1.
1915 College Football All-America Team
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The 1915 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans for the 1915 college football season. Although not recognized by the NCAA, many sports writers, newspapers. They include Parke H. Davis, Walter Eckersall, and Fielding H. Yost, at the end of the 1915 season, Runyon noted the difficulty in picking an All-America team when most of those doing so had only seen a fraction of the players. Accordingly, Runyon chose not to call his list and All-America team, ER = Eddie N. Robinson, head coach of the Brown Bears football team. JI = Jonas H. Ingram, head coach of the Navy football team
2.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
3.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
4.
Collier's
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Colliers was an American magazine, founded in 1888 by Peter Fenelon Collier. It was initially launched as Colliers Once a Week, then changed in 1895 to Colliers Weekly, An Illustrated Journal, and finally shortened in 1905 to simply Colliers. The magazine ceased publication with the issue dated January 4,1957, though a brief, as a result of Peter Colliers pioneering investigative journalism, Colliers established a reputation as a proponent of social reform. When attempts by various companies to sue Collier ended in failure, Peter F. Collier left Ireland for the U. S. at age 17. Although he went to a seminary to become a priest, he started work as a salesman for P. J. Kenedy. When Collier wanted to boost sales by offering books on a plan, it led to a disagreement with Kenedy. P. F. Collier & Son began in 1875, expanding into the largest subscription house in America with sales of 30 million books during the 1900–1910 decade. With the issued dated April 28,1888, Colliers Once a Week was launched as a magazine of fiction, fact, sensation, wit, humor, news. It was sold with the biweekly Colliers Library of novels and popular books at bargain rates, by 1892, with a circulation climbing past the 250,000 mark, Colliers Once a Week was one of the largest selling magazines in the United States. The name was changed to Colliers Weekly, An Illustrated Journal in 1895, with an emphasis on news, the magazine became a leading exponent of the halftone news picture. To fully exploit the new technology, Collier recruited James H. Hare, Colliers only son, Robert J. Collier, became a full partner in 1898. By 1904, the magazine was known as Colliers, The National Weekly, when Robert Collier died in 1918, he left a will that turned the magazine over to three of his friends, Samuel Dunn, Harry Payne Whitney and Francis Patrick Garvan. The magazine was sold in 1919 to the Crowell Publishing Company, in 1924 Crowell moved the printing operations from New York to Springfield, Ohio but kept the editorial and business departments in New York. After 1924, printing of the magazine was done at the Crowell-Collier printing plant on West Main Street in Springfield, Ohio. The factory complex, which is standing, was built between 1899 and 1946, and incorporates seven buildings that together have more than 846,000 square feet —20 acres —of floor space. Colliers popularized the story which was often planned to fit on a single page. Knox Burger was Colliers fiction editor from 1948 to 1951 when he left to edit books for Dell and Fawcett Publications, phillips Oppenheim, J. D. Salinger, Kurt Vonnegut, Albert Payson Terhune and Walter Tevis. Humor writers included Parke Cummings and H. Allen Smith, serializing novels during the late 1920s, Colliers sometimes simultaneously ran two ten-part novels, and non-fiction was also serialized
5.
Atlanta Public Schools
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Atlanta Public Schools is a school district based in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. APS is run by the Atlanta Board of Education with superintendent Dr. Meria J. Carstarphen, the school system also supports two alternative schools for middle and/or high school students, two community schools, and an adult learning center. The school system owns the license for, but does not operate, the radio station WABE-FM90.1, the Atlanta Board of Education establishes and approves the policies that govern the Atlanta Public School system. The board consists of nine members, representing six geographical districts, one person is elected per district to represent the schools in a given district for a four-year term. Under the provisions of the new Board charter, approved by the Georgia Legislature in 2003, board members elect a new chairman, the day-to-day administration of the school district is the responsibility of the Superintendent, who is appointed by the board. D. Middle School Ralph Johnson Bunche Middle School Sammye E. Coan Middle School Samuel M. H, crim Open Campus High School APS/Community Education Partnership School West End Academy The B. E. S. T. West Elementary School Arkwright Elementary School Ben Hill Elementary School Blair Village Elementary School Blalock Elementary School Burgess Elementary School C. D, Elementary School Mount Vernon Elementary School North Ave. This brought the number of schools offering free education to the citys children to seven. On September 8,1961, Time magazine reported, Last week the moral siege of Atlanta ended in spectacular fashion with the smoothest token school integration ever seen in the Deep South, into four high schools marched nine Negro students without so much as a white catcall. Teachers were soon reporting no hostility, no demonstrations, the most normal day weve ever had, in the lunchrooms, white children began introducing themselves to Negro children. At Northside High, a class was duly impressed when Donita Gaines. Said she crisply, Physiology has to do with functions, in a 1964 news story, Time would say, The Atlanta decision was a gentle attempt to accelerate one of the South’s best-publicized plans for achieving integration without revolution. By May 1961,300 transfer forms had given to black students interested in transferring out of their high schools. 132 students actually applied, of those,10 were chosen and 9 braved the press, onlookers, brown vs. with courage, tolerance and above all, respect for the law. In 2012, Atlanta Public Schools produced a documentary to honor the 50th anniversary of the desegregation efforts. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a majority of Atlanta Northside public schools had either token integration, faculty and staff assignments to schools had remained mostly segregated as well. The school system was converted from a K-7 elementary and 8-12 high school grade system into a middle school 6–8 grade program. Crim remained superintendent until his retirement in 1988, in 2015 the district removed band programs at APS elementary schools
6.
1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team
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The 1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology in American football during the 1917 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Golden Tornado, coached by John Heisman in his 14th year as coach, compiled a 9–0 record. Heisman considered the 1917 team his best, and for years it was considered the greatest football team the South had ever produced. The backfield of Albert Hill, Everett Strupper, Joe Guyon, and Judy Harlan led the Golden Tornado, and all four rushed for more than 100 yards in a 48–0 victory over Tulane. During the regular season Georgia Tech defeated strong opponents by large margins, Techs 83–0 victory over Vanderbilt is the worst loss in Vanderbilt history, and its 63–0 defeat of Washington & Lee was the worst loss in W&L history at the time. Tech finished the season by defeating Auburn 68–7, clinching the conference title, Davidson and Auburn were the only teams to score points against Georgia Tech. Because of the American entry into World War I in April, however, Georgia Tech had an increasing enrollment and bright prospects for its football team after its undefeated 1916 season. Losses from the previous seasons team included guard Bob Lang and fullback Tommy Spence, in 1917 football used a one-platoon system, in which players played both offense and defense. Fifteen of the 21 players on the 1917 roster were from the state of Georgia, the teams captain was tackle Walker Big Six Carpenter. Its renowned backfield consisted of quarterback Al Hill, halfback Everett Strupper, halfback Joe Guyon, Coach John Heismans swift backfield used the pre-snap movement of his jump shift offense, and Al Hill led the team in carries. Ev Strupper, arguably the best of the four, was deaf, because of his deafness. When Strupe tried out for the team, he noticed that the quarterback shouted the signals every time he was to carry the ball, realizing that the loud signals would be a tip-off to the opposition, Strupper told Heisman, Coach, those loud signals are absolutely unnecessary. You see when sickness in my kid days brought on this deafness my folks gave me the best instructors obtainable to teach me lip-reading, Heisman recalled how Strupper overcame his deafness, He couldnt hear anything but a regular shout. But he could read your lips like a flash, no lad that ever stepped on a football field had keener eyes than Everett had. The enemy found this out the minute he began looking for openings through which to run the ball. Joe Guyon, the teams best passer, was a Chippewa Indian who was born on the White Earth Indian Reservation, his brother, Guyon had played for Pop Warner at Carlisle, and had to sit out the 1916 season in accordance with conference transfer rules. He ran through opponents, in contrast to Struppers dodging style, Judy Harlan said about Guyon, Once in a while the Indian would come out in Joe, such as the nights Heisman gave us a white football and had us working out under the lights. Thats when Guyon would give out the blood curdling war whoops, the Golden Tornado opened its season on September 29 with a doubleheader in three inches of mud
7.
Paul Robeson
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Paul Leroy Robeson was an American bass singer and actor who became involved with the Civil Rights Movement. He became politically involved in response to the Spanish Civil War, fascism and his advocacy of anti-imperialism, affiliation with communism, and criticism of the United States government caused him to be blacklisted during the McCarthy era. In 1915 Robeson won a scholarship to Rutgers College, where he was twice named a consensus All-American and was the class valedictorian. Almost eighty years later, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and he received his LL. B. from Columbia Law School, while playing in the National Football League. At Columbia, he sang and acted in productions, and, after graduating, he became a figure in the Harlem Renaissance with performances in The Emperor Jones. Robeson first appeared outside the US in 1928 in the London premier of Show Boat, Robeson next appeared as Othello in London before becoming an international cinema star during the 1930s through roles in Show Boat and Sanders of the River. He became increasingly attuned to the sufferings of people of other cultures, despite being warned of his economic ruin if he became politically active, he set aside his theatrical career to advocate the cause of the Republican forces of the Spanish Civil War. He then became active in the Council on African Affairs, during World War II, he supported Americas war efforts and won accolades for his portrayal of Othello on Broadway. However, his history of supporting pro-Soviet policies brought scrutiny from the FBI, after the war ended, the CAA was placed on the Attorney Generals List of Subversive Organizations and Robeson was investigated during the age of McCarthyism. Due to his decision not to recant his public advocacy of pro-Soviet policies, he was denied a passport by the U. S. State Department and he moved to Harlem and published a periodical critical of United States policies. His right to travel was restored by the 1958 United States Supreme Court decision, Kent v. Dulles. In the early 1960s he retired and lived the years of his life privately in Philadelphia. Paul Robeson was born in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1898, to Reverend William Drew Robeson and his mother was from a prominent Quaker family of mixed ancestry, African, Anglo-American, and Lenape. Robeson had three brothers, William Drew, Jr. Reeve, and Ben, and one sister, in 1900, a disagreement between William and white financial supporters of Witherspoon arose with apparent racial undertones, which were prevalent in Princeton. William, who had the support of his entirely black congregation, the loss of his position forced him to work menial jobs. Three years later when Robeson was six, his mother, who was nearly blind, William found a stable parsonage at the St. Thomas A. M. E. Zion in 1910, where Robeson would fill in for his father during sermons when he was called away. His athletic dominance elicited racial taunts which he ignored, prior to his graduation, he won a statewide academic contest for a scholarship to Rutgers. He took a job as a waiter in Narragansett Pier, Rhode Island
8.
Jock Sutherland
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John Bain Jock Sutherland was an American football player and coach. He coached college football at Lafayette College and the University of Pittsburgh and professional football for the Brooklyn Dodgers and he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951. A native of Coupar Angus in Scotland, Sutherland got his start in football by playing end at the University of Pittsburgh, commonly known as Pitt, Sutherland was named an All-American and played on Pitts national championship teams in 1915 and 1916. Sutherland also played on Pitts undefeated 1917 team, the 1917 team was known as The Fighting Dentists because on occasion every position was filled by dental students. The dental students on the 1917 team included Sutherland, Katy Easterday, Skip Gougler, Tank McLaren, Sutherland also lettered in wrestling and captained the track & field team at Pitt for which he specialized in the hammer throw, discus, and shot put. He was also a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity, Psi Omega national dental fraternity, Omicron Delta Kappa, and the Druids Society, Sutherland graduated from the University of Pittsburghs School of Dentistry, where he also held a professorship in the instruction of bridge and crown. In 1919, Sutherland played in a few games with the Massillon Tigers of the Ohio League, however he soon left the team and began his head coaching career at Lafayette College from 1919 to 1923, leading the Leopards to the 1921 Eastern Collegiate Championship. In 1924, Sutherland replaced Pop Warner, his coach and mentor. Sutherland, who was described as a hero in a Saturday Evening Post article, became a highly admired. On offense, he ran a double-wing formation known as the Sutherland Scythe and he was known for his calm and direct demeanor, never shouting or ranting to motivate his team. During his tenure, Sutherlands teams were named Eastern football champions seven times including 1925,1927,1929,1931,1934,1936, during this time, Pitt appeared in four Rose Bowl games and turned down a bid for the 1938 Rose Bowl. Sutherlands teams were named National Champions by various selectors for nine different seasons including 1925,1927,1929,1931,1933,1934,1936,1937, bowmans moves, which resulted in Sutherlands departure, were controversial among students and supporters of the football program. His.812 winning percentage is also the 5th best such mark during the first 20 years of any coaches career and he is also tied for the 23rd fewest games to reach 100 victories, accomplished in his 132nd game as coach. Sutherland later coached in the National Football League with the Brooklyn Dodgers for two seasons, 1940–41, before leaving the team to serve the United States during World War II, during the war, Sutherland served in the United States Navy and achieved the rank of Lieutenant commander. Upon returning to the United States, Sutherland landed with the Pittsburgh Steelers and he led the Steelers to their first playoff appearance in 1947. He was flown back to Pittsburgh for further treatment, an exploratory surgery was required to determine whether he was suffering from a hemorrhage or a tumor. Sutherland died in Pittsburgh on April 11,1948, following surgery to remove a malignant brain tumor and he is interred in Pittsburghs Homewood Cemetery. Sutherland was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951 as a coach and he is memorialized on the Pitt campus with a street, Sutherland Drive, and the student residence Sutherland Hall
9.
Everett Strupper
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George Everett Strupper, Jr. known variously as Ev or Strup or Stroop was an American football player. He played halfback for Georgia Tech from 1915 to 1917, Strupper overcame deafness resulting from a childhood illness and was selected as an All-American in 1917. During Struppers three years playing for Georgia Tech, the compiled a record of 24–0–2 and outscored its opponents by a combined score of 1,135 to 61. In Georgia Techs record-setting 222–0 win over Cumberland College in 1916, for many years,1917 Georgia Tech was considered the greatest football team the South ever produced. Strupper starred as part of a renowned backfield including also Joe Guyon, Judy Harlan, Strupper and teammate Walker Carpenter were the first players from the Deep South selected for an All-America first team. Sportswriter Morgan Blake called Strupper probably the greatest running half-back the South has known, bernie McCarty writes Strupper ranks among the greatest broken-field gallopers in Southern football history. And he caught and threw passes, returned kicks, blocked well and he was posthumously inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1972 and the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1974. Strupper was born in Columbus, Georgia, in 1896 and his parents, G. Everett Strupper, Sr. and Bessie H. Strupper, were both Georgia natives. As of 1910, his father was employed as a manager at an oil company. Stupper attended Riverside Military Academy in Gainesville, Georgia and he was the star of the schools football team in 1913, and is a member of the schools sports hall of fame. Strupper enrolled at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta in 1914, during his freshman year, Strupper became a member of the Georgia Phi chapter of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity. He was an athlete competing for Georgia Tech in basketball, football. In 1914, Strupper played for the football team at Georgia Tech. He then played halfback for Georgia Techs varsity football teams head coach John Heisman from 1915 to 1917. Strupper was deaf, and because of his deafness, he called the signals instead of the teams quarterback, Strupper was a small man, with his height being stated in varying accounts to be between five-feet seven inches and five-feet, ten inches. His coach John Heisman later wrote that Strupper was but 5 feet 7 inches in height and he was sometimes known as little Everett Strupper. Georgia Tech never lost a game in which Strupper played, compiling three consecutive undefeated seasons from 1915 to 1917, during Struppers three years playing for Georgia Tech, the team compiled a record of 24–0–2. Only two teams managed a tie – the University of Georgia in 1915 and Washington & Lee in 1916, in those 26 games, Georgia Tech outscored its opponents by a combined score of 1,135 to 61
10.
Washington & Jefferson Presidents football
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The Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team represents Washington & Jefferson College in collegiate level football. The team competes in NCAA Division III and is affiliated with the Presidents Athletic Conference, since its founding in 1890, the team has played their home games at College Field, which was remodeled and renamed Cameron Stadium in 2001. A number of players were named to the College Football All-America Team, the team has been coached by some of the best-known coaches in football history, including John Heisman, Greasy Neale, and Andy Kerr. Founded in 1890, the quickly became well known for drawing large crowds. The faculty and administration expressed concern over the strength of the team, during the 1910s, some sportswriters suggested that the Presidents were one of the top teams in the nation. The greatest achievement in the history was in 1921, when the Presidents appeared in the 1922 Rose Bowl. As college football evolved in the 1930s and 1940s, the Presidents fell far behind their larger competitors, controversy over the poor play of the football team, and a lack of play against larger teams, contributed to the resignation of a college president. In the 1950s the team joined NCAA Division III and the Presidents Athletic Conference, by the 1980s, the team had learned to thrive in that environment, winning a number of conference championships and regularly qualifying for the NCAA Division III playoffs. The football team played its first game on November 1,1890, the Red and Blacks third game of the inaugural season, against College of Wooster, remains disputed to this day, with both schools claiming a victory. By 1894, the communitys interest in the sport had grown considerably, with stronger opponents. A special train from Washington to Pittsburgh was chartered to carry fans, John Brallier, who was the first openly professional football player, played football for Washington & Jefferson College in 1895 before returning to the Greensburg Athletic Association. This incident, and others, caused the faculty to adopt the colleges first eligibility requirements for student athletes, at the same time its activities was becoming more scrutinized, the football team became more successful. But was the September 29,1897, game against the University of Pennsylvania Quakers that marked the birth of football at W&J. The Red and Black lost 18-4 to the national champions. In a game against Denison University on Sept.19,1908, in 1910, the football program was in danger of being dissolved due to crushing debt. The Student Athletic Committee proposed a $1 per term student fee to fund the team, however, team manager and beloved student solicitor Robert M. Murphy, was able to convince the students to accept the fee. However, the Faculty Athletic Committee balked, vetoing the new rules, wells highlighted the growing tension between athletics and academics. As orchestrated by a group of football supporters, the two professors were brought before a faculty committee for not having the requisite support for the athletic programs
