1.
1911 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1911. February–March – Antisemitic riots in Paris over the staging of Henri Bernsteins Après moi by the Comédie-Française, instigated by the far-right Action Française, in conjunction with the far-left Guerre Sociale. March – Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in Paris, announces planned Futurist conference, april – Hugo Gernsback begins to publish his pioneering science fiction novel Ralph 124C 41+ in his monthly magazine Modern Electrics in the United States. April 8 – English poet Lascelles Abercrombie and his move to live near Dymock in rural Gloucestershire. October 16 – New building for Mitchell Library opens in Glasgow, october 17 – Rudolf Wilhelm Friedrich Ditzen, the later novelist Hans Fallada, kills his best friend in a suicide pact staged as a duel. November The Kalem Company of New York agrees to pay the estate of author Lew Wallace $25,000 in legal settlement for having adapted Ben Hur from his novel without securing prior rights. Virginia Stephen begins to share a London house at 38 Brunswick Square with other members of the Bloomsbury Group, Leonard Woolf, Adrian Stephen, John Maynard Keynes, jaroslav Hašek begins publishing stories of The Good Soldier Švejk in the Prague newspaper Karikatura edited by the illustrator Josef Lada. Irish novelist George Moore publishes Ave, the first part of his 3-volume autobiographical Hail, french publishing house Éditions Gallimard founded in Paris by Gaston Gallimard as Les Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue Française. Its first publication is Paul Claudels play LOtage, D. Beresford – The Hampdenshire Wonder Ambrose Bierce – The Devils Dictionary Algernon Blackwood – The Centaur J. E. Casely-Hayford – Ethiopia Unbound G. K. E. B. Du Bois – The Quest of the Silver Fleece Edna Ferber – Dawn OHara Ford Madox Ford – Ladies Whose Bright Eyes E. M. Forster – The Celestial Omnibus R. H. E. W
2.
1912 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1912. January 5 – Konstantin Stanislavski and Edward Gordon Craigs seminal symbolist Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet opens, conrad continues to work on finishing the book while the first chapters are appearing weekly in the Herald, completing it on March 26. March 3 – Frieda Weekley meets D. H. Lawrence in Nottingham, april 14–15 – Sinking of the RMS Titanic, The ocean liner RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg and sinks on her maiden voyage from the United Kingdom to the United States. American mystery writer Jacques Futrelle, English journalist and publisher William Thomas Stead, a copy of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam in a jewelled binding by Sangorski & Sutcliffe is also lost. The event leads to a flood of poems, including Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain, may 6 – Lie Kim Hok dies of typhus in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, aged 58. Lauw Giok Lan completes his translations of Hugo Hartmanns Dolores, de Verkochte Vrouw as Prampoean jang Terdjoewal and of Geneviève de Vadans as De Juffrouw van Gezelschap. June – As I. G. Ofir, Romanian poet Benjamin Fondane has his debut in the magazine Floare Albastră. August 10 – Virginia Stephen marries Leonard Woolf at St. Pancras Town Hall in London and they honeymoon in Provence, Spain and Italy before returning to live in London. September 21 – Harley Granville-Barkers production of Shakespeares The Winters Tale opens at the Savoy Theatre, London, with simplified scenery, ensemble acting and it is replaced in November by his production of Twelfth Night. October Edgar Rice Burroughs character Tarzan first appears in Tarzan of the Apes in American pulp magazine The All-Story, sax Rohmers character Fu Manchu first appears in The Zayat Kiss in English pulp magazine Story-Teller, the first instalment of The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu. October 12 – Arthur Schnitzlers play La Ronde is first performed, in Budapest, october 25 – First issue of Simbolul, put out in Bucharest by Marcel Janco, Tristan Tzara, and Ion Vinea. – A Slap in the Face of Public Taste, the text of Russian Futurism, is published as both a manifesto and a poetry almanac. Edited and authored by David Burliuk, Viktor Khlebnikov, Aleksei Kruchenykh, attacks the tradition of Russian Symbolism, in particular works by Leonid Andreyev, Konstantin Balmont, Alexander Blok, and Ivan Bunin, but also ridicules independents such as Maxim Gorky. Texts of 13 Sanskrit dramas, perhaps from the first centuries BCE, publication of the Loeb Classical Library, parallel text editions of the classics, begins by London publisher Heinemann. Moruzi – Pribegi în țară răpită John Muir – The Yosemite P. D. F. L. R. – Sesto Pals, Romanian Israeli poet, priestleys An Inspector Calls are set in this year
3.
1914 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1914. January 18 – A party held in honour of English poet Wilfrid Scawen Blunt at his farm in West Sussex brings together W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Thomas Sturge Moore, Victor Plarr, Richard Aldington, F. S. Flint and Frederic Manning, february–December – Publication of New Numbers, a quarterly collection of work by the Dymock poets in England edited by Lascelles Abercrombie. February 2 – James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man commences serialization in The Egoist, february 4 – A staging of George A. Birminghams comedy General John Regan at Westport Town Hall in Ireland provokes a riot. February 10 – Thomas Hardy marries his wife, childrens author Florence Dugdale, at St Andrews. March The Times Literary Supplement is published separately for the first time, the Little Review is founded by Margaret Caroline Anderson as part of Chicagos literary renaissance. March 4 – Irish-born novelist George Moore publishes Vale, the final of his 3-volume autobiographical Hail, june – James Joyces Dubliners, a collection of fifteen short stories depicting the Irish middle classes in and around Dublin during the early 20th century, is published in London. June 20 – First issue of the Vorticist literary magazine BLAST edited by Wyndham Lewis is published and it includes Ford Madox Hueffers The Saddest Story, a preliminary version of The Good Soldier. June 24 – Edward Thomas makes the English railway journey which inspires his poem Adlestrop en route to meet Robert Frost, july E. M. Forster completes his novel Maurice, with its theme of male homosexual love, it is not published until 1971. Heinrich Mann completes his novel Der Untertan, with its critique of German nationalism, August The literature of World War I makes its first appearance. John Masefield writes the poem August,1914, the last he will produce before the peace, stanley Unwin purchases a controlling interest in the London publisher George Allen. August 25 – The library of the Catholic University of Leuven is set on fire by German troops during the Rape of Belgium, September – J. R. R. Tolkien writes a poem about Eärendil, the first appearance of his mythopoeic Middle-earth legendarium. Eärendil will much later appear in the The Silmarillion, at this time Tolkien is an Oxford undergraduate staying at Phoenix Farm, Gedling near Nottingham. September 2 – Charles Masterman invites 25 eminent literary men to Wellington House in London to form a secret British War Propaganda Bureau, kipling soon afterwards writes the poem For all we have and are. Yeats, however, refuses to sign a letter of support for the War signed by most of the participants, September 9 – Hilaire Belloc is contracted to write regular articles on the War in the new British weekly Land and Water. September 21 – Laurence Binyons poem For the Fallen, containing his Ode of Remembrance, is published in The Times, T. S. Eliot meets fellow American poet Ezra Pound for the first time, in London. September 29 – Arthur Machens short story The Bowmen, origin of the legend of the Angels of Mons, is published in The Evening News, november 7 – The first issue of The New Republic magazine is published in the United States. November 16 – M. P. Shiel is convicted and imprisoned for indecently assaulting, december 31 – T. S. Oxford is very pretty, but I dont like to be dead
4.
1916 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1916. January – The Journal of Negro History is founded by Carter G. Woodson, march 1 – Transfer of the National Library of Wales at Aberystwyth into its purpose-built premises is completed. March 22 – Marriage of J. R. R. Tolkien and Edith Bratt at St. Mary Immaculate Roman Catholic Church, Warwick and they will serve as the inspiration for the fictional characters Beren and Lúthien. Tolkien leaves for military service in France at the beginning of June, april–June – Katherine Mansfield and John Middleton Murry live as neighbours to D. H. and Frieda Lawrence at Higher Tregerthen, near Zennor in Cornwall. Of the seven leaders of the Rising, Thomas MacDonagh, Patrick Pearse and Joseph Plunkett are all poets and James Connolly a balladeer, the event is the theme of W. B. Yeats poem Easter,1916, first published this September, may 16 – Natsume Sōsekis novel Light and Darkness begins serialization in the Tokyo and Osaka editions of the newspaper Asahi Shimbun but will remain unfinished at the authors death on December 9. Future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan, wounded in Septembers Battle of Flers–Courcelette and sheltering in a slit trench, yeats makes his fifth and final proposal of marriage to the newly widowed Maud Gonne in France. Summer – In the United States 15-year-old Margaret Mitchell writes the manuscript of a novella called Lost Laysen in two notebooks and she will later give the manuscript to a boyfriend and the book remains lost until rediscovered in the mid-1990s and published in 1996. Meanwhile, Mitchell will go on to write Gone with the Wind, September – Joseph Conrads novella The Shadow Line commences serialization in both The English Review and the Metropolitan Magazine. October 19 – New building for the German National Library opens in Leipzig, December 29 – James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is first published complete in book form in New York. July 1–12 – Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, partial inspiration for Peter Benchleys novel Jaws, November – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novel November 1916 is set in the lead-up to the Russian Revolution
5.
1917 in literature
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This article presents lists of literary events and publications in 1917. January Francis Picabia produces the first issue of the Dada periodical 391 in Barcelona, J. R. R. February 4/5 – English writer Hugh Kingsmill is taken prisoner while fighting in France. February 16 – The publishing house of Boni & Liveright is established in New York City by Horace Liveright with Albert Boni, and establishes the Modern Library imprint. April – Leonard and Virginia Woolf take delivery of the printing press they require in order to establish the Hogarth Press at their home. Their first publication is Two Stories, june 4 – The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded, Laura E. Richards, Maude H. Swope receives the first Pulitzer for journalism for his work for the New York World. June 18 – Luigi Pirandellos drama Right You Are is premièred in Milan, summer – The Siuru expressionistic and neo-romantic literary movement in Estonia is formed by a group of young poets and writers. October 20 – 51-year-old poet W. B, yeats marries 25-year-old Georgie Hyde-Lees at Harrow Road register office in London a couple of months after having had a proposal of marriage to his ex-mistresss daughter, Iseult Gonne, rejected. December 25 – Jesse Lynch Williams Why Marry, the first dramatic play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre. The colonial government of the Dutch East Indies establishes the Kantoor voor de Volklectuur, the Marc Chagall illustrated version of The Magician by I. L. Peretz is published in Vilnius. This is the background to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novels in The Red Wheel sequence March 1917, august 18 – First meeting between Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon, the basis of Stephen MacDonalds drama Not About Heroes and Pat Barkers novel Regeneration
6.
1918 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1918. January 1 – Popular British novelist and wartime propagandist Hall Caine is made a KBE, january 2 – Popular British novelist Marie Corelli is convicted under wartime legislation for hoarding food. January 23 – Robert Graves marries the painter Nancy Nicholson in London, wedding guests include Wilfred Owen, whose first nationally published poem appears 3 days later and who will be killed by the end of the year. March The Telemachus episode of James Joyces Ulysses is published in the American journal The Little Review, English novelist Alec Waugh is made a prisoner of war, he will be incarcerated in Mainz Citadel with monologuist J. Milton Hayes and Hugh Kingsmill. English writer May Sinclair first uses the term Stream of consciousness to describe a narrative mode, may 3 – Katherine Mansfield marries her long-time partner John Middleton Murry at Kensington register office in London. June – English poet Basil Bunting is imprisoned as a conscientious objector, august 17 – Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon meet for the last time, in London, and spend what Sassoon later describes as the whole of a hot cloudless afternoon together. October 3 – Siegfried Sassoon visits his mentor Robbie Ross for the last time, Sassoon later writes that Ross, in saying goodbye, gave him a presentiment of final farewell. November 4 – Wilfred Owen is killed in action, aged 25, news of his death reaches his parents in Shrewsbury a week later on Armistice Day. He is awarded a posthumous Military Cross a year later, december 28 – Emperor Khải Định of Vietnam declares the traditional Chữ nôm script for writing the Vietnamese language to be abolished in favour of the Latin script Vietnamese alphabet. Winter – Parisian farceur Georges Feydeau contracts tertiary syphilis, the 2nd annual Pulitzer Prizes are awarded in the United States, including the first award for a novel
7.
1922 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1922. Hence books published in 1922 or earlier entered the domain in the U. S. in 1998. The U. K. customs will also seize copies entering the country, T. S. Eliot founds The Criterion magazine containing the first publication of his poem The Waste Land. This is first published complete in book form by Boni & Liveright in New York in December, jacobs Room by Virginia Woolf is published by the Hogarth Press of Richmond upon Thames with jacket design by the authors sister Vanessa Bell. Also this summer Virginia writes the short story Mrs Dalloway in Bond Street, january – Ryūnosuke Akutagawas modernist short story In a Grove is published in the Japanese magazine Shinchō. January 24 – Façade – An Entertainment, poems by Edith Sitwell recited over an instrumental accompaniment by William Walton, first performed, january 27 – Franz Kafka begins intensive work on his novel The Castle at the mountain resort of Spindlermühle, ceasing around early September in mid-sentence. March – F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Beautiful and Damned is published in form by Charles Scribners Sons in New York. – The Czech playwrights Karel and Josef Čapeks play Pictures from the Insects Life is first performed at the National Theatre Brno and it is also first performed in English translation, in the United States, this year. April – Marcel Prousts Sodome et Gomorrhe II is published in Paris, may 27 – F. Scott Fitzgeralds short story The Curious Case of Benjamin Button is published in The Smart Set magazine. June F. Scott Fitzgeralds short story The Diamond as Big as the Ritz is published in Colliers magazine, over a single night at his home in Shaftsbury, Vermont, Robert Frost completes the long poem New Hampshire and at sunrise writes Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Summer – F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby is set on Long Island at this time, partly inspired by Scott, September 14 – Sinclair Lewiss satirical novel on American life, Babbitt, is published by Harcourt, Brace & Company. His poem Bidrohi is first collected this year in his first anthology, F. Scott Fitzgeralds short story collection Tales of the Jazz Age is published by Charles Scribners Sons in New York. September 29 – Drums in the Night becomes the first play by Bertolt Brecht to be staged, December – A valise containing all Ernest Hemingways manuscripts from the past years writing is stolen at Paris-Gare de Lyon. Yeats becomes a member of the Seanad Éireann in the Irish Free State. December 10 – The National Library of Albania is inaugurated in Tirana, génica Athanasiou plays the title rôle with Charles Dullin as Créon and Antonin Artaud as Tiresias. There are some protests by Dadaists, the first Newbery Medal for authors of distinguished books for children is awarded by the American Library Association to Hendrik Willem van Loon for The Story of Mankind
8.
1926 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1926. February 8 – Seán OCaseys play The Plough and the Stars opens at the Abbey Theatre, on February 11, the performance is marred by ugly scenes in the audience, one man strikes an actress. February 12 – The Irish Free State minister for Justice, Kevin OHiggins, February 26 – The future English novelist Graham Greene is received into the Catholic Church. April 1 – Hugo Gernsback launches his pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories in the United States, may 11 – C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien meet for the first time in Oxford. October 14 – The childrens book Winnie-the-Pooh, by A. A. Milne, is first published by Methuen in London. December 3 – English detective story writer Agatha Christie disappears from her home in Surrey, December – Thomas Mann begins writing Die Geschichten Jaakobs in Munich, first of the tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers on which he will work until January 1943. Antonin Artaud and Roger Vitrac establish the Théatre Alfred-Jarry in Paris for the production of surrealist drama, bread Loaf Writers Conference is founded in Middlebury, Vermont. Ford Madox Ford publishes A Man Could Stand Up --, the book of a four-volume work titled Parades End published between 1924 and 1928. Vsevolod Meyerhold stages a landmark production of Gogols satirical comedy The Government Inspector in Moscow. Margaret Mitchell begins writing the novel Gone with the Wind, the remains of English poet Isaac Rosenberg are re-interred at Bailleul Road East Cemetery, Plot V, St. Laurent-Blangy, Pas de Calais, France. S. S. Van Dine publishes the first Philo Vance mystery novel, Peter Llewelyn Davies establishes the London publishing house Peter Davies Ltd. Yeats – Autobiographies Paul Zarifopol – Din registrul ideilor gingașe Alfred Eckhard Zimmern – The Third British Empire January 5 – W. D
9.
1928 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1928. January Mikhail Sholokhovs novel And Quiet Flows the Don begins serialization in the Soviet magazine Oktyabr, Ford Madox Ford publishes Last Post in the U. K. last in his World War I tetralogy Parades End published since 1924. March 31 – Stockholm Public Library, designed by Gunnar Asplund, is opened, april 19 – Publication of the Oxford English Dictionary is completed. Spring – George Orwell moves from London to Paris, his first articles as a writer are published later in the year. June – The literary magazine Contemporáneos is first published in Mexico by Jaime Torres Bodet, in September the authors first completed novel, the satire Decline and Fall, is published by Chapman & Hall, it reaches its 3rd printing by the end of the year. The marriage lasts until the following September, july – D. H. Lawrences Lady Chatterleys Lover is published in Florence, it will not be published in an unexpurgated edition in Britain until 1960. September S. S. Van Dine publishes Twenty Rules for Writing Detective Stories in The American Magazine, leslie Charteris publishes Meet the Tiger in the U. K. the first adventure of Simon Templar, alias The Saint. Charteris will write dozens of novels and short stories featuring the character on a regular basis between 1928 and 1963, and others continue the series until 1983. September 21 – The Gorseth Kernow is set up at Boscawen-Un in Cornwall by Henry Jenner, october – Publication of Siburapha s Luk Phu Chai, perhaps the first substantial original Thai novel. Autumn – W. H. Auden goes to Berlin, where he is joined by Christopher Isherwood. November–December – Erich Maria Remarques antiwar novel All Quiet on the Western Front is first published in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung, hans Herbert Grimms Schlump is published by Kurt Wolff in Berlin this year also. November 6 – Xu Zhimo writes his poem 再別康橋, sherriffs drama Journeys End, set on the Western Front, is premièred by the Incorporated Stage Society at the Apollo Theatre in London with Laurence Olivier in a principal rôle. December 19 – Italo Svevo, returning from an Alpine health resort to Trieste, is involved in an automobile accident, bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyays novel Pather Panchali first appears as a serial in a Calcutta periodical. The clerihew, the comic pseudo-biographical verse form associated with Edmund Clerihew Bentley, is mentioned in print for the first time and it is estimated that one in four of all secular books printed and sold in England is written by Edgar Wallace. Dixon – Hunting for Hidden Gold W. E. B
10.
1929 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1929. February–August – Voltaires Candide is held to be obscene by the United States Customs Service in Boston, february – The first of Margery Allinghams crime novels to feature Albert Campion, The Crime at Black Dudley, is published in England. April 1 – The Faber and Faber publishing house is established in London by Geoffrey Faber with T. S. Eliot as literary editor, – The first of Gladys Mitchells crime novels, introducing her psychologist detective character Mrs Bradley, Speedy Death, is published in England. July – British publisher William Collins, Sons launches The Detective Story Club as an imprint with Edgar Wallaces novelization of The Terror. July 5 – Scotland Yard seizes 13 paintings of male and female nudes by D. H. Lawrence from a Mayfair gallery on grounds of indecency under the Vagrancy Act 1838, August – Censorship of Publications Act sets up the Censorship of Publications Board in the Irish Free State. August 15 – The first Ellery Queen mystery novel, The Roman Hat Mystery, is published in New York City, midyear – Serialization begins of one of the first original Thai novels Dokmai Sot s Sattru Khǫng Čhaolon followed shortly by publication of M. C. Akat s semi-autobiographical Lakhǫn Haeng Chiwit, Thai writers join with Kulap Saipradit in the Suphapburut literary group. October – Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir become a couple, twenty-one-year-old de Beauvoir becomes the youngest person ever to obtain the agrégation in philosophy, and comes second in the final examination, beaten only by Sartre. Rejected the previous year by W. B, yeats for the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, it will not be seen in Ireland until 1935. October 29 – Release of the first sound adaptation of a Shakespeare play, The Taming of the Shrew, starring Mary Pickford. December – George Orwell returns to England after living in Paris, hugo Gernsback first uses the term science fiction in its modern sense to refer to the content of his pulp magazine Amazing Stories. Father Ronald Knox codifies the rules for the Golden Age of Detective Fiction in a Decalogue, samuel Roth publishes a pirated edition of James Joyces 1922 novel Ulysses in New York, he serves two prison terms for publishing an obscene work. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is prohibited in the Soviet Union because of Sir Arthur Conan Doyles interest in the occult, Foyles bookshop in London moves to new larger premises in the Foyles Building in Charing Cross Road. Monotype introduce Stanley Morisons revival of the Bembo typeface for book printing, S. B. S. Van Dine – The Scarab Murder Case Lynd Ward – Gods Man Thomas Wolfe – Look Homeward, Angel S. John Ervine – The First Mrs. B. White and James Thurber – Is Sex Necessary, a. Fanthorpe, English poet July 31 – Lynne Reid Banks, English novelist August 14 – Thomas Meehan, American screenwriter August 18 – Anatoly Kuznetsov, Russian dissident novelist August 21 – X. J. B
11.
1930 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1930. January 6 – An early literary character licensing agreement is signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger U. S. february – Censorship of Publications Board begins to function in the Irish Free State. Among the first 13 books to be banned are Point Counter Point by Aldous Huxley, The Well of Loneliness by Radclyffe Hall and several books on sex and marriage by Margaret Sanger and Marie Stopes. February 23 – Erich Maria Remarques anti-war novel All Quiet on the Western Front is banned in all Thuringian schools by Education Minister Wilhelm Frick, march 19 – Paul Robeson appears in the title role of Othello at the Savoy Theatre, London, with Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona. May 6 – Collins Crime Club is launched as an imprint, may 10 – John Masefield becomes Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom. July 14 – Luigi Pirandellos The Man with the Flower in His Mouth becomes the first-ever broadcast television drama, by the BBC in England and it will appear in book form in 1931 as the fifth of the 75 novels Simenon will eventually write featuring the pipe-smoking Paris detective. September 11 – Agatha Christie marries archaeologist Max Mallowan in Edinburgh, september 24 – First performance of Noël Cowards comedy Private Lives at the Phoenix Theatre featuring Coward, Gertrude Lawrence and Laurence Olivier in the cast. September 29 – English satirical novelist Evelyn Waugh is received into the Catholic Church, November 5 – Sinclair Lewis is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. John Langalibalele Dube publishes the historical novella Insila kaShaka, the first work of fiction in the Zulu language, franz Kafkas novel The Castle is first translated into English, by Willa and Edwin Muir. Sellar and R. J. R. Gurney, American dramatist November 5 – Clifford Irving, American literary forger November 16 – Chinua Achebe, Nigerian writer, academic and literary critic November 18 – J. G. H
12.
1917 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. February — The Little Review moves from Chicago to New York City with the help of Ezra Pound. May 2 — English poet Marian Allen completes the poem To A. T. G. a few days after hearing of the death in action of her fiancé Arthur Greg, the first of several to his memory. May–June — T. S. Eliot takes over as editor of The Egoist, a London literary monthly, when Richard Aldington leaves for the British Army. With his encouragement, Owen writes Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum est, like almost all Owens poetry, these remain unpublished until after his death in action next year. With the United States not yet fighting in World War I, Americans John Dos Passos, E. E. Cummings,60 of the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps. S. Eliot, Amy Lowell, Hilda Doolittle, Djuna Barnes, Man Ray, Skipwith Cannell and this becomes known as The Eisteddfodd of the Black Chair. Summer — The Siuru expressionistic and neo-romantic literary movement in Estonia is formed by a group of young poets, october 20 — 51-year-old poet W. B. November — Publication of The Muse in Arms, an anthology of British war poetry, listed alphabetically by first name, regardless of surname, Balawantrai Thakore, Bhanakar, Gujarati language Ci. Subrahamaniya Bharati, Kannan Pattu, Tamil language C. R. N. E
13.
1918 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. January 23 — English poet Robert Graves marries the painter Nancy Nicholson in London, wedding guests include Wilfred Owen, who will be killed by the end of the year, and whose first nationally published poem appears 3 days later. June — English poet Basil Bunting is imprisoned as a conscientious objector, august 17 — English poets Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon meet for the last time, in London, and spend what Sassoon later describes as the whole of a hot cloudless afternoon together. November 4 — English war poet Wilfred Owen is killed in action, aged 25, news of his death reaches his parents in Oswestry a week later on Armistice Day. Marie Joussaye, Selections from Anglo-Saxon Songs, wilson MacDonald, The Song Of The Prairie Land and Other Poems. The Bengali Writers of English Verse, A Record and an Appreciation, Calcutta, Thacker, john Gogarty, The Ship, and Other Poems Helen Hamilton, Napoo. A. P. Herbert, The Bomber Gipsy, and Other Poems Gerard Manley Hopkins, Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins C. H. C
14.
1919 in poetry
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—From A Prayer for My Daughter by W. B. Yeats, first published this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the poetry or literature. April 2 — Vladimir Nabokov, novelist and poet, leaves Russia with his family, yeats travels to the United States and begins a lecture tour lasting until May,1920. December — The Egoist, a London literary magazine founded by Dora Marsden which published early modernist works, including those of James Joyce, two paintings by E. E. Cummings appear in a show of the New York Society of Independent Artists. The journal Littérature founded in France by André Breton, Philippe Soupault, hilda Doolittle writes Notes on Thought and Vision, a prose work, published posthumously in 1982. Squire, The Birds and Other Poems W. B. B. R. D
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1920 in poetry
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— Wilfred Owen, concluding lines of Dulce et Decorum est, written 1917, published posthumously this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. Yeats concludes a lecture tour in the United States and crosses the Atlantic to settle in Oxford, Ezra Pound moves from London to Paris where he moves among a circle of artists, musicians and writers who are revolutionising modern art. E. Cummings, Charles Demuth, Kahlil Gibran, Gaston Lachaise, Amy Lowell, Marianne Moore, Ezra Pound, Odilon Redon, Bertrand Russell, Carl Sandburg, Van Wyck Brooks and this is his first real step towards recognition as a poet. Du Bois, Darkwater Robert Frost, Miscellaneous Poems William Ellery Leonard, The Lynching Bee Edgar Lee Masters, Domesday Book Edna St. Pithawalla, Sacred Sparks, Karachi, M. B. Moore, the Sweet Singer of Michigan,72, American poetaster, famed for her notoriously bad poetry July 3 – Charles E
16.
1922 in poetry
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— Opening lines from The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot, first published this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. February 2 Who Goes with Fergus. by W. B, yeats is the song that haunts James Joyces autobiographical character Stephen Dedalus in the novel Ulysses, first published complete in book form today. Stephen sings it to his mother as she lies dying, the poem is Joyces favorite lyric, and he has composed his own musical setting. In a savage creative storm of less than three weeks beginning today at the Château de Muzot in Switzerland, Rainer Maria Rilke writes his Sonnets to Orpheus and completes his Duino Elegies. April – The Fugitive is established in Nashville, Tennessee, by John Crowe Ransom, june – Over a single night at his home in Shaftsbury, Vermont, Robert Frost completes the long poem New Hampshire and at sunrise writes Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. His poem Bidrohi is first collected this year in his first anthology, october 15 – T. S. Eliot establishes The Criterion magazine, containing the first publication of his poem The Waste Land. This first appears in the United States later this month in The Dial and is first published complete with notes in book form by Boni, november – Robert Bridges publishes his essay on free verse, Humdrum and Harum-Scarum. Yeats becomes a member of the Seanad Éireann in the Irish Free State. William Wilfred Campbell, The Poetical Works of Wilfred Campbell, W. J. Sykes ed. posthumously published William Douw Lighthall, Marjorie Pickthall, The Woodcarver’s Wife, and Later Poems]. Squire, Poems, Second Series Muriel Stuart, Poems W. B. B. V. de L. B, yeats April 19 - Marjorie Pickthall, English-born Canadian writer. May 13 – Sir Walter Raleigh, Scottish scholar, poet and author July 8 – Mori Ōgai 森 鷗外 / 森 鴎外, Japanese physician, translator, novelist and poet August 2 – M
17.
1923 in poetry
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In Paris, Basil Bunting meets Ezra Pound, whose poems will have a strong influence on Bunting throughout his career. McFarlane and others found the Jamaican Poetry League, xu Zhimo founds the Crescent Moon Society in China. D. H. Stevens first book, it was published by Knopf when he was in middle age, yet by 1960 the cottage industry of Stevens studies was becoming a multinational conglomerate. Vincent Millay, The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver, A Few Figs from Thistles, Eight Sonnets in American Poetry,1922
18.
1920 in art
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February 1 – National Art Gallery opens in Tblisi. November 7 – The mass action The Storming of the Winter Palace, the Cologne Dadaist group is formed by Jean Arp, Max Ernst and Alfred Grünwald. Katherine Dreier, Man Ray and Marcel Duchamp form Société Anonyme, bernard Leach and Shoji Hamada set up the Leach Pottery in St Ives, Cornwall. Heckscher Museum of Art established in Huntington, New York, latvian Museum of Foreign Art established in Riga. Art historian Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler publishes Der Weg Zum Kubismus, W. January 17 – Georges Pichard, French comics artist. January 30 – Patrick Heron, English painter, writer and designer, march 3 – Ronald Searle, English cartoonist. March 14 – Hank Ketcham, American cartoonist, march 27 – Robin Jacques, English illustrator. April 8 – Hans Coper, German-born studio potter, april 24 – Paul Wonner, American painter. May – Hans Josephsohn, German-born sculptor, may 8 Saul Bass, American graphic designer and filmmaker. Tom of Finland, Finnish fetish artist, may 10 - Erna Viitol, Estonian sculptor June 4 – Alejandro Obregón, Colombian painter, muralist, sculptor and engraver. June 24 John Coplans, painter, photographer Jimmy Ernst, American painter born in Germany, June 29 – Ray Harryhausen, stop-motion animator, sculptor. July 20 – Arthur Boyd, Australian painter and sculptor, july 21 – Constant Nieuwenhuys, Dutch painter, one of the innovators of Unitary Urbanism. August 5 – George Tooker, painter, august 15 – Judy Cassab, born Judit Kaszab, Austrian-born Australian portrait painter. August 22 – Gene Davis, American painter, august 26 Mauri Favén, Finnish painter. October 31 – Helmut Newton, photographer, november 23 – Wayne Thiebaud, American painter. December 18 – Enrique Grau, Colombian painter and sculptor, december 21 – Bob Bindig, American illustrator Elaine Hamilton, American painter
19.
1920 in architecture
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The year 1920 in architecture involved some significant events. Construction of Welwyn Garden City in England begins with Louis de Soissons as architect, edith Hughes establishes her own architectural practice, in Glasgow, the first British woman to do so. In the first issue of the Purist art magazine L’ Esprit Nouveau co-founded by him, november 11 - The Cenotaph, Whitehall, London, designed by Edwin Lutyens. Ajuria Enea, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, designed by Alfredo Baeschlin, manitoba Legislative Building in Winnipeg, Canada. Oak Tower, Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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1920 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1920. January 19 - The Salzburg Festival is revived, september 4 - City of Birmingham Orchestra first rehearses. November 15 - First complete public performance of Gustav Holsts suite The Planets given in London by the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Albert Coates, december 4 - Première of the opera Die tote Stadt by 23-year-old Erich Wolfgang Korngold. It later becomes known that the librettist, Paul Schott, is Korngolds father Julius, december 30 - Pearl Hamilton, plays piano with small jazz ensemble to appreciative audience at the Star Theater in New York City. Mamie Smiths first blues recordings become a hit, alerting record companies to the African American market, Hamilton Harty is appointed resident conductor of the Hallé Orchestra. Henri Sauguet forms Groupe des Trois along with Louis Emié and Jean-Marcel Lizotte, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra launches its Mahler festival. Gabriel Fauré retires from the Paris Conservatoire, and is awarded the Grand-Croix of the Légion dHonneur, stewart Macpherson - Melody and Harmony After You Get What You Want, You Dont Want It w. m. Irving Berlin All Shed Say Was Umh Hum w. m, king Zany, Mac Emery, Gus Van & Joe Schenck All The Boys Love Mary Gus Van & Joe Schenck Aunt Hagars Blues w. m. B. G. DeSylva, Al Jolson & Vincent Rose Blue Jeans w. Harry D. Kerr, Otto Motzan & M. K. Jerome Broadway Rose w. Eugene West m. Martin Fried & Otis Spencer Chanson m. Rudolf Friml Chili Bean w. Lew Brown m. Albert Von Tilzer Crazy Blues w. m, percy Bradford The Cuckoo Waltz w. Arthur Kingsley m. J. E. Jonasson Daddy, Youve Been A Mother To Me w. m. Fred Fisher Do You Ever Think Of Me. w. John Cooper & Harry D, earl Burtnett Down By The O-HI-O w. Jack Yellen m. Abe Olman Feather Your Nest w. m, James Kendis, James Brockman & Howard Johnson The Gipsy Warned Me w. m. R. P. Weston & Bert Lee Great Camp Meeting Day w. Noble Sissle He Went In Like A Lion w. Andrew B, sterling m. Harry von Tilzer Home Again Blues w. m. Harry Akst & Irving Berlin I Belong to Glasgow w. m, will Fyffe I Never Knew I Could Love Anybody Like Im Loving You w. m. Egan & Roy Marsh I Used To Love You, But Its All Over Now w. Lew Brown m. Albert Von Tilzer Id Love To Fall Asleep And Wake Up In My Mammys Arms w. Sam M. Lewis & Joe Young m. Fred E. Ahlert Ill Be With You In Apple Blossom Time w. Neville Fleason m. Albert Von Tilzer Ill See You In C-U-B-A w. m, Irving Berlin In A Persian Market m. Albert William Ketèlbey The Japanese Sandman w. Raymond B. Hirsch Margie w. Benny Davis m, con Conrad & J. Russel Robinson Mary w. Otto Harbach m. Louis A. Harry Lauder Old Pal Why Dont You Answer Me w. Sam M. Lewis & Joe Young m. M. K. Jerome Pale Moon w. Jesse Glick m. Frederick Knight Logan Palesteena w. m
21.
Beyond the Horizon (play)
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Beyond the Horizon is a play written by American playwright Eugene ONeill. It was ONeills first full-length work, and the winner of the 1920 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, directed by Homer Saint-Gaudens, the cast featured Erville Alderson, Richard Bennett, Robert Kelly, Mary Jeffery, and Sidney Macy. This production won the 1920 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, beyond the Horizon was revived on Broadway at the Mansfield Theatre on November 30,1926 and closed on February 5,1927 after 79 performances. Directed by James Light, the cast featured Malcolm Williams, Judith Lowry, Albert Tavernier, Thomas Chalmers, Robert Keith, Aline MacMahon, Eleanor Wesselhoeft, the play was presented by Royal & Derngate in Northampton in November 2009. This production subsequently transferred to Londons National Theatre in March 2010, the play takes place on a farm in the Spring, and then moves forward three years later, in the Summer, and finally 5 years later, in late Fall. The play focuses on the portrait of a family, and particularly two brothers Andrew and Robert, the play was adapted for television and broadcast on PBS Great Performances series in July 1975, directed by Rick Hauser and Michael Kahn. The cast featured Richard Backus, Kate Wilkinson, John Randolph, Edward J. Moore, Maria Tucci, Geraldine Fitzgerald, John Houseman and it was adapted into an opera by composer Nicolas Flagello in 1983. According to the PBS American Experience program, Theater historians point to ONeills Beyond the Horizon, beyond the Horizon at the Internet Broadway Database Beyond the Horizon at the Internet Broadway Database Beyond the Horizon public domain audiobook at LibriVox
22.
Eugene O'Neill
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Eugene Gladstone ONeill was an American playwright and Nobel laureate in Literature. ONeills plays were among the first to include speeches in American vernacular and they struggle to maintain their hopes and aspirations, but ultimately slide into disillusionment and despair. Of his very few comedies, only one is well-known, nearly all of his other plays involve some degree of tragedy and personal pessimism. ONeill was born in a hotel, the Barrett House, at Broadway and 43rd Street, a commemorative plaque was first dedicated there in 1957. The site is now occupied by 1500 Broadway, which offices, retail. He was the son of Irish immigrant actor James ONeill and Mary Ellen Quinlan and his father suffered from alcoholism, his mother from an addiction to morphine, prescribed to relieve the pains of the difficult birth of her third son, Eugene. ONeill spent his summers at the Monte Cristo Cottage in New London and he attended Princeton University for one year. Accounts vary as to why he left, ONeill spent several years at sea, during which he suffered from depression and alcoholism. Despite this, he had a love for the sea and it became a prominent theme in many of his plays. ONeill joined the Marine Transport Workers Union of the Industrial Workers of the World, ONeills parents and elder brother Jamie died within three years of one another, not long after he had begun to make his mark in the theater. After his experience in 1912–13 at a sanatorium where he was recovering from tuberculosis, ONeill had previously been employed by the New London Telegraph, writing poetry as well as reporting. In the fall of 1914, he entered Harvard University to attend a course in dramatic technique given by Professor George Baker and he left after one year and did not complete the course. During the 1910s ONeill was a regular on the Greenwich Village literary scene, ONeill also had a brief romantic relationship with Reeds wife, writer Louise Bryant. ONeill was portrayed by Jack Nicholson in the 1981 film Reds and his involvement with the Provincetown Players began in mid-1916. ONeill is said to have arrived for the summer in Provincetown with a full of plays. He was not left alone in the dining-room when the reading had finished, the Provincetown Players performed many of ONeills early works in their theaters both in Provincetown and on MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village. Some of these early plays began downtown and then moved to Broadway, ONeills first published play, Beyond the Horizon, opened on Broadway in 1920 to great acclaim, and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. His first major hit was The Emperor Jones, which ran on Broadway in 1920 and his best-known plays include Anna Christie, Desire Under the Elms, Strange Interlude, Mourning Becomes Electra, and his only well-known comedy, Ah, Wilderness
23.
Morosco Theatre
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The Morosco Theatre was a Broadway theatre near Times Square in New York City from 1917 to 1982. It housed many notable productions and its demolition, along with four adjacent theaters, was controversial, after an invitation-only preview performance on February 4,1917, it opened to the public on February 5. The inaugural production was Canary Cottage, a musical with a book by Morosco, the Shuberts lost the building in the Great Depression, and City Playhouses, Inc. bought it at auction in 1943
24.
Richard Bennett (actor)
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Clarence Charles William Henry Richard Bennett was an American actor who became a stage and silent screen matinee idol over the early decades of the 20th century. He was the father of actresses Constance Bennett, Barbara Bennett and Joan Bennett by his second wife, Bennett was born in Deer Creek Township, Cass County, Indiana, in May 1870. Called Clarence until he was 10, he was the eldest child of George Washington Bennett and his younger sister was Ina Blanche Bennett. For a time, he was a sailor on Great Lakes steamer, Bennett made his stage debut May 10,1891, in Chicago, in the The Limited Mail. He went to New York, where his Broadway debut was in His Excellency the Governor, in his third Broadway production, he played the role as Father Anselm in Frohmans production of A Royal Family. Bennett was married to Grena Heller in 1901 in San Francisco and they soon separated, and were divorced in 1903. Using her married name, she starred in a few plays on Broadway, on November 8,1903, Bennett and actress Adrienne Morrison were married in Jersey City. They had three daughters, all notable actresses, Constance Bennett, Barbara Bennett and Joan Bennett, in 1905, Bennett won fame as the leading man, Hector Malone, Jr. in Shaws Man and Superman. That was followed by his role as Jefferson Ryder in the hit, The Lion. A series of spectacular roles followed, in 1908, he played the role as John Shand opposite Maude Adams in J. M. Barries What Every Woman Knows. Bennett is also known for adapting socially conscious works of Eugène Brieux, in 1913, Bennett had a theatrical success starring as Georges Dupont in the social disease stage drama Damaged Goods, which he also co-produced. He developed this penchant until his ab-lib speeches won greater applause than many of the plays in which he acted, Bennett reprised his stage role for his feature film debut, Damaged Goods, which co-starred his wife, Adrienne Morrison. He helped adapt the screenplay and direct the drama, in the drama The Valley of Decision, which he wrote, Bennett appeared on the screen with his wife, Morrison, and his three daughters. In 1922, Bennett starred in Broadways English-language version of Leonid Andreyevs melodrama, He Who Gets Slapped, the success of the play led to a film adaptation by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Lon Chaney in Bennetts role. Bennett and Morrison appeared together on stage in the 1923 play The Dancers and they were divorced in April 1925. In 1925, he acquainted with Aimee Raisch in San Francisco, during the production of Creoles. She was a socialite and aspiring actress who was divorcing her millionaire clubman and polo player husband. Bennett and Raisch were married July 11,1927, in Chicago and his daughter Joan made her stage debut acting with Bennett in Jarnegan
25.
Bloomsbury Group
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This loose collective of friends and relatives lived, worked or studied together near Bloomsbury, London, during the first half of the 20th century. According to Ian Ousby, although its members denied being a group in any formal sense and their works and outlook deeply influenced literature, aesthetics, criticism, and economics as well as modern attitudes towards feminism, pacifism, and sexuality. The male members of the Bloomsbury Group, except Duncan Grant, were educated at Cambridge at either Trinity or King’s College, most of them, except Clive Bell and the Stephen brothers, were members of the exclusive Cambridge society, the Apostles. In 1905 Vanessa began the Friday Club and Thoby ran Thursday Evenings, which became the basis for the Bloomsbury Group, thobys premature death in 1906 brought them more firmly together and they became what is now known as the Old Bloomsbury group who met in earnest beginning in 1912. In the 1920s and 1930s the group shifted when the members died. The Bloomsbury Group, mostly from upper middle-class professional families, formed part of an aristocracy which could trace itself back to the Clapham Sect. It was a network of an influential group of artists, art critics, writers. A historical feature of these friends and relations is that their close relationships all pre-dated their fame as writers, artists, except for Forster, who published three novels before the highly successful Howards End in 1910, the group were late developers. There were stable marriages and varied and complicated affairs among the individual members, Lytton Strachey and his cousin and lover Duncan Grant became close friends of the Stephen sisters, Vanessa Bell and Virginia Woolf. Duncan Grant had affairs with siblings Vanessa Bell and Adrian Stephen, as well as David Garnett, Maynard Keynes, Clive Bell married Vanessa in 1907, and Leonard Woolf returned from the Ceylon Civil Service to marry Virginia in 1912. Cambridge Apostle friendships brought into the group Desmond MacCarthy, his wife Molly, the group met not only in their homes in Bloomsbury, central London, but also at countryside retreats. The Ascension Parish Burial Ground in Cambridge is the resting place of two of the Bloomsbury Group, Sir Desmond and Lady Molly McCarthy. It also houses nine other Apostles, including the philosopher G. E, Moore, who was a great influence on the Bloomsberries. S. Eliot, Katherine Mansfield, Hugh Walpole, another is Vita Sackville-West, who became Hogarth Presss best-selling author. Members cited in other lists might include Ottoline Morrell, or Dora Carrington, or James, through the Apostles they also encountered the analytic philosophers G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell who were revolutionizing British philosophy at the start of the 20th century. For Moore, intrinsic value depended on an intuition of good. For both Moore and Bloomsbury, the greatest ethic goods were the importance of relationships and the private life, as well as aesthetic appreciation. Bloomsbury reacted against current social rituals, the bourgeois habits, the conventions of Victorian life with their emphasis on public achievement, in favour of a more informal and private focus on personal relationships and individual pleasure
26.
Mary MacCarthy
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Mary MacCarthy was a British writer, known for her involvement in the Bloomsbury Group. She was born Mary Warre-Cornish, the daughter of the schoolmaster and man of letters Francis Warre Warre-Cornish by his wife, in 1906 she married the literary critic Sir Desmond MacCarthy, with whom she had one daughter, Rachel. Her sister Cecilia married William Wordsworth Fisher later Admiral and her daughter Rachel married the biographer David Cecil. She is buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge, the Bloomsbury Group, A Collection of Memoirs and Commentary, ed. S. P. Rosenbaum. Clever hearts, Desmond and Molly MacCarthy, a biography, by Hugh, a Pier and a Band A Nineteenth Century Childhood Fighting Fitzgerald and Other Papers Handicaps, Six Studies The Festival, Etc. Mary MacCarthy at Find a Grave
27.
The Blue Flame (play)
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The Blue Flame is a four-act play written by George V. Hobart and John Willard, who revised an earlier version by Leta Vance Nicholson. In 1920, producer Albert H. Woods staged it on Broadway, the main character is a religious young woman who dies and is revived by her scientist fiancé as a soulless femme fatale. She seduces several men and involves them in crimes, including drug use, in the final act, her death and resurrection are revealed to be a dream. The production starred Theda Bara, a silent film actress who was known for playing similar roles in movies. The play received negative reviews, with critics ridiculing the plot, dialog. It has been called one of the worst plays ever written, however, Baras movie fame drew large crowds to theaters, making the play a commercial success, with the production breaking attendance records at some of its venues. The Blue Flame was Baras only Broadway role and one of her last professional acting projects, in the first of the plays four acts, irreligious scientist John Varnum has developed a device to bring the recently dead back to life. His sweet, religious fiancée, Ruth Gordon, does not approve of his experiments, however, when she is struck by lightning and killed, she becomes the first person to be revived by his machine. Before she is reanimated, the audience sees her soul visibly leave her body as the flame of the title. With no soul, the revived Ruth has a different personality. Upon waking, she asks John for a kiss, then suggests they marry immediately so they can begin having sex, in the second and third acts, Ruth seduces a young man named Larry Winston and steals him away from his own fiancée. She takes Larry to New Yorks Chinatown, where she gets him hooked on cocaine and she seduces Ned Maddox and kills him for insurance money, framing another man for the murder. In the final act, Ruths death and revival is revealed to be a dream John Varnum was having, upon waking he now understands the importance of the soul, he embraces religion and destroys his life restoration device. The characters and cast from the Broadway production are given below, The first version of The Blue Flame was written by Leta Vance Nicholson and she sold it to theatrical agent Walter C. Jordan, who had it rewritten by George V. Hobart, jordan paid the three writers $10,000 for their work, then resold the play to producer Albert H. Woods for $35,000. Actress Theda Bara was one of the most popular stars of silent films. From her first leading role as the Vampire in the 1915 movie A Fool There Was, Bara had been typecast as a vamp, playing femme fatale roles, with her characters seducing and ruining innocent men. Although she sometimes performed in films playing other types of roles and she played dozens of similar roles while contracted with Fox Film from 1915 to 1919
28.
Shubert Theatre (New York City)
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The Shubert Theatre is a Broadway theatre located at 225 West 44th Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Designed by architect Henry Beaumont Herts, it was named after Sam S. Shubert and it shares a Venetian Renaissance facade with the adjoining Booth Theatre, which was constructed at the same time, although the two have distinctly different interiors. The two theatres are connected by a private road/sidewalk, Shubert Alley and it opened on October 2,1913 with Hamlet, starring Sir John. Forbes-Robertson followed by the October 21,1913 opening of the George Bernard Shaw play, Caesar and Cleopatra, the theatres longest tenant was A Chorus Line, which ran for 6,137 performances from 1975 to 1990 and set the record for longest running show in Broadway history. Later long runs have included Crazy for You, Chicago, Spamalot, Memphis, the theatre has also been a recurring venue for the Tony Awards. The top floor of the houses the offices of the Shubert Organization. The theatres auditorium and murals were restored in 1996 and it has been designated a New York City landmark. The Pajama Game, Bells Are Ringing 1959 Take Me Along 1961, Bye Bye Birdie 1962, I Can Get It for You Wholesale, Stop the World - I Want to Get Off 1963, Heres Love 1964, Oliver. The theatre is featured in the 1950 Academy Award winning film All About Eve. In the 2005 film version of Mel Brookss The Producers, the musicals Funny Boy, Springtime for Hitler, in the NBC show Smash, the show Heaven On Earth is playing at the Shubert Theater. In the Family Guy episode Brians Play, Stewie Griffins play, Shubert Theatre at the Internet Broadway Database The Shubert Organization Broadway Show Guide
29.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
30.
Theda Bara
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Theda Bara was an American silent film and stage actress. Bara was one of the most popular actresses of the silent era and her femme fatale roles earned her the nickname The Vamp. Bara made more than 40 films between 1914 and 1926, but most were lost in the 1937 Fox vault fire, after her marriage to Charles Brabin in 1921, she made two more feature films and retired from acting in 1926 having never appeared in a sound film. She died of cancer on April 7,1955, at the age of 69. She was born Theodosia Burr Goodman in the Avondale section of Cincinnati and her father was Bernard Goodman, a prosperous Jewish tailor born in Poland. Her mother, Pauline Louise Françoise, was born in Switzerland, Bernard and Pauline married in 1882. She had two siblings, Marque and Esther, who became a film actress as Lori Bara. She was named after the daughter of US Vice President Aaron Burr, Bara attended Walnut Hills High School graduating in 1903. After attending the University of Cincinnati for two years, she worked mainly in theater productions, but did explore other projects, after moving to New York City in 1908, she made her Broadway debut in The Devil. Most of Baras early films were shot around the East Coast, primarily at the Fox Studios in Fort Lee, Bara lived with her family in New York City during this time. The rise of Hollywood as the center of the American film industry forced her to relocate to Los Angeles to film the epic Cleopatra, no known prints of Cleopatra exist today, but numerous photographs of Bara in costume as the Queen of the Nile have survived. Between 1915 and 1919, Bara was Fox studios biggest star and her final Fox film was The Lure of Ambition. In 1920, she turned briefly to the stage, appearing on Broadway in The Blue Flame, Baras fame drew large crowds to the theater, but her acting was savaged by critics. Her career suffered without Fox studios support, and she did not make another film until The Unchastened Woman for Chadwick Pictures Corporation. Bara retired after making one more film, the short comedy Madame Mystery, made for Hal Roach and directed by Stan Laurel. At the height of her fame, Bara earned $4,000 per week and she was one of the most popular movie stars, ranking behind only Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford. Baras best-known roles were as the vamp, although she attempted to avoid typecasting by playing wholesome heroines in films such as Under Two Flags and she also appeared as Juliet in a version of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. Although Bara took her seriously, she was too successful as an exotic wanton woman to develop a more versatile career
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Femme fatale
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A femme fatale is a stock character of a mysterious and seductive woman whose charms ensnare her lovers, often leading them into compromising, dangerous, and deadly situations. She is an archetype of literature and art, in American early 20th century film, femme fatale characters were referred to as vamps, an allusion to their role as sexual vampires. The phrase is French for fatal woman, a femme fatale tries to achieve her hidden purpose by using feminine wiles such as beauty, charm, and sexual allure. In some situations, she uses lies or coercion rather than charm and she may also make use of some subduing weapon such as sleeping gas, a modern analog of magical powers in older tales. She may also be a victim, caught in a situation from which she cannot escape, a younger version of a femme fatale is called a fille fatale, or fatal girl. Femmes fatale are typically villainous, or at least morally ambiguous, and always associated with a sense of mystification, the femme fatale archetype exists in the culture, folklore and myth of many cultures. Ancient mythical or legendary examples include Mohini, Lilith, the Sirens, historical examples from Classical times include Cleopatra and Messalina, as well as the Biblical figures Delilah, Jezebel and Salome. An example from Chinese literature and traditional history is Daji, the femme fatale was a common figure in the European Middle Ages, often portraying the dangers of unbridled female sexuality. The pre-medieval inherited Biblical figure of Eve offers an example, as does the wicked, along with them, there rose the gothic novel, The Monk featuring Matilda, a very powerful femme fatale. This led to her appearing in the work of Edgar Allan Poe, pre-Raphaelite painters frequently used the classic personifications of the femme fatale as a subject. Later, Salome was the subject of an opera by Strauss, and was popularized on stage, screen, another enduring icon of glamour, seduction, and moral turpitude is Margaretha Geertruida Zelle, 1876–1917. While working as a dancer, she took the stage name Mata Hari. Although she may have been innocent, she was accused of German espionage and was put to death by a French firing squad, after her death she became the subject of many sensational films and books. Other considerably famous femmes fatales are Isabella of France, Hedda Gabler of Kristiania, Marie Antoinette of Austria, one traditional view portrays the femme fatale as a sexual vampire, her charms leech the virility and independence of lovers, leaving them shells of themselves. Rudyard Kipling took inspiration from a vampire painted by Philip Burne-Jones, the poem inspired the 1913 eponymous film The Vampire by Robert Vignola, sometimes cited as the first vamp movie. Like much of Kiplings verse it became popular, and its refrain. Describing a seduced man, became the title of the popular 1915 film A Fool There Was that made Theda Bara a star, the poem was used in the publicity for the film. On this account, in the American slang of the era the femme fatale was called a vamp, from the American film-audience perspective, the femme fatale often appeared foreign, usually either of indeterminate Eastern European or Asian ancestry
