councils first mayor as determined by his fellow city councillors. Since 1875, the mayor is elected by voters and, after an uncontested election. Christchurch became a city by Royal charter on 31 July 1856, since 1862, chairmen were in charge of local government. Five chairmen presided in the years, The town council held a meeting on 10 June 1868 to elect its first mayor. In those days, councillors were elected for terms, and once a year elected one of their group as mayor. Thomson moved that Wilson be elected as the first mayor of Christchurch, the chairman put the motion to the meeting and it was carried unanimously. With the meeting, the council had brought itself under the Municipal Corporations Act 1867, hence, the last chairman became the first mayor in 1868. The first chairman became mayor 44 years later in 1906, there have been 46 holders of the position. The longest-serving was Sir Hamish Hay, who held the post for 15 years, the shortest mayoralty was by Tommy Taylor in 1911, who died three months after being elected. Wilsons term, at just over six months, was the second shortest, Vicki Buck and the current mayor, Lianne Dalziel, have been the only female mayors so far. Initially, councillors elected one of their own as mayor towards the end of the year, most elections were unanimous, and the newly elected mayor was instantly regarded as the head of the council. The system changed with the introduction of The Municipal Corporations Acts Amendment Act,1875, fred Hobbs, the incumbent, was the only candidate nominated, so he was declared elected unopposed on 17 December 1875. James Gapes was the first mayor elected at large on 20 December 1876, the newly elected person was from that point the mayor-elect, until he was sworn in, Gapes was sworn in on 2 January 1877. Despite this, Taylors death in 1911 resulted in councillors electing their fellow councillor John Joseph Dougall as mayor as required by the legislation for such cases, mayors were initially appointed and then elected for one year, elections started following the Municipal Corporations Act of 1876. This was changed to biennial elections on the last Wednesday in April with the Municipal Corporations Amendment Act,1913, the act came into force in March 1915 and thus first applied at the April 1915 mayoral election
22.
Henry Holland (mayor)
–
Henry Holland CBE was a New Zealand politician of the Reform Party, and Mayor of Christchurch from 1912 to 1919. Holland was born in Nafferton, East Yorkshire, England in 1859 and his parents were the farmers Ann and Robert Holland. The family emigrated to New Zealand when Henry Holland was four, Holland was made a Justice of the Peace in 1907, and in 1911 was elected to the Christchurch City Council for the Central Ward. He was a friend of Tommy Taylor, the 1912 mayoral election was held on 24 April, and it was contested by the incumbent John Joseph Dougall, Holland, and Henry Thacker. Like the previous election in April 1911, the incumbent came last, Holland was successful with 4,127 votes, with Thacker and Dougall receiving 2,931 and 2,637 votes, respectively. Holland was installed as mayor on 1 May 1912, Holland was Mayor of Christchurch for seven years. The 1917 mayoral election was contested by Holland and the MP James McCombs along the lines of win-the-war, the result was a crushing defeat of McCombs, Holland received 12,177 votes and McCombs received 5,381. Holland retired from the mayoralty in 1919, the election was contested by three candidates, Henry Holland was the Member of Parliament for Christchurch North from 1925 to 1935, when he retired. Holland and his wife, Jane, were awarded the OBE for service in World War I and he was subsequently promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire. In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal and his son, Sidney Holland, was the 25th Prime Minister from 1949–1957. Holland died on 29 December 1944 and was buried at Linwood Cemetery
23.
Mayor of Dunedin
–
The Mayor of Dunedin is the head of the municipal government of Dunedin, New Zealand, and presides over the Dunedin City Council. The Mayor is directly elected, using the Single Transferable Vote system in 2007, the current Mayor is Dave Cull who was first elected in 2010 and confirmed in 2013. The mayor has always elected at large, with the inaugural election in 1865. Up until 1915, the term of mayor was for one year only, from 1915 to 1935, the term was two years. Since the 1935 mayoral election, the term has been three years, the role of Deputy Mayor was established in 1917. City Of Dunedin, A Century of Civic Enterprise, DCC website - election results DCC website - councillors since 1865
24.
Totalisator
–
A tote board is a large numeric or alphanumeric display used to convey information, typically at a race track or at a telethon. Parimutuel systems had used totalisator boards since the 1860s and they were housed in substantial buildings. However the manual systems often resulted in delays in calculations of better payouts. The first all-mechanical totalisator was invented by George Julius, Julius was a consulting engineer, based in Sydney. That attitude had changed by late 1907 when he argued that the totalisator removed much of the evil of gambling with bookmakers, bishop Julius was himself a noted amateur mechanic with a reputation for fixing clocks and organs in parishes he visited. The first all-mechanical machine was installed at Ellerslie Racecourse in New Zealand in 1913, George Julius founded Automatic Totalisators Limited in 1917, which supplied the Premier Totalisator, now including electrical components. The first totalisators installed in the United States were at Hialeah Park, Florida, in 1932, the first entirely electronic totalisator was developed in 1966. Totalisators have been superseded by general purpose computers running specialised wagering software such as Autotote, in many cases beyond older systems, telethon tote boards have either been replaced by LCD displays showing totals, or scoreboards adapted to display dollar amounts. An automatic totalisator is a device to add up the bets in a betting system. The whole of the pot is divided pro rata to the placed on the winning competitor. Essentially it implements a system of starting price betting, the machine did not actually calculate the payout
25.
Easter
–
It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus, preceded by Lent, a forty-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance. In Western Christianity, Eastertide, or the Easter Season, begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks, ending with the coming of the fiftieth day, Pentecost Sunday. In Eastern Christianity, the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the fortieth day, the Feast of the Ascension. The First Council of Nicaea established two rules, independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity, which were the rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the council. No details for the computation were specified, these were worked out in practice and it has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March, but calculations vary. Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism, in many languages, the words for Easter and Passover are identical or very similar. Easter customs vary across the Christian world, and include services, exclaiming the Paschal greeting, clipping the church. The Easter lily, a symbol of the resurrection, traditionally decorates the area of churches on this day. Additional customs that have associated with Easter and are observed by both Christians and some non-Christians include egg hunting, the Easter Bunny, and Easter parades. There are also various traditional Easter foods that vary regionally, however, it is possible that Bede was only speculating about the origin of the term since there is no firm evidence that such a goddess actually existed. In Greek and Latin, the Christian celebration was, and still is, called Πάσχα, Pascha, the word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover, commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt. In most of the non-English speaking world, the feast is known by names derived from Greek, Pascha is also a name by which Jesus himself is remembered in the Orthodox Church, especially in connection with his resurrection and with the season of its celebration. The New Testament states that the resurrection of Jesus, which Easter celebrates, is a foundation of the Christian faith, the resurrection established Jesus as the powerful Son of God and is cited as proof that God will judge the world in righteousness. For those who trust in Jesus death and resurrection, death is swallowed up in victory, any person who chooses to follow Jesus receives a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead. Through faith in the working of God those who follow Jesus are spiritually resurrected with him so that they may walk in a new way of life and receive eternal salvation. Easter is linked to the Passover and Exodus from Egypt recorded in the Old Testament through the Last Supper, sufferings and crucifixion of Jesus that preceded the resurrection. According to the New Testament, Jesus gave the Passover meal a new meaning, as in the room during the Last Supper he prepared himself. He identified the matzah and cup of wine as his soon to be sacrificed
26.
Ellerslie, New Zealand
–
Ellerslie is a suburb of the city of Auckland, on the North Island of New Zealand. It is a small but dynamic town centre with a community spirit. Ellerslie lies seven kilometres to the southeast of the city centre, close to State Highway 1, and has a population of 8667. Administratively, Ellerslie forms part of the Orakei Local Board, which includes the suburbs of Orākei, Mission Bay, Kohimarama, Saint Heliers, Glendowie, Saint Johns, Meadowbank. To the west, Ellerslie borders on the One Tree Hill area, largely a residential suburb, the area is arguably best-known as the site of Aucklands main horse-racing venue, Ellerslie Racecourse, as well as the original site of the Ellerslie Flower Show. The suburb was named by local politician and entrepreneur Robert Graham, after his fathers home in Elderslie in Renfrewshire. Graham arrived in Auckland in October 1842 as an immigrant from Scotland. In 1848 Graham bought two blocks of land where, after his marriage to Sophia Swann in 1852, he built the ‘Ellerslie House’ as a family homestead. Adjacent to this home was a track along which Mrs Graham was in the habit of riding her horse every morning, many of the local streets bear names of Graham family members. In 1873 the railway from Auckland was extended to reach Ellerslie and it is likely that Graham developed part of his property as the Ellerslie Zoological Gardens because of this development. The gardens included flower beds, fountains, a bandstand, dance pavilion and this made Ellerslie a popular leisure centre for Aucklanders. In 1886 much of the Graham farm was subdivided for housing, horse races were already being held in Ellerslie since 1857, but in 1886 the Racing Club acquired a permanent site from the Graham family, including the Zoological Gardens. The racecourse had its own station for race days, and was a prominent feature of the Ellerslie area up until its heyday in the 1920s and 1930s. Next to Ellerslie Train Station a small township developed, servicing not only the local residents, as the 20th century progressed the surrounding rural land disappeared and Ellerslie became absorbed into suburban Auckland. The original local authority was Ellerslie Town District, established in 1908, the Borough of Ellerslie was formally declared on 1 April 1938. In 1989 Ellerslie was amalgamated into Auckland City Council, the area has seen strong population growth in the recent past, growing 32% in the inner Ellerslie area between 1991 and 2001. Ellerslie is now a suburb with convenient access to the city centre for commuting. The town centre is pleasant with good services, while retaining a sense of community, housing in the area is well planned and close to a number of attractive parks, such as Michaels Avenue Reserve and Waiatarua Reserve
27.
Auckland
–
Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads
28.
Avondale, Auckland
–
Avondale is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand, located in the Whau ward, one of the thirteen administrative divisions for the Auckland Council. It is commonly considered to be part of West Auckland and it was originally called Te Whau, which is the common name, of Māori origin, for Entelea arborescens, a native tree. The first European settler in the area was John Sheddon Adam in 1843, expansion was rapid, with churches, stores and a public hall built by 1867. With a railway connection to the settlement in 1880, the rate of settlement increased further. Te Whau became Avondale District on 5 June 1882, although the old name survives in the Whau River, an arm of the Waitemata Harbour. A prominent community leader and Member of Parliament was John Bollard, early industries included brickyards, tanneries, mills and pottery works. Avondale also had market gardens, especially on the Rosebank Peninsula. It was here that the Hayward cultivar of the Chinese gooseberry, from the mid-1920s Avondale became increasingly suburban. In 1927 the Avondale Borough Council was absorbed into the Auckland City Council, Avondale is home to Avondale College, the third largest high school in New Zealand. The Avondale Jockey Club operates the Avondale Racecourse - one of only two tracks in suburban Auckland and the location of the Sunday markets, the largest in the country. Avondale Railway Station Waterview Connection Lisa Truttman,2003, Heart of The Whau, The Story of the Centre of Avondale 1841-2001, photographs of Avondale held in Auckland Libraries heritage collections
29.
Vivian Walsh (aviator)
–
Vivian Claude Walsh was an English-born New Zealand engineer. Vivian and his elder brother Leo Austin Walsh were pioneers of New Zealand aviation, Vivian and Leo built a British Howard Wright biplane, which Vivian first flew on 5 February 1911. This was the first recognised powered flight made in New Zealand and they established the New Zealand Flying School in 1915 to train pilots for the Royal Flying Corps, building their own series of flying boat trainers. Vivian died in 1950, and Leo in 1951, the Auckland Branch of the Royal Aeronautical Society, concerned to preserve the memory of the brothers contribution, formed the Walsh Memorial Air Pageant Organisation. Several events raised significant monies for educational purposes - now administered via the New Zealand Aeronautical Trusts Ltd, other memorials include, A statue at Mission Bay to commemorate both Walsh brothers. The annual Walsh Memorial Scout Flying School run by the Scout Association of New Zealand, Walsh Memorial Library at the Museum of Transport and Technology in Auckland. Richard Pearse George Bolt Bert Pither
30.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
31.
Auckland Domain
–
The Auckland Domain is Aucklands oldest park, and at 75 hectares one of the largest in the city. Located in the suburb of Grafton, the park contains all of the explosion crater. The park is home to one of Aucklands main tourist attractions, the Auckland War Memorial Museum, several sports fields occupy the floor of the crater, circling to the south of the cone, while the rim opposite the Museum hosts the cricket pavilion and Auckland City Hospital. The Wintergarden, with two beautiful glass houses, lie on the side of the central scoria cone. The fernery has been constructed in an old quarry in part of the cone, the duck ponds lie in the northern sector of the explosion crater, which is breached to the north with a small overflow stream. Its tuff ring, created by explosive eruptions, is made of a mixture of volcanic ash, lapilli. Its eruption followed soon after the neighbouring Grafton Volcano was created, destroying that volcanos eastern parts and these origins are still somewhat visible in that the Duck Ponds are freshwater-fed from the drainage of the crater. The crater swamp meanwhile provided eels and water, Pukekawa means hill of bitter memories in the Māori language, and likely refers to various hard-fought tribal battles between the Ngapuhi and the Ngati Whatua iwi. A sacred totara, commemorating the battles and their settlement, was reputedly planted by princess Te Puea Herangi. In 1828 the central cone was the site of a meeting between Northern and Waikato iwi. After the Europeans bought the land from the Ngati Whatua, it was set aside as a reserve in 1843 by Governor FitzRoy. It remains one of the citys greatest assets and it was initially called Auckland Park, but was soon referred to on maps and documents as the Auckland Domain. During the 1860s the Domain springs were a source of water for the town of Auckland, the Auckland cricket team played all their home matches at the Domain until 1913, when they moved to Eden Park. The Auckland Acclimatisation Society located their gardens here in 1862 which were developed into the Auckland Botanic Gardens. Parts of the layout still exist north of the band rotunda including some greenhouses from the 1870s, in the 1850s the then Governor-General Gore-Browne eyed up the Domain as the setting for the new Government House. He was displeased with both the houses location in Waterloo Quadrant and also its style. Plans were drawn up, but the project stalled, the administration at the time, refused to authorise funds for the project. Most problematic from a point of view was the alienation of land from public usage
32.
New Lynn
–
New Lynn is a residential suburb in Auckland, New Zealand. It has 5859 occupied dwellings and a population of 16,461, the population has seen a 17 per cent increase since 2001. New Lynn is located towards the west of the Auckland urban area,10 kilometres to the southwest of the Auckland city centre, the former boundary between Waitakere City and Auckland City lay at the eastern edge of the suburb. Suburbs surrounding New Lynn include Blockhouse Bay, Avondale, Titirangi, New Lynn is located at a narrowing of the Auckland isthmus, and one of the two narrowest points joining the Northland Peninsula to the rest of the North Island. At this point, between the Whau River in the north and Blockhouse Bay in the south, the island is a mere 2800 metres wide. The town centre is undergoing a transformation as part of the Auckland City brownfield redevelopment programme, in the town centre one of Aucklands main public transit interchanges links west Auckland with other parts of the city by rail and bus. At the southern end of the suburb is one of Aucklands best known golf courses, although the early houses in New Lynn were made of locally produced brick, most older houses are of weatherboard and corrugated iron, and were originally on large sections. Many of these sections have since been subdivided, with modern brick, high-density housing is predominantly near the railway line, with the start of a trend towards high rise apartments being built in the town centre. Māori use of the area long before the arrival of Europeans. A brickyard was established by Dr Pollen by Whau Creek in 1852 and he brought in brickmakers from Staffordshire in England, four of whom later established their own yards along the creek. By 1870 there were 13 brick and clay yards on the local waterways, many of the ceramics companies failed due to the 1880s depression, competition, and changing preferences to use wood rather than bricks for construction. By 1910, there were only two companies in New Lynn, and two more in Avondale. New Lynn became a Town District in 1910, and a Borough in 1939, one of the ceramics companies grew to become the largest brick-producer in New Zealand. A merger of four companies in 1929 formed the Amalgamated Brick and Pipe Company and it produced the well-known Crown Lynn pottery. In 1935, the population of New Lynn was 3,500, the Great Depression caused high levels of unemployment. During World War II, the area was considered due to the Whau River. Machine gun posts and tank traps were built, and the bridge over the Whau was mined with explosives, fear of possible Japanese bombing led to air raid shelters being built. LynnMall was the first American-style shopping mall in Auckland when it opened in 1963 and it became the first air-conditioned mall in New Zealand in 1987, the first to open on Sundays in 1991, and the first to be smoke-free in 1994
33.
Aircraft
–
An aircraft is a machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the lift of an airfoil. The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called aviation, crewed aircraft are flown by an onboard pilot, but unmanned aerial vehicles may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard computers. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as type, aircraft propulsion, usage. Each of the two World Wars led to technical advances. Consequently, the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras, Pioneers of flight, first World War,1914 to 1918. Aviation between the World Wars,1918 to 1939, Second World War,1939 to 1945. Postwar era, also called the jet age,1945 to the present day, aerostats use buoyancy to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on the water. They are characterized by one or more large gasbags or canopies, filled with a relatively low-density gas such as helium, hydrogen, or hot air, which is less dense than the surrounding air. When the weight of this is added to the weight of the aircraft structure, a balloon was originally any aerostat, while the term airship was used for large, powered aircraft designs – usually fixed-wing. In 1919 Frederick Handley Page was reported as referring to ships of the air, in the 1930s, large intercontinental flying boats were also sometimes referred to as ships of the air or flying-ships. – though none had yet been built, the advent of powered balloons, called dirigible balloons, and later of rigid hulls allowing a great increase in size, began to change the way these words were used. Huge powered aerostats, characterized by an outer framework and separate aerodynamic skin surrounding the gas bags, were produced. There were still no fixed-wing aircraft or non-rigid balloons large enough to be called airships, then several accidents, such as the Hindenburg disaster in 1937, led to the demise of these airships. Nowadays a balloon is an aerostat and an airship is a powered one. A powered, steerable aerostat is called a dirigible, sometimes this term is applied only to non-rigid balloons, and sometimes dirigible balloon is regarded as the definition of an airship. Non-rigid dirigibles are characterized by a moderately aerodynamic gasbag with stabilizing fins at the back and these soon became known as blimps. During the Second World War, this shape was adopted for tethered balloons, in windy weather
Media related to 1913 in New Zealand at Wikimedia Commons