1.
1921 Tampa Bay hurricane
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The Tampa Bay hurricane of 1921 was the third hurricane, second major hurricane, and final storm of an inactive 1921 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm took a path for an October Atlantic hurricane, brushing past Cuba before hitting near Tampa, Florida. The hurricane was also the most destructive storm of the season, causing around $10 million and it is the last major hurricane to strike the Tampa Bay area to date. The storm was observed on October 20 while several hundred miles southwest of Jamaica and its origin is unknown, though it possibly developed from a low pressure area over Panama a day earlier. A high pressure system over Bermuda caused a north-northwest motion, allowing for the storm to intensify over favorable conditions, on October 22, the storm attained hurricane status shortly after passing 10 miles east of the Swan Islands. As it turned to the north in the Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane quickly crossed Central Florida before entering the Atlantic, weakening to a minimal hurricane over land. It accelerated to the southeast before recurving to the east-northeast and it transformed into an extratropical cyclone on October 30 while centered southeast of Bermuda. In Cuba, heavy rainfall in Pinar del Río Province caused rivers, however, only minimal damage was reported. The hurricane passed to the west of the Florida Keys as a Category 4 hurricane and its large wind field caused tropical storm force winds to the islands, with the highest wind report being 48 mph in Key West. Rainfall from the outer bands was intermittent, and storm tides of 5 feet were reported. Further north, Captiva and Sanibel islands were inundated with water. In Punta Rassa, the majority of homes were extensively damaged or washed away. Most highways leading out of Fort Myers were left due to high water. Damage to railroad tracks resulted in a suspension of service for three days, on Estero Island, a number of buildings were damaged, including the casinos, cottages, and Crescent Beach resort. The storm also destroyed the mausoleum of Dr. Cyrus Teed, along the Myakka River near Boca Grande, the railroad bridge washed away, while the storm also destroyed two vehicular bridges over the Charlotte Harbor Bay. The streets of Punta Gorda were inundated, where a tide of 7 ft above normal was recorded, egmont Key and Sanibel Island were both practically covered by water. The hurricane brought a surge of 10–12 ft to Tampa Bay. The highest rainfall total in Tampa was at 8.53 in, however, the observer noted that winds probably blew water out of the gauge
2.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
3.
1922 Atlantic hurricane season
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The 1922 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1922. The season was a one, with only five tropical cyclones forming during the course of the season. The first was a storm that passed over the Yucatán Peninsula. The second was a hurricane, the strongest one of the season and it formed near Cape Verde and curved out into the Atlantic. It grazed the Leeward Islands and battered Bermuda, passing just offshore as a Category 3, the hurricane became extratropical soon after it passed Bermuda. The third was a storm that passed over Cuba and made landfall near Pensacola. The last storm of the season was a Category 2 hurricane that made landfall near Cancún, the hurricane weakened in the Bay of Campeche and dissipated just offshore. A fifth storm was found in reanalysis in 2009, observations from ships indicate that a tropical disturbance developed into to a tropical depression offshore Cabo Gracias a Dios, Nicaragua, on June 12. The depression continued northwestward without significantly intensifying, heavy rainfall was reported in the Swan Islands of Honduras on June 12 and June 13. Early on June 14, the depression made landfall in Mahahual, Quintana Roo, the cyclone entered the Gulf of Mexico late that day and began strengthening, reaching tropical storm status early on June 15. Around 18,00 UTC, the storm peaked with sustained winds of 50 mph. The system made landfall near La Pesca, Tamaulipas, at the same intensity early on June 16, after moving inland, the storm quickly weakened and dissipated by 18,00 UTC. The storm and its remnants brought rainfall to Rio Grande valley. In Texas, the river at Eagle Pass reached 45.6 ft,29.6 ft above flood stage, two bridges washed away, while businesses and homes were damaged. Further down the river, the swollen crest of the Rio Grande and San Juan rivers merged, causing significant flooding in Cameron, many towns in both county suffered severe damage. It was estimated that damage to crops alone reached about $2 million, on the Mexico side of the river, water inundated more than 30,000 acres of agricultural lands. Infrastructure such as roads, bridges, railroads, and buildings were damaged, by far the most powerful storm of the season, this hurricane formed well east of the Windward Islands and moved northwestward steadily strengthening. It grazed the Leeward Islands as a Category 2 hurricane and began to recurve shortly thereafter, during this recurvature, it strengthened into a Category 3 storm, eventually attaining winds of 120 mph
4.
Corpus Christi, Texas
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Corpus Christi, colloquially Corpus, is a coastal city in the South Texas region of the U. S. state of Texas. The county seat of Nueces County, it extends into Aransas, Kleberg. It is 130 miles southeast of San Antonio and its political boundaries encompass Nueces Bay and Corpus Christi Bay. Its zoned boundaries include small land parcels or water inlets of three neighboring counties, the citys population was estimated to be 320,434 in 2014, making it the eighth-most populous city in Texas. The Corpus Christi metropolitan area had an population of 442,600. It is also the hub of the six-county Corpus Christi-Kingsville-Alice Combined Statistical Area, the Port of Corpus Christi is the fifth-largest in the United States. The region is served by the Corpus Christi International Airport, the citys name means Body of Christ in Latin. The name was given to the settlement and surrounding bay by Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda in 1519, the citys nickname is Sparkling City by the Sea, particularly featured in tourist literature. Corpus Christi was founded in 1839 by Colonel Henry Lawrence Kinney and William P. Aubrey as Kinneys Trading Post and it was a small trading post that sold supplies to a Mexican revolutionary army camped about 25 mi west. In July 1845, U. S. troops commanded by General Zachary Taylor set up there in preparation for war with Mexico. About a year later, the settlement was named Corpus Christi and was incorporated on 9 September 1852, the Battle of Corpus Christi was fought between August 12 and August 18,1862, during the American Civil War. United States Navy forces blockading Texas fought a land and sea engagement with Confederate forces in and around Corpus Christi Bay. Union forces defeated Confederate States Navy ships operating in the area, the Port of Corpus Christi was opened in 1926, and the Corpus Christi Naval Air Station was commissioned in 1941. The 1919 Storm devastated the city, killing hundreds on September 14, only three structures survived the storm on North Beach. To protect the city, the seawall was built, the city also suffered damage from Hurricane Celia in 1970 and Hurricane Allen in 1980, but little damage from Hurricane Ike in 2008. In November 1873, seven Mexican shepherds were lynched by a mob near the city, in February 1929, the League of United Latin American Citizens was founded in Corpus Christi. This organization was created to battle racial discrimination against Hispanic people in the United States, since its founding, LULAC has grown and now has a national headquarters in Washington, D. C. In March 1949, the American GI Forum was founded in Corpus Christi, currently, AGIF focuses on veterans issues, education, and civil rights issues
5.
Port Aransas, Texas
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Port Aransas is a city in Nueces County, Texas. This city is one hundred and eighty miles southeast of San Antonio, the population was 3,480 at the 2010 census. Port Aransas is the established town on Mustang Island. It is located north of Padre Island and is one of the longest barrier islands along the Texas coast, Corpus Christi Bay, the Gulf of Mexico, the Lydia Ann Ship Channel and the Corpus Christi Ship Channel make up the surrounding waters. Karankawa Indians played a key role in the development of the Texas Gulf Coast. The Karankawa Indians inhabited the Gulf Coast of Texas from Galveston Bay all the way to Corpus Christi Bay, the Karankawa Indians led a nomadic existence, migrating from the mainland to the coast. One of the places they lived in on the coast was a fishing village known as Sand Point on what Europeans called Wild Horse Island. They were living that nomadic existence when Spaniards, led by Alonso Álvarez de Pineda, Governor Francisco de Garay of Jamaica had commissioned him to explore the Gulf Coast from Florida to Vera Cruz. In 1720 the French explorer Pierre-Jean de Béranger was commissioned to explore St. Bernard Bay Matagorda Bay to establish a colony for France along its shores. Jean took an old Spanish ship that had captured in Florida during the war with Spain, christened it St. Joseph. In 1739, Governor Prudencio de Orobio y Basterra named the pass Aránzazu Pass on his map of 1739, the name was altered to Aransas on the map of a Captain Monroe of the ship Amos Wright in 1833. Port Aransas was a location of pirates in the early 19th century, from about 1800 to the early 1820s, the Gulf Coast was a haunt of pirate ships searching for riches. Jean Lafitte and his buccaneers spent time on the Texas coast, Galveston owed its start to him, jean Lafitte used Mustang Island as a place to make camp and, according to legend, a place to hide their treasure. Local lore tells of pirate treasure buried in Port Aransas, the treasure chest is supposedly marked by a Spanish silver dagger. It is believed the dagger is laid on its side with silver spike driven through the hilt, the first recorded permanent settler in Port Aransas was Capt. Robert Ainsworth Mercer of Lancaster, England. He established a sheep and cattle ranch known as El Mar Rancho in 1853 or 1855, herds of wild horse mustangs rambled over plush rangelands of the island when Mercer first settled there. By 1854, the Texas Senate sanctioned a seven-mile channel from Corpus Christi to the Aransas Pass bar to serve the Port of Corpus Christ. Also in the 1850s, a steamship service route for cargo
6.
Cyclone
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In meteorology, a cyclone is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure. A cyclone differs from a hurricane or typhoon only on the basis of location, a hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean, a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, and a cyclone occurs in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean. Cyclones are characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure, the largest low-pressure systems are polar vortices and extratropical cyclones of the largest scale. Warm-core cyclones such as cyclones and subtropical cyclones also lie within the synoptic scale. Mesocyclones, tornadoes and dust devils lie within the smaller mesoscale, Upper level cyclones can exist without the presence of a surface low, and can pinch off from the base of the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere. Cyclones have also seen on extraterrestrial planets, such as Mars. Cyclogenesis describes the process of formation and intensification. Extratropical cyclones begin as waves in large regions of enhanced mid-latitude temperature contrasts called baroclinic zones and these zones contract and form weather fronts as the cyclonic circulation closes and intensifies. Later in their cycle, extratropical cyclones occlude as cold air masses undercut the warmer air. A cyclones track is guided over the course of its 2 to 6 day life cycle by the flow of the subtropical jet stream. Weather fronts mark the boundary between two masses of air of different temperature, humidity, and densities, and are associated with the most prominent meteorological phenomena. Strong cold fronts typically feature narrow bands of thunderstorms and severe weather, such fronts form west of the circulation center and generally move from west to east, warm fronts form east of the cyclone center and are usually preceded by stratiform precipitation and fog. Warm fronts move poleward ahead of the cyclone path, occluded fronts form late in the cyclone life cycle near the center of the cyclone and often wrap around the storm center. Tropical cyclogenesis describes the process of development of tropical cyclones, Tropical cyclones form due to latent heat driven by significant thunderstorm activity, and are warm core. Cyclones can transition between extratropical, subtropical, and tropical phases, mesocyclones form as warm core cyclones over land, and can lead to tornado formation. Waterspouts can also form from mesocyclones, but more often develop from environments of high instability, henry Piddington published almost 40 papers dealing with tropical storms from Calcutta between 1835 and 1855 in The Journal of the Asiatic Society. He also coined the term cyclone, meaning the coil of a snake, in 1842, he published his landmark thesis, Laws of the Storms. There are a number of characteristics common to all cyclones
7.
Palacios, Texas
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Palacios is a city in Matagorda County, Texas, United States. The population was 5,153 at the 2000 census, popular local legend states that the area was named Tres Palacios several centuries ago by shipwrecked Spanish sailors who claimed they saw a vision of three palaces on the bay. Historians believe it was likely named for José Félix Trespalacios. The town was originally called Trespalacios, but shortened its name due to a nearby post office using the longer version. The native inhabitants of the region were the Karankawa people, whose contact with Europeans came in the 16th century when Spanish expeditions first traversed their territory. In 1685, the area was explored by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in the 1820s, English-speaking settlers arrived and came into frequent conflict with the Karankawa, who were eventually driven out of the area. The future site of Palacios was ranch land until 1901, when it was put up for sale by the estate of the former owner and it was first settled as a community in 1903. In 1926, Camp Hulen was opened as a center for the 36th Infantry of the Texas National Guard. The population of Palacios boomed during this period, and the city hosted visiting stars such as Rita Hayworth, after the war, Camp Hulen was closed and the local population declined. The town was hit by Hurricane Carla in 1961, causing major damage, since then, the population has grown again, with the settlement of Vietnamese immigrants and other newcomers from all over the United States. In 1991, a pavilion was rebuilt on the waterfront, and in 1995 the La Belle shipwreck was rediscovered at the bottom of the bay, in 2009, the city marked its centennial with celebrations and other events. Palacios is located on the Gulf Coast about halfway between Houston and Corpus Christi and it is connected to both cities by State Highway 35. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.3 square miles. It is located on the shores of Tres Palacios Bay, an arm of Matagorda Bay, the Palacios area is known among birders for its wide diversity of bird life. On December 19,2005, a record 250 species were observed, Palacios experiences a humid subtropical climate. Average daytime high temperatures range from 62 °F in January to 90 °F in August, average nighttime lows range from 44 °F in winter to 77 °F in summer. As of the census of 2000,5,153 people,1,661 households, the population density was 1,021.4 people per square mile. There were 1,976 housing units at a density of 391.7 per square mile
8.
Wharton, Texas
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Wharton is a city in Wharton County, Texas, United States. This city is sixty miles southwest of Houston, the population was 8,832 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Wharton County and is located on the Colorado River of Texas just south of U. S. Highway 59, Wharton is located at 29°19′1″N 96°5′49″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 7.2 square miles. U. S. Route 59 passes through the west side of Wharton, to the northeast on US59 is Rosenberg in Fort Bend County while El Campo in Wharton County is to the southwest. State Highway 60 passes through Wharton, heading south to Bay City, FM102 starts on SH60 in Wharton and goes northwest to Eagle Lake in Colorado County. FM1301 also begins at SH60 in Wharton and goes southeast to Boling-Iago, the Colorado River flows toward Wharton from the northwest and after passing through the city, the rivers direction is more to the south. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Wharton has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of the census of 2000, there were 9,237 people,3,539 households, the population density was 1,278.3 people per square mile. There were 4,000 housing units at a density of 553.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 56. 33% White,26. 43% African American,0. 41% Native American,0. 71% Asian,0. 16% Pacific Islander,14. 18% from other races, and 1. 78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 31. 08% of the population,31. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the family size was 3.21. In the city, the population was out with 27. 2% under the age of 18,11. 1% from 18 to 24,25. 3% from 25 to 44,20. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was $26,704, and the median income for a family was $34,543. Males had an income of $30,423 versus $20,460 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,993, about 17. 3% of families and 22. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22. 3% of those under age 18 and 21. 7% of those age 65 or over
9.
Wallis, Texas
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Wallis is a city in far southeastern Austin County, Texas, United States. The city is located along State Highway 36 and the BNSF Railway between Rosenberg and Sealy, the citys population was 1,252 at the 2010 census. Wallis is located at 29°37′50″N 96°3′46″W, SH36 heads northwest from Wallis to Sealy in Austin County and east-southeast from Wallis to Rosenberg in Fort Bend County. The BNSF Railway runs parallel with SH36 on the side of the highway. State Highway 60 starts in the west part of Wallis and goes south to East Bernard, farm to Market Road 1093 continues northeast to Simonton in Fort Bend County and west-southwest to Eagle Lake in Colorado County. Farm to Market Road 1952 begins in the east part of Wallis and goes south, the Google Maps service shows one Catholic, two Lutheran and one Baptist churches in Wallis. A number of businesses operate in the city including Wallis State Bank, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.5 square miles, of which 0.015 square miles, or 0. 92%, is water. In 1830 the first Anglo-Americans made their homes in the area between the Brazos and San Bernard rivers, when the settlement got a post office in 1873, its name was Bovine Bend. Sometime after 1880, the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway was constructed through the community from Galveston to Brenham, at that time, the town was renamed Wallis Station after J. E. Wallis, the director of the railroad. In 1887 the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway, being built east toward Houston, starting in about 1890, Czech immigrants began moving into the area. By 1904 there were 631 souls living in Wallis, in 1911, the town dropped Station from its name to become Wallis. Seven years later its school had 100 students, between 1925 and 1943 the population grew from 800 to 900. By the latter year the town boasted 39 businesses, after declining to 690 in 1949, the number of inhabitants increased to 1,075 by 1966. A decade later, the city claimed to have a bank, library, in 1991 there were 1,411 people and 15 commercial establishments. The population declined to 1,311 in 2000 and to 1,252 in 2010, in 2013 the BNSF Railway still operated along the one-time Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway right-of-way, while the east-west railroad line no longer existed. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,172 people,422 households, the population density was 767.7 people per square mile. There were 455 housing units at a density of 298. 0/sq mi. The racial makeup of the city was 71. 50% White,13. 74% African American,0. 43% Native American,0. 09% Pacific Islander,10. 92% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 23. 38% of the population
10.
Houston
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Houston is the most populous city in the state of Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million within an area of 667 square miles, it also is the largest city in the southern United States and the seat of Harris County. Located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico, it is the city of Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land. Houston was founded on August 28,1836, near the banks of Buffalo Bayou and incorporated as a city on June 5,1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded, the burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the citys population. Houstons economy has an industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics. Leading in health care sectors and building equipment, Houston has more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits than any city except for New York City. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled, the city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has described as the most diverse in the United States. It is home to cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has a visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District. In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs from New York, Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen, purchased 6,642 acres of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the general at the Battle of San Jacinto. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the slave trade. New Orleans was the center of trade in the Deep South. Thousands of enslaved African Americans lived near the city before the Civil War, many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. Houston was granted incorporation on June 5,1837, with James S. Holman becoming its first mayor, in the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County and the temporary capital of the Republic of Texas
11.
Williamson County, Texas
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Williamson County is a county in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2016 census estimate, the population was 545,412, the county is named for Robert McAlpin Williamson, a community leader and veteran of the Battle of San Jacinto. Williamson County is part of the Austin-Round Rock, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area, the two areas are roughly bisected by Interstate 35. Much of Williamson County has been the site of habitation for at least 11,200 years. The earliest known inhabitants of the area lived during the late Pleistocene, one of the most important discoveries in recent times is that of the ancient skeletal remains dubbed The Leanderthal Lady because of its age and proximity to Leander, Texas. It was discovered by accident by the Texas Department of Transportation workers while drilling core samples for a new highway, the site has been extensively studied for many years and samples from this site carbon date to the Pleistocene period at approximately 10,500 years ago. Such evidence of Archaic Period inhabitants is often in the form of relics, many such sites were inundated when the San Gabriel River was dammed to create Lake Granger. During the eighteenth century made the transition to a horse culture. After they were crowded out by white settlement, the Comanches continued to raid settlements in the county until the 1860s. There also appear to have small numbers of Kiowa, Yojuane, Tawakoni. On September 9 and 10,1921, the remnants of a hurricane moved over Williamson County, the center of the storm became stationary over Thrall, a small farming town in eastern Williamson County, dropping a storm total of 39.7 inches of rain in 36 hours. The 24-hour rainfall total ending 7 am on September 10,1921 at a U. S. Weather Bureau station in Thrall remains the national official 24-hour rainfall record. Thralls rainfall was 23.4 in during 6 hours,31.8 in during 12 hours, eighty-seven people drowned in and near Taylor, and 93 in Williamson County. This storm caused the most deadly floods in Texas, with a total of 215 fatalities, on May 27,1997, Williamson County was hit by the worst tornado outbreak in county history. The 1997 Central Texas Tornado Outbreak caused 20 tornadoes including an F-5, the F-5 tornado killed 27 people and completely destroyed the Double Creek Estates neighborhood in the city of Jarrell, Texas, Texas, located in far northern Williamson County. Another strong tornado, an F-3, struck the City of Cedar Park, two F-2 tornadoes also struck Williamson County. The outbreak cost the county over $190 million USD in damage, Williamson Countys fast growth rate is due in large part to its location immediately north of Austin coupled with Austins rapid expansion northward. Austins city limits cross into Williamson County making Austin the largest city in Williamson County and this has transformed Williamson county over recent years into a dynamic self-sustaining community with less dependency on Austin
