1.
1953
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January 5 – Samuel Becketts play Waiting for Godot has its first public stage première in French as En attendant Godot at the Théâtre de Babylone in Paris. January 6 – The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma, january 7 – United States President Harry S. Truman announces the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb. January 12 – Estonian émigrés found a government-in-exile in Oslo, january 14 Marshal Josip Broz Tito is chosen President of Yugoslavia. The CIA-sponsored Robertson Panel first meets to discuss the UFO phenomenon, january 15 – Georg Dertinger, foreign minister of East Germany, is arrested for spying. This record has yet to be broken, january 20 – Dwight D. Eisenhower is sworn in as President of the United States. January 22 – The Crucible, a drama by Arthur Miller, january 24 Mau Mau Uprising, Rebels in Kenya kill the Ruck family. Walter Ulbricht announces that agriculture will be collectivized in East Germany, january 28 – Derek Bentley is executed for murder at Wandsworth Prison in London. February 1 – The surge of the North Sea flood continues from the previous day, february 3 – Batepá massacre, Hundreds of native creoles known as forros are massacred in São Tomé by the colonial administration and Portuguese landowners. February 5 – Walt Disneys feature film Peter Pan premieres, february 11 President Dwight D. Eisenhower refuses a clemency appeal for Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. The Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations with Israel after an explosion at the Soviet embassy in reaction to the Doctors plot. February 12 – The Nordic Council is inaugurated, february 13 – Transsexual Christine Jorgensen returns to New York after successful sex reassignment surgery in Denmark. February 16 – The Pakistan Academy of Sciences is established in Pakistan, february 19 – Georgia approves the first literature censorship board in the United States. February 21 – Nitroform Products Company plant in Newark, New Jersey, is destroyed by an explosion, february 25 – Release, in France, of Jacques Tatis film Les Vacances de M. Hulot, introducing the gauche character of Monsieur Hulot. February 28 James Watson and Francis Crick of the University of Cambridge announce their discovery of the structure of the DNA molecule, greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia sign the Balkan Pact. March 1 Joseph Stalin suffers a stroke after a dinner with Soviet Union interior minister Lavrentiy Beria and future premiers Georgi Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin. The stroke paralyzes the right side of his body and renders him unconscious until his death on March 5, bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg is made deputy constable and lieutenant governor of Windsor Castle. March 6 – Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov succeeds Joseph Stalin as Premier, March 8 – The Thieves World, which had been transformed into the Russian mafia, are freed from prisons by the Malenkov regime which ends the Bitch Wars. March 13 – The United Nations Security Council nominates Dag Hammarskjöld from Sweden as United Nations Secretary General, March 14 – Nikita Khrushchev is selected First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1951 in the United States
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Events from the year 1951 in the United States. January 10 – The new United Nations headquarters officially opens in New York City, january 17 – Korean War, Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul. January 27 – Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site begins with a 1-kiloton bomb dropped on Frenchman Flat, january 31 – The last daily narrow gauge passenger train The San Juan Express is retired by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. February 4–8 – Surgeons remove an ovarian cyst from Gertrude Levandowski in a 96-hour-long operation in Chicago and she loses almost half of her weight and emerges weighing 140 kg. February 6 – A Pennsylvania Railroad passenger train derails near Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, killing 85 people and injuring over 500, february 27 – The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, limiting Presidents to two terms, is ratified. March 2 – The first NBA All-Star Game of basketball is played in the Boston Garden, March 3 or 5 – Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats record Rocket 88 at Sam Phillips Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, a candidate for the first rock and roll record. It is covered on June 14 by Bill Haley and His Saddlemen, March 6 – Second Red Scare, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg stand trial facing charges of conspiracy to commit espionage. March 7 – Korean War – Operation Ripper, In Korea, March 12 – Hank Ketchams best-selling comic strip Dennis the Menace, appeared in newspapers across the U. S. for the first time. March 14 – Korean War, For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul, March 29 Second Red Scare, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg are convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage. On April 5 they are sentenced to receive the death penalty, Rodgers and Hammersteins The King and I opens on Broadway and runs for 3 years. Its the first Rodgers & Hammerstein musical specifically written for an actress, lawrence is stricken with cancer during the run of the show and dies halfway through its run a year later. The show makes a star of Yul Brynner, the 23rd Academy Awards ceremony is held, All About Eve wins Best Picture and four others. March 31 – Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau, April 11 – U. S. President Harry S. Truman relieves General Douglas MacArthur of his Far Eastern commands. May 9 – Operation Greenhouse, The first thermonuclear weapon is tested on Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands, may 12 – The United States releases an H-bomb on an atoll called Eniwetok. June 14 – UNIVAC I is dedicated by the U. S. Census Bureau, June 15–July 1 – In New Mexico, Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, thousands of hectares of forests are destroyed in fires. June 18 – Battle Ground, Washington is incorporated, july 10 – Korean War, Armistice negotiations begin at Kaesong. July 11–12 – Cicero race riot of 1951, A mob of 4,000 whites attack an apartment building housing a black family in a neighborhood in Cicero. July 13 The Great Flood of 1951 reaches its highest point in Northeast Kansas, MGMs Technicolor film version of Show Boat, starring Kathryn Grayson, Ava Gardner, and Howard Keel, premieres at Radio City Music Hall in New York City
4.
1952 in the United States
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Events from the year 1952 in the United States of America. President, Harry S. Truman Vice President, Alben W. Barkley Chief Justice and he co-founds the rock band KISS and changes his name to Paul Stanley. February 2 – A tropical storm forms just north of Cuba moving northeast, the storm makes landfall in southern Florida the next day. It is the earliest reported landfall from a storm. February 6 – In the United States, a heart is used for the first time in a human patient. February 20 – Emmett Ashford becomes the first African-American umpire in organized baseball, March 20 – The United States Senate ratifies a peace treaty with Japan. March 21 – Tornadoes ravage the lower Mississippi River Valley, leaving 208 dead, March 22 – Wernher von Braun publishes the first in his series of articles entitled Man Will Conquer Space Soon. Including ideas for manned flights to Mars and the Moon, March 29 – U. S. President Harry S. Truman announces that he will not seek reelection. April 15 – The United States B-52 Stratofortress flies for the first time, april 23 – A nuclear test is held in the Nevada desert. April 28 – The Treaty of San Francisco goes into effect, april 29 – Lever House officially opens in New York City, heralding a new age of commercial architecture in the United States. May 3 – U. S. lieutenant colonels Joseph O. Fletcher, june 14 – The keel is laid for the U. S. nuclear submarine USS Nautilus. June 19 – The United States Army Special Forces is created, several alleged UFOs tracked on multiple radars. Jets scramble on several occasions and the objects take evasive action, july 21 – The 7.3 Mw Kern County earthquake strikes Southern California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI, killing 12 and injuring hundreds. July 25 – Puerto Rico becomes a self-governing commonwealth of the United States, August 29 – John Cages 433 premieres in Woodstock, New York. Walton Lillehei and Dr. F. John Lewis perform the first open-heart surgery at the University of Minnesota, september 23 – Republican vice presidential candidate Richard Nixon gives his Checkers speech. October 12 – The Gamma Sigma Sigma National Service Sorority is founded in New York City at Panhellenic Tower, october 14 – The United Nations begins work in the new United Nations building in New York City. October 16 – Limelight opens in London, writer/actor/director/producer Charlie Chaplin arrives by ocean liner, october 1 to 31 – With an average coast-to-coast precipitation of 0.54 inches or 13.4 megatons. November 4 United States presidential election,1952, Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats Democratic Governor of Illinois Adlai Stevenson, the U. S. National Security Agency is founded
5.
1954 in the United States
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Events from the year 1954 in the United States. January 20 The U. S. -based National Negro Network is established with 40 charter member radio stations, rogers Pass, Montana records the coldest temperature in the contiguous United States of −70 °F. January 21 – The first nuclear-powered submarine, the USS Nautilus, is launched in Groton, Connecticut, january 25 – The foreign ministers of the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union meet at the Berlin Conference. February 10 – After authorizing $385 million over the $400 million already budgeted for military aid to Vietnam, february 23 – The first mass vaccination of children against polio begins in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. March 1 – U. S. officials announce that a bomb test has been conducted on Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. March 1 – U. S. Capitol shooting incident, Four Puerto Rican nationalists open fire in the United States House of Representatives chamber and wound 5, they are apprehended by security guards. March 9 – American journalists Edward Murrow and Fred W. Friendly produce a 30-minute See It Now documentary, march 16 – The Army–McCarthy hearings are convened. March 19 – Joey Giardello knocks out Willie Tory at Madison Square Garden, march 25 – The 26th Academy Awards ceremony is held. March 28 – Puerto Ricos first television station, WKAQ-TV, goes on the air. April 16 – Vice President Richard Nixon announces that the United States may be “putting our own boys in Indochina regardless of Allied support. ”April 22 – Senator Joseph McCarthy begins hearings investigating the United States Army for being soft on Communism. May 14 – The Boeing 707 is released after two years of development. May 17 – Brown v. Board of Education, The United States Supreme Court rules that segregated schools are unconstitutional, june 14 – The words under God are added to the United States Pledge of Allegiance. June 17 – A CIA-engineered military coup occurs in Guatemala, june 27 – Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán steps down in a CIA-sponsored military coup, triggering a bloody civil war that continues for more than 35 years. July 1 – The United States officially begins using the unit of the nautical mile. July 15 – The maiden flight of the Boeing 367-80, a prototype of the Boeing 707 series, july 19 – Release of Elvis Presleys first single, Thats All Right, by Sun Records. August 16 – The first issue of Sports Illustrated magazine is published in the United States, september 3 – The last new episode of The Lone Ranger is aired on radio, after 2,956 episodes over a period of 21 years. September 11 – The Miss America Pageant is broadcast on television for the first time, september 30 – The USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, is commissioned by the US Navy. October 15 – Hurricane Hazel makes U. S. landfall, october 18 – Texas Instruments announces the development of the first transistor radio
6.
1955 in the United States
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Events from the year 1955 in the United States. January 22 – The Pentagon announces a plan to develop ballistic missiles armed with nuclear weapons. January 28 – The United States Congress authorizes President Dwight D. Eisenhower to use force to protect Formosa from the Peoples Republic of China, february 1 – Major tornadoes in Mississippi. February 10 – The Seventh Fleet of the United States Navy helps the Republic of China evacuate Chinese Nationalist army, february 12 – U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower sends the first U. S. advisors to South Vietnam. February 22 – In Chicagos Democratic primary, Mayor Martin H. Kennelly loses to the head of the Cook County Democratic Party, Richard J. Daley,364,839 to 264,77. March 2 – Claudette Colvin, a fifteen-year-old African-American girl, refuses to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama and she is carried off the bus backwards whilst being kicked and handcuffed and harassed on the way to the police station. She becomes a plaintiff in Browder v. Gayle which rules bus segregation to be unconstitutional, March 5 – WBBJ signs on the air in the Jackson, Tennessee as WDXI, to expanded U. S. commercial television in rural areas. March 7 – The 1954 Broadway musical version of Peter Pan, the program gains the largest viewership of a TV special up to this time and becomes one of the first great television classics. March 12 – African-American jazz saxophonist Charlie Parker dies in New York City at age 34, teenagers jump from their seats to dance to the song. On July 9 it becomes the first Rock and roll single to reach Number One on the U. S. charts, March 26 – Bill Hayes tops the U. S. charts for five weeks with The Ballad of Davy Crockett and starts a coonskin cap craze. March 28 – The important income tax case of Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co. is decided in the Supreme Court, april 5 – Richard J. Daley defeats Robert Merrian to become mayor of Chicago by a vote of 708,222 to 581,555. April 12 – Jonas Salks polio vaccine, having passed large-scale trials earlier in the U. S. receives full approval by the Food, april 15 – Ray Kroc opens his first McDonalds in Des Plaines, Illinois. May 21 – Chuck Berry records his first single, Maybellene, june 7 – The $64,000 Question premieres on CBS television, with Hal March as the host. June 16 – Lady and the Tramp, Walt Disneys 15th animated film, July 18 The first atomic-generated electrical power is sold commercially, powering Arco, Idaho. Illinoiss Governor William Stratton signs the Loyalty Oath Act, that all public employees take a loyalty oath or lose their jobs. The Geneva Summit between the U. S, soviet Union, United Kingdom and France begins. The Disneyland theme park opens to the public in Anaheim, California, July 23 – The Geneva Summit ends. August 19 – Hurricane Diane hits the northeast, killing 200, august 22 – Eleven schoolchildren are killed when their school bus is hit by a freight train in Spring City, Tennessee
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
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