1.
1953
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January 5 – Samuel Becketts play Waiting for Godot has its first public stage première in French as En attendant Godot at the Théâtre de Babylone in Paris. January 6 – The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma, january 7 – United States President Harry S. Truman announces the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb. January 12 – Estonian émigrés found a government-in-exile in Oslo, january 14 Marshal Josip Broz Tito is chosen President of Yugoslavia. The CIA-sponsored Robertson Panel first meets to discuss the UFO phenomenon, january 15 – Georg Dertinger, foreign minister of East Germany, is arrested for spying. This record has yet to be broken, january 20 – Dwight D. Eisenhower is sworn in as President of the United States. January 22 – The Crucible, a drama by Arthur Miller, january 24 Mau Mau Uprising, Rebels in Kenya kill the Ruck family. Walter Ulbricht announces that agriculture will be collectivized in East Germany, january 28 – Derek Bentley is executed for murder at Wandsworth Prison in London. February 1 – The surge of the North Sea flood continues from the previous day, february 3 – Batepá massacre, Hundreds of native creoles known as forros are massacred in São Tomé by the colonial administration and Portuguese landowners. February 5 – Walt Disneys feature film Peter Pan premieres, february 11 President Dwight D. Eisenhower refuses a clemency appeal for Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. The Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations with Israel after an explosion at the Soviet embassy in reaction to the Doctors plot. February 12 – The Nordic Council is inaugurated, february 13 – Transsexual Christine Jorgensen returns to New York after successful sex reassignment surgery in Denmark. February 16 – The Pakistan Academy of Sciences is established in Pakistan, february 19 – Georgia approves the first literature censorship board in the United States. February 21 – Nitroform Products Company plant in Newark, New Jersey, is destroyed by an explosion, february 25 – Release, in France, of Jacques Tatis film Les Vacances de M. Hulot, introducing the gauche character of Monsieur Hulot. February 28 James Watson and Francis Crick of the University of Cambridge announce their discovery of the structure of the DNA molecule, greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia sign the Balkan Pact. March 1 Joseph Stalin suffers a stroke after a dinner with Soviet Union interior minister Lavrentiy Beria and future premiers Georgi Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin. The stroke paralyzes the right side of his body and renders him unconscious until his death on March 5, bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg is made deputy constable and lieutenant governor of Windsor Castle. March 6 – Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov succeeds Joseph Stalin as Premier, March 8 – The Thieves World, which had been transformed into the Russian mafia, are freed from prisons by the Malenkov regime which ends the Bitch Wars. March 13 – The United Nations Security Council nominates Dag Hammarskjöld from Sweden as United Nations Secretary General, March 14 – Nikita Khrushchev is selected First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1951 in the United States
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Events from the year 1951 in the United States. January 10 – The new United Nations headquarters officially opens in New York City, january 17 – Korean War, Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul. January 27 – Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site begins with a 1-kiloton bomb dropped on Frenchman Flat, january 31 – The last daily narrow gauge passenger train The San Juan Express is retired by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. February 4–8 – Surgeons remove an ovarian cyst from Gertrude Levandowski in a 96-hour-long operation in Chicago and she loses almost half of her weight and emerges weighing 140 kg. February 6 – A Pennsylvania Railroad passenger train derails near Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, killing 85 people and injuring over 500, february 27 – The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, limiting Presidents to two terms, is ratified. March 2 – The first NBA All-Star Game of basketball is played in the Boston Garden, March 3 or 5 – Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats record Rocket 88 at Sam Phillips Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, a candidate for the first rock and roll record. It is covered on June 14 by Bill Haley and His Saddlemen, March 6 – Second Red Scare, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg stand trial facing charges of conspiracy to commit espionage. March 7 – Korean War – Operation Ripper, In Korea, March 12 – Hank Ketchams best-selling comic strip Dennis the Menace, appeared in newspapers across the U. S. for the first time. March 14 – Korean War, For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul, March 29 Second Red Scare, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg are convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage. On April 5 they are sentenced to receive the death penalty, Rodgers and Hammersteins The King and I opens on Broadway and runs for 3 years. Its the first Rodgers & Hammerstein musical specifically written for an actress, lawrence is stricken with cancer during the run of the show and dies halfway through its run a year later. The show makes a star of Yul Brynner, the 23rd Academy Awards ceremony is held, All About Eve wins Best Picture and four others. March 31 – Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau, April 11 – U. S. President Harry S. Truman relieves General Douglas MacArthur of his Far Eastern commands. May 9 – Operation Greenhouse, The first thermonuclear weapon is tested on Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands, may 12 – The United States releases an H-bomb on an atoll called Eniwetok. June 14 – UNIVAC I is dedicated by the U. S. Census Bureau, June 15–July 1 – In New Mexico, Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, thousands of hectares of forests are destroyed in fires. June 18 – Battle Ground, Washington is incorporated, july 10 – Korean War, Armistice negotiations begin at Kaesong. July 11–12 – Cicero race riot of 1951, A mob of 4,000 whites attack an apartment building housing a black family in a neighborhood in Cicero. July 13 The Great Flood of 1951 reaches its highest point in Northeast Kansas, MGMs Technicolor film version of Show Boat, starring Kathryn Grayson, Ava Gardner, and Howard Keel, premieres at Radio City Music Hall in New York City
4.
1952 in the United States
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Events from the year 1952 in the United States of America. President, Harry S. Truman Vice President, Alben W. Barkley Chief Justice and he co-founds the rock band KISS and changes his name to Paul Stanley. February 2 – A tropical storm forms just north of Cuba moving northeast, the storm makes landfall in southern Florida the next day. It is the earliest reported landfall from a storm. February 6 – In the United States, a heart is used for the first time in a human patient. February 20 – Emmett Ashford becomes the first African-American umpire in organized baseball, March 20 – The United States Senate ratifies a peace treaty with Japan. March 21 – Tornadoes ravage the lower Mississippi River Valley, leaving 208 dead, March 22 – Wernher von Braun publishes the first in his series of articles entitled Man Will Conquer Space Soon. Including ideas for manned flights to Mars and the Moon, March 29 – U. S. President Harry S. Truman announces that he will not seek reelection. April 15 – The United States B-52 Stratofortress flies for the first time, april 23 – A nuclear test is held in the Nevada desert. April 28 – The Treaty of San Francisco goes into effect, april 29 – Lever House officially opens in New York City, heralding a new age of commercial architecture in the United States. May 3 – U. S. lieutenant colonels Joseph O. Fletcher, june 14 – The keel is laid for the U. S. nuclear submarine USS Nautilus. June 19 – The United States Army Special Forces is created, several alleged UFOs tracked on multiple radars. Jets scramble on several occasions and the objects take evasive action, july 21 – The 7.3 Mw Kern County earthquake strikes Southern California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI, killing 12 and injuring hundreds. July 25 – Puerto Rico becomes a self-governing commonwealth of the United States, August 29 – John Cages 433 premieres in Woodstock, New York. Walton Lillehei and Dr. F. John Lewis perform the first open-heart surgery at the University of Minnesota, september 23 – Republican vice presidential candidate Richard Nixon gives his Checkers speech. October 12 – The Gamma Sigma Sigma National Service Sorority is founded in New York City at Panhellenic Tower, october 14 – The United Nations begins work in the new United Nations building in New York City. October 16 – Limelight opens in London, writer/actor/director/producer Charlie Chaplin arrives by ocean liner, october 1 to 31 – With an average coast-to-coast precipitation of 0.54 inches or 13.4 megatons. November 4 United States presidential election,1952, Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats Democratic Governor of Illinois Adlai Stevenson, the U. S. National Security Agency is founded
5.
1954 in the United States
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Events from the year 1954 in the United States. January 20 The U. S. -based National Negro Network is established with 40 charter member radio stations, rogers Pass, Montana records the coldest temperature in the contiguous United States of −70 °F. January 21 – The first nuclear-powered submarine, the USS Nautilus, is launched in Groton, Connecticut, january 25 – The foreign ministers of the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union meet at the Berlin Conference. February 10 – After authorizing $385 million over the $400 million already budgeted for military aid to Vietnam, february 23 – The first mass vaccination of children against polio begins in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. March 1 – U. S. officials announce that a bomb test has been conducted on Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. March 1 – U. S. Capitol shooting incident, Four Puerto Rican nationalists open fire in the United States House of Representatives chamber and wound 5, they are apprehended by security guards. March 9 – American journalists Edward Murrow and Fred W. Friendly produce a 30-minute See It Now documentary, march 16 – The Army–McCarthy hearings are convened. March 19 – Joey Giardello knocks out Willie Tory at Madison Square Garden, march 25 – The 26th Academy Awards ceremony is held. March 28 – Puerto Ricos first television station, WKAQ-TV, goes on the air. April 16 – Vice President Richard Nixon announces that the United States may be “putting our own boys in Indochina regardless of Allied support. ”April 22 – Senator Joseph McCarthy begins hearings investigating the United States Army for being soft on Communism. May 14 – The Boeing 707 is released after two years of development. May 17 – Brown v. Board of Education, The United States Supreme Court rules that segregated schools are unconstitutional, june 14 – The words under God are added to the United States Pledge of Allegiance. June 17 – A CIA-engineered military coup occurs in Guatemala, june 27 – Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán steps down in a CIA-sponsored military coup, triggering a bloody civil war that continues for more than 35 years. July 1 – The United States officially begins using the unit of the nautical mile. July 15 – The maiden flight of the Boeing 367-80, a prototype of the Boeing 707 series, july 19 – Release of Elvis Presleys first single, Thats All Right, by Sun Records. August 16 – The first issue of Sports Illustrated magazine is published in the United States, september 3 – The last new episode of The Lone Ranger is aired on radio, after 2,956 episodes over a period of 21 years. September 11 – The Miss America Pageant is broadcast on television for the first time, september 30 – The USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, is commissioned by the US Navy. October 15 – Hurricane Hazel makes U. S. landfall, october 18 – Texas Instruments announces the development of the first transistor radio
6.
1955 in the United States
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Events from the year 1955 in the United States. January 22 – The Pentagon announces a plan to develop ballistic missiles armed with nuclear weapons. January 28 – The United States Congress authorizes President Dwight D. Eisenhower to use force to protect Formosa from the Peoples Republic of China, february 1 – Major tornadoes in Mississippi. February 10 – The Seventh Fleet of the United States Navy helps the Republic of China evacuate Chinese Nationalist army, february 12 – U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower sends the first U. S. advisors to South Vietnam. February 22 – In Chicagos Democratic primary, Mayor Martin H. Kennelly loses to the head of the Cook County Democratic Party, Richard J. Daley,364,839 to 264,77. March 2 – Claudette Colvin, a fifteen-year-old African-American girl, refuses to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama and she is carried off the bus backwards whilst being kicked and handcuffed and harassed on the way to the police station. She becomes a plaintiff in Browder v. Gayle which rules bus segregation to be unconstitutional, March 5 – WBBJ signs on the air in the Jackson, Tennessee as WDXI, to expanded U. S. commercial television in rural areas. March 7 – The 1954 Broadway musical version of Peter Pan, the program gains the largest viewership of a TV special up to this time and becomes one of the first great television classics. March 12 – African-American jazz saxophonist Charlie Parker dies in New York City at age 34, teenagers jump from their seats to dance to the song. On July 9 it becomes the first Rock and roll single to reach Number One on the U. S. charts, March 26 – Bill Hayes tops the U. S. charts for five weeks with The Ballad of Davy Crockett and starts a coonskin cap craze. March 28 – The important income tax case of Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co. is decided in the Supreme Court, april 5 – Richard J. Daley defeats Robert Merrian to become mayor of Chicago by a vote of 708,222 to 581,555. April 12 – Jonas Salks polio vaccine, having passed large-scale trials earlier in the U. S. receives full approval by the Food, april 15 – Ray Kroc opens his first McDonalds in Des Plaines, Illinois. May 21 – Chuck Berry records his first single, Maybellene, june 7 – The $64,000 Question premieres on CBS television, with Hal March as the host. June 16 – Lady and the Tramp, Walt Disneys 15th animated film, July 18 The first atomic-generated electrical power is sold commercially, powering Arco, Idaho. Illinoiss Governor William Stratton signs the Loyalty Oath Act, that all public employees take a loyalty oath or lose their jobs. The Geneva Summit between the U. S, soviet Union, United Kingdom and France begins. The Disneyland theme park opens to the public in Anaheim, California, July 23 – The Geneva Summit ends. August 19 – Hurricane Diane hits the northeast, killing 200, august 22 – Eleven schoolchildren are killed when their school bus is hit by a freight train in Spring City, Tennessee
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Harry S. Truman
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Harry S. Truman was an American politician who served as the 33rd President of the United States, assuming the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of World War II. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He also used weapons to end World War II, desegregated the U. S. armed forces, supported a newly independent Israel. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, and spent most of his youth on his familys 600-acre farm near Independence, in the last months of World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer with his National Guard unit. After the war, he owned a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and joined the Democratic Party. Truman was first elected to office as a county official in 1922. After serving as a United States Senator from Missouri and briefly as Vice President, he succeeded to the presidency on April 12,1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany surrendered on Trumans 61st birthday, just a few weeks after he assumed the presidency, but the war with Imperial Japan raged on and was expected to last at least another year. Although this decision and the issues that arose as a result of it remain the subject of debate to this day. Truman presided over a surge in economic prosperity as America sought readjustment after long years of depression. His presidency was a point in foreign affairs, as the United States engaged in an internationalist foreign policy. Truman helped found the United Nations in 1945, issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to contain Communism and his political coalition was based on the white South, labor unions, farmers, ethnic groups, and traditional Democrats across the North. Truman was able to rally groups of supporters during the 1948 presidential election. The Soviet Union became an enemy in the Cold War, Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift of 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949, but was unable to stop Communists from taking over China. When communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he sent U. S. troops, after initial successes in Korea, however, the UN forces were thrown back by Chinese intervention, and the conflict was stalemated throughout the final years of Trumans presidency. Scholars, starting in 1962, ranked Trumans presidency as near great, Harry S. Truman was born on May 8,1884, in Lamar, Missouri, the oldest child of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. His parents chose the name Harry after his mothers brother, Harrison Harry Young, while the S did not stand for any one name, it was chosen as his middle initial to honor both of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young. The initial has been written and printed followed by a period
12.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
13.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
14.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a general in the United States Army during World War II. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43, in 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Eisenhower was of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry and was raised in a family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, after World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University. Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against communism, Korea and he won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U. S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment, Eisenhowers main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala, Eisenhower gave major aid to help the French in the First Indochina War, and after the French were defeated he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt and he also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. Eisenhower sent 15,000 U. S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege and he otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. Eisenhowers two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a decline in 1958. Voted Gallups most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office, since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U. S. Presidents. The Eisenhauer family migrated from Karlsbrunn in the Saarland, to North America, first settling in York, Pennsylvania, in 1741, accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized to Eisenhower. Eisenhowers Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn
15.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
16.
Kansas
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Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ is a U. S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita, Kansas is named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribes name is said to mean people of the wind or people of the south wind. For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous, tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. When it was opened to settlement by the U. S. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided. The abolitionists eventually prevailed, and on January 29,1861, after the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. By 2015, Kansas was one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, corn, sorghum, and soybeans. Kansas, which has an area of 82,278 square miles is the 15th largest state by area and is the 34th most populous of the 50 United States with a population of 2,911,641, residents of Kansas are called Kansans, officially. Mount Sunflower is Kansass highest point at 4,041 feet, for a millennia, the land that is currently Kansas was inhabited by Native Americans. The first European to set foot in present-day Kansas was Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, in 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico, from 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the Missouri Territory. The Santa Fe Trail traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from Missouri and silver and furs from Santa Fe, wagon ruts from the trail are still visible in the prairie today. In 1827, Fort Leavenworth became the first permanent settlement of white Americans in the future state, the Kansas–Nebraska Act became law on May 30,1854, establishing the U. S. territories of Nebraska and Kansas, and opening the area to broader settlement by whites. Kansas Territory stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day Denver, Colorado Springs, Missouri and Arkansas sent settlers into Kansas all along its eastern border. These settlers attempted to sway votes in favor of slavery, the secondary settlement of Americans in Kansas Territory were abolitionists from Massachusetts and other Free-Staters, who attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring Missouri. Directly presaging the American Civil War, these forces collided, entering into skirmishes that earned the territory the name of Bleeding Kansas, Kansas was admitted to the United States as a free state on January 29,1861, making it the 34th state to enter the Union. He was roundly condemned by both the conventional Confederate military and the partisan rangers commissioned by the Missouri legislature and his application to that body for a commission was flatly rejected due to his pre-war criminal record
17.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
18.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
19.
Alben W. Barkley
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Alben William Barkley was a lawyer and politician from Kentucky who served in both houses of Congress and as the 35th Vice President of the United States from 1949 to 1953. In 1905, he was elected county attorney for McCracken County and he was chosen County Judge/Executive in 1909 and U. S. Representative from Kentuckys First District in 1912, as a Representative, he was a liberal Democrat, supporting President Woodrow Wilsons New Freedom domestic agenda and foreign policy. Endorsing Prohibition and denouncing parimutuel betting, Barkley narrowly lost the 1923 Democratic gubernatorial primary to fellow Representative J. Campbell Cantrill, in 1926, he unseated Republican Senator Richard P. Ernst. In the Senate, he supported the New Deal approach to addressing the Great Depression and was elected to succeed Senate Majority Leader Joseph T. Robinson upon Robinsons death in 1937, during his 1938 re-election bid, his opponent A. B. Happy Chandler accused him of using Works Progress Administration employees to campaign for him, neither candidate was charged with any wrongdoing, but in 1939, Congress passed the Hatch Act, making it illegal for federal employees to campaign for political candidates. When World War II focused President Franklin D. Roosevelts attention on foreign affairs and he resigned as floor leader after Roosevelt ignored his advice and vetoed the Revenue Act of 1943. The Democratic caucus supported and unanimously re-elected Barkley to the position of Majority Leader, Barkley had a better working relationship with Harry S. Truman, who ascended to the presidency after Roosevelts death in 1945. With Trumans popularity waning entering the 1948 Democratic National Convention, Barkley gave an address that energized the delegates. Truman selected him as his running mate for the upcoming election, Barkley took an active role in the Truman administration, acting as its primary spokesman, especially after the Korean War necessitated the majority of Trumans attention. He retired but was coaxed back into life, defeating incumbent Republican Senator John Sherman Cooper in 1954. Barkley died of an attack while giving a speech at the Washington. Willie Alben Barkley, the eldest of John Wilson and Electa Eliza Barkleys eight children, was born November 24,1877 and his grandmother, midwife Amanda Barkley, delivered him in the log house she lived in with her husband, Alben, in Wheel, Kentucky. Barkleys parents were tenant farmers who grew tobacco, and his father was an elder in the local Presbyterian church, both parents were religious, opposed to playing cards and alcohol. Occasionally, Barkleys parents would leave him in the care of his grandparents for extended periods, during these times, his grandmother related stories of her relatives. Her childhood playmates included future U. S, Vice President Adlai Stevenson I and James A. McKenzie, a future U. S. Barkley worked on his parents farm and attended school in Lowes, Kentucky, unhappy with his birth name, he adopted Alben William as soon as he was old enough to express his opinion in the matter. In the difficult economy of late 1891, relatives convinced Barkleys father to sell his farm and move to Clinton, to pursue opportunities as a tenant wheat farmer
20.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
21.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
22.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
23.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
24.
Fred M. Vinson
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Frederick Fred Moore Vinson was an American politician who served the United States in all three branches of government and was the most prominent member of the Vinson political family. In the legislative branch, he was an member of the United States House of Representatives from Louisa, Kentucky. In the executive branch, he was Secretary of the Treasury under President Harry S. Truman, in the judicial branch, President Truman appointed Vinson the 13th Chief Justice of the United States in 1946. To date, he is the last candidate nominated by a president from the Democratic Party to be confirmed as Chief Justice. As a child he would help his father in the jail, Vinson worked odd jobs while in school. He graduated from Kentucky Normal School in 1908 and enrolled at Centre College, while at Centre, he was a member of the Kentucky Alpha Delta chapter of Phi Delta Theta fraternity. He became a lawyer in Louisa, a town of 2,500 residents. He first ran for and was elected to office as the City Attorney of Louisa and he joined the Army during World War I. Following the war, he was elected as the Commonwealths Attorney for the Thirty-Second Judicial District of Kentucky, Vinson married Julia Roberta Dixon on January 24,1924 in Ashland, Kentucky. In 1924, he ran in an election for his districts seat in Congress after William J. Fields resigned to become the governor of Kentucky. Vinson was elected as a Democrat and then was reelected twice before losing in 1928 and his loss was attributed to his refusal to dissociate his campaign from Alfred E. Smiths presidential campaign. When the position of the American Medical Association on the measure was questioned, while he was in Congress he befriended Missouri Senator Harry S. Truman, a friendship that would last throughout his life. He soon became an advisor, confidant, card player. Vinsons Congressional service ended after he was nominated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on November 26,1937, Roosevelt wanted him to fill a seat vacated by Charles H. Robb on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Vinson was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 9,1937, while he was there, he was designated by Chief Justice Harlan Fiske Stone on March 2,1942, as chief judge of the United States Emergency Court of Appeals. He served here until his resignation on May 27,1943 and he resigned from the bench to become Director of the Office of Economic Stabilization, an executive agency charged with fighting inflation. He also spent time as Federal Loan Administrator and director of War Mobilization and Reconversion and he was appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury by President Truman and served from July 23,1945, to June 23,1946. Before the war ended, Vinson directed the last of the great war-bond drives, in order to encourage private investment in postwar America, he promoted a tax cut in the Revenue Act of 1945
25.
Earl Warren
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Earl Warren was an American jurist and politician, who served as the 30th Governor of California and later the 14th Chief Justice of the United States. Warren is the person elected to three consecutive terms as Governor of California, and with those three elected terms he is second only to Jerry Brown for total gubernatorial wins in California. Before holding these positions, he was the District Attorney for Alameda County, California, Warren was the nominee of the Republican Party for Vice President in 1948, as the running mate of Thomas E. Dewey. He was appointed to chair what became known as the Warren Commission, which was formed to investigate the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Earl Warren was born in Los Angeles, on March 19,1891, to Mathias H. Warren, a Norwegian immigrant whose family name was Varren, and his wife, Crystal. Mathias Warren was an employee of the Southern Pacific Railroad. After he was blacklisted for joining in a strike, the moved to Bakersfield, California. Matthias worked in a repair yard, and Earl had summer jobs in railroading. Earl Warren grew up in Bakersfield, where he attended Washington Junior High and his father was murdered there by an unknown person during a robbery. In 1912 Warren graduated with a B. A. in political science from the University of California, in 1914 he earned his J. D. at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law. He was a member of The Gun Club secret society, and the Sigma Phi Society, as an undergraduate, Warren also played clarinet in the Cal Band. Warren maintained a friendship with fellow Cal student Robert Gordon Sproul. In 1948, at the Republican National Convention, Sproul would nominate Warren for Vice President, Warren was admitted to the California bar in 1914. Warren worked a year for Associated Oil Company in San Francisco, then joined Robinson & Robinson, in August 1917, Warren enlisted in the U. S. Army for World War I service. Assigned to the 91st Division at Camp Lewis, Washington, 1st Lieutenant Earl Warren was discharged in 1918. After the war, he served as a clerk of the Judicial Committee for the 1919 Session of the California State Assembly, then as the Deputy City Attorney in Oakland, Warren came to the attention of powerful Republican Joseph R. Knowland, publisher of The Oakland Tribune. He was strongly influenced by California Governor Hiram Johnson and other leaders of the Progressive Era to oppose corruption, in 1925, Warren was appointed as the District Attorney of Alameda County. Warren was re-elected to three four-year terms, Warren vigorously investigated allegations that a deputy sheriff was taking bribes in connection with street-paving arrangements
26.
Sam Rayburn
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He represented Texas 4th congressional district as a Democrat from 1913 to 1961. Rayburn was born in Roane County, Tennessee, on January 6,1882,24 days before Franklin D. Roosevelt and he was the son of Martha Clementine and William Marion Rayburn. In 1887 the Rayburn family moved to a farm near Windom. Rayburn graduated from East Texas Normal College in Commerce and became a schoolteacher and he won election to the Texas House of Representatives, beginning his first term in 1907. He attended the University of Texas School of Law while a state representative, during his third two-year term in the Texas House, he was elected Speaker of the House at the age of twenty-nine. The next year, he won election to the United States House of Representatives in District 4 and he entered Congress in 1913 at the beginning of Woodrow Wilsons presidency and served in office for almost 49 years, until the beginning of John F. Kennedys presidency. For the next 21 years, Rayburn was the leader of the House Democrats and his career as Speaker was interrupted twice, 1947–1949 and 1953–1955, when Republicans controlled the House. During those periods of Republican rule, Rayburn served as Minority Leader, martin Jr. of Massachusetts, actually a close personal friend of Rayburns. Rayburn was instrumental to Lyndon Johnsons ascent to power, particularly his rapid rise to the position of Minority Leader, Johnson had been in the Senate for a mere four years when he assumed the role. Johnson also owed his subsequent elevation to Majority Leader to Rayburn, like Johnson, Rayburn did not sign the Southern Manifesto. Rayburn was a friend of Jaja Wachuku, the first indigenous Speaker of the Nigerian House of Representatives. Although many Texas legislators were on the payroll of public service corporations, when the first check came after I entered the firm, Mr. Thurmond brought to my desk one-third of the amount of the check, explaining what it was for. I never did take a dollar of it, I have been guided by the principle in all my dealings. This practice of refusing to accept fees from clients with interests before the legislature was virtually unheard-of at the time, later, while serving in Congress, a wealthy oil man had a very expensive horse delivered to Rayburns farm in Bonham. No one apparently knew the oil man delivered the horse except him, Rayburn, in shaping legislation, Rayburn preferred working quietly in the background to being in the public spotlight. As Speaker, he won a reputation for fairness and integrity, after he died his estate was valued at just under $300,000, which was mostly land he owned, and the amount of cash he had in various checking accounts was just over $26,000. Rayburn was well known among his colleagues for his after business hours Board of Education meetings in hideaway offices in the House, during these off-the-record sessions, the Speaker and powerful committee chairmen would gather for poker, bourbon, and a frank discussion of politics. Rayburn alone determined who received an invitation to these gatherings, to be invited to one was a high honor
27.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
28.
Joseph William Martin Jr.
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He was the only Republican to serve as Speaker in a sixty-four year period from 1931 to 1995. He was a conservative who opposed the New Deal and supported the Conservative coalition of Republicans and southern Democrats. He lost the role of House Republican leader to a more conservative Midwesterner. Joe Martin was born in North Attleborough, Massachusetts, the son of Catherine and Joseph William Martin and he graduated from North Attleborough High School, where he played shortstop on the school baseball team. He also played ball in an intercity league, from which he earned ten dollars per game. Martin worked for the Evening Chronicle, first as a delivery boy and then as the managing editor. Our world was much smaller and more intimate then than it is now, the population of the town was only four thousand, and it seemed that everyone knew everyone else. The men and women were more disposed then than they are today to give a young fellow a lift when he was starting out, people are colder, more indifferent than they used to be. Though Martin had intended to attend Dartmouth College, he remained with his newspaper work. Martin served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, Massachusetts Senate and he entered Congress when Massachusetts was a historically Republican state. As Democrats gained overwhelming strength over the years, Martin managed to hold on to his House seat despite ongoing redistricting. In his autobiography, Martin explains, Redistricting is a nightmare because overnight it can change the makeup of his constituency sufficiently perhaps to cost him the next election. The truth of the matter is that goes to the heart of democratic government. Indeed it can determine which party controls Congress, during the New Deal, he stood out as a major opponent of Franklin D. Roosevelts policies and opposed his internationalist outlook on foreign affairs. However, he supported a few New Deal measures, such as the establishment of the minimum wage, during the 1940 presidential campaign, Martin achieved a measure of notoriety as one-third of President Roosevelts famous denunciation of Martin, Barton and Fish. The other two were fellow GOP House members Bruce Fairchild Barton and Hamilton Fish III, after 1952, Martin joined the moderate wing of the Republican Party and supported Dwight D. Eisenhowers internationalist outlook, endorsed federal aid for school construction, and backed Lyndon B. Johnsons Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, in 1960, McGraw-Hill published My First Fifty Years in Politics, by Joe Martin as told to Robert J. Donovan, a lively and detailed account of Martins role in American politics over a half-century. Martin was the publisher of The Evening Chronicle newspaper in North Attleborough
29.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
30.
Party leaders of the United States Senate
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The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate, the Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate are the second-ranking members of each partys leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues, because they are the second ranking member of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 52 Republicans,46 Democrats, the current leaders are Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Democratic Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York. The current Assistant Majority Leader is Republican John Cornyn of Texas, the current Assistant Minority Leader/Whip is Democrat Dick Durbin of Illinois. The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority, John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917, the Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate is absent, for these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a deal of discretionary power. The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920, the Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925. gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority
31.
Ernest McFarland
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Ernest William McFarland was an American politician and, with Warren Atherton, is considered one of the Fathers of the G. I. He is the only Arizonan to serve in the highest office in all three branches of Arizona government—two at the level, one at the federal level. He was a Democratic Senator from Arizona from 1941 to 1953 before serving as the tenth Governor of Arizona from 1955 to 1959, finally McFarland sat as Chief Justice on the Arizona Supreme Court in 1968. During World War I, he served in the United States Navy, following surgery by Navy surgeons, he was discharged in 1919 and sent to live in a drier climate. Thus, after the war McFarland moved to Phoenix, Arizona and he gathered enough money to pay for tuition and graduated with a law and political science degree from Stanford University in 1921. He moved back to Arizona, passed the bar exam, and he soon developed an expertise in agricultural and water-use legislation, which would suit Arizona well in the future. S. The twenty-eight-year Democratic incumbent, Henry F. Ashurst, appeared to be unbeatable, while Ashurst remained in Washington, D. C. McFarland canvassed the state, giving speeches on water issues and World War II in Europe, by a three-to-one margin, he defeated Ashurst in the primary and went on to win the general election. Senator McFarland, along with Senator Carl T. Hayden, lobbied for the Central Arizona Project aimed at providing Arizonas share of the Colorado River to the state. His efforts failed while he was a senator, however, they laid a foundation for the eventual passage of the CAP in the late 1960s. Not forgetting his roots, McFarland became interested in legislation to benefit veterans returning from World War II. He outlined his proposals before the American Legion in a speech in 1943, bill with veterans organizations and members of Congress. After Democratic Majority Leader Scott W. Lucas was defeated in 1950 due to his link with Trumans administration and he served in that position for two years. In 1952, he was defeated by Barry Goldwater in the national Republican landslide that year led by Dwight D. Eisenhower, McFarland was elected governor of Arizona in 1954 and reelected in 1956. He worked with members of the Bureau of Reclamation to pick a location for the Glen Canyon Dam, shortly after he returned from the Senate, he and several friends formed the Arizona Television Company to start a television station in Phoenix. McFarland had long been intrigued by the still-new medium, in 1955, shortly after he became governor, he opened KTVK, Phoenixs third television station. He chose the letters because TV would be our middle name. KTVK was the ABC affiliate for much of Arizona until 1995 and it remained in the hands of McFarlands family until 1999
32.
Arizona
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Arizona is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and the Mountain West states and it is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix, Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, Arizonas border with Mexico is 389 miles long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California. Arizona is the 48th state and last of the states to be admitted to the Union. Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain, after being defeated in the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase, Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff, Alpine, in addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments. To the European settlers, their pronunciation sounded like Arissona, the area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the Oodham language. Another possible origin is the Basque phrase haritz ona, as there were numerous Basque sheepherders in the area, There is a misconception that the states name originated from the Spanish term Árida Zona. See also lists of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, Arizona is in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state by area, ranked after New Mexico, of the states 113,998 square miles, approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land, Arizona is well known for its desert Basin and Range region in the states southern portions, which is rich in a landscape of xerophyte plants such as the cactus. This regions topography was shaped by volcanism, followed by the cooling-off. Its climate has hot summers and mild winters. The state is well known for its pine-covered north-central portion of the high country of the Colorado Plateau. Like other states of the Southwest United States, Arizona has an abundance of mountains, despite the states aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest, a percentage comparable to modern-day France or Germany. The worlds largest stand of pine trees is in Arizona
33.
Robert A. Taft
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Robert Alphonso Taft was a conservative American politician, statesman, and presidential hopeful who served as a United States Senator from Ohio from 1939 until his death in 1953. A member of the Republican Taft political family, he was the son of William Howard Taft. Taft was the Senates main opponent of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal domestic policies, after the presidents death, Taft successfully led the conservative coalitions efforts to curb the power of labor unions. Taft was an advocate of non-interventionism in foreign policy. He failed in his quests to win the Republican Partys presidential nomination in 1940,1948, throughout that period he battled New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey for control of the party. A1957 Senate committee named Taft as one of Americas five greatest senators, along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, la Follette, Sr. Taft was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, a product of one of Americas most prominent political families. He was the grandson of Attorney General and Secretary of War Alphonso Taft, and his younger brother, Charles Phelps Taft II, served as the Mayor of Cincinnati and was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for Ohio Governor in 1952. As a boy he spent four years in the Philippines, where his father was governor and he was first in his class at the Taft School, at Yale College, and at Harvard Law School. He was a member of Psi Upsilon, his fathers fraternity and Skull and Bones, in 1913, Taft scored the highest in the state on the Ohio bar exam. He then practiced for four years with the firm of Maxwell and Ramsey in Cincinnati, after a two-year stint in Washington working for the Food and Drug Administration, he returned to Cincinnati and opened his own law office. In 1924 he and his brother, Charles, helped form the law partnership Taft, Stettinius, on October 17,1914, he married Martha Wheaton Bowers, daughter of Lloyd Wheaton Bowers and Louisa Bennett Wilson. Two of Robert and Marthas grandsons are Robert Alphonso Bob Taft III, Governor of Ohio from 1999 to 2007, in 1917, Taft and his wife bought a 46-acre farm in Indian Hill, a well-to-do suburb of Cincinnati. Called Sky Farm, it would serve as Tafts primary residence for the rest of his life, the Tafts gradually made extensive renovations that turned the small farmhouse into a sixteen-room mansion. On the farm Taft enjoyed growing strawberries, asparagus, and potatoes for profit, during the summer, Taft often vacationed with his wife and children at the Taft familys summer home at Murray Bay, in Quebec, Canada. When reporters asked his wife Martha what church he attended, she replied, Id have to say the Burning Tree. When the United States entered World War I in April,1917 Taft attempted to join the army but was rejected due to his poor eyesight, instead, he joined the legal staff of the Food and Drug Administration where he met Herbert Hoover, who became his idol. In 1918 and 1919, he was in Paris as legal adviser for the American Relief Administration and he came to distrust governmental bureaucracy as inefficient and detrimental to the rights of the individual, a principle he promoted throughout his career. He urged membership in the League of Nations but generally distrusted European politicians and he endorsed the idea of a powerful world court to enforce international law, but no such idealized court ever existed during his lifetime
34.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
35.
William F. Knowland
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William Fife Knowland was an American politician, newspaper publisher, and Republican Party leader. He was a US Senator representing California from 1945 to 1959 and he served as Senate Majority Leader from August,1953 to January,1955 after the death of Robert A. Taft. He opposed sending American forces to French Indochina and was a critic of Communist China under Mao Zedong. Knowland represented the wing of the party and considered some of President Dwight D. Eisenhowers policies too liberal. After the Republicans lost their majority in the 1954 election, he served as Minority Leader from 1955–1959 and he was defeated in his 1958 run for California Governor. He succeeded his father, Joseph R. Knowland, as the editor in chief, Knowland was born in the City of Alameda, Alameda County, California. His father, Joseph R. Knowland, was serving his term as a US Representative. He was the child, with an older sister, Elinor. His grandfather, Joseph Knowland, had made the fortune in the lumber business. His mother, Elinor Fife Knowland, died on July 20,1908 and his fathers second wife, Emelyn S. West, raised Knowland as her own son. A young Knowland made campaign speeches for the 1920 Republican ticket of Warren G. Harding and he married at 19, became a California State Assemblyman at 25, entered the US Senate at 37, and became a grandfather at 41. Knowland, the president of the student body, graduated from Alameda High School in the Class of 1925 and he graduated with a political science degree in three and a half years from the University of California, Berkeley in 1929. He was a member of Zeta Psi fraternity, California Governor C. C. Young and University of California President William Wallace Campbell praised Knowlands political activities as a university student. Knowland attended the 1932 Republican National Convention and he watched from the gallery, the California delegation which included his father, Earl Warren, Louis B. Mayer and Marshall Hale. The Republicans in Chicago renominated President Herbert Hoover and Vice President Charles Curtis, in November 1932, he was elected to the State Assembly, serving two years, and in 1934 to the California State Senate, serving four years. He did not seek re-election in 1938 but remained active in the California Republican Party by serving in a number of roles. He was also influential on the scene, serving as the chairman of the executive committee of the Republican National Committee from 1940 to 1942. Knowland campaigned for 1940 Republican presidential candidate Wendell L. Willkie, in June 1942, Knowland was drafted into the U. S. Army for World War II service
36.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
37.
82nd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from January 3,1951 to January 3,1953, during the last two years of the second administration of U. S. President Harry S. Truman. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Sixteenth Census of the United States in 1940, both chambers had a Democratic majority. March 29,1951, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg are convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage, on April 5 they are sentenced to receive the death penalty. April 11,1951, U. S. President Harry S Truman relieves General Douglas MacArthur of his Far Eastern commands. September 5,1951, Treaty of San Francisco, In San Francisco, october 24,1951, U. S. President Harry Truman declares an official end to war with Germany. November 10,1951, Direct dial coast-to-coast telephone service begins in the United States, december 31,1951, The Marshall Plan expires after distributing more than $13.3 billion USD in foreign aid to rebuild Europe. March 29,1952, U. S. President Harry S. Truman announces that he not seek reelection. June 19,1952, The Special Forces are created, July 25,1952, Puerto Rico became a Commonwealth of the United States, an unincorporated organized territory, with the ratification of its constitution. November 4,1952, United States presidential election,1952, Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats Democrat Adlai Stevenson, october 10,1951, Mutual Security Act, ch. 479,65 Stat.373 June 27,1952, Immigration and Nationality Act, 82–414 July 14,1952, McGuire Act, Pub. L. 82–542,15 U. S. C. §42 July 16,1952, Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act, 82–550 July 16,1952, Federal Coal Mine Safety Act Amendments of 1952, Pub. L. 82–552 July 16,1952, Wire Fraud Act of 1952, arends Republican Conference Chairman, Clifford R. Hope House Democratic Caucus Senators are popularly elected every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress. Duke Chaplain, Bernard Braskamp Clerk, Ralph R. Roberts Doorkeeper, William Mosley Fishbait Miller Parliamentarian, Lewis Deschler Postmaster, Finis E. Scott Sergeant at Arms, official Congressional Directory for the 82nd Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 82nd Congress, 2nd Session
38.
83rd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from January 3,1953 to January 3,1955, during the first two years of the first administration of U. S. President Dwight Eisenhower. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Seventeenth Census of the United States in 1950, both chambers had a Republican majority. 282,67 Stat.232 August 7,1953, Refugee Relief Act, 83–203 August 7,1953, Submerged Lands Act, ch. 345,67 Stat.462 August 14,1953, Public Law 280, 83–280,18 U. S. C. §1162 May 13,1954, Saint Lawrence Seaway Act, ch. 201,68 Stat.92 August 12,1954, Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act,649, title II, §201,68 Stat.612 August 13,1954, Multiple Mineral Development Act, ch. 730,68 Stat.708 August 16,1954, Internal Revenue Code of 1954, Pub. L. 736, 68A Stat.3 Federal Unemployment Tax Act, §1, 68A Stat.439 National Firearms Act, §1, 68A Stat.721 August 24,1954, Communist Control Act of 1954, ch. 886,68 Stat.775 August 30,1954, Atomic Energy Act of 1954,68 Stat, within each state, senators are listed in order of seniority. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress. S. S. R, George Stewart Attending Physician of the United States Congress, George Calver Comptroller General of the United States, Lindsay C. Official Congressional Directory for the 83rd Congress, 1st Session, official Congressional Directory for the 83rd Congress, 2nd Session. Pocket Congressional Directory for the 83rd Congress
39.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
40.
Gordon Persons
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Seth Gordon Persons was an American Democratic politician who was the 43rd Governor of Alabama from 1951 to 1955. He was born and died in Montgomery, Alabama, the Dauphin Island Bridge south of Mobile is formally named for him. Persons built a business running electrical lines in rural Alabama, in addition to financial gain. When running for office in 1950, Persons gained notoriety by touring the state in a helicopter and he won the Democratic nomination by defeating a crowded field that included former governor Chauncey Sparks. In office, his accomplishments included abolishing flogging in Alabamas prisons, advocating for the establishment of Alabama Public Television. Persons largely accomplished his goal of having four years of no fighting, maintaining a truce among the various wings of the state Democratic Party, at the end of his term, Persons ordered the National Guard into Phenix City following the assassination of Attorney-General-elect Albert Patterson. After leaving office as governor, Persons never sought public office again. Persons was an alumnus of Auburn University, though he attended for one year. While at Auburn, Persons served as president of a student organization that traveled to away football games, Gordon Persons at Find a Grave Encyclopedia of Alabama biography of Persons
41.
Governor of Arizona
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The Governor of Arizona is the head of the executive branch of Arizonas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Twenty-two people have served as governor over 26 distinct terms, one governor, Evan Mecham, was successfully impeached, and one, Fife Symington III, resigned upon being convicted of a felony. The longest-serving governor was Hunt, who was elected seven times, bolin had the shortest tenure, dying less than five months after succeeding as governor. Four governors were born in Arizona, Campbell, Sidney Preston Osborn, Rose Mofford. Arizona has had four governors, the most in the United States. The current Governor is Doug Ducey, who was elected on November 4,2014 and this proposed territory consisted of the part of New Mexico Territory south of 33°40 N. On April 2, they elected a governor, Lewis Owings, the provisional territory was to exist until such time as an official territory was created, but that proposal was rejected by the U. S. Congress at the time. On March 16,1861, soon before the American Civil War broke out, Lewis Owings remained as territorial governor. The Confederacy took ownership of the territory on August 1,1861, when led by Lieutenant Colonel John Baylor won decisive control of the territory. The territory was organized on February 14,1862, on March 20,1862, Baylor issued an order to kill all the adult Apache and take their children into slavery. When Confederate President Jefferson Davis learned of this order, he strongly disapproved and demanded an explanation. Baylor wrote a letter December 29,1862, to justify his decision, by that time, the government of Confederate Arizona was in exile in San Antonio, Texas, as the territory had been effectively lost to Union forces in July 1862, no new governor was appointed. For the period before Arizona Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Arizona Territory was formed on February 24,1863 from New Mexico Territory, remaining a territory for 49 years. On January 18,1867, the corner of the territory was transferred to the state of Nevada. The state of Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14,1912, the state constitution of 1912 called for the election of a governor every two years. The term was increased to four years by a 1968 amendment, gubernatorial terms begin on the first Monday in the January following the election. Governors who have served the two term limit can run again after four years out of office. Arizona is one of seven states which does not have a lieutenant governor, instead, in the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the Secretary of State, if elected, succeeds to the office
42.
John Howard Pyle
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John Howard Pyle was the ninth Governor of the U. S. state of Arizona, serving from 1951 to 1955. A1930 graduate of Arizona State University, he also was a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. Born in 1906 in Sheridan, Wyoming, Pyle was the first governor of Arizona to be born in the 20th century and was the Program Director of KFAD Radio in Phoenix from 1930 to 1951. He also served as a war correspondent during World War II, Pyle defeated pioneering female politician Ana Frohmiller in his 1950 campaign for governor. He served as Governor of Arizona from 1951 to 1955 and he received honorary LL. D. degrees from University of Redlands, Chapman University, Arizona State University, Lebanon College and Bradley University. This move alienated many voters in the state after photographs of children being forcibly removed from their distraught mothers appeared in the newspapers. Pyle subsequently lost his 1954 re-election bid to former Democratic Senator Ernest McFarland, Pyle was an aide to President Dwight D. Eisenhower in the late 1950s. Pyle died on November 29,1987 in Tempe, Arizona, records of Howard Pyle, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library National Governors Association John Howard Pyle at Find a Grave The Political Graveyard
43.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
44.
Sid McMath
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Sidney Sanders McMath was a decorated U. S. McMath remained loyal to President Harry S. Truman during the Dixiecrat rebellion of 1948, campaigning throughout the South for Trumans re-election. As a former governor, McMath led the opposition to segregationist Governor Orval Faubus following the 1957 Little Rock school crisis and he later became one of the nations foremost trial lawyers, representing thousands of injured persons in precedent-setting cases and mentoring several generations of young attorneys. McMath was born in a log cabin on the old McMath home place near Magnolia, Columbia County, Arkansas. After years of wrangling horses and bad-luck wildcatting in the Southwest Arkansas oil fields, there, he sold the last of his horses and took a job as a barber. Nettie went to work as a manicurist and for the Malco movie theater as a ticket vendor and he was elected president of his class each of his high school years, the last of which he won the state Golden Gloves welterweight boxing title. He attended Henderson State College and the University of Arkansas, where he was elected president of the student body and he was a member of the Arkansas Pershing Rifles military fraternal organization, Blue Key, and Sigma Alpha Epsilon. He graduated from the Universitys School of Law in 1936, McMath received a reserve ROTC commission as a second lieutenant in the Marines upon graduation from college. During World War II he served with the Marines after voluntarily returning to duty in 1940. He received a promotion to Lieutenant Colonel and was awarded the Silver Star. The citation for the former, personally signed by Admiral W. F, bull Halsey, lauded McMaths extraordinary heroism. and disregard for his own safety above and beyond the call of duty was an inspiration to the officers and men who observed him. Shortly afterward, McMath was stricken with malaria and filariasis and hospitalized for months in New Zealand. He then served in the Marine Corps headquarters in Washington, D. C. planning an invasion of the Japanese home islands. Lt. Col. McMath was discharged from duty in December 1945. He resumed his activity with the Marine Corps Reserve following his tenure as governor and he held the office of National President of the 3d Marine Division Association 1960–61. He was promoted to Major General on November 7,1966, in 1967, the general served as Assistant Deputy Commander, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic, during the summer training period. He served a second brief Reserve tour in Vietnam, with the 3rd Marine Division, in 1967, he helped found the Marine Corps JROTC at Catholic High School for Boys in Little Rock, Arkansas, which became one of the top JROTC units in the nation. In early 1946, McMath and other veterans returning from World War II banded together to fight corruption in the Hot Springs city government, Hot Springs at the time was a national gambling mecca frequented by organized crime figures from Chicago, New York City, and other metropolitan areas. Casinos flourished and hotels advertised the availability of prostitutes, Law enforcement officers were on the payroll of the local organization headed by long-serving Mayor Leo McLaughlin
45.
Francis Cherry (governor)
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Francis Adams Cherry, Sr. was the 35th governor of the U. S. state of Arkansas, elected as a Democrat for a single two-year term from 1953 to 1955. Cherry was born in Fort Worth, Texas, the son of a Rock Island Lines railroad conductor and he and his four older siblings grew up in El Reno and Enid, Oklahoma, where he graduated from high school in 1926. He graduated from Oklahoma State University, in Stillwater in 1930, in 1932, Cherry moved to Fayetteville to attend the University of Arkansas Law School. He received his law degree in 1936 and he moved to Jonesboro in northeastern Arkansas to establish a law practice. In 1936, he was appointed U. S, commissioner for the Jonesboro division of the Eastern district and in 1940 he was named referee to the Workers’ Compensation Commission by Governor Carl E. Bailey. In 1942, Cherry was elected chancellor and probate judge of the 12th Judicial District, which included Clay, Crittenden, Greene, Craighead, Mississippi, during World War II, Cherry waived his judicial immunity, and applied for a commission in the United States Navy. He served for the last two years of World War II, Cherry was elected governor in 1952. He defeated the two-term incumbent Sidney Sanders McMath in the primary and he then overwhelmed the Republican candidate, Jefferson W. Speck,342,292 to 49,292, who had also lost to McMath in the 1950 general election. Speck was a planter and businessman from Frenchmans Bayou in Mississippi County in eastern Arkansas, at the time of his death, he was living in Kerrville in the Texas Hill Country. In a post-election statement, Speck said that the GOP had done nothing to assist his two gubernatorial campaigns and he further alleged that the Arkansas GOP would never fully develop and take its place in Arkansas politics under its present leadership. The same tired old men—old in ideas, old in hopes—will still keep a grip on southern Republicanism. Cherrys administration was responsible for establishing the Department of Finance and Administration, when Cherry ran for a second term, he was defeated in a runoff primary by Orval Eugene Faubus of Madison County. Faubus then defeated the Republican Pratt C, remmel, the mayor of Little Rock, to win the first of his six terms as governor. In that race, former GOP nominee Jefferson Speck endorsed Faubus to protest the party leadership. He was only the governor in Arkansas history to have been denied a second term—the first was Tom Jefferson Terral. The motel clerk told Faubus that the Cherrys were an old-line Republican family in Oklahoma, when Cherry ran for office, he sought the governorship as a Democrat at a time when Arkansas had virtually no Republican presence. Cherrys Democratic label did not keep Eisenhower from naming him to the SACB, in 1963, after a heart operation in Houston, Texas Cherry was unable to devote full-time to his duties but went to his office in Washington, D. C. several times a week. He died in Washington on July 15,1965, the first of two funeral services was held at his home in Washington
46.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
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Media related to 1953 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
