1.
1929
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This year marked the end of a period known in American history as the Roaring Twenties after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 ushered in a worldwide Great Depression. In the Americas, an agreement was brokered to end the Cristero War a Catholic counter-revolution in Mexico, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, a British high court, ruled that Canadian women are persons in the Edwards v. Canada case. The 1st Academy Awards for film were held in Los Angeles, the Peruvian Air Force was created. In the Soviet Union, General Secretary Joseph Stalin expelled Leon Trotsky, the Grand Trunk Express began service in India. Rioting between Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem over access to the Western Wall took place in the Middle East, the centenary of Western Australia was celebrated. The Kellogg–Briand Pact, a treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, in Europe, the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy signed the Lateran Treaty. The Idionymon law was passed in Greece to outlaw political dissent, Spain hosted the Ibero-American Exposition which featured pavilions from Latin American countries. The German airship LZ127 Graf Zeppelin flew around the world in 21 days, on August 1 of this year the 1929 Palestine riots broke out between Palestinians and Jews over control of the Western Wall. The rioting, initiated in part when British police tore down a screen the Jews had constructed in front of the Wall, in total,133 Jews and 116 Palestinians were killed. The Palestinians had been told that Jews were killing Palestinians, Jews would not return to Hebron until after the Six-Day War in 1967. The other major clash was the 1929 Safed massacre, in which 18–20 Jews were killed by Palestinians in Safed in similar fashion, elsewhere in the Middle East, Iraq took a big step toward gaining independence from the British. The Iraqi government had, since the end of World War I, in September, Great Britain announced it would support Iraqs inclusion in the League of Nations, signaling the beginning of the end of their direct control of the region. Early in 1929 the Afghan leader King Amanullah lost power through revolution, habibullāhs rule, however, only lasted nine months. Nadir Shah replaced him in October, starting a line of monarchs which would last 40 years, in India, a general strike in Bombay continued throughout the year despite efforts by the British. On December 29, the All India Congress in Lahore declared Indian independence from Britain, China and Russia engaged in a minor conflict after China seized full control of the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway. Russia counterattacked and took the cities of Hailar and Manchouli after issuing an ultimatum demanding joint control of the railway to be reinstated, the Chinese agreed to the terms on November 26. The Japanese would later see this defeat as a sign of Chinese weakness, the Far East began to experience economic problems late in the year as the effects of the Great Depression began to spread. Southeast Asia was especially hard hit as its exports were more sensitive to economic problems, in the Pacific, on December 28 – Black Saturday in Samoa – New Zealand colonial police killed 11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which led the Mau movement to demand independence for Samoa
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1927 in the United States
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Events from the year 1927 in the United States. President, Calvin Coolidge Vice President, Charles G. February 23 – The U. S. Federal Radio Commission begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies, march 11 In New York City, the Roxy Theater is opened by Samuel Roxy Rothafel. The first armoured car robbery is committed by the Flatheads Gang near Pittsburgh, april 22 – May 5 – The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 affects 700,000 people in the greatest national disaster in U. S. history at that time. May 11 – The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, may 17 – Army aviation pioneer Major Harold Geiger dies in the crash of his Airco DH.4 de Havilland plane, at Olmsted Field, Pennsylvania. May 18 – Bath School disaster, Bombings result in 45 deaths, mostly children, in Bath Township, may 20–21 – Charles Lindbergh makes the first solo non-stop trans-Atlantic flight, from New York to Paris in the single-seat, single-engine monoplane Spirit of St. Louis. June 13 – A ticker-tape parade is held for aviator Charles Lindbergh down 5th Avenue in New York City, August 2 – U. S. President Calvin Coolidge announces, I do not choose to run for president in 1928. August 7 – The Peace Bridge opens between Fort Erie, Ontario, and Buffalo, New York, August 26 – Paul R. Redfern leaves Brunswick, Georgia, flying his Stinson Detroiter Port of Brunswick to attempt a solo non-stop flight to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He later crashes in the Venezuela jungle, september 18 – The Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System is formed and goes on the air with 47 radio stations. September 29 –79 are killed and 550 are injured in the East St. Louis Tornado, october 6 – The Jazz Singer movie opens in the United States and becomes a huge success, marking the end of the silent film era. October 8 – Murderers Row, The New York Yankees complete a 4-game sweep of the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series, october 28 – Pan American Airways first flight takes off from Key West, bound for Havana. November 3–4 – Floods devastating Vermont incur the worst natural disaster in the states history, november 4 – Frank Heath and his horse Gypsy Queen return to Washington, D. C. having completed a 2-year journey of 11,356 miles to all 48 states. November 10 – Unexplained explosions occur in Canton, Ohio, november 12 – The Holland Tunnel opens to traffic as the first Hudson River vehicular tunnel linking New Jersey to New York City. December 2 – Following 19 years of Ford Model T production, December 15 – Marion Parker,12, is kidnapped in Los Angeles. Her dismembered body is found on December 19, prompting the largest manhunt to date on the West Coast for her killer, William Edward Hickman, who is arrested on December 22 in Oregon. December 27 – Kern and Hammersteins musical play Show Boat, based on Edna Ferbers novel, opens on Broadway, the Voluntary Committee of Lawyers is founded to bring about the repeal of Prohibition of alcohol in United States. Lochner era U. S. occupation of Haiti Prohibition Roaring Twenties January 10 – Johnnie Ray, singer, pianist and songwriter January 13 – Brock Adams, senator from Washington from 1987 to 1993 January 17 – Harlan Mathews, U. S. Senator from Tennessee from 1993 to 1994 January 24 – Paula Hawkins, senator from Maryland from 1971 till 1977 June 23 – Bob Fosse, choreographer July 4 – Neil Simon, playwright July 7 Alan Dixon, U. S. S. Senator from Louisiana in 1918 February 25 – David Baird, U. S. S, senator from Kentucky from 1897 to 1903 August 15 – B. B
4.
1928 in the United States
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6th Pan-American Conference opens in Havana. Calvin Coolidge becomes the last sitting U. S. President until 2016 to visit Cuba, february 8 – British inventor John Logie Baird broadcasts a transatlantic television signal from London to Hartsdale, New York. February 25 – Charles Jenkins Laboratories of Washington, D. C. becomes the first holder of a license from the Federal Radio Commission. March 12 – In California, the St. Francis Dam north of Los Angeles fails, march 21 – Charles Lindbergh is presented the Medal of Honor for his first trans-Atlantic flight. April 10 – Pineapple Primary, The U. S, Republican Party primary elections in Chicago are preceded by assassinations and bombings. May 10 – The first regular schedule of television programming begins in Schenectady, may 15 – The animated short Plane Crazy is released by Disney Studios in Los Angeles, featuring the first appearances of Mickey and Minnie Mouse. June 17 – Aviator Amelia Earhart starts her attempt to become the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean. June 29 – New York Governor Alfred E. Smith becomes the first Catholic nominated by a political party for U. S. President, at the Democratic National Convention in Houston. June 29 – Outerbridge Crossing and Goethals Bridge in Staten Island, July 6 – The worlds largest hailstone falls in Potter, Nebraska. July 7 – The first machine-sliced and machine-wrapped loaf of bread is sold in Chillicothe, Missouri, July 12 – Mexican aviator Emilio Carranza dies in a solo plane crash in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, while returning from a goodwill flight to New York City. July 25 – The United States recalls its troops from China, august 16 – Murderer Carl Panzram is arrested in Washington, D. C. after killing about 20 people. August 22 – Alfred E. Smith accepts the Democratic presidential nomination, with WGY/W2XB simulcasting the event on radio, September 1 – Richard Byrd leaves New York for the Arctic. September 11 – Kenmores WMAK station starts broadcasting in Buffalo, New York, September 16 – The 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane kills at least 2,500 people in Florida. October 12 – An iron lung respirator is used for the first time at Childrens Hospital, october 22 – The Phi Sigma Alpha Fraternity is founded at the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus. November 4 – At Park Central Hotel in Manhattan, Arnold Rothstein, november 6 – U. S. presidential election,1928, Republican Herbert Hoover wins by a wide margin over Democratic Governor of New York Alfred E. Smith. November 17 – The Boston Garden opens in Boston, november 18 – Mickey Mouse appears in Steamboat Willie, the third Mickey Mouse cartoon released, but the first sound film. December 5 – Police disperse a Sicilian gangs meeting in Cleveland, december 21 – The U. S. Congress approves the construction of Boulder Dam, later renamed Hoover Dam. W2XBS, RCAs first television station, is established in New York City, eliot Ness begins to lead the prohibition unit in Chicago
5.
1930 in the United States
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Events from the year 1930 in the United States. The first literary character licensing agreement is signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger U. S. January 13 – The Mickey Mouse comic strip makes its first appearance. February 18 Elm Farm Ollie becomes the first cow to fly in an airplane, while studying photographs taken in January, Clyde Tombaugh confirms the existence of Pluto, a heavenly body considered a planet until 2006, when the term planet was officially defined. Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet, march 6 – The first frozen foods of Clarence Birdseye go on sale in Springfield, Massachusetts. March 31 – The Motion Pictures Production Code is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion, April 6 – Jimmy Dewar invents Hostess Twinkies. April 21 – A fire in the Ohio Penitentiary near Columbus kills 320 people, April 22 – The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign the London Naval Treaty regulating submarine warfare and limiting shipbuilding. April 28 – The first night game in organized baseball history takes place in Independence, may 10 – The National Pan-Hellenic Council is founded in Washington, D. C. May 15 – Aboard a Boeing tri-motor, Ellen Church becomes the first airline stewardess, may 20 – The Chrysler Building is completed, becoming the worlds first man-made structure taller than 1,000 feet. May 30 – Sergei Eisenstein arrives in Hollywood to work for Paramount Pictures, June 9 – Chicago Tribune journalist Jake Lingle is shot in Chicago, Illinois. Newspapers promise $55,000 reward for information, Lingle is later found to have had contacts with organized crime. June 14 – An act of Congress establishes the Federal Bureau of Narcotics as a replacement for the Narcotics Division of the Prohibition Unit, June 17 – U. S. President Herbert Hoover signs the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act into law. July 4 – Nation of Islam founded by Wallace Fard Muhammad in Detroit. July 26 – Charles Creighton and James Hargis leave New York City for Los Angeles on a journey, driving 11,555 km using only a reverse gear. July 30 – New York City station W2XBS is put in charge of NBC broadcast engineers, July 31 – The radio drama The Shadow airs for the first time. August 6 – Judge Joseph Force Crater steps into a taxi in New York City, august 7 – Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith in Marion, Indiana. They are hanged, James Cameron survives and this will be the last recorded lynching of African Americans in the Northern United States. August 9 – Cartoon character Betty Boop premieres in the animated film Dizzy Dishes, September 8 – 3M introduces Scotch Tape. December 2 – Great Depression, U. S. President Herbert Hoover goes before Congress and asks for a US$150 million public works program to generate jobs
6.
1931 in the United States
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Events from the year 1931 in the United States. January 2 – South Dakota native Ernest Lawrence invents the cyclotron, january 6 – Thomas Edison submits his last patent application. February 20 – California gets the go-ahead by the U. S. Congress to build the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, March 1 – Battleship USS Arizona is placed back in full commission after a refit. March 3 – The Star-Spangled Banner is adopted as the United States national anthem, March 17 – Nevada legalizes gambling. March 25 – The Scottsboro Boys are arrested in Alabama and charged with rape, april 15 – The Castellemmarese War ends with the assassination of Joe The Boss Masseria, briefly leaving Salvatore Maranzano as capo di tutti i capi and undisputed ruler of the American Mafia. Maranzano is himself assassinated less than 6 months later, leading to the establishment of the Five Families, april 18 – Cheverly, Maryland is incorporated. April 22 – Austria, Britain, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden, may 1 – Construction of the Empire State Building is completed in New York City. June 19 – In an attempt to stop the crisis in Central Europe from causing a worldwide financial meltdown. June 23 – Wiley Post and Harold Gatty take off from Roosevelt Field, july – John Haven Emerson of Cambridge, Massachusetts perfects the Emerson iron lung just in time for the growing polio epidemic. July 26 – The International Bible Students Association adopts the name Jehovahs Witnesses at a convention in Columbus, october – The Caltech Department of Physics Faculty and graduate students meet with Albert Einstein as a guest. October 17 – American gangster Al Capone is sentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion in Chicago, october 24 – The George Washington Bridge is dedicated, it opens to traffic the following day. November 26 – Deuterium is discovered by Harold Urey, december 12 – The Eta Chapter of Kappa Delta Phi is founded at The University of Maine at Machias. December 26 – Phi Iota Alpha, the oldest existing Latino fraternity, is founded, rodgers, admiral March 20 – Joseph B
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
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Media related to 1929 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
