1.
1916 (album)
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1916 is the ninth studio album by the band Motörhead, released 26 February 1991, on WTG Records, their first with the label. 1916 reached number 24 in UK charts and number 142 in the US, the single The One to Sing the Blues peaked at #45. In 1990, Motörhead vocalist and bassist Lemmy Kilmister moved from England to the U. S. settling in West Hollywood within walking distance of the Rainbow Bar and Grill. With Phil Carson managing the band, the sessions for what would become the album 1916 began with Ed Stasium, in the studio the band recorded four songs with the producer before deciding he had to go. When Lemmy listened to one of the mixes of Going to Brazil, he asked for him to turn up four tracks, Stasium was fired and Pete Solley was hired as producer. According to Stasium, Lemmys drug and alcohol intake had far exceeded the limitations of Stasiums patience so he quit,1916 was Motörheads first studio album in nearly four years, and their first release on WTG after their legal battle with GWR Records was resolved. Some of the songs on 1916 – including The One to Sing the Blues, Im So Bad, No Voices in the Sky, Going to Brazil and Shut You Down – were originally performed live on Motörheads 1989 and 1990 tours. The title track, a slow ballad in which Lemmys singing is only lightly accompanied, is a tribute to. I wrote the words before the music and its about the Battle of the Somme in World War I. Nineteen thousand Englishmen were killed before noon, a whole generation destroyed, in three hours – think about that. Both bands have cited as iconoclast groups that ignored musical trends. In the 2002 book Hey Ho Lets Go, The Story of the Ramones, in the albums liner notes, the band says. to the people we left behind – we didnt want to leave ya, but we really had to go. This album is the better for it, stale and on a treadmill in our career, a change was needed. We decided a change of locale was an idea to try, and we think its done us good musicially, due to an unintentional oversight, the French, Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian and Portuguese flags were not featured on the album artwork. Love Me Forever was later covered by Doro Pesch, and Beyond the Black, the Yugoslavian release of the album on ZKP-RTVL was the final record to be released in Slovenia prior to its independence and the renaming of the label to ZKP-RTVS. 1916 was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance at the 1992 Grammys, but lost to Metallicas Metallica, the LP received mostly positive reviews. Robert Christgau gave the album an A- calling the album. sonically retrograde, entertainment Weekly awarded the album an A+. In the Motörhead documentary The Guts and the Glory, Lemmy states. That was really the album for Motörhead,1916. It got great reviews. All tracks written by Kilmister, Burston, Campbell, Taylor except where noted
2.
January 1916
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The following events occurred in January 1916, Second Battle of Jaunde – Allied forces occupied the capital of Jaunde in German African colony of Kamerun. Senussi Campaign – Aerial reconnaissance spotted a Senussi camp of 80 tents 35 mi southeast of British garrison at Matruh in North Africa, a desert column mobilized to capture the camp but 10 days of torrential rain delayed the assault. British troop ship Geelong sank while returning soldiers from the Gallipoli Campaign in the Mediterranean Sea after colliding with another ship, all soldiers and crew on board were rescued. The British Royal Army Medical Corps carried out the first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. Four scientists manned a post at Cape Evans while the other six sledged to lay down a depot at Mount Hope near the Beardmore Glacier where the first arm of the expedition was expected to reach. The State College of Washington football team defeated Brown University 14-0 in front of an estimated 10,000 spectators in the second annual Rose Bowl, the association football club Estrela do Norte Futebol Clube was established in Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Brazil. Royal Navy destroyer HMS Turbulent was launched at the Hawthorn Leslie and Company shipyard in Newcastle upon Tyne and it would be sunk at the Battle of Jutland six months later. Baron Bean, a strip by George Herriman, debuted through the King Features Syndicate owned by William Randolph Hearst. Despite out being being vastly outnumbered, the Montenegrin Army of 6,000 repulsed the attack and inflicted 2,000 casualties. Royal Navy battleship HMS King Edward VII struck a mine laid down by German cruiser SMS Möwe off the coast of Scotland, British submarine HMS E17 was wrecked offshore of the Netherlands, with all crew rescued by Dutch cruiser HNLMS Noordbrabant. Following its evacuation from the Gallipoli Peninsula, the French Expeditionary Force of the Orient was absorbed into the larger Army of the Orient based in the Greek port of Salonika, the Montenegrin force held the line for another 11 days before retreating. A combination of fog and little cover from enemy slowed the advance. Royal Air Force No.34 Squadron was established from elements of No.19, the University of Oregon fight song Mighty Oregon was first performed by the Eugene Municipal Band in Eugene, Oregon. The song has a tune to the popular hit Its a Long Way to Tipperary. Russian battleship Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya exchanged fire with the Ottoman battleship Yavuz Sultan Selim in the Black Sea, while the action was minor, it proved the Russian navy now had control of the Black Sea and forced the Ottoman Navy to focus on defending the Dardanelles. Dunns shooting of Rohan severed all ties with the Egans Rats and marked him for death, Royal Navy battle cruiser HMS Repulse was launched by John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland. It would see action at the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in 1917, the Coliseum Theater opened in Seattle as the citys first movie theatre, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. C. From 1935 to 1955, in Gateshead, England Died, Eugene W, the association football club Cachoeiro Futebol Clube was established in Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Brazil
3.
February 1916
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The following events occurred in February 1916, A night raid by German Zeppelins on the West Midlands of England claimed 35 lives, with Tipton suffering the heaviest losses with 14 fatalities. British troop ship SS Empress Queen ran aground off the Isle of Wight and had to be abandoned, Royal Air Force No.34 Squadron was established. The new German cruiser SMS Emden, taking the name from its famous predecessor, was launched by AG Weser in Bremen. She would survive the war but would be scuttled along with many of ships with the Imperial German Navy in 1919, danish composer Carl Nielsen conducted the première of his Symphony No. The secondary school Lycée Moulay Youssef opened in Rabat, Morocco, New South Wales Department of Education and Communities in Australia published the first edition of School Magazine, a literary publication for schoolchildren. It remains the longest-running childrens magazine in the world, the crew had been on the open ice for close to three months, with seal meat being the primary staple to preserve packaged meals. Their teams of dogs were also reduced to two teams, with the others being shot to ensure more seal meat for expedition members. A German zeppelin that disappeared on the air raid to Liverpool four days earlier was spotted by the British naval trawler King Stephen floating in the North Sea, after briefly speaking with Zeppelin Captain Odo Löwe and the crew, the trawler left the German air crew to their fate. The 3rd Australian Division was established and would become the longest serving Australian division in the military history. Two dioceses were established in Honduras - the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Pedro Sula, the Patna High Court was established in Patna, Bihar, India. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Guaxupe was established in Guaxupé, Brazil, a solar eclipse occurred over the northern tip of South America. The British Fourth Army was established under command of General Henry Rawlinson, Royal Navy cruiser HMS Courageous was launched at Armstrong Whitworth shipyard in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, and would serve out World War One. It was recommissioned for service as a carrier at the start of World War Two. British destroyer HMS Nomad was launched by Alexander Stephen and Sons at Glasgow, Lady Hardinge Medical College was established in New Delhi. It was named after the late Winifred Sturt, also known as Lady Hardinge, wife of Viceroy of India Charles Hardinge, who envision a college that provided women opportunities to study medicine. Born, Floyd K. Haskell, American politician, U. S. Louis Botha, Prime Minister of South Africa, presided over the opening of the University of Fort Hare in Alice, Eastern Cape. The first classes commenced on February 22, argentine tango composer Roberto Firpo was approached by Uruguayan musician Gerardo Matos Rodríguez at a music cafe in Montevideo with sheet music for a new tango. Firpo added arrangements from his own work and recorded it in November La cumparsita, British pilot Harry Hawker flew the Sopwith Pup in its first test run
4.
March 1916
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A new a provisional military government for Montenegro was established under Austro-Hungarian General Viktor Weber Edler von Webenau. The New Zealand Division was established in Egypt with General Andrew Hamilton Russell in command, the 52nd Battalions of Australia was established as part of the expansion of the First Australian Imperial Force. Royal Air Force No.45 and No.47 Squadrons were established, the art gallery Liljevalchs konsthall, designed by Swedish architect Carl Bergsten, was inaugurated in Stockholm. The transfer of the National Library of Wales at Aberystwyth into its purpose-built premises was completed, the British Second Army recaptured The Bluff from the Germans, a strategic mound near St Eloi southeast of the Ypres in Belgium, that they had lost in mid-February. The British took 908 casualties while inflicting 1,622 on the Germans, hohenzollern Redoubt – British forces attempted to recapture the German-held redoubt north of Loos-en-Gohelle, France after it had failed to do so in the Battle of Loos the previous year. Three mines were dug and filled with explosives underneath the German line at the start of the attack, with using the newly formed craters as assault. Senussi Campaign – Recon aircraft departed from Matruh to scout enemy between Sidi Barrani and Sollom on the Egyptian coast, the first mercury dime was introduced by the United States Mint. The Original Dixieland Jass Band began playing at Schillers Cafe in Chicago, the third Irish Race Convention was held in New York City, and resulted in the formation of the Friends of Irish Freedom, which advocated support for Irish independence from Great Britain. Royal Navy battle cruiser HMS Renown was launched by Fairfield Shipbuilding Company in Glasgow, U. S. Navy destroyer USS Sampson was launched by Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts but only saw service for the next three years before being decommissioned. The University of Oregon fight song Mighty Oregon was first performed at a basketball game by the Oregon Marching Band in Eugene. The song has a tune to the popular hit Its a Long Way to Tipperary. The adventure drama To Have and to Hold was released in the United States, directed by George Melford and starring Wallace Reid, the Spanish association football club RCD Mallorca was established in Palma, Majorca, Spain. Hohenzollern Redoubt – British and German forces clashed over one of the craters created by underground explosives, known as the Triangle. Newton D. Baker, former Mayor of Cleveland, was appointed by U. S. President Woodrow Wilson as Secretary of War, the 48th, 103rd, 104th and 105th Batteries were established as part of the expansion of the Royal Australian Artillery. Senussi Campaign – The bulk of the Western Frontier Force returned to Egyptian port of Sidi Barrani, the German automobile company BMW was founded in Munich. The British took 3,500 casualties while Ottoman forces sustained 1,290, with the load too much for the able-bodied, Mackintosh offered to stay behind the while the rest hauled the other two sick men to Hut Point where they could be medically treated. The 43rd Battalion of Australia was established as part of the expansion of the First Australian Imperial Force. Royal Navy destroyer HMS Negro was launched by Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company in Jarrow, England, the attacks were an attempt to distract the Central Powers from counter-offensives at the Battle of Verdun
5.
April 1916
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The following events occurred in April 1916, Lieutenant-General Hubert Gough took command of the British Reserve Army, which would see action at the Battle of the Somme. German Navy airships raided England for five more nights straight, gabrielle Petit, a 23-year old Belgian citizen, was executed by firing squad after arrested and charged for spying on occupying Germans for British intelligence. She became national hero after the end of World War One, Royal Air Force No.38 and No.42 Squadrons were established. The 42nd Indian Brigade was established to serve in the Mesopotamian Campaign, Royal Naval Air Service Training Establishment was founded at Cranwell, Lincolnshire, England. It later will become RAF Cranwell, United States Coast Guard Third Lieutenant Elmer F. Stone began flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola in Pensacola, Florida, becoming the first U. S. Coast Guard aviator. Tohoku University established the Provisional Institute of Physical and Chemical Research in Sendai, the research institute became the Institute for Materials Research, the leading international center on materials research. At the Hawks Well, a written by W. B. Yeats, was first performed privately in London, the ANZAC Provost Corps were established, the precursor to the Royal Australian Corps of Military Police. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Penedo was established in Penedo, Brazil, artillery barrages increased casualties on both sides and slowed German front-line attacks to local assault by mid-month. The Actions of St Eloi Craters — Canadian forces relieves many of the defending the craters created by Allied bombing in Belgium. The Actions of St Eloi Craters – The Germans launched an attack on the craters at St Eloi, Belgium. The west coast Drain–Coos Bay stagecoach line officially closed with the completion of a railroad between Coos Bay and Reedsport, Oregon. Born, Anthony Caruso, American, best known for his roles including the 1950s TV series Zorro in Frankfort, Indiana. Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition – Members of the expedition team began open water travel using the three lifeboats salvaged during the sinking of the polar ship Endurance in November. The three lifeboats were named after the three chief financial sponsors, James Caird, Dudley Docker and Stancomb Wills. Battle of Verdun – France counter-attacked German-held positions at Douaumont and Vaux, the Kia Kima Scout Reservation, a summer camp for the Boy Scouts of America, was established outside of Hardy, Arkansas. I. The U. S. Cavalry unit of 150 men was in the country on the hunt for Pancho Villa following his raid on Columbus, the skirmish resulted in an estimated 45 Mexican deaths and five American deaths before reinforcement forced the Mexicans to retreat. The battle marked the furthest U. S. forces to move into Mexico, auto tycoon Ransom E. Olds purchased 37,541 acres of land by the northern part of Tampa Bay, Florida, leading eventually to founding the city of Oldsmar, Florida
6.
May 1916
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The insurrection caused a total 485 deaths, more than half of them civilians, and another 2,600 wounded due to British shelling or cross-fire. Augustine Birrell resigned from the British government as Chief Secretary of Ireland after been historically proven wrong that there was no threat of insurrection in Ireland, General Robert Nivelle took command of the French Second Army during the Battle of Verdun. Oil tycoon Harry Ford Sinclair formed the Sinclair Oil Corporation in Salt Lake City, Norwegian transit company A/S Trikken began managing the trolleybus system of Norway, and would continue to do so until 1947. The Rhodesian African Rifles were established. C, most were conducted secretly at British barracks, with the accused having no access to defense. Ninety were sentenced to death, including all seven signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic, many of the courts-martial were later ruled by British Crown law officers as illegal. Eight German Zeppelins raided the east coast of England, causing 39 casualties, Easter Rising – Following their courts martial, Irish Republican leaders Patrick Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh and Tom Clarke were executed at Kilmainham Gaol. The Brazilian Academy of Sciences was established in Rio de Janeiro, gonzalez, American politician, U. S. Easter Rising – Execution of Irish leaders involved in the uprising continued with Joseph Plunkett, Michael OHanrahan, Edward Daly and Willie Pearse. Two companies of United States Marine Corps from the USS Prairie landed at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, Glenn Springs Raid – A raiding party of 80 Pancho Villa loyalists surprised nine U. S. Cavalry men posted at Glenn Springs, Texas. The Americans holed up in a building and held off the fighters for three hours before attempting to escape on their horses, resulting in four deaths and two taken prisoner. Easter Rising – Irish leader John MacBride was executed but compatriot W. T. Cosgrave had his sentence commuted to life imprisonment, Royal Air Force No.54 Squadron was established. The Conference Board was established in Bronxville, New York, with Magnus W. Alexander as president, Born, Zail Singh, Indian state leader, 7th President of India, in Sandhwan, Punjab, India, P. U. The Sydney Conservatorium of Music accepted its first students under the direction of Belgian conductor, natsume Sōsekis novel Light and Darkness began serialization in the Tokyo and Osaka editions of the newspaper Asahi Shimbun but would remain unfinished at the authors death on December 9. The Markham Main Colliery open coal mine pit near Doncaster, England began operations, the mine resumed operations in 1922 until closing for good in 1996. American army officer, member of the U. S. C, dicke, American physicist, inventor of the lock-in amplifier, in St. Battle of Verdun – Germans troops forced the French off Côte 304, the Government of Canada authorized the creation of an all-black battalion that became No.2 Construction Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. British steamship SS Cymric was torpedoed and sunk by German submarine SM U-20, U. S. Army General Hugh L. Scott ordered an expedition into Mexico to rescue the two prisoners captured by militia loyal to Pancho Villa during the Glenn Springs raid. American cargo ship SS Roanoke foundered off the coast of California, the South African force only lost 6 men killed and 18 wounded. A U. S. Army expedition crossed the Rio Grande and arrived at El Pino, Coahuila, Mexico and rescued two U. S. Cavalry men being held prisoner by Pancho Villa loyalists
7.
June 1916
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Although the British lost more ships, the Germans lost key ships that compromised their naval advantage. The result was inconclusive but allowed the Royal Navy to retain dominance of the North Sea. German battleship SMS Pommern was shelled and sunk by British barrage with all 839 crew killed, German cruiser SMS Frauenlob was torpedoed by HMS Southampton and sank, taking 320 men down with her. The German Navy scuttled cruisers SMS Lützow, SMS Elbing and SMS Rostock as all three were too damaged to bring back to port, adding to the 63,300 tons sunk by the Royal Navy. British cruiser HMS Warrior was so damaged, it was scuttled. The Royal Navy also lost destroyers HMS Turbulent, HMS Ardent, HMS Fortune, Battle of Verdun – A German force of 10,000 troops began their assault on Fort Vaux in northeastern France. The United States Marine Corps took control of key cities of Puerto Plata. The U. S. Senate confirmed the nomination of Louis Brandeis as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court by a vote of 47 to 22. Born, Rick Fletcher, American comic strip artist, best known for his work on the Dick Tracy comic strip, in Burlington, Iowa Died, Charles J. C. John K. Battle of Verdun – German forces overrun the top of Fort Vaux in northeastern France, British sailor Jack Cornwell,16, died from wounds received while serving on the HMS Chester during Battle of Jutland. He was awarded posthumously the Victoria Cross for his actions, the third-youngest British serviceman to receive the honor, organization delays forced the assault to occur in broad daylight, earning more heavy casualties with no lost territory recaptured. British passenger ship SS Golconda struck a mine and sank in the North Sea with a loss of 19 lives, the United States Government enacted the National Defense Act of 1916, an update to the Militia Act of 1903. Battle of Mont Sorrel – British commander Julian Byng called in a British division to support the Canadian Corps while it recovered from Germans attacks, Canadian casualties were 8,430 after two days of fighting. British cruiser HMS Hampshire struck a mine off the Orkney Islands, Scotland and sank, a series of tornadoes that ravaged Southern United States over the 48 hours started in Arkansas, killing 76 people. The worst incident involved a powerful F4 tornado hitting Heber Springs, Royal Navy destroyer HMS Patrician was launched by John I. Thornycroft & Company at their Southampton, England and it served both the Royal Navy for the World War One and Royal Canadian Navy from 1920 to 1929 when it was scrapped. Japanese manufacturer Nippon Kayaku was established to produce explosives before it expanded in chemical manufacturing, steins Dixie Jass Band played its first concert under its new name, the Original Dixieland Jass Band. Stone County, Mississippi, named after Mississippi Governor John M. Stone, was established with its county seat in Wiggins, in total,112 tornado-related deaths were recorded in the Southern United States
8.
July 1916
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The opening offense was the British Armys bloodiest day, with 57,470 British casualties including 19,240 killed. German casualties for that day were significantly lower at c.12,000 men, some of the noted casualties included, The 36th Ulster Division, which contained many Ulster Volunteers, lost 5,500 men during the first two days of fighting. The Royal Newfoundland Regiment with the Dominion of Newfoundland sustained a 90 percent casualty rate, some other noted casualties included cricketer Major Booth and association football player Evelyn Lintott. The Social Democratic Party of Finland won a majority in the parliament of the Russian-ruled Grand Duchy of Finland, the event inspired author Peter Benchley, over half a century later, to write Jaws. Prohibition of alcohol was introduced in Alberta under the results of a liquor plebiscite in 1915. The United States Army activated the 17th Cavalry Regiment in Fort Bliss Texas to protect the United States-Mexico border, the Zoological Survey of India was established to survey, explore and research the fauna in the Indian region. Yeats made his fifth and final proposal of marriage to the newly widowed Maud Gonne in France, Gonne had been married to Irish Republican leader John MacBride, who was executed in May by British forces for his role in the Easter Rising. The municipality of Bremnes, Norway was established and would exist until 1963 when it merged with the municipality of Bømlo, auto-Owners Insurance was established in Mount Pleasant, Michigan but moved to Lansing, Michigan a year later. Battle of Erzincan – Russian forces under command of Nikolai Yudenich launched counterattacks against the Ottoman Third Army at Erzincan in what is now Turkey, Battle of Guayacanas – The United States Marine Corps defeated Dominican troops and captured Santiago de los Caballeros in the Dominican Republic. Battle of Kostiuchnówka – The Imperial Russian Army and Polish Legions allied with the Austria-Hungary clashed at the village of Kostiuchnówka in Galicia, mcCormicks Creek State Park was established in Owen County, Indiana. According to legend, the first Nathans Hot Dog Eating Contest was held at Natans Famous original location on Coney Island with four competitors. Battle of Kostiuchnówka – Russian broke through the line, forcing the Polish Legions and supporting Hungarian troops to retreat, British submarine HMS E26 was lost in the North Sea with all 30 crew. The United States Army activated the 33rd Infantry Regiment to protect the Panama Canal and it was likely she sank after an accident it all 33 crew lost. The New Zealand Labour Party was founded in Wellington, the World Socialist Party of the United States was established by defecting members of the Detroit chapter of the Socialist Party of America. Russian hospital ship Vpered was torpedoed by German sub SM U-38 in the Black Sea, born, Robert J. U. S. President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Aid Road Act of 1916, which introduced the first federal funding to build interstate highways. The village of Milk River, Alberta was established. Battle of Verdun – German soldiers reach the top of Fort Souville in France. American cruiser USS North Carolina launched a Curtiss flying boat piloted by Lieutenant Godfrey Chevalier using a catapult, cesare Battisti and Fabio Filzi, both Austrian subjects but exponents of Italian irredentism, were hanged by the Austrians in Trento. They had enlisted in the Italian army and were captured by the Austrians, tennis player Molla Bjurstedt defeated Louise Hammond Raymond 6–0, 6–1 at the 1916 U. S. National Championships for Womens Singles at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill
9.
August 1916
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The following events occurred in August 1916, Battle of Verdun – The Germans launch a new attack on Fort Souville, forcing a two-week campaign of French counterattacks. Battle of Bitlis – The Russian Caucasus Army, supported by Armenian militia, dinar had barricaded his force in the mountains outside the regional capital of El Fasher since abandoning it in May. Dinars force of 2,000 men began to dwindle down to half as men deserted him, the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park was established in Hawaii, the 11th National Park in the United States and the first in a Territory. 59, No.64 and No.65 Squadrons were established, Robert Baden-Powell published The Wolf Cubs Handbook in Great Britain, establishing the basis of the junior section of the Scouting movement, the Wolf Cubs. The first edition of the Kentucky Thoroughbred Horse Association Bulletin news magazine was published for local horse breeders in Lexington, the magazine grew in popularity with horse breeders across the United States and was renamed The Blood-Horse in 1929. A Bristol Scout C from the Royal Navy seaplane carrier Vindex unsuccessfully attacked a German Zeppelin and it was the first interception of an airship by a carrier-based aircraft. German flying ace Erwin Böhme shot down and killed Latvian flying ace Eduard Pulpe down after an hour-long battle, the Apotheosis of Democracy sculpture by Paul Wayland Bartlett on the east wing of the United States Capitol was unveiled to the public. Roger Casement was hanged at Pentonville Prison for high treason for his role in the Easter Rising, the musical comedy Chu Chin Chow, written, produced, directed and starring Oscar Asche, with music by Frederic Norton, premièred at His Majestys Theatre in London. It will run for five years and a total of 2,238 performances, Battle of Pozières – After several delays due to German bombardment, the Australian 2nd Division was able to push forth and secure most of second network of German trenches east of Pozières, France. Battle of Delville Wood – A British effort to take the side of Delville Wood failed. The 2nd division has sustained 6,848 casualties over a 12-day period, Battle of Romani – With the German-Ottoman attack on the Sinai Peninsula failing, General Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein ordered his forces to retreat to El Arish. Some 20,000 soldiers from both sides were killed or missing before the Italians weee able to push Austro-Hungarian forces out of the Doberdò del Lago commune, Battle of Pozières – German forces launched a counter-assault on the captured O. G. Lines while the Australian forces were rotating units, Battle of Romani – British forces continue to advance on the town of Oghratina as they pursued the retreating German-Ottoman force on the Sinai Peninsula. French flying ace Captain René Fonck gained his first confirmed victory, eventually becoming the highest-scoring Allied, Battle of Pozières – German forces launched a final counterattack to recapture their lost trench network. He was subsequently award the Military Cross for his actions, although many eyewitnesses insisted he win a second Victoria Cross, Battle of Delville Wood – A renewed attacked yielded limited success, with new posts established beyond Delville Wood and north of the village of Longueuil, France. Battle of Romani – British forces occupied Oghratina on the Sinai Peninsula, the United States Army activated the 32nd Infantry Regiment in Oahu, Hawaii. A large audience attended the Bohemian Theatre in Dublin for the first screening of the Film Company of Irelands first film ONeill of the Glen, the Imperial Russian Air Service began flying Anatra DS aircraft, although it would not be used extensively until the Russian Civil War. Sixth Battle of the Isonzo – Italy captured city of Gorizia and established a bridgehead along the Isonzo River, Battle of Romani – The New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade occupied Debabis on the Sinai Peninsula
10.
September 1916
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The following events occurred in September 1916, Bulgaria declared war on Romania, and went on to take the city of Dobruja. Battle of Delville Wood – British efforts to regain ground lost to Germans on August 31 were hampered by bombing and sniper fire. U. S. President Woodrow Wilson signed the Keating–Owen Act, named after its sponsors Edward Keating and Robert Latham Owen, the Act addressed child labor issues by prohibiting the sale of goods across state line if they come from factories that employed children under fourteen. However, the act was rules unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States nine months after it went into effect, yeats wrote the poem Easter 1916, based on the Easter Rising. The association football club Sportivo Dock Sud was established in Avellaneda Partido, Battle of Turtucaia – The Bulgarian Third Army surrounded a Romanian garrison at Turtucaia, as it opened a new offensive against newest ally to the Entente. Royal Flying Corps pilot Lieutenant William Leefe-Robinson, flying a Royal Aircraft Factory B. E.2, shot down the German Army airship SL11, near London, killing her entire crew of 16. Leefe-Robinson becomes the pilot to shoot down an airship and the first to do it over Great Britain. The Fitzroy Football Club won the 20th Victoria Football League Grand Final, the title was a huge upset for Fitzroy as the club finished last in the regular season, making it the sixth time it won the premiership. Battle of Guillemont – The British and French launched an assaulted involved six divisions to capture the village of Guillemont in northeastern France, Battle of Delville Wood – The British continued to suffer failed attacks on east end of Delville Wood. Battle of Verdun – French counterattacks on German flans pushed the further back from Verdun. In the largest airship raid of World War One,12 German Navy, the airships dropped 823 bombs totaling 38,979 pounds, killing four people and injuring 12 and causing over £21,000 in damage. The United States Government passed the Adamson Act, named after U. S, Adamson, which established the eight-hour workday for rail workers. Although the practice existed earlier with Ford Motors, the legislation popularized the day for other industries. British flying ace Henry Evans was shot down by fire over northern France while doing an offensive patrol for the British Fourth Army. He had five confirmed kills at the time giving him the title of flying ace. Born, Tommy J. C. from 1911 to 1912, Battle of Guillemont – British forces occupied the village of Guillemont, France. Battle of Delville Wood – A last attempt to assault German defenses on the east end of Delville Wood ended in failure, born, Harry L. Carrico, American judge, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1981 to 2003, in Washington D. C. Battle of Delville Wood – British forces dug in at the west end of Delville Wood, despite not being able to push the Germans completely out of the wood, the British were able to hold onto much of the key positions gained in opening battle
11.
November 1916
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The following events occurred in November 1916, Ninth Battle of the Isonzo – Italy expanded its attacks on the Soča Valley and other parts of the Karst Plateau bordering Italy and Austria-Hungary. Romanian Campaign – Germany launched an offensive to conquer the Oltenia region of Romania. The Australian government under Billy Hughes split over the results of the plebiscite on conscription in October, italian cargo ship Torero was sunk in the Mediterranean Sea by German submarine SM U-21, with all crew rescued. Royal Air Force No.78 Squadron was established, the second shortened version of the Richard Strauss opera Ariadne auf Naxos was performed in Berlin, with future runs in Zürich, Budapest and Graz, Austria. The leader of a rebellion against British colonial rule in what is now Sudan was rumored to be hiding out there, however, French destroyer Yatagan collided with British cargo ship Teviot and sank in the English Channel, with all crew rescued. The first Gala Day was held in Geelong, Victoria, Australia to raise money for the Australian Red Cross in support of its aid efforts during World War One. German submarine SM U-20, which sank British ocean liner RMS Lusitania the previous year, Battle of Verdun – France gained all the ground lost to the Germans since February 24, allowing them to suspend military operations for a month to the soldiers to rest and be reequipped. Battle of Le Transloy – British forces made one last attack on the German-held Butte de Warlencourt burial ground, anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition – The British forces relocated and began final pursuit of rebel leader Sultan Ali Dinar along with the remainder of his men still loyal to him. A British submarine on patrol in the North Sea was able to attack, while there no major casualties and all German ships were able to return to port, it resulted in Germany shifting its naval offensive from surface ships to submarines. Honan Chapel, built by the Irish Arts and Crafts movement, was dedicated at University College Cork in Ireland, most fled soon after the fighting started and Dinars body was found in the camp shot through the head. The Sultans death ended the Sultanate of Darfur where afterward it was absorbed into the Sudan, German submarine SM UB-45 struck a mine and sank in the Black Sea, killing 16 of her crew. German submarine SM UB-43 fired a torpedo on British armed passenger ship Arabia in the Mediterranean Sea and it hit the engine room and killed 11 ship engineers but the rest of the 187 passengers and crew on-board were able to abandon ship and be rescued. American cargo ship Chester A. Congdon ran aground in Lake Superior and it capsized two days later, the first time a ship valued over $1 million was lost in the Great Lakes. Kilauea Military Camp was established on the Big Island of Hawaii within Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park as a retreat for U. S. soldiers. President Woodrow Wilson narrowly defeated Republican Charles E. Hughes in the 1916 U. S, Republican Jeannette Rankin of Montana became the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives. Battle of the Crna Bend – The Allies concentrated intense shelling of Bulgarian defenses between the towns of Krape and Polog along the Crna River in Macedonia, a streetcar loaded with passengers in Boston plunged off an open draw bridge into the Fort Point Channel, killing 46 people. Boris Stürmer resigned as Prime Minister of Russia at the urging of Nicholas II of Russia, Canadian casualties for the Battle of the Somme at that point had reached 24,029 men, roughly 24 percent of the Canadian Corps. French troopship Burdigala struck a mine and sank off the coast of Greece, a German sniper shot and killed H. H. Munro, better known by his pen name Saki, at the Battle of the Ancre
12.
December 1916
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Capture of Yanbu – Ottoman forces under command of Fakhri Pasha attempted to capture the British-held port of Yanbu on the Red Sea. An Order in Council authorized an increase of Canadian troops to 500,000 for World War One, a side collision between an express train and passenger train in Herceghalom, Hungary killed 69 people, the deadliest rail disaster in the countrys history. British submarine HMS E37 was lost in the North Sea with all 30 of her crew and his death was considered a martyrdom and he was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2005. Twelve members of the Industrial Workers of the World, known as the Sydney Twelve, were convicted of conspiring to commit arson and sedition in Sydney. E. M. French submarine Kanguroo was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine SM U-38, in all,41 sailors died in the attack. The Bratsberg Line rail began operating between the municipalities of Eidanger and Telemark, Norway. The final property of the Whitewater Shaker Settlement was sold, dissolving the Shaker settlement near New Haven, Hamilton County, many of the original sites were purchased by the Great Parks of Hamilton County and are registered under the National Register of Historic Places. British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith resigned from office, U. S. President Woodrow Wilson delivered the 1916 State of the Union Address to the 64th United States Congress, the first presidential address after winning re-election in November. The last recorded stagecoach robbery occurred in Jarbidge, Nevada where wagon driver Fred Searcy was ambushed by Ben Kuhl, the three men robbed $4,000 from a mining payroll transported on the coach and shot Search dead. The three were arrested shortly after and Kuhl was tried and convicted of Searcys murder, U. S. Navy destroyer USS Allen was launched by Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine and would serve in both world wars. The chamber opera Savitri by Gustav Holst premiered at Wellington Hall in London, in total, the Romanian army lost 40 percent of its 150,000 force in battles against the Central Powers. Royal Navy HMS Ariel sank German submarine SM UC-19 using depth charges in the English Channel, German raiding ship SMS Möwe captured and scuttled Canadian cargo ship Mount Temple in the Atlantic Ocean north of the Azores Islands. The cargo included military equipment, calvary horses, and newly discovered fossils of the dinosaur Corythosaurus en route to the British Museum, Born, Richard Fleischer, American film director, known for big budget epics including Barabbas, Fantastic Voyage, Doctor Dolittle, and Tora. Tora. in New York City, T. K. Whitaker, Irish economist, established the Economic and Social Research Institute of Ireland, in Rostrevor, Ireland Born, Robert N. S. Navy destroyer USS Shaw was launched by Mare Island Naval Shipyard in California, the Yiddish drama The Dybbuk by S. Ansky premiered at the Elizeum Theater in Warsaw. A story about a Yiddish woman being possessed by a malicious spirit, Ansky would later translate the play to Yiddish, where is was performed in that language by Vilna Troupe in 1920 shortly after his death. W. Dumas, American politician, Mayor of East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana from 1965 to 1980, in Opelousas, Louisiana, World War One prevented the Nobel Prize Committee from awarding prizes to the science community. Swedish poet Verner von Heidenstam was chosen to receive Nobel Prize for Literature, German raiding ship SMS Möwe captured and scuttled British cargo ship Georgic off the coast of Newfoundland
13.
2nd millennium
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The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
14.
19th century
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The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, europes population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century, London became the worlds largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later, liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world, following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UKs Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, americas 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia, in the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States of America. The 19th century also saw the creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain. Also, ladywear was a sensitive topic during this time. 1801, Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab,1801, Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801, Cairo falls to the British,1801, Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1802, Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time,1803, William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat. 1803, The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out Frances territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U. S. s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain,1803, The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina
15.
20th century
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The 20th century was a century that began on January 1,1901 and ended on December 31,2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium and it is distinct from the century known as the 1900s, which began on January 1,1900 and ended on December 31,1999. It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication, the term short twentieth century was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991. It took all of history up to 1804 for the worlds population to reach 1 billion, world population reached 2 billion estimates in 1927, by late 1999. Globally approximately 45% of those who were married and able to have children used contraception, 40% of pregnancies were unplanned, the century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II. The century saw a shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization, terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with high-speed rail, cruise ships, global commercial air travel and the space shuttle. Horses, Western societys basic form of transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. Humans explored space for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the Moon, mass media, telecommunications, and information technology made the worlds knowledge more widely available. Advancements in medical technology also improved the health of many people, rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate itself in a short time, however, these same wars resulted in the destruction of the Imperial system. For the first time in history, empires and their wars of expansion and colonization ceased to be a factor in international affairs, resulting in a far more globalized. The last time major powers clashed openly was in 1945, and since then, technological advancements during World War I changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as tanks, chemical weapons, and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead. The regime of Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the conflict, Russia became the first communist state, at the beginning of the period, Britain was the worlds most powerful nation, having acted as the worlds policeman for the past century. Meanwhile, Japan had rapidly transformed itself into an advanced industrial power. Its military expansion into eastern Asia and the Pacific Ocean culminated in an attack on the United States
16.
21st century
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The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1,2001 and will end on December 31,2100 and it is the first century of the 3rd millennium. It is distinct from the time known as the 2000s. The long term effects of increased globalization are not known, the Arab Spring of the early 2010s led to mixed outcomes in the Arab world. The Digital Revolution which began around the 1980s also continues into the present, millennials and Generation Z come of age and rise to prominence in this century. The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 marks the rise of life sciences, making mankinds long-held dreams, such as curing cancer. By the 2010s, gene therapy, first performed somatically in late 1990 and heritably in 1996, showed promise but remains an experimental, by 2013, about 80% of the worlds population used mobile phones. An estimated 33% owned personal computers in 2010, and 46% used the Internet by 2016, the International Energy Agency estimates that 83% of the global population has access to electricity as of 2013 with the percentage projected to increase to 88% by 2030. The world population was about 6.1 billion at the start of the 21st century and it had reached 7.3 billion in 2015, and is estimated to reach about 9.37 billion by the year 2050. There is a debate among experts and the public on how to pronounce specific years of the 21st century in English. A less common variation would have been twenty nought-five, the Vancouver Olympics, which took place in 2010, was being officially referred to by Vancouver 2010 as the twenty-ten Olympics. The latest timeframes for change are usually placed at 2020, kubrick said he did this in the hope that if the film became popular, it would influence the pronunciation of that year. See the timeline of the 21st century, genocide still remains a problem in this century with the concern of the war in Darfur and the growing concern in Sri Lanka. Also controversies from past genocides remain commonplace in the minds of victims, 1998–2002 – The Second Congo War continued into the early 21st century. A1999 ceasefire quickly broke down and a UN peacekeeping mission, Laurent Kabila, president of the DRC, was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph Kabila, took power. Throughout 2002 steps were made towards peace and Rwanda and Uganda both removed their troops from the country, on December 17,2002, a massive treaty officially ended the war. However, the DRC only holds power in less than half of the country, with most of the eastern and northern portions still controlled by rebel groups, in addition, Rwanda still supports anti-DRC rebels and anti-Rwandan rebels continue to operate from the DRC. The war killed an estimated 3.9 million people, displaced nearly 5.5 million, Severe human rights violations continue to be reported
17.
1890s
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The phrase, The Gay Nineties, was not coined until the 1920s. This decade was also part of the Gilded Age, a phrase coined by Mark Twain, alluding to the seemingly profitable era that was riddled with crime and poverty. In the United States, the 1890s were marked by an economic depression sparked by the Panic of 1893. As of January 23,2017, there is only 1 verified living person who was born in the 1890s. On December 29,1890,365 troops of the US 7th Cavalry, supported by four Hotchkiss guns, surrounded an encampment of Miniconjou and Hunkpapa Sioux near Wounded Knee Creek, the Army had orders to escort the Sioux to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska. One day earlier, the Sioux had been cornered and agreed to themselves in at the Pine Ridge Agency in South Dakota. They were the very last of the Sioux to do. the process of disarming the Sioux, the 7th Cavalry quickly suppressed the Sioux fire, and the surviving Sioux fled, but US cavalrymen pursued and killed many who were unarmed. By the time it was over, about 146 men, women, twenty-five troopers also died, some believed to have been the victims of friendly fire as the shooting took place at point-blank range in chaotic conditions. Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, with a number later dying from hypothermia. The incident is noteworthy as the engagement in history in which the most Medals of Honor have been awarded in the military history of the United States. This was the last tribe to be invaded which broke the backbone of the American Indian Wars,1891, Chilean Civil War fought from January to September. José Manuel Balmaceda, President of Chile, and the Chilean Army loyal to him face Jorge Montts Junta, the latter was formed by an alliance between the National Congress of Chile and the Chilean Navy. 1891, Tobacco Protest in Qajar dynasty Persia, on March 20,1890, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Shah of Iran granted a concession to Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for fifty years. In exchange, Talbot paid the shah an annual sum of £15,000 in addition to a quarter of the profits after the payment of all expenses. Now they were forced to seek permits from the Tobacco Régie as well as required to inform the concessionaires of the amount of tobacco produced, during the spring of 1891 mass protests against the Régie began to emerge in major Iranian cities. Initially it was the bazaaris who led the opposition under the conviction that it was their income, the reference to the Hidden Imam, a critical person in Shia Islam, meant that Shirazi was using the strongest possible language to oppose the Régie. Initially there was skepticism over the legitimacy of the fatwa, however Shirazi would later confirm the declaration,1892, The Johnson County War in Wyoming. Actually this range war took place in April 1892 in Johnson County, Natrona County, the combatants were the Wyoming Stock Growers Association and the Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Growers Association
18.
1900s (decade)
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The 1900s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1900, and ended on December 31,1909. The term nineteen-hundreds can also equally be used for the years 1900–1999, the Edwardian era covers a similar span of time. There are several varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced in English. Using 1906 as an example, they are nineteen-oh-six, nineteen-six, which variety is most prominent depends somewhat on global region and generation. In American English, nineteen-oh-six is the most common, nineteen-six is less common, nineteen-ought-six is recognized, the strength of the comedic effect diminished during the aughts of the next century, as the public grew used to questioning how to refer to an ohs or aughts decade. Russo-Japanese War establishes the Empire of Japan as a world power, battle of Riyadh was a minor battle of the Unification of Saudi Arabia. Battle of Dilam was a battle of the Unification War between Rashidi and Saudi rebels. First Saudi–Rashidi War was engaged between the Saudi loyal forces of the newborn Emirate of Riyadh versus the Emirate of Hail, demand for Home Rule for Ireland Herero and Namaqua Genocide in German South-West Africa. January 1,1901, British colonies in Australia federate, forming the Commonwealth of Australia May 20,1902 — Cuba gains independence from the United States, june 7,1905 — The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence. October 5,1908 — Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, April 19,1902 — A magnitude 7.5 earthquake rocks Guatemala, killing 2,000. May 8,1902 — In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre, April 7,1906 — Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples. September 18,1906 — A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong, January 14,1907 — An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000. December 28,1908 — An earthquake and tsunami destroys Messina, Sicily and Calabria, April 26,1900 — The Great Lumber Fire of Ottawa–Hull kills 7 and leaves 15,000 homeless. The fire began on a wharf and spread to the adjacent piers, warehouses, may 3,1901 — The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, FL, USA. July 10,1902 – The Rolling Mill Mine disaster in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, August 10,1903 — Paris Métro train fire. December 30,1903 — A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, February 7,1904 — The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, USA destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. June 15,1904 — A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York Citys East River kills 1,021, june 28,1904 — The Danish ocean liner SS Norge runs aground and sinks close to Rockall, killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants. January 22,1906 — The SS Valencia strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, the 1900s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts, July 29,1900 — King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci
19.
1910s
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The 1910s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1910, and ended on December 31,1919. The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the half of the 19th century. The murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days, the conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11,1918, leading to the controversial, one-sided Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28,1919. However, each of these states had large German and Hungarian minorities, the decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries. Russia also had a similar fate, since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos and this atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism, which was later renamed as communism. Like the Mexican Revolution, the Russian Revolution of 1917, known as the October Revolution, much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed. Many of the restaurants were equipped with dance floors. Prohibition in the United States began January 16,1919, with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, armenian Genocide during and just after World War I. Wadai War Italo-Turkish War First Balkan Wars – two wars took place in South-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. Saudi-Ottoman War Latvian War of Independence - a military conflict in Latvia between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian SFSR. The Russian Revolution is the term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917. April 13,1919 - The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, at Amritsar in the Punjab Province of British India, sows the seeds of discontent, xinhai Revolution causes the overthrow of Chinas ruling Qing Dynasty, and the establishment of the Republic of China. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for a revolution at 6 p. m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. The revolution lead to the ouster of Porfirio Díaz six months later, the Revolution progressively becomes a civil war with multiple factions and phases, culminating with the Mexican Constitution of 1917, but combat would persist for three more years. Germany abolishes its monarchy and becomes under the rule of a new elected government called the Weimar Republic, federal Reserve Act is passed by United States Congress, establishing a Central Bank in the US. George V becomes king in Britain, fourteen Points as designed by United States President Woodrow Wilson advocates the right of all nations to self-determination. Rise to power of the Bolsheviks in Russia under Vladimir Lenin, creating the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, easter Rising against the British in Ireland, eventually leads to Irish independence. Several nations in Eastern Europe get their own state, thereby replacing major multiethnic empires
20.
1920s
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The 1920s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1920, and ended on December 31,1929. French speakers refer to the period as the Années folles, emphasizing the social, artistic. The economic prosperity experienced by many countries during the 1920s was similar in nature to that experienced in the 1950s and 1990s, each period of prosperity was the result of a paradigm shift in global affairs. These shifts in the 1920s, 1950s, and 1990s, occurred in part as the result of the conclusion of World War I and Spanish flu, World War II, the 1920s saw foreign oil companies begin operations throughout South America. Venezuela became the second largest oil producing nation. In some countries the 1920s saw the rise of political movements. Communism spread as a consequence of the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks’ victory in the Russian Civil War, fear of the spread of Communism led to the emergence of far right political movements and fascism in Europe. The devastating Wall Street Crash in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America, the Roaring Twenties brought about several novel and highly visible social and cultural trends. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin, “Normalcy” returned to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional patriotism during World War I, jazz blossomed, and Art Deco peaked. For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a marcel wave, the women who pioneered these trends were frequently referred to as flappers. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes, large baseball stadiums were built in major U. S. cities, in addition to palatial cinemas. Most independent countries passed womens suffrage after 1918, especially as a reward for support of the war effort and endurance of its deaths. Egypt officially becomes an independent country through the Declaration of 1922, though it remains under the military. Prohibition was finally repealed in 1933, organized crime turns to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor, led by figures such as Al Capone, boss of the Chicago Outfit. The Immigration Act of 1924 places restrictions on immigration, the major sport was baseball and the most famous player was Babe Ruth. The Lost Generation, was the name Gertrude Stein gave to American writers, poets, and artists living in Europe during the 1920s. A peak in the early 1920s in the membership of the Ku Klux Klan of four to five million members, followed by a rapid decline down to an estimated 30,000 members by 1930. The Scopes Trial, which declared that John T. Scopes had violated the law by teaching evolution in schools, major armed conflict in Ireland including Irish War of Independence resulting in Ireland becoming an independent country in 1922 followed by the Irish Civil War
21.
1930s
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The 1930s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1930, and ended on December 31,1939. In response, authoritarian regimes emerged in countries in Europe and South America. The 1930s also saw a proliferation of new technologies, especially in the fields of aviation, radio. Colombia–Peru War – fought between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Peru, Chaco War – the war was fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over the disputed territory of Gran Chaco resulting in an overall Paraguayan victory in 1935. An agreement dividing the territory was made in 1938, officially ending outstanding differences, saudi–Yemeni War – was a war between Saudi Arabia and Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. Second Sino-Japanese War – fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, the Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th century. It also made up more than 50% of the casualties in the Pacific War, World War II breaks out on September 1,1939 Chinese Civil War - The ruling Kuomintang and the rebel Communist Party of China fight a civil war for control of China. The Communists consolidated territory in the early 1930s and proclaimed a short-lived Chinese Soviet Republic that collapsed upon Kuomintang attacks, the Kuomintang and Communists attempted to put away their differences after 1937 to fight the Japanese occupation of China, but intermittent clashes continued through the remainder of the 1930s. Spanish Civil War – Germany and Italy back anti-communist Falange forces of Francisco Franco, the Soviet Union and international communist parties back the left-wing republican faction in the war. The war ends in April 1939 with Francos nationalist forces defeating the republican forces, Franco becomes Head of State of Spain, President of Government and de facto dictator. The Republic gives way to the Spanish State, an authoritarian dictatorship, Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of Nations, but hosts the 1936 Summer Olympics to show his new reich to the world as well as the supposed superior athleticism of his Aryan troops/athletes. Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, attempts the appeasement of Hitler in hope of avoiding war by allowing the dictator to annex the Sudetenland, later signing the Munich Agreement and promising constituents Peace for our time. He was ousted in favor of Winston Churchill in May 1940, some 267 synagogues were destroyed, and thousands of homes and businesses were ransacked. Kristallnacht also served as the pretext for the confiscation of firearms from German Jews. Germany and Italy pursue territorial expansionist agendas, Germany demands the annexation of the Federal State of Austria and of other German-speaking territories in Europe. Between 1935 and 1936, Germany recovers the Saar and remilitarizes the Rhineland, Germany and Italy improve relations by forming an alliance against communism in 1936 with the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact. Germany annexes Austria in the event known as the Anschluss, the annexation of the Sudetenland followed negotiations which resulted in the Munich Agreement of 1938. The Italian invasion of Albania in 1939 succeeds in turning the Kingdom of Albania into an Italian protectorate, the vacant Albanian throne was claimed by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
22.
1913
–
As of the start of 1913, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify, January 12 – Bolshevik activist Josef Dzhugashvili first publishes an article under the pseudonym Stalin which he adopts hereafter. At this time he, Adolf Hitler and Josip Broz Tito are simultaneously resident in Vienna, January 13 – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland. January 23 – General election in Tasmania, January 23 – In the 1913 Ottoman coup détat, Ismail Enver comes to power. January 30 – The British House of Lords rejects an Irish Home Rule Bill February 1 – New York Citys Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the worlds largest railroad station. February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose, February 9 – Mexican Revolution, Beginning of La Decena Trágica, the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China, February 18 – Mexican Revolution, President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign, pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office February 22 – Mexican Revolution, Assassination of Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez, February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd and exiled to Siberia. March The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve Chinas parliament and rules as a dictator. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara with 200 on board, march 3 – The Woman suffrage parade of 1913 takes place in Washington, D. C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback. March 4 Woodrow Wilson is sworn in as President of the United States, the U. S. Department of Commerce and U. S. Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries and U. S. Coast, march 4–6 – First Balkan War, Battle of Bizani, Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani from the Ottoman Empire. March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, march 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra. March 13 – Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his exile in the United States. March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy is founded in Uruguay, the Uruguayan Air Force would grow from this foundation. March 18 – George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne and he is succeeded by his son Constantine. March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party, is wounded in an assassination attempt, march 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin an attempt to revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina
23.
1914
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As of the start of 1914, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line in the United States starts services between St. Abram C, pheil, mayor of St. Petersburg, is the first airline passenger and over 3,000 people witness the first departure. January 5 – Ford Motor Company announces an eight-hour workday and a wage of $5. January 8 – A railway strike is declared in the Transvaal, January 9 – The Phi Beta Sigma fraternity is founded by African American students at Howard University in Washington, D. C. January 11 – The Sakurajima volcano in Japan begins to erupt, the lava flows cause the island which it forms to be linked to the Ōsumi Peninsula. February 2 – Charlie Chaplin makes his film début in the comedy short Making a Living, february 7 – Release of Charlie Chaplins second film, the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice, in which his character of The Tramp is introduced to audiences. February 8 – The Luxembourg national football team has its first victory, beating France 5–4 in a match, for the first. February 10 – Release of the film Hearts Adrift, the name of Mary Pickford, february 12 – In Washington, D. C. the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place. February 13 – Copyright, In New York City the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers is established to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members, february 17 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden in the aftermath of the Courtyard Crisis. He is replaced by the public official Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, father of Dag Hammarskjöld, february 26 – The ocean liner that will become HMHS Britannic, sister to the RMS Titanic, is launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast. February 28 – Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus proclaimed by ethnic Greeks in Northern Epirus, march 1 – The Republic of China joins the Universal Postal Union. March 6 – Founding of FK Vojvodina football club in Novi Sad, march 7 – Prince William of Wied arrives in Albania to begin his reign. March 8 – First transfer of aircraft to Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base, march 10 – Suffragette Mary Richardson damages Velázquez painting Rokeby Venus in Londons National Gallery with a meat chopper. March 17 – Green beer is invented by Dr. Thomas H. Curtin and displayed at the Schnorrer Club of Morrisania in the Bronx, march 27 – Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants. March 29 – Katherine Routledge and her husband arrive in Easter Island to make the first true study of it, april 4–September 27 – Komagata Maru incident, Voyage of the Komagata Maru from India to Canada. Due to Canadian regulations designed to exclude Asian immigrants the boat is not allowed to dock in Vancouver and is forced to return to Calcutta with all its passengers, april 9 – Tampico Affair, involving United States Navy sailors in Mexico. April 11 Canadian Margaret C. MacDonald is appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band, alpha Rho Chi, a professional architecture fraternity, is founded in the Hotel Sherman in Chicago. April 14–18 – First International Criminal Police Congress held in Monaco,24 countries are represented including some from Asia, Europe, and the Americas, the Dean of the Paris Law School is president
24.
1915
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As of the start of 1915, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Below, the events of World War I have the WWI prefix, january 1 WWI, The Royal Navy battleship HMS Formidable is sunk off Lyme Regis, Dorset, England, by an Imperial German Navy U-boat with the loss of 547 crew. The Battle of Broken Hill, an ambush near Broken Hill, New South Wales. Harry Houdini performs a straitjacket escape performance, january 5 – Joseph E. Carberry sets an altitude record of 11,690 feet, carrying Capt. Benjamin Delahauf Foulois as a passenger in a fixed-wing aircraft. January 12 The United States House of Representatives rejects a proposal to give women the right to vote, a Fool There Was premières in the United States starring Theda Bara as a femme fatale, she quickly becomes one of early cinemas most sensational stars. January 13 – The 6.7 Mw Avezzano earthquake shakes the Province of LAquila in Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI, various agencies estimate the number of people killed to be 29, 978–32,610. January 18 – Twenty-One Demands from Japan to China are made, january 19 Georges Claude patents the neon discharge tube for use in advertising. WWI, German Zeppelins bomb the towns of Great Yarmouth and Kings Lynn in England for the first time. January 21 – Kiwanis is founded in Detroit, as The Supreme Lodge Benevolent Order Brothers, january 24 – WW I, Battle of Dogger Bank, British Grand Fleet defeats the German High Seas Fleet, sinking the armoured cruiser SMS Blücher. Emory College is rechartered as Emory University, and plans to move its campus from Oxford. January 26 – The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the United States Congress, january 26 – WWI, Ottoman Army begins the Raid on the Suez Canal. January 27 – WWI, Military casualties begin arriving at the Hôpital Temporaire dArc-en-Barrois, january 28 – An act of the United States Congress designates the United States Coast Guard, began in 1790, as a military branch. February – While working as a cook at New Yorks Sloane Hospital for Women under a name, Typhoid Mary infects 25 people. February 4 – The Maritz Rebellion of disaffected Boere against the government of the Union of South Africa ends with the surrender of remaining rebels, february 8 – The controversial film, The Birth of a Nation, directed by D. W. Griffith, premieres in Los Angeles. It will be the film for around 25 years. February 18 – WWI, Germany regards waters around the British Isles to be a war zone from this date, february 20 – In San Francisco the Panama–Pacific International Exposition is opened. March – The 1915 Palestine locust infestation breaks out in Palestine, March 3 – The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the predecessor of NASA, is founded in the United States. March 11 – WWI, British armed merchantman HMS Bayano is sunk in the North Channel off the coast of Scotland by Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-27
25.
1917
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As of the start of 1917, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Below, events of World War I have the WWI prefix, January 1 – The University of Oregon defeats the University of Pennsylvania 14–0 in U. S. college footballs 3rd Annual Rose Bowl Game. January 2 – The Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank, the cause was found to be inadequate signalling procedures. January 9 – WWI, The last substantial Ottoman Army garrison on the Sinai Peninsula is captured by the Egyptian Expeditionary Forces Desert Column at the Battle of Rafa. January 11 – Unknown saboteurs set off the Kingsland Explosion at Kingsland, January 16 – The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million. January 19 – Silvertown explosion, A blast at a factory in London kills 73. The resulting fire causes over £2,000,000 worth of damage, January 22 – WWI, President of the United States Woodrow Wilson calls for peace without victory in Germany. January 25 WWI, British armed merchantman SS Laurentic is sunk by mines off Lough Swilly with the loss of 354 of the 475 aboard, an anti-prostitution drive in San Francisco occurs and police close about 200 prostitution houses. January 26 – The sea defences at the English village of Hallsands are breached, leading to all, January 28 – The United States ends its search for Pancho Villa. January 30 – Pershings troops in Mexico begin withdrawing back to the United States and they reach Columbus, New Mexico February 5. February 1 – WWI, Atlantic U-boat Campaign, Germany announces its U-boats will resume unrestricted submarine warfare, February 3 – WWI, The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany. February 5 – The new constitution of Mexico is adopted, February 13 Mata Hari is arrested in Paris for spying. WWI, Beginning of the Raid on Nekhl by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, February 21 – British troopship SS Mendi is accidentally rammed and sunk off the Isle of Wight, killing 646, mainly members of the South African Native Labour Corps. March 1 The U. S. government releases the text of the Zimmermann Telegram to the public, Japanese city of Ōmuta is founded by Hiroushi Miruku. March 2 – The enactment of the Jones Act grants Puerto Ricans United States citizenship, march 4 Woodrow Wilson is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States. Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman member of the United States House of Representatives. March 7 – Livery Stable Blues, recorded with Dixie Jazz Band One Step on February 26 by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in the United States, becomes the first jazz recording commercially released, on August 17 the band records Tiger Rag. March 8 – The February Revolution begins in Russia, Women calling for bread in Petrograd start riots, the United States Senate adopts the cloture rule in order to limit filibusters
26.
1918
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As of the start of 1918, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Below, events of World War I have the WWI prefix, january 4 – Finland officially recognized by the Russian SFSR. January 8 – Woodrow Wilson delivers his Fourteen Points speech, january 12 – Finland enacts a Mosaic Confessors law, granting Finnish Jews civil rights. January 15 – The keel of HMS Hermes is laid in Britain, january 18 Russian Constituent Assembly meets. The Historic Concert for the Benefit of Widows and Orphans of Austrian and Hungarian Soldiers at the Konzerthaus, january 19 – Russian Constituent Assembly proclaims Russian Democratic Federative Republic, but is dissolved by Bolshevik government on same day. January 22 – The Ukrainian Peoples Republic declares independence from Bolshevik Russia, january 27 – The Finnish Civil War begins. January –1918 flu pandemic, Spanish flu first observed in Haskell County, February 1 – The Cattaro Mutiny sees Austrian sailors in the Gulf of Cattaro, led by two Czech Socialists, mutiny. February 5 – The SS Tuscania is torpedoed off the Irish coast, it is the first ship carrying American troops to Europe to be torpedoed, February 6 – Womens suffrage in the United Kingdom, Representation of the People Act gives most women over 30 the vote. February 14 – Russia switches from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, February 16 – The Council of Lithuania adopts the Act of Independence of Lithuania, declaring Lithuanias independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. February 19 – WWI, Capture of Jericho by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the British occupation of the Jordan Valley, February 19-25 – WWI, The Imperial Russian Navy evacuates Tallinn through thick ice over the Gulf of Finland. February 21 – The last captive Carolina parakeet dies at the Cincinnati Zoo, February 24 Estonia declares its independence from Russia after seven centuries of foreign rule. German forces capture Tallinn on the next day, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declare their independence from Russia as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. March 1 – WWI, German submarine U-19 sinks HMS Calgarian off Rathlin Island, March 3 – WWI, the Central Powers and Bolshevist Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending Russias involvement in the war. March 6 The Finnish Army Corps of Aviation is founded as a forerunner of the Finnish Air Force to be established on 4 May 1928. The blue swastika is adopted as its symbol as a tribute to the Swedish explorer and aviator Eric von Rosen, von Rosen had painted the Viking symbol on the plane as his personal lucky insignia. March 7 – WWI, Finland forms an alliance with Germany, March 12 – Moscow becomes the capital of Soviet Russia. March 19 – The United States Congress establishes time zones and approves daylight saving time, March 21 – WWI, First Transjordan attack on Amman by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins with the passage of the Jordan River. March 23 WWI, The giant German cannon, the Paris Gun, in London at the Wood Green Empire, Chung Ling Soo dies during his trick where he is supposed to catch two separate bullets – but one of them perforates his lung
27.
1919
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As of the start of 1919, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 The Czechoslovak Legions occupy much of the free city of Pressburg. HMY Iolaire sinks off the coast of Scotland,206 die, edsel Ford succeeds his father as head of the Ford Motor Company. January 5 Spartacist uprising, Socialist demonstrations in Berlin, Germany turn into an attempted communist revolution, in Germany, the German Workers Party, predecessor of the Nazi Party, is formed by merger of Anton Drexlers Committee of Independent Workmen with journalist Karl Harrers Political Workers Circle. January 7 The beginning of the Tragic Week in Argentina, an anarchist uprising in Buenos Aires, Estonian War of Independence, With Soviet Russian forces just 40 km of the capital Tallinn, Estonian forces start a general and successful counter-offensive against the Red Army. January 9 – Friedrich Ebert orders the Freikorps into action in Berlin, January 10–12 – The Freikorps attacks Spartacist supporters around Berlin. January 13 – Workers councils in Berlin end the general strike, January 14 – Estonian War of Independence, Estonian forces liberate Tartu from the Red Army. January 15 Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht are murdered following the Spartacist uprising, great Molasses Flood, A wave of molasses released from an exploding storage tank sweeps through Boston, Massachusetts, killing 21 and injuring 150. January 16 The Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, authorizing Prohibition, is ratified, pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski becomes the second Prime Minister of Poland. January 18 World War I, The Paris Peace Conference opens at the Palace of Versailles, Estonian War of Independence, Estonian forces liberate Narva, expelling the Red Army from Northern Estonia. Bentley Motors Limited is founded in England, January 19 The Monarchy of the North is established in Northern Portugal. January 21 Dáil Éireann meets for the first time in the Mansion House, in the first shots of the Anglo-Irish War, two Royal Irish Constabulary men are killed in an ambush at Soloheadbeg in Tipperary. Gojong, the first emperor of the Korean Empire, dies, January 23 – The Khotin Uprising breaks out in Khotyn, Ukraine. January 25 – The League of Nations is founded in Paris, January 31 – Battle of George Square, The British Army is called in to deal with riots during negotiations over working hours in Glasgow, Scotland. February 1 – Estonian War of Independence, Estonian forces liberate Valga and Võru, february 3 – Soviet troops occupy Ukraine. February 4-5 – Pressburg becomes capital of Slovakia, february 6 – The Seattle General Strike begins in the United States, affecting over 65,000 workers. February 11 Friedrich Ebert is elected first President of Germany by the Weimar National Assembly, the Seattle General Strike ends when Federal troops are summoned by the State of Washingtons Attorney General. February 12 – Ethnic Germans and Hungarian inhabitants of Pressburg start a protest against its incorporation into Czechoslovakia, february 14 – The Polish–Soviet War begins with the Battle of Bereza Kartuska
28.
1916 in architecture
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The year 1916 in architecture involved some significant events. Colony Club at Park Avenue & 62nd Streer in New York City by Delano & Aldrich with interiors by Elsie de Wolfe, later the East Coast school of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, completed. Main building of St Hughs College, Oxford in England by Herbert Tudor Buckland, church of St Paul, Liverpool in England by Giles Gilbert Scott completed. Holland House in the City of London, designed by Hendrik Petrus Berlage, november - The Incorporation of Architects in Scotland founded in Edinburgh. Publication of the White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs is initiated, royal Gold Medal - Robert Rowand Anderson. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, not held
29.
1916 in art
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February 9 –6.00 p. m. – Tristan Tzara founds Dadaism. March 1 – Liljevalchs konsthall inaugurated in Stockholm, may 20 – Boy with Baby Carriage is Norman Rockwells first cover for The Saturday Evening Post. May – Muirhead Bone recruited as a war artist by the British War Propaganda Bureau, at the end of the year, his album of drawings The Western Front begins publication. June 16 – Cleveland Museum of Art opens, august 31 – Kestnergesellschaft founded in Hanover, Germany. September 19 – Edvard Munchs paintings for the Aula of Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet, september 26 – C. R. W. Nevinsons first major single-artist exhibition opens in London. November – John Nash arrives with the Artists Rifles in France, vanessa Bells first single-artist exhibition is staged at Omega Workshops in London. Provincial Fine Arts Museum completed in Córdoba, Argentina, ezra Pound publishes Gaudier-Brzeska, A Memoir. W. R. W. Nevinson Archies The Doctor Dog-Tired French Troops Resting Matthew Smith – Fitzroy Street Nude No
30.
1916 in film
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The year 1916 in film involved some significant events. August 10 - The official British documentary propaganda film The Battle of the Somme is premièred in London, in the first six weeks of general release 20 million people view it. September 5 - Release of D. W. Griffiths epic film Intolerance, Loves Struggle Through the Ages, starring Lillian Gish and Constance Talmadge and it is estimated to have cost around $2.5 million to make but is initially a commercial failure. October 17 - Release of A Daughter of the Gods, the first US production with a million dollar budget, november 19 - Samuel Goldfish and Edgar Selwyn establish Goldwyn Pictures, later to become one of the most successful independent filmmakers. The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers is founded in the United States as the Society of Motion Picture Engineers,11 mm, an amateur film gauge, appears on the market
31.
1916 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1916. January – The Journal of Negro History is founded by Carter G. Woodson, march 1 – Transfer of the National Library of Wales at Aberystwyth into its purpose-built premises is completed. March 22 – Marriage of J. R. R. Tolkien and Edith Bratt at St. Mary Immaculate Roman Catholic Church, Warwick and they will serve as the inspiration for the fictional characters Beren and Lúthien. Tolkien leaves for military service in France at the beginning of June, april–June – Katherine Mansfield and John Middleton Murry live as neighbours to D. H. and Frieda Lawrence at Higher Tregerthen, near Zennor in Cornwall. Of the seven leaders of the Rising, Thomas MacDonagh, Patrick Pearse and Joseph Plunkett are all poets and James Connolly a balladeer, the event is the theme of W. B. Yeats poem Easter,1916, first published this September, may 16 – Natsume Sōsekis novel Light and Darkness begins serialization in the Tokyo and Osaka editions of the newspaper Asahi Shimbun but will remain unfinished at the authors death on December 9. Future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan, wounded in Septembers Battle of Flers–Courcelette and sheltering in a slit trench, yeats makes his fifth and final proposal of marriage to the newly widowed Maud Gonne in France. Summer – In the United States 15-year-old Margaret Mitchell writes the manuscript of a novella called Lost Laysen in two notebooks and she will later give the manuscript to a boyfriend and the book remains lost until rediscovered in the mid-1990s and published in 1996. Meanwhile, Mitchell will go on to write Gone with the Wind, September – Joseph Conrads novella The Shadow Line commences serialization in both The English Review and the Metropolitan Magazine. October 19 – New building for the German National Library opens in Leipzig, December 29 – James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is first published complete in book form in New York. July 1–12 – Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, partial inspiration for Peter Benchleys novel Jaws, November – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novel November 1916 is set in the lead-up to the Russian Revolution
32.
1916 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1916. February 1 - Carl Nielsen conducts the première of his Symphony No, february 11 - Baltimore Symphony Orchestra presents its first concert. March 3 - The Original Dixieland Jass Band begin playing at Schillers Cafe in Chicago, Illinois, march 10 - Sir Hubert Parry writes the choral setting of William Blakes poem And did those feet in ancient time which becomes known as Jerusalem. April 28 - Edison Records carry out the first public comparison test between live and recorded singing voices at Carnegie Hall, featuring soprano Marie Rappold, june 5 - Steins Dixie Jass Band plays its first concert under its new name, the Original Dixieland Jass Band. August 3 - The musical comedy Chu Chin Chow, written, produced, directed and starring Oscar Asche, with music by Frederic Norton, premières at His Majestys Theatre in London. It will run for five years and a total of 2,238 performances, december - Wilbur Sweatman records his hot ragtime for Emerson Records in New York City. Gustav Holst completes composition of his orchestral suite The Planets, Op.32, sydney Conservatorium of Music in Australia accepts its first students. Soprano Hedy Iracema-Brügelmann is awarded the Charlottenkreuz, german soprano Vali von der Osten marries tenor Fritz Windgassen. Allahs Holiday w. Otto Harbach m, rudolf Friml And They Called It Dixieland w. Raymond Egan m. Richard A. Whiting Arrah Go On, Im Gonna Go Back To Oregon w. Sam M. Lewis & Joe Young m, Bert Grant At Finnigans Ball w. m. Bert Lee Baby Shoes by Joe Goodwin Beale Street Blues w. m, James W. Tate & Frank Clifford Harris Bugle Call Rag w. m. Eubie Blake & Carey Morgan Bull Frog Blues Tom Brown, Guy Shrigley The Cobblers Song w. Oscar Asche m, cliff Hess The Honolulu Blues w. Grant Clarke & Eddie Cox m. James V. Monaco Hows Every Little Thing In Dixie. W. Jack Yellen m. Albert Gumble Hula Lou w. Edward Grossmith m. Ted D. Ward I Aint Got Nobody w. Roger Graham & Dave Peyton m, spencer Williams I Can Dance With Everybody But My Wife w. Joseph Cawthorn & John Golden m. John Golden I Sent My Wife To The Thousand Isles w. Andrew B, sterling & Ed Moran m. Harry von Tilzer I Want To Marry A Male Quartette w. Otto Harbach m. Rudolf Friml If I Knock The L Out Of Kelly w. Sam M. Lewis & Joe Young m, If You Were the Only Girl w. Clifford Grey m. Nat D. Ayer Im Sorry I Made You Cry w. m. N. J. Clesi Ireland Must Be Heaven, Fred Fisher Ive A Shooting Box In Scotland w. m. Thomas Lawrason Riggs & Cole Porter Joe Turner Blues w. Walter Hirsch m. W. C, handy Katinka w. Otto Harbach m. Rudolf Friml Keep Your Eye On The Girlie You Love w. Howard Johnson & Alex Gerber m, ira Schuster The Laddies Who Fought And Won w. m
33.
1916 in sports
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1916 in sports describes the year’s events in world sport.13 d Carlton 8.8 at Melbourne Cricket Ground. Fitzroy wins the title despite having finished last in the regular season, South Australian Football League, not contested due to World War I West Australian Football League,9 September, South Fremantle 7.12 defeat East Fremantle 5.5 for their first WAFL premiership. Sweden Championship final – IFK Uppsala 3–2 Djurgårdens IF World Series 7–12 October — Boston Red Sox defeats the Brooklyn Robins by 4 games to 1 to win the 1916 World Series. Events The Philadelphia Athletics finish the season with a record of 36–117 or a.235 winning percentage, the series of fights between Ted Kid Lewis and Jack Britton continues with Britton taking the World Welterweight Championship into 1917. Indianapolis 50030 May — 6th running of the Indianapolis 500 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway is won by Dario Resta in a Peugeot L45. Vanderbilt Cup 16 November — 11th and final running of the original Vanderbilt Cup at Santa Monica is won by Dario Resta driving a Peugeot EX3, the race is eventually revived in 1958 as the Formula One United States Grand Prix
34.
1916 in Canada
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Events from the year 1916 in Canada. MacKenzie Commissioner of Northwest Territories – Frederick D, may 7 - The Government of Canada authorizes the creation of an all black battalion that became No.2 Construction Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. He is known as the first rodeo cowboy to become a cowboy artist and sculptor. July 29 - The Matheson Fire in the region northwest of North Bay begins and it eventually takes the lives of between 200 and 250 people and destroys six towns, including Matheson and Cochrane August 11 - The 4th Canadian Division arrives in France October 20 - William M. The first Doukhobors arrive in Alberta Emily Murphy became the first female magistrate in Canada and she is best known for her contributions to Canadian feminism, specifically to the question of whether women were persons under Canadian law. Car design engineer November 17 - Martin J. Légère, businessman November 23 - P. K
35.
1916 in France
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Events from the year 1916 in France. 29 January - Paris is bombed by German zeppelins for the first time,21 February - Battle of Verdun begins. 27 April - Battle of Hulluch in World War I, 47th Brigade,16 May - Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement to divide Arab areas of the Ottoman Empire following the conclusion of World War I into French and British spheres of influence. 1 July - First day on the Somme,14 July - Battle of Bazentin Ridge, start of the second phase of the Battle of the Somme. 15 September - Battle of Flers-Courcelette begins and lasts for a week, third,25 September - Battle of Morval. 26 September - Battle of Thiepval Ridge begins, German fortress of Thiepval is captured by the British,28 September - Battle of Thiepval Ridge ends successfully, with the capture of the Schwaben Redoubt. 13 November - Battle of the Ancre launches, the act of the Battle of the Somme. 18 November - Battle of the Somme ends,18 December - Battle of Verdun ends
36.
1916 in India
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Events in the year 1916 in India. 13 February - Jagjit Singh Aurora, military commander,21 March - Bismillah Khan, shehnai musician and Bharat Ratna winner. 23 March - Harkishan Singh Surjeet, former General Secretary of the Communist Party of India,8 May - Chinmayananda, spiritual leader. 16 September - M. S. Subbulakshmi, Carnatic singer
37.
1916 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1916 in Ireland. 14 January – Michael Collins resigns his job in London and returns to Ireland,14 February – John Redmond is re-elected Chairman of the Irish Parliamentary Party in Dublin. 29 February – the week-long Derry Feis opens in the city,21 March – a crowd attacks Sinn Féins Tullamore headquarters, three police are injured. 21 April – Roger Casement and two others are arrested at Banna Strand, County Kerry, for attempting to land arms,22 April – Eoin MacNeill, Chief of Staff of the Irish Volunteers cancels all manoeuvres of Volunteers planned for the following day. 23 April – Easter Sunday, the council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood meets at Liberty Hall. The Proclamation of the Republic is signed by the seven leaders in the name of the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic, Volunteers from Belfast and County Cork begin manoeuvres but return home. 24 April – the Easter Rising begins in Dublin, at noon Patrick Pearse reads the proclamation on the steps of the General Post Office, Dublin. Liam Mellows leads a rising of Volunteers in County Galway,25 April – martial law is declared in Dublin by the British authorities for a period of one month. 26 April Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Thomas Dickson and Patrick McIntyre are summarily executed at Portobello Barracks, dublin-built HMS Helga shells Liberty Hall from the Liffey. 27 April Major-General Sir John Maxwell arrives in Dublin to take command of the British Army,12,000 of whose troops are now in the city, the centre is cordoned off. 29 April – at 3. 45pm, Patrick Pearse, James Connolly,1 May – the Easter Rising collapses. Sir John Maxwell, Commander-in-Chief of the British forces announces that all involved in the insurrection have surrendered,3 May – following their courts martial, Patrick Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas J. Clarke are executed at Kilmainham Gaol. 4 May – the executions continue, Joseph Plunkett, Michael OHanrahan, Edward Daly and Willie Pearse are executed for their part in the Rising. The Chief Secretary of Ireland, Augustine Birrell, resigns,5 May – John MacBride, another leader of the Rising, is executed today. W. T. Cosgrave is sentenced to death, however,8 May – another four leaders of the Easter Rising are executed. They are Éamonn Ceannt, Conn Colbert, Michael Mallin and Seán Heuston,12 May – two more leaders, Seán Mac Diarmada and James Connolly are executed. Connolly, who was wounded in the fighting, is strapped to a chair, meanwhile, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith arrives in Dublin for a week-long visit. 15 May – the trial of Roger Casement begins in London and he is charged with high treason for his part in the Easter Rising
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