1.
Los Angeles
–
Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
2.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
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A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California
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Flag
California
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Mount Shasta
California
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Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
3.
Olympic sports
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Olympic sports are sports contested in the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. The 2016 Summer Olympics included 28 sports, with five additional sports due to be added to the 2020 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics included seven sports. The number and kinds of events may change slightly from one Olympiad to another, each Olympic sport is represented by an international governing body, namely an International Federation. The International Olympic Committee establishes a hierarchy of sports, disciplines, according to this hierarchy, the Olympic sports can be subdivided into multiple disciplines, which are often assumed to be distinct sports. Examples include swimming and water polo, or figure skating and speed skating, in their turn, disciplines can be subdivided into events, for which medals are actually awarded. The IOCs requirements reflect participation in the Olympic Games as well—more stringent toward men, previous Olympic Games included sports which are no longer present on the current program, like polo and tug of war. These sports, known as discontinued sports, were removed either because of lack of interest or absence of an appropriate governing body. Archery and tennis are examples of sports that were competed at the early Games and were dropped by the IOC. Demonstration sports have often included in the Olympic Games, usually to promote a local sport from the host country or to gauge interest. Some such sports, like baseball and curling, were added to the official Olympic program, baseball, however, was discontinued after the 2008 Summer Olympics. The term sport in Olympic terminology refers to all the events that are sanctioned by one international sport federation, one sport, by Olympic definition, may be divided into several disciplines, which are often regarded as separate sports in common language. Skating is a winter Olympic sport represented by the International Skating Union, and includes four disciplines, figure skating, speed skating, short track speed skating, and synchronized skating. The sport with the largest number of Olympic disciplines is skiing, with six, alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, nordic combined, snowboarding, other notable multi-discipline sports are gymnastics, cycling, volleyball, wrestling, canoeing, and bobsleigh. The disciplines listed here are only those contested in the Olympics—gymnastics has two disciplines, while cycling and wrestling have three each. It should also be noted that the IOC definition of a discipline may differ from that used by an international federation, for example, the IOC considers artistic gymnastics a single discipline, but the International Federation of Gymnastics classifies mens and womens artistic gymnastics as separate disciplines. An event, by IOC definition, is a competition that leads to the award of medals. The number of events per sport ranges from a minimum of two to a maximum of 47 in athletics, which despite its number of events and its diversity is not divided into disciplines. The only summer sports that have never been absent from the Olympic program are athletics, aquatics, cycling, fencing, the only winter sports that were included in all Winter Olympic Games are skiing, skating, and ice hockey
Olympic sports
–
Archery competition held during the
Athens 2004 Summer Olympics. Dropped from the Olympic program after the 1920
Antwerp games, it was reinstated in
1972.
Olympic sports
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Curling was promoted to official Olympic sport at the
Nagano 1998 Winter Olympics.
Olympic sports
–
Tug of war was contested at the
1904 Summer Olympics. It was later dropped from the Olympic program but remains a recognized sport.
4.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
President of the United States
–
Incumbent
Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)
President of the United States
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Presidential Seal
President of the United States
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Obama signing legislation at the
Resolute desk
President of the United States
–
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the
Union during the
American Civil War
5.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
Ronald Reagan
–
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Reagan (with "Dutch" haircut), his elder brother Neil, and their parents Jack and Nelle Reagan. Photograph circa 1916–17.
Ronald Reagan
–
Ronald Reagan as a teenager in
Dixon, Illinois.
Ronald Reagan
–
With wife
Jane Wyman in 1942
6.
Edwin Moses
–
Edwin Corley Moses is an American former track and field athlete who won gold medals in the 400 m hurdles at the 1976 and 1984 Olympics. Between 1977 and 1987, Moses won 107 consecutive finals and set the record in the event four times. In addition to his running, Moses was also a reformer in the areas of Olympic eligibility. In 2000, he was elected the first Chairman of the Laureus World Sports Academy, Moses was born in Dayton, Ohio. Having accepted a scholarship to Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, he majored in physics and industrial engineering. Morehouse did not have its own track, so he used high school facilities around the city to train. Initially, Moses competed mostly in the 120-yard hurdles and 440-yard dash, before March 1976, he ran only one 400 m hurdles race, but once he began focusing on the event he made remarkable progress. His trademark technique was to take a consistent 13 steps between each of the hurdles, pulling away in the half of the race as his rivals changed their stride pattern. That year, he qualified for the U. S. team for the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, in his first international meet, Moses won the gold medal ahead of teammate Mike Shine while setting a world record of 47.63 seconds in the process. Beginning the next week, Moses beat Schmid by 15 metres in Düsseldorf, Moses was selected to recite the Olympic Oath, but he forgot the text during his presentation. In 1979 Moses took a leave of absence from his job with General Dynamics to devote himself to running full-time, in the next two years, he was instrumental in reforming international and Olympic eligibility rules. Moses presented the plan to Juan Antonio Samaranch, President of the International Olympic Committee, and this fund is the basis of many Olympic athlete subsistence, stipend and corporate support programs, including the United States Olympic Committees Direct Athlete Assistance Programs. Despite the U. S. led boycott that kept him from competing at the games in Moscow. A year later, he became the first recipient of USA Track & Fields Jesse Owens Award as outstanding U. S. track and he received the AAUs James E. Sullivan Award as outstanding amateur athlete in the United States in 1983. He was being named as ABCs Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year in 1984, Moses also shared the Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year with American gymnast Mary Lou Retton in 1984, the same year he took the Athletes Oath for the 1984 Summer Olympics. In 1984 his hometown of Dayton renamed Miami Boulevard West and Sunrise Avenue Edwin C, in 1999, Moses ranked #47 on ESPNs SportCentury 50 Greatest Athletes. In December 1988 he designed and created amateur sports first random out-of-competition drug testing program, after his retirement from track, Moses competed in a 1990 World Cup bobsled race at Winterberg, Germany. He and long-time US Olympian Brian Shimer won the bronze medal
Edwin Moses
–
Moses in 2010
7.
List of people who have lit the Olympic Cauldron
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The first well-known athlete to light the cauldron was nine-time Olympic champion Paavo Nurmi at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. On other occasions, the people who lit the cauldron were not famous, japanese runner Yoshinori Sakai was born in Hiroshima on August 6,1945, the day the city was destroyed by an atomic bomb. He symbolized the rebirth of Japan after the Second World War when he lit the Olympic cauldron of the 1964 Summer Olympics, at the 1976 Games in Montreal, two teenagers—representing the French- and the English-speaking parts of the country—symbolized the unity of Canada. Norways Crown Prince Haakon lit the cauldron of the 1994 Winter Olympics, in honor of his father and grandfather, for the 2012 Games in London, seven aspiring young athletes—each nominated by a former British Olympic champion—had the honor of lighting the cauldron. Olympic Flame List of Olympic torch relays
List of people who have lit the Olympic Cauldron
–
Li Ning, a former Chinese gymnast, lit the Olympic Cauldron during the
opening ceremony of the
2008 Summer Olympics.
8.
Rafer Johnson
–
Rafer Lewis Johnson is an American former decathlete and film actor. He was the 1960 Olympic gold medalist, after getting a silver in 1956 and he was also the flag bearer at the 1960 Olympics and lit the Olympic Flame when the Olympics came to Los Angeles in 1984. In 1968, he, football player Rosey Grier and journalist George Plimpton tackled Sirhan Sirhan moments after he had fatally shot Robert F. Kennedy, after the Olympics he turned his celebrity into acting, sportscasting and public service, and was instrumental in creating the California Special Olympics. Johnson was born in Hillsboro, Texas, but the family moved to Kingsburg, California, for a while, they were the only black family in the town. A versatile athlete, he played on Kingsburg High Schools football, baseball and basketball teams and he was also elected class president in both junior high and high school. At 16, he attracted to the decathlon after seeing double Olympic champion Bob Mathias. He told his coach, I could have beaten most of those guys and he competed in his first meet in 1954 as a freshman at the University of California, Los Angeles. His progress in the event was impressive, he broke the record in his fourth competition. He pledged Pi Lambda Phi fraternity, Americas first nondiscriminatory fraternity, in 1955, in Mexico City, he won the title at the Pan American Games. Johnson qualified for both the decathlon and the long jump events for the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, however, he was hampered by an injury and forfeited his place in the long jump. Despite this handicap, he managed to take place in the decathlon behind compatriot Milt Campbell. It would turn out to be his last defeat in the event, due to injury, Johnson missed the 1957 and 1959 seasons, but he broke the world record in 1958 and 1960. The crown to his career came at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and his most serious rival was Yang Chuan-Kwang of Taiwan. Yang also studied at UCLA, the two trained together under UCLA track coach Elvin C, ducky Drake and had become friends. In the decathlon, the swung back and forth between them. Finally, after nine events, Johnson led Yang by a margin, but Yang was known to be better in the final event. With this victory, Johnson ended his athletic career, at UCLA, Johnson also played basketball under legendary coach John Wooden and was a starter on the 1959–60 mens basketball team. Wooden considered Johnson a great player, but sometimes regretted holding back his teams early in his coaching career, remarking
Rafer Johnson
–
Rafer Johnson at the 1960 Olympics
Rafer Johnson
–
Johnson at
1960 Summer Olympics in Rome
9.
Olympic Stadium
–
Olympic Stadium is the name usually given to the main stadium of an Olympic Games. An Olympic stadium is the site of the opening and closing ceremonies, many, though not all, of these venues actually contain the words Olympic Stadium as part of their names. Olympic Stadium may also be named a stadium which hosts Olympic sports. In the case of the Summer Olympics, athletics competitions and the final are traditionally held in the Olympic Stadium. Exceptions to this have occurred though at the 1900,1996 and 2016 Summer Olympics as well as at the 2010 and 2018 Summer Youth Olympic Games, early Winter Games often used figure skating venues as focal points. These were often designated as the Olympic Stadium, usually hosting the opening and closing ceremonies, a number of stadiums have been used in more than one Olympics, in those cities that have held the Games more than once. Lysgårdsbakkene was the stadium of a Winter Olympics and a Winter Youth Olympic Games. Bergiselschanze was the stadium of two Winter Olympics and one Winter YOG. Olympiahalle jointly shared the Olympic Stadium role with Bergiselschanze during the two Winter Olympics, but not during the Winter YOG, only one stadium, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, has been the main stadium of two Summer Olympics. In addition to the inaugural Summer Olympics, Panathinaiko Stadio was also the stadium of the only Intercalated Games held. A number, including both the Panathinaiko Stadio and the Vélodrome de Vincennes, have hosted events at subsequent Olympics. The London Games of 2012 were not opened and closed at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium, the site of the 1948 Olympic Stadium, Wembley was, however, the venue for some 2012 Olympic football matches. Likewise, the Melbourne Cricket Ground, which was the stadium for the 1956 games. Lake Placids 1930 Olympic Stadium was utilized in the 1980 Lake Placid games as the speed skating venue, olympiahalle hosted figure skating and short-track speed skating during the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics. Stockholm Olympic Stadium hosted equestrian events for the 1956 Summer Olympics, Olympic Past & Future Stadiums - BALLPARKS. com Summer Olympic Stadiums 1896 - on Google Maps
Olympic Stadium
–
1896
Olympic Stadium
–
1900
Olympic Stadium
–
1904
Olympic Stadium
–
1908
10.
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
–
The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum is an American sports stadium located in the Exposition Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. The stadium serves as the home to the University of Southern California Trojans football team, the facility has a permanent seating capacity of 93,607 for USC football games, making it the largest football stadium in the Pac-12 Conference. For Rams games, capacity is at 80,000, giving it the fourth-largest capacity in the NFL, the stadium is located in Exposition Park and across the street from USC. From 1959 to 2016, the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena was located adjacent to the Coliseum, the Coliseum is the first stadium to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice, in 1932 and 1984 and has been proposed to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The stadium was the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball from 1958 to 1961 and was the host venue for games 3,4. It was the site of the First AFL-NFL World Championship Game, later called Super Bowl I, additionally, it has served as a home field for a number of other teams, including the Los Angeles Raiders of the NFL, and UCLA Bruins football. It was declared a National Historic Landmark on July 27,1984, under the lease the University has day-to-day management and operation responsibility for both the Coliseum and Sports Arena. The 98-year lease took effect on July 29,2013, and was signed by the parties on September 5,2013. The Coliseum is now primarily the home of the USC Trojans football team, Most of USCs regular home games, especially the alternating games with rivals UCLA and Notre Dame, attract a capacity crowd. The current official capacity of the Coliseum is 93,607, USCs women lacrosse and soccer teams use the Coliseum for selected games, usually involving major opponents and televised games. USC also rents the Coliseum to various events, including soccer games, musical concerts. The Olympic Cauldron was built for the stadiums two Olympic Games and it is still lit during the fourth quarter of USC football games, and other special occasions. It was lit to honor the fallen Israeli Athletes from the 1972 Munich Olympics Games and it was also lit for several days following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986. The torch was lit for over a following the September 11 attacks in 2001. In 2004, the cauldron was lit non-stop for seven days in tribute to president Ronald Reagan and it was lit again in April 2005 following the death of Pope John Paul II, who had celebrated Mass at the Coliseum during his visit to Los Angeles in 1987. At the Los Angeles Dodgers 50th anniversary game on March 29,2008, charity ceremony, while Neil Diamonds Heartlight was played and the majority of the attendees turned on their complimentary souvenir keychain flashlights. It was lit for the duration of Special Olympics World Games held in Los Angeles from July 25,2015 to August 2,2015, the cauldron was most recently lit for the returning Los Angeles Rams first home game on September 18,2016 against the Seattle Seahawks. The Coliseum was commissioned in 1921 as a memorial to L. A. veterans of World War I, the official ground breaking ceremony took place on December 21,1921 with work being completed in just over 16 months, on May 1,1923
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
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The Coliseum hosting USC football
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
–
The Coliseum under construction in 1922
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
–
The entrance to the Coliseum.
11.
1980 Summer Olympics
–
The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russia. The 1980 Games were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Eastern Europe and they were also the first Olympic Games to be held in a socialist country, and the only Summer Games to be held in such a country until 2008 in Beijing, China. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris and this prompted the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics. The only two cities to bid for the 1980 Summer Olympics were Moscow and Los Angeles, the choice between them was made on 23 October 1974 in the 75th IOC Session in Vienna, Austria. Los Angeles would eventually host the 1984 Summer Olympics, eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games – the smallest number since 1956. Six nations made their first Olympic appearance in 1980, Angola, Botswana, Jordan, Laos, Mozambique, cyprus made its debut at the Summer Olympics, but had appeared earlier at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. Sri Lanka competed for the first time under its new name, Benin had competed previously as Dahomey and Zimbabwe competed for the first time under that name. The Soviet invasion spurred Jimmy Carter to issue an ultimatum on January 20,1980,65 countries and regions invited did not take part in the 1980 Olympics. Many of these followed the United States boycott initiative, while others cited economic reasons for not coming, iran, under Ayatollah Khomeini hostile to both superpowers, boycotted when the Islamic Conference condemned the invasion. Many of the boycotting nations participated instead in the Liberty Bell Classic, also known as the Olympic Boycott Games, in Philadelphia. However, the nations that did compete had won 71 percent of all medals, competitors from three countries – New Zealand, Portugal, and Spain – competed under the flags of their respective National Olympic Committees. Some of these teams that marched under other than their national flags were depleted by boycotts by individual athletes. The impact of the boycott was mixed, some events, such as field hockey and equestrian sports, were hard hit, while others such as boxing, judo, rowing, swimming, track and field and weightlifting had more participants than in 1976. Athletes from 25 countries won Olympic gold and competitors from 36 countries became Olympic medalists, Italy won four times more gold medals than they won in Montreal and France multiplied its gold medal tally by three. Romania won more medals than it had at any previous Olympics. In terms of medals, the Moscow Olympics was Irelands most successful games since Melbourne 1956. The same was true for Great Britain, third World athletes qualified for more events and took more medals than they did at any previous Olympics. 21 percent of the competitors were women – a higher percentage than at any previous Olympics, There were 203 events – more than at any previous Olympics
1980 Summer Olympics
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1980 Summer Olympics Torch
1980 Summer Olympics
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Emblem of the games
1980 Summer Olympics
–
Olympic Village as it appeared in February 2004
1980 Summer Olympics
–
150-rubles
platinum coin (obverse)
12.
1988 Summer Olympics
–
The 1988 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul, South Korea. They were the second summer Olympic Games to be held in Asia, in the Seoul Games,159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes,6,197 men and 2,194 women. 263 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics,11,331 media showed the Games all over the world. These were the last Olympic Games for two of the worlds dominating sport powers, the Soviet Union and East Germany, as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games. North Korea, still officially at war with South Korea, and its allies, Albania, Ethiopia, Cuba, Madagascar, Nicaragua boycotted the games because of the U. S. military support to the Contra rebels. However, the much larger boycotts seen in the previous three Summer Olympics were avoided, resulting in the largest ever number of participating nations during the Cold War era, before the opening of the games, thousands of homeless were captured by the police and sent to work camps. Several died under torture. ′ Seoul was chosen to host the Summer Games through a vote held on 30 September 1981, below was the vote count that occurred at the 84th IOC Session and 11th Olympic Congress in Baden-Baden, West Germany. After the Olympics were awarded, Seoul also received the opportunity to stage the 10th Asian Games in 1986, Soviet Vladimir Artemov won four gold medals in gymnastics. Daniela Silivaş of Romania won three and equalled compatriot Nadia Comănecis record of seven Perfect 10s in one Olympic Games, to these medals, she added a gold in the 4×100 relay and a silver in the 4×400. Just after the Games, she announced her retirement, Canadian Ben Johnson won the 100 m final with a new world record, but was disqualified after he tested positive for stanozolol. Johnson has since claimed that his positive test was the result of sabotage, the US finishes in fourth place after the completion of the optional rounds with a combined score of 390.575, three tenths of a point behind the German Democratic Republic. The USSR won their team gold medals in artistic gymnastics on both the mens and womens sides with scores of 593.350 and 395.475 respectively. The mens team was led by Vladimir Artemov, while Elena Shushunova lead the womens team, lawrence Lemieux, a Canadian sailor in the Finn class, was in second place and poised to win a silver medal when he abandoned the race to save an injured competitor. He arrived in 21st place, but was recognized by the IOC with the Pierre de Coubertin medal honoring his bravery and sacrifice. U. S. diver Greg Louganis won back-to-back titles on both diving events, but only hitting the springboard with his head in the 3 m event final. This became a minor controversy years later when Louganis revealed he knew he was HIV-positive at the time, since HIV cannot survive in open water, no other divers were ever in danger. Christa Luding-Rothenburger of East Germany became the first athlete to win Olympic medals at the Winter Olympics and she added a cycling silver to the speed skating gold she won earlier in the Winter Olympics of that year in Calgary. Swimmer Kristin Otto of East Germany won six gold medals, other multi-medalists in the pool were Matt Biondi and Janet Evans
1988 Summer Olympics
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South Koreans stand by the cauldron of the 1988 Summer Olympics.
1988 Summer Olympics
–
Games of the XXIV Olympiad
1988 Summer Olympics
–
Fireworks at the closing ceremonies of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul
1988 Summer Olympics
–
The
Seoul Olympic Stadium seen from
Han River,
Seoul.
13.
1984 Winter Olympics
–
The 1984 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIV Olympic Winter Games, was a winter multi-sport event which took place from 8–19 February 1984 in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Yugoslavia. Other candidate cities were Sapporo, Japan, and Gothenburg, Sweden and it was the first Winter Olympics held in a Communist state. It was also the second Olympics overall, as well as the second consecutive Olympics, to be held in a Communist nation after the 1980 Summer Olympics were held in Moscow, All of these have been in China. During the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, numerous newspapers drew attention to the venues of the Sarajevo Olympic games from 30 years prior. The host city for the XIV Winter Olympics was announced on 18 May 1978 during an 80th session of the International Olympic Committee in Athens, Sarajevo was selected over Sapporo, Japan by a margin of three votes. Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was part of the united Yugoslavia at the time, the torch relay for the 1984 Sarajevo Olympic games started in Olympia and then proceeded by airplane to Dubrovnik. The total distance of the relay through Yugoslavia was 5,289 kilometres. There were two main routes – one in the west and the other in the east, the final torchbearer, from a total of 1600, was figure skater Sanda Dubravčić, who received the torch from skier runner Ivo Čarman. Today one of the two original torches is in Slovenia in a collection in Žalec, Slovenia. The Olympic flag was raised upside down during the ceremony by mistake. First Games under the presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch, the 20 kilometre race was added to womens Nordic skiing. Skier Jure Franko won Yugoslavias first Winter Olympic medal, a silver in the giant slalom, marja-Liisa Hämäläinen won all three individual cross-country races for women. Gaétan Boucher and Karin Enke each won two medals in speed skating, while East German women won all but three out of the twelve medals in the sport. Austria, usually a formidable winter sports nation, won one bronze medal. Biathlete Eirik Kvalfoss earned a complete set of medals, twin brothers Phil and Steve Mahre took first and second place in the slalom. Torvill and Dean of Great Britain earned across-the-board perfect scores for artistic impression in the free dance ice dancing competition, the gold medals for Figure Skating were split among four nations. Disabled skiing was a sport for the first time. Bill Johnson became the first American to win an Olympic downhill event, lamine Guèye of Senegal was the first Black African skier to compete in the Winter Olympics
1984 Winter Olympics
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Olympic torch Sarajevo 1984
1984 Winter Olympics
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Panoramic view of Koševo Stadium during 1984 Winter Olympics opening ceremony.
1984 Winter Olympics
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Vučko, 1984 Winter Olympics mascot
1984 Winter Olympics
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Bjelašnica alpine mountain
14.
1988 Winter Olympics
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The 1988 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games, was a Winter Olympics multi-sport event celebrated in and around Calgary, Alberta, Canada between February 13 and 28,1988. The host city was selected in 1981 over Falun, Sweden and Cortina dAmpezzo, most events took place in Calgary while several skiing events were held in the mountain resorts of Nakiska and Canmore, west of the city. A then-record 57 nations competed and 1,423 athletes participated, the Soviet Union won the most medals with 29, followed by East Germany with 25. As it had in Montreal in 1976, Canada again failed to win a medal in an official medal event as the host nation. Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen and Dutch speed skater Yvonne van Gennip were individual medal leaders, the bid for the 1988 Winter Olympics was Canadas seventh attempt at hosting a winter games and Calgarys fourth. Previous bids representing Montreal and Vancouver bookended failed attempts by the Calgary Olympic Development Association to host the 1964,1968 and 1972 games. The CODA became dormant in 1966 after losing its bid for the 1972 Olympics, Calgary earned the right to bid on behalf of Canada by the Canadian Olympic Association, defeating a rival challenge from a group representing Vancouver. The defeated organizing group lamented that they lost to Calgarys big-ticket games, the CODA then spent two years building local support for the project, selling memberships to 80,000 of the citys 600,000 residents. The city was one of three finalists, opposed by the Swedish community of Falun and Cortina dAmpezzo, the Italian town that hosted the 1956 Winter Olympics. The vote was held September 30,1981, at Baden-Baden, West Germany, during the 84th IOC Session, after Cortina dAmpezzo was eliminated in the first round of balloting, Calgary won the right to host the games over Falun by a 48–31 vote. The announcement of the CODAs victory sent delegates in Baden-Baden and residents of Calgary into celebration and it was the first Winter Olympics awarded to Canada, and the second games overall, following the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. McMahon Stadium, Calgarys primary outdoor facility, was the site of both the opening and closing ceremonies, the first time in 28 years that the venue hosted both events. Three other existing venues served as secondary facilities, The Max Bell Centre hosted the events of curling. The Father David Bauer Olympic Arena hosted some ice hockey matches, as did the Stampede Corral, the Games five primary venues were all purpose-built however, at significant cost. The Olympic Saddledome was the venue for ice hockey and figure skating. Located at Stampede Park, the facility was expected to cost $83 million, the Olympic Oval was built on the campus of the University of Calgary. It was the first fully enclosed 400-metre speed skating venue in the world as it was necessary to protect against the possibility of either bitter cold temperatures or ice-melting chinook winds. Seven world and three Olympic records were broken during the Games, resulting in the facility earning praise as the fastest ice on Earth, Canada Olympic Park was built on the western outskirts of Calgary and hosted bobsled, luge, ski jumping and freestyle skiing
1988 Winter Olympics
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The IIHF called the Olympic Saddledome "the finest international rink in the world". It is also the largest hockey arena ever used at the Olympics with a capacity of 20,016 in 1988.
1988 Winter Olympics
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The emblem is a stylized, pentagon-shaped, snowflake and maple leaf, made up of five large and five small letters of “C” to symbolize the country of Canada and the city of Calgary, above the Olympic rings.
1988 Winter Olympics
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Hidy and Howdy were the mascots of the Calgary Games.
1988 Winter Olympics
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The Olympic torch on display
15.
Bids for the 1984 Summer Olympics
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The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Los Angeles, California, United States in 1984. When Tehran, the other interested city on the international level, declined to bid due to the concurrent Iranian political and social changes. This was the second occasion Los Angeles hosted the games, the first being in 1932, for differing reasons, Iran and Libya also boycotted. The USSR announced its intention not to participate on May 8,1984, citing security concerns and chauvinistic sentiments, boycotting countries organized another large event in June–September 1984, called the Friendship Games, however, not even a single competition was held between July 28 and August 12. Representatives of the countries, the Soviets in particular, underlined it was not held to replace the Olympics. Elite athletes from the U. S. and USSR would only compete against each other at the 1986 Goodwill Games in Moscow, organized in response to the boycotts. The Olympic Committee led by Peter Ueberroth used some of the profits to endow the LA84 Foundation to promote sports in Southern California, educate coaches. The 1984 Summer Olympics are often considered the most financially successful modern Olympics, the host state of California was the home state of U. S. President Ronald Reagan, who officially opened the Games. He had served as Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, the official mascot of the Los Angeles Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle. The logo of the games featured five blue, white and red stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks and these were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch. On July 18,2009, a 25th anniversary celebration was held in the main stadium and this celebration included a speech by the former president of the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee, Ueberroth, and a re-creation of the lighting of the cauldron. After the murder of Israeli athletes by Palestinian terrorists in Munich and significant financial debts of Montreal, only two cities made serious bids for the 1984 Summer Games. But before a city could be anointed in 1978, Tehran, too. Hence, the process for the 1984 Summer Olympics consisted of a single finalized bid. The bid from Tehran was withdrawn before the selection as a result of Irans policy changes following the Iranian Revolution, Los Angeles had unsuccessfully bid for the two previous Summer Olympics, for 1976 and 1980. The 1984 Olympic Torch Relay began in New York City and ended in Los Angeles, traversing 33 states, unlike later torch relays, the torch was continuously carried by runners on foot. The route covered more than 9,320 mi and involved 3,636 runners, noted athlete O. J. Simpson was among the runners, carrying the torch up the California Incline in Santa Monica. With the torch, he touched off the flame passed through a specially designed flammable Olympic logo
Bids for the 1984 Summer Olympics
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The Opening Ceremony at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Bids for the 1984 Summer Olympics
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Games of the XXIII Olympiad
Bids for the 1984 Summer Olympics
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Newspaper vending machine bringing news of the 1984 Summer Olympics.
16.
1984 Summer Olympics boycott
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The boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles was after the U. S. -led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. The boycott involved 14 Eastern Bloc countries and allies, led by the Soviet Union, the boycott affected a large number of Olympic events that were normally dominated by the absent countries. Boycotting countries organized another major event, called the Friendship Games, in July, after the announcement, six more nations joined the boycott, including Bulgaria, East Germany, Mongolia and Vietnam, and Laos and Czechoslovakia. China formally confirmed that it would be present at the games in Los Angeles, while the Laotians, later, Afghanistan also decided to boycott the event, becoming the eighth country to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics. Even later, Hungary and Poland became the ninth and tenth communist countries to join the boycott, Hungary claimed the lives of its athletes would be put in danger if they were to spend time in Los Angeles. On the other hand, Poland said that the United States was engaging in an aimed at disturbing the Games”. On May 24, Cuba became the country to announce its participation in the boycott, making front page news in the United States because it was a “serious blow to boxing. South Yemen was the country to remove itself from the event. North Korea was the nation to boycott the 1984 Olympics. Ethiopia became the first African state to participate in the boycott, followed by Angola. S. A. in Latin America, Iran and Albania were the only countries to not attend both the 1980 Moscow and the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. Libya and Ethiopia were the nations to boycott both the 1976 Montreal and 1984 Los Angeles Games. In addition, Albania did not attend any games from 1976 to 1988, a similar antagonism towards both superpowers existed in Iran since 1979. This resulted in Iran and Albania boycotting both the 1980 and 1984 Olympics independently without endorsing the boycott on the opposing side, jimmy Carter declared that the United States would boycott the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow, with 64 other countries joining the boycott. This was the largest Olympic games boycott ever,13 other countries joined in the boycott. Romania ended up finishing third in overall medal count at the Games, U. S. President Ronald Reagan later stated his belief that the Soviets feared some of their athletes might defect. As more countries withdrew, the IOC announced on the week that it would consider extending the deadline for entry into the Olympics. The three top medal winners from the 1980 Games in Moscow were among the boycotters, and media analysis noted this would weaken the field of competitors in a number of sports, listed in the chronological order of their withdrawal, not by alphabetical or any geographical order. Benin China was somewhat hostile towards the Soviet Union at the time, in 1980, China had sent a team to the Winter Olympics in the United States, while boycotting the Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union
1984 Summer Olympics boycott
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Map of 1976, 1980 and 1984 Olympic boycotts, showing 1984 boycotting countries in red and orange.
17.
Venues of the 1984 Summer Olympics
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For the 1984 Summer Olympics, a total of thirty-one sports venues were used. Two venues from the 1932 Summer Olympics, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, between the 1932 and the 1984 Summer Olympics, the expansion of professional sports teams assisted in the growth of the facilities that would be used for the 1984 events. Many of the venues had temporary adjustments and returned to their normal usage once the 1984 Olympics were completed. Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto and the Rose Bowl later served as venues for the Super Bowl, the FIFA World Cup, the velodrome that was constructed for the 1984 Games was demolished in 2003. When the Summer Olympics came to Los Angeles in 1932, two of the venues that hosted were the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. The former hosted the athletics, equestrian eventing and jumping, field hockey, in 1973, the Coliseum played host to Super Bowl VII where the Miami Dolphins defeated the Washington Redskins 14-7 to go undefeated for the entire 1972 National Football League season. That season would also be the Rams last season at the Coliseum where they lost their last game there against the New Orleans Saints 29-14, for the 1980 NFL season, the Rams moved to Anaheim to Anaheim Stadium though they lost their first game there against the Detroit Lions. The Rams would remain at Anaheim Stadium until the end of the 1994 season when they moved to St. Louis and their last game in Anaheim was against the Redskins, losing 24-21. The Coliseum since 1923 has continued to play host for the University of Southern California football team, the Trojans cross-town rivals, the UCLA Bruins, shared the Coliseum with Trojans from 1928 to 1981. In 1982, the Bruins moved to the Rose Bowl where they have remained as of 2010, besides Super Bowl XIV, the Rose Bowl hosted Super Bowl XVII where the Redskins avenged their Super Bowl loss to the Dolphins from ten years earlier with a 27-17 victory. Santa Anita Park opened in 1934, normally used for Thoroughbred horse racing, the home stretch of the track was converted to house dressage, eventing, and jumping events for the 1984 Summer Games, including stands. Seven years after the 1932 Summer Games, a Southern California Committee for the Olympic Games was created and this was in an effort to bring the Summer Olympics back to Los Angeles. The first attempt was for the then-cancelled 1940 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, following World War II, Los Angeles and SCCOG made bids for the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics, losing to eventual winners Helsinki and Melbourne, respectively. The United States Olympic Committee selected Detroit over Los Angeles for the United Statess bid for the Summer Olympics between 1960 and 1972 without success, SCCOG did provide assistance to Squaw Valley in the northern part of the state near Lake Tahoe for the 1960 Winter Olympics. Montreal was awarded the 1976 Summer Olympics over Moscow and Los Angeles, New leadership in SCCOG in 1972 along with lessons learned helped Los Angeles in bidding for the 1980 Summer Olympics though this time they would lose out to Moscow for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Bid studies were done in Los Angeles between 1975 and 1978, the city was awarded the 1984 Games in 1978 by the IOC since they were the sole bidder. In 1959, the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena was completed, the following year, it hosted the 1960 Democratic National Convention. From 1959 to 1964, the Sports Arena served as home for the UCLA Bruins mens basketball team until the Bruins moved to Pauley Pavilion on the UCLA campus, the USC Trojans mens basketball team also used the Sports Arena as home
Venues of the 1984 Summer Olympics
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2005 picture of the gate to the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The Coliseum served as the main stadium for both the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics.
Venues of the 1984 Summer Olympics
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North side of Pauley Pavilion in 2008. It hosted the gymnastics events for the 1984 Summer Olympics.
Venues of the 1984 Summer Olympics
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The Forum in 1997 (Shown as the Great Western Forum and uploaded in 2007.). It hosted the basketball events for the 1984 Summer Olympics.
Venues of the 1984 Summer Olympics
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A 2005 image of the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena. The arena hosted the 1984 Summer Olympic boxing competitions.
18.
1984 Summer Olympics torch relay
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The 1984 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from May 8 until July 28, prior to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. The route covered around 15,000 kilometres across the United States, rafer Johnson lit the cauldron at the opening ceremony. The Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee tasked Burson-Marsteller, the public agency of AT&T. The controversial Youth Legacy Kilometer, which turned the relay into a sponsored, fund-raising event, the aluminum torch, designed with a brass finish and leather handle that gave it an antique look, was 56.5 centimetres long and weighed 1,000 grams. Etched on the ring of the torch were the words of the Olympic motto with the Olympic rings between each word and they were manufactured by Turner Industries and each one was numbered. During an 800-mile trial run the original design of the torch was found to be flawed, the valve was found to be recessed too deeply inside the bowl of the torch and was extinguished too easily. The type of propane and the used for its release were also adjusted to ensure that it would remain lit wherever possible. The relay was organised by Burson-Marsteller, the PR agency of AT&T, runner uniforms were provided by Levi Strauss with Converse supplying the shoes. They estimated that around a quarter of the United States population witnessed the relay, torchbearers came from a wide variety of backgrounds and the aim was to introduce a level of egalitarianism. The 1984 relay was the first to invite nominations from the public and it was also the first to charge torchbearers for their participation, with the fee working out at around $3,000 per kilometer. Anybody who could raise the fee would be able to sponsor one kilometer. The scheme, called the Youth Legacy Kilometer raised nearly $11 million, YMCA received the largest proportion of the funds, amounting to around $3.9 million. Sections that did not receive sponsorship were completed by volunteers from AT&T, caesars Tahoe Hotel Casino ran a drawing, in which customers could win a place in the relay. The company sponsored 50 kilometers of the Nevada route and gave seven of these runs to winning customers and 42 to local organizations, the remaining kilometer was given to 1976 Decathlon winner Bruce Jenner who had signed a promotional contract with the company. The Hellenic Olympic Committee, unhappy with what they considered to be the commercialization of the torch relay, several months of negotiations finally finished in an agreement just days before the planned kindling ceremony. On May 7,1984, the ceremony took place but. The LAOOC originally hoped that the relay would visit all 50 states, the relay featured 3,636 torchbearers and spanned a distance of around 15,000 kilometres, at the time the longest distance of any Olympic relay. Rafer Johnson, an Olympic decathlon gold medalist, was the final torchbearer
1984 Summer Olympics torch relay
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A torch from the relay
1984 Summer Olympics torch relay
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Rafer Johnson, pictured here as a flagbearer at the 1960 Games, was the final touchbearer.
19.
Sam (Olympic mascot)
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Sam the Olympic Eagle was the mascot of the 1984 Summer Olympics which were held in Los Angeles. He is an eagle, which is the national bird of the United States. Intended as a symbol, being named Sam also suggests a kinship with Uncle Sam. The mascot was designed by Disney Legend Bob Moore, an artist for Disney and he shares the name of Sam the Eagle from The Muppet Show, but the design is vastly different. He is still known as Eagle Sam in Japan, where a series of the same name ran during 1983
Sam (Olympic mascot)
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Sam the Olympic Eagle
20.
1984 Summer Olympics medal table
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The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Los Angeles, California, United States, from 28 July to 12 August 1984. These Games had 6,829 athletes from 140 NOCs participating in a total of 221 events in 23 sports, athletes from 47 NOCs won medals, of which 25 secured at least a gold medal. As a result,93 NOCs were left without any medal, the host NOC, the United States, received 83 gold medals, breaking the previous Summer Olympic record of 78 golds, set at the 1904 Summer Olympics. Even so, the United States still won fewer medals than the overall record. Seventeen NOCs chose not to compete at the 1984 Summer Olympics, four years earlier,61 NOCs – led by the United States – had boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics staged in Moscow. Nonetheless, Romania, China and Yugoslavia – at the time, ruled by Communist governments – decided to compete in Los Angeles, in addition, three countries unrelated to the Soviet boycott decided not to compete. S. A. in Latin America, especially in El Salvador. Angola also boycotted the Games, but made no statement as to their reasons, USA officials believed that Angolas withdrawal was related to Soviet financial and political support of the ruling MPLA. The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables, by default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a National Olympic Committee have won. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If NOCs are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IOC country code, the number of bronze medals awarded was greater than either the gold or silver. This was due to a number of heats for third position, including the womens 100 meter hurdles. Also, a bronze medal was awarded for each of the boxing. In the gymnastic events there were several dead heats for gold medals, in the womens uneven bars and balance beam. There was a tie for second place in the mens vault resulting in four silver medals being handed out for a single event. Host country First ever gold medal First ever medal General Byron, Lee, Cox, Amanda, Ericson, Matthew
1984 Summer Olympics medal table
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The medal ceremony for the
women's 50 meter rifle three positions
1984 Summer Olympics medal table
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American twin brothers
Lou and
Ed Banach won gold medals in the
wrestling events.
1984 Summer Olympics medal table
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Curt Harnett, silver medallist for Canada in the
1000 meter time trial
1984 Summer Olympics medal table
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Alonzo Babers of the United States won gold medals in the
400 meters and the
4 × 400 meter relay.
21.
1984 Summer Paralympics
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The 1984 International Games for the Disabled, canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held. Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards, as with the 1984 Summer Olympics, the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games. Rosenthal continues by slamming the work by the Police Chief claiming the Chief took the tack of anything that was suggested to sort out the mess. However, overall reports and the impression given off by the games was a friendly atmosphere. The mascot for the 1984 Paralympic Games was Dan D. Lion, patchy showers greeted the 14000 spectators packed into the Mitchel Park stadium for the 2pm start of the New York Games opening ceremony on the 19th June. New York radio personality William B. Williams introduced everyone with a welcome speech, entertainers such as Bill Buzzeo and the Dixie Ramblers, Richie Havens, The New Image Drum and Bugle Corps, the ARC Gospel Chorus and the Square Dance Extravaganza followed the introduction speech. Commander Archie Cameron, President of ICC officially closed the games with a speech acknowledging the athletes. Competitors were divided into five categories, amputee, cerebral palsy, visually impaired, wheelchair. The wheelchair category was for competitors who used a wheelchair due to a spinal cord disability. However some athletes in the amputee and cerebral palsy categories also competed in wheelchairs, within the sport of athletics, a wheelchair marathon event was held for the first time. The Trails for the first wheelchair event to be held at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games was held in conjunction with the New York Games. However, despite the long and established history of using paralympic terminology, the seventeen contested sports are listed below, along with the disability categories which competed in each. Fifty-four delegations took part in the 1984 Paralympics,1984 Summer Olympics 1984 Winter Paralympics International Paralympic Committee
1984 Summer Paralympics
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VII Paralympic Games
22.
International Olympic Committee
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The International Olympic Committee is the supreme authority of the worldwide Olympic movement. It is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization based in Lausanne and its mission is enshrined in the Olympic Charter, to support the development of competitive sport by ethical and environmentally sustainable means. The IOC was created by Pierre de Coubertin, on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president, today its membership consists of 100 active members,32 honorary members, and 1 honour member. The IOC is the authority of the worldwide modern Olympic movement. The IOC organises the modern Olympic Games and Youth Olympic Games, held in summer and winter, the first Summer Olympics organised by the IOC was held in Athens, Greece, in 1896, the first Winter Olympics was in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Until 1992, both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year, the first Summer Youth Olympics were in Singapore in 2010 and the first Winter Youth Olympics were held in Innsbruck in 2012. In 2009, the UN General Assembly granted the IOC Permanent Observer status and this decision enables the IOC to be directly involved in the UN Agenda and to attend UN General Assembly meetings where it can take the floor. This has provided the possibility to promote sport at a new level, during each proclamation at the Olympics, announcers speak in different languages, French is always spoken first followed by an English translation and the dominant language of the host nation. The stated mission of the International Olympic Committee is to promote Olympic throughout the world and it is the IOC’s supreme organ and its decisions are final. Extraordinary Sessions may be convened by the President or upon the written request of at least one third of the members, among others, the powers of the Session are, To adopt or amend the Olympic Charter. To elect the members of the IOC, the Honorary President, to elect the President, the Vice-Presidents and all other members of the IOC Executive Board. To elect the host city of the Olympic Games, the Olympic Laurel is awarded to individuals for promoting education, culture, development, and peace through sport. For most of its existence, the IOC was controlled by members who were selected by other members, countries that had hosted the Games were allowed two members. When named, they did not become the representatives of their countries to the IOC. The membership of IOC members ceases in the circumstances, Resignation. Non re-election, any IOC member ceases to be a member without further formality if they are not re-elected, age limit, any IOC member ceases to be a member at the end of the calendar year during which they reach the age of 80. Failure to attend Sessions or take part in IOC work for two consecutive years. Transfer of domicile or of main center of interests to an other than the country which was theirs at the time of their election
International Olympic Committee
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The headquarters of the International Olympic Committee in
Lausanne,
Switzerland.
International Olympic Committee
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The first IOC, at the
1896 Athens Games
International Olympic Committee
–
1985
German Democratic Republic stamp
23.
John Williams
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John Towner Williams is an American composer, conductor, and pianist. T. The Extra-Terrestrial, the Indiana Jones series, Jurassic Park, Schindlers List, Williams has been associated with director Steven Spielberg since 1974, composing music for all but two of his feature films. Williams has won five Academy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, seven British Academy Film Awards, with 50 Academy Award nominations, Williams is the second most-nominated individual, after Walt Disney. In 2005, the American Film Institute selected Williams score to 1977s Star Wars as the greatest American film score of all time. The soundtrack to Star Wars was additionally preserved by the Library of Congress into the National Recording Registry, for being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Williams was inducted into the Hollywood Bowls Hall of Fame in 2000, and was a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors in 2004, Williams composed the score for eight movies in the Top 20 highest-grossing films at the U. S. box office. John Towner Williams was born on February 8,1932 in Floral Park, New York, the son of Esther and Johnny Williams, Williams has said of his lineage, My father was a Maine man—we were very close. My fathers parents ran a department store in Bangor, Maine, people with those roots are not inclined to be lazy. In 1948, the Williams family moved to Los Angeles where John attended North Hollywood High School graduating in 1950 and he later attended the University of California, Los Angeles, and studied privately with the Italian composer Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco. Williams had originally briefly attended Los Angeles City College for one semester as the school had a Studio Jazz Band. In 1952, Williams was drafted into the U. S. Air Force, in 1955, following his Air Force service, Williams moved to New York City and entered The Juilliard School where he studied piano with Rosina Lhévinne. During this time Williams worked as a jazz pianist in the many jazz clubs. After moving to Los Angeles he began working as a session musician, Williams has two brothers, Donald and Jerry, both of whom work as percussionists in Los Angeles. After his studies at Juilliard, and the Eastman School of Music, Williams returned to Los Angeles, among other composers, Williams worked with Franz Waxman, Bernard Herrmann, and Alfred Newman, and also with his fellow orchestrators Conrad Salinger and Bob Franklyn. Williams was also a studio pianist, performing on film scores by composers such as Jerry Goldsmith, Elmer Bernstein, Williams recorded with Henry Mancini the film scores of 1959s Peter Gunn, 1962s Days of Wine and Roses, and 1963s Charade. Williamss first film composition was for the 1958 B movie Daddy-O and he soon gained notice in Hollywood for his versatility in composing jazz, piano, and symphonic music. Williams received his first Academy Award nomination for his score for 1967s Valley of the Dolls. Williams broke through to win his first Academy Award for his score in the 1971 film Fiddler on the Roof
John Williams
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Williams at the Avery Fisher Hall in 2007
John Williams
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Williams at the Boston Symphony Hall after conducting the Boston Pops, May 2006
John Williams
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John Williams conducting the score to Raiders of the Lost Ark in the Avery Fisher Hall.
John Williams
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Williams signing an autograph after a concert
24.
Boston Pops Orchestra
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The Boston Pops Orchestra is an American orchestra based in Boston, Massachusetts that specializes in playing light classical and popular music. The Boston Pops was founded in 1885 as a second, popular identity of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, for the Pops, the seating on the floor of Symphony Hall is reconfigured from auditorium seating to banquet/cafe seating. In addition the Pops also plays a concert at the Hatch Shell on the Esplanade every Fourth of July. Their performance of Stars and Stripes Forever is famous for the dropping of the American Flag that occurs as the song enters its final moments. Identified with its long-time director Arthur Fiedler, in the past the orchestra has recorded extensively, made frequent tours, the Pops Spring and Holiday seasons allowed the BSO to become one of the first American orchestras to provide year-round employment for its musicians. The current Music Director of the Boston Pops Orchestra is Keith Lockhart, in 1881, Henry Lee Higginson, the founder of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, wrote of his wish to present in Boston concerts of a lighter kind of music. The Boston Pops Orchestra was founded to present this kind of music to the public, called the Promenade Concerts until 1900, these performances combined light classical music, tunes from the current hits of the musical theater, and an occasional novelty number. Allowing for some changes of taste over the course of a century, the Boston Pops Orchestra had seventeen conductors before 1930, when Arthur Fiedler began a fifty-year tenure as the Pops conductor. Under Fiedlers direction the orchestras popularity spread far beyond the city of Boston through recordings, radio, unhappy with the reputation of classical music as being solely for affluent concert goers, Fiedler made efforts to bring classical music to a wider audience. He instituted a series of concerts at the Hatch Shell on the Esplanade. Fiedler insisted that the Pops Orchestra play popular music as well as well-known classical pieces, Fiedler also initiated what has become a Boston tradition, and keeps growing as the years go by, which is the annual Holiday Pops concerts the Boston Pops give every December. Under Fiedlers direction, the Boston Pops sold more recordings than any other orchestra in the world, with total sales of albums, singles, tapes. The orchestras first recordings were made in July 1935 for RCA Victor, some shows have holiday–oriented themes, such as Christmas shows featuring performers such as Jonathan Meath, who appeared as Santa with the Boston Pops for ten shows during 2008–2009. After Fiedlers death in 1979, he was succeeded as conductor of the Boston Pops by the film composer John Williams. During his time with the Pops, Williams had the honor of performing with Sammy Davis, in 1991, the orchestra played Bill Monroes Uncle Pen and other bluegrass classics with Ricky Skaggs and the Kentucky Thunder. Keith Lockhart assumed the post of principal Pops conductor in 1995, Lockhart continues to conduct the Boston Pops today, adding a touch of flamboyance and a flair for the dramatic to his performances. Williams remains the Laureate Conductor of the Pops and conducts a week of Pops concerts most years. S. Touring production of Andrew Lloyd Webbers musical The Phantom of the Opera, The Dropkick Murphys, former Massachusetts governor Deval Patrick, stage actor Will LeBow, comedian Jimmy Tingle, senator Elizabeth Warren, current Boston mayor Marty Walsh, The Beach Boys, Nick Jonas and Demi Lovato
Boston Pops Orchestra
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The Pops performing at the
Hatch Shell on July 4, 2005
Boston Pops Orchestra
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Fiedler conducting for the
NBC Radio program Boston Pops Orchestra.
Boston Pops Orchestra
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Boston Pops preparing to play at
Tanglewood
Boston Pops Orchestra
–
John Williams
25.
Multi-sport event
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A multi-sport event is an organized sports event, often held over multiple days, featuring competition in many different sports between organized teams of athletes from nation states. The first major, modern, multi-sport event of significance is the modern Olympic Games. Many regional multi-sport events have since founded and modeled after the Olympics. Most have the basic structure. Games are held over the course of days in and around a host city. Countries send national teams to each competition, consisting of individual athletes, athletes or teams are awarded gold, silver or bronze medals for first, second and third place respectively. The games are held every four years, though some are annual competitions. Instead, the Greek sports of racing and wrestling, as well as the Etruscan sport of gladiatorial combat. In the late 19th and early 20th century, athletes at events were almost exclusively male. As international womens sport began to develop, events such as the Womens World Games, though short-lived, events such as these led to greater inclusion of women at multi-sport events over the course of the 20th century. Since the establishment of the Olympics, most serial multi-sport events have been organized for specific audiences, after some celebrations, the Olympics became very popular nowadays. The number of sports, initially only a few, is still growing, the Paralympic Games is the largest multi-sport event involving athletes with physical disabilities, and is organised by the International Paralympic Committee. Arranged for the first time in 1960 in Rome, Italy, the number of sports, initially only a few, is still growing. The first Special Olympics International Summer Games were held in Chicago, the most recent Special Olympics World Summer Games in Los Angeles, United States, involved 25 sports and approximately 6,500 athletes from 177 countries. At the beginning of the 20th century, another multi-sport event and these Games were held in Scandinavia, and the sports conducted were winter sports such as cross-country skiing and speed skating. The Nordic Games were last held in 1926, after which the 1924 Winter Sports Week in Chamonix was declared the first Olympic Winter Games, in the 1920s, all kinds of other multi-sport events were set up. These were usually directed for a group of athletes, rather than everybody. Regional games were another kind of event that was established, such as the Far Eastern Championship Games
Multi-sport event
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The
Pan American Games is one of the largest multi-sport events and involves athletes from the Americas.
26.
1932 Summer Olympics
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The 1932 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the X Olympiad, was a major worldwide multi-athletic event which was celebrated in 1932 in Los Angeles, California, United States. No other cities made a bid to host these Olympics, held during the worldwide Great Depression, many nations and athletes were unable to pay for the trip to Los Angeles. Fewer than half the participants of the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam returned to compete in 1932, even U. S. President Herbert Hoover skipped the event. The organizing committee put no record of the finances of the Games in their report, the selection process for the 1932 Summer Olympics consisted of one bid, from Los Angeles, which ultimately hosted the games. The selection was made at the 23rd IOC Session in Rome, Italy, an Olympic Village was built for the first time, in affluent Baldwin Hills, occupied by the male athletes. Female athletes were housed at the Chapman Park Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard, the victory podium was used for the first time. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum was known in 1932 as Olympic Stadium, Tenth Street, a major thoroughfare in Los Angeles, was renamed Olympic Boulevard in honor of the Games of the Tenth Olympiad. Babe Didrikson won two medals in the javelin and the hurdles event. She also competed in a jump-off for a silver in the high jump and her technique in the jump-off was ruled illegal, leaving Didrikson with second place. In field hockey, only three nations took part, the host nation lost both matches, 1-24 to India and 2-9 to Japan, but still won a bronze medal. Polands Stanisława Walasiewicz won the medal in the womens 100 m. After her death in 1980, it was discovered that she was intersex, the executive council of the IAAF suspended Paavo Nurmi from international amateur athletics four months before the Games, pending an investigation into his amateur status. Less than three days before the 10,000 m, the seven members of the council formed a special commission, eddie Tolan won both the 100 m and 200 m sprint events. Romeo Neri won three medals in gymnastics. Helene Madison won three medals in swimming, while the Japanese upset the mens events and took all. Takeichi Nishi was the gold medalist with his horse Uranus in the show jumping individual event. Nishis gold medal is Japans only gold medal in the event to this day. Nishi would later die in 1945 as an officer stationed in the defense of the island of Iwo Jima, kusuo Kitamura won the gold medal in the mens 1500 meter freestyle swimming race
1932 Summer Olympics
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The Australian Olympic Team at the Olympic Stadium, Los Angeles, 1932
1932 Summer Olympics
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Games of the X Olympiad
1932 Summer Olympics
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Nishi with Olympic steed, Uranus
27.
1980 Summer Olympics boycott
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The 1980 Summer Olympics boycott was one part of a number of actions initiated by the United States to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The Soviet Union, which hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics, on January 26,1980, Canadian Prime Minister Joe Clark announced that like the US, Canada would boycott the Olympics if the Soviets didnt leave Afghanistan by February 20,1980. Lord Killanin insisted that the Games should continue as scheduled, several interventions at the late April 1980 Bilderberg meeting in Aachen included discussion of the implications of the boycott. It was forcefully argued the world would perceive a boycott as little more than a sentimental protest, the Carter administration brought considerable pressure to bear on other NATO member-States to support the boycott. German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt said that the American attitude that the allies should simply do as they are told was unacceptable, boxer Muhammad Ali was dispatched by the US administration to Tanzania, Nigeria, and Senegal to convince their leaders to join the boycott. It was widely said in the US domestic press that reactions to Alis public comments in Tanzania supported the view that his mission was a failure. Certain countries ultimately joined the US in a boycott of the Games. These included Japan and West Germany where Chancellor Schmidt was able to convince the National Olympic Committee to support the boycott by a narrow margin, China, the Philippines, Argentina and Canada also boycotted the Games entirely. Some of these countries competed at the alternative Liberty Bell Classic or Olympic Boycott Games held in Philadelphia that same year, the United Kingdom and France sent a much smaller athletic delegation than would have originally been possible. The British associations that governed equestrian sports, hockey, and yachting completely boycotted the 1980 summer Olympics, nevertheless, the United Kingdom sent 170 sportsmen and women to compete, the largest team of athletes from among West European countries. Spain, Italy, Sweden, Iceland and Finland were other principal nations representing western Europe at the Games, italian athletes serving in its military corps could not attend the Games, however, because of the national governments official support of the boycott. Many events were affected by the loss of participants and some US-born athletes who were citizens of countries, such as Italy and Australia. Independently of the United States, the Islamic Conference urged a boycott of Moscow after the invasion, many teams were avoided by Soviet television at the Games during the opening and closing ceremonies because their national governments officially supported the boycott. Their national colors could not be flown nor could their anthems be played, four sportspeople from New Zealand competed independently and marched under their NOC flag because the government officially supported the boycott. The athletes of 16 countries did not fly their national flags, instead NOC flags were raised and the Olympic Anthem replaced their national anthems at the medal ceremonies. There was one awards ceremony where three NOC flags were raised, other modifications were made in the Games activities, such as when the Boycott prevented Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau from attending the Moscow Games. The Antwerp flag was received by an IOC member from the USA instead of the mayor of Los Angeles, Tom Bradley, there was no handover to Los Angeles ceremony at the closing. On May 24,1980, Gary Fanelli wore a shirt that read The Road to Moscow Ends Here for the time trial in response to the boycott of the Moscow Olympics
1980 Summer Olympics boycott
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Anti-boycott sticker, published by the
Communist Youth Federation of Spain.
28.
Eastern Bloc
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The Eastern Bloc was the group of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact. The terms Communist Bloc and Soviet Bloc were also used to denote groupings of states aligned with the Soviet Union, although these terms might include states outside Central and Eastern Europe. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, who viewed the Soviet Union as a socialist island, Eastern Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Bessarabia in northern Romania were recognized as parts of the Soviet sphere of influence. Lithuania was added in a secret protocol in September 1939. During the Occupation of East Poland by the Soviet Union, the Soviets liquidated the Polish state, Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of sovietization of the newly Soviet-annexed areas. Soviet authorities collectivized agriculture, and nationalized and redistributed private and state-owned Polish property, the international community condemned this initial annexation of the Baltic states and deemed it illegal. In June 1941, Germany broke the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact by invading the Soviet Union, from the time of this invasion to 1944, the areas annexed by the Soviet Union were part of Germanys Ostland. Thereafter, the Soviet Union began to push German forces westward through a series of battles on the Eastern Front, from 1943 to 1945, several conferences regarding Post-War Europe occurred that, in part, addressed the potential Soviet annexation and control of countries in Central Europe. I think that if I give him everything I possibly can and ask for nothing from him in return, noblesse oblige, he wont try to annex anything and will work with me for a world of democracy and peace. While meeting with Stalin and Roosevelt in Tehran in 1943, Churchill stated that Britain was vitally interested in restoring Poland as an independent country, Britain did not press the matter for fear that it would become a source of inter-allied friction. In February 1945, at the conference at Yalta, Stalin demanded a Soviet sphere of influence in Central Europe. Stalin eventually was convinced by Churchill and Roosevelt not to dismember Germany, after resistance by Churchill and Roosevelt, Stalin promised a re-organization of the current pro-Soviet government on a broader democratic basis in Poland. He stated that the new primary task would be to prepare elections. In addition to reparations, Stalin pushed for war booty, which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. At first, the Soviets concealed their role in other Eastern Bloc politics, as a young communist was told in East Germany, its got to look democratic, but we must have everything in our control. Moscow-trained cadres were put into crucial power positions to fulfill orders regarding sociopolitical transformation, elimination of the bourgeoisies social and financial power by expropriation of landed and industrial property was accorded absolute priority. These measures were publicly billed as reforms rather than socioeconomic transformations, the bloc system permitted the Soviet Union to exercise domestic control indirectly. Crucial departments such as responsible for personnel, general police, secret police
Eastern Bloc
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The Big Three:
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill,
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and
Premier of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin at the
Yalta Conference, February 1945.
Eastern Bloc
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Political situation in Europe during the
Cold War
Eastern Bloc
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World War II Polish Prime Minister Stanisław Mikołajczyk fled Poland in 1947 after facing arrest and persecution.
Eastern Bloc
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Germans watching Western supply planes at
Berlin Tempelhof Airport during the
Berlin Airlift.
29.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
Soviet Union
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Vladimir Lenin addressing a crowd with Trotsky, 1920
Soviet Union
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Flag
Soviet Union
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Stalin and
Nikolai Yezhov, head of the
NKVD. After Yezhov was executed, he was
edited out of the image.
Soviet Union
30.
Sam (Olympic Mascot)
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Sam the Olympic Eagle was the mascot of the 1984 Summer Olympics which were held in Los Angeles. He is an eagle, which is the national bird of the United States. Intended as a symbol, being named Sam also suggests a kinship with Uncle Sam. The mascot was designed by Disney Legend Bob Moore, an artist for Disney and he shares the name of Sam the Eagle from The Muppet Show, but the design is vastly different. He is still known as Eagle Sam in Japan, where a series of the same name ran during 1983
Sam (Olympic Mascot)
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Sam the Olympic Eagle
United States (host nation)
Romania
West Germany
China
Italy
Canada
Japan
New Zealand
Yugoslavia
South Korea
_boycotting_countries_(blue).png)
Afghanistan
Angola
Bulgaria
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Ethiopia
Hungary
Laos
Mongolia
North Korea
Poland
Soviet Union
Vietnam
Australia: Network Ten
Brazil: Rede Globo, Rede Manchete, Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão, Rede Record and Rede Bandeirantes
Ireland: RTÉ
United Kingdom: BBC
China: CCTV
United States: KABC-7 (ABC)
Sri Lanka: Rupavahini (SLRC)
Netherlands: NPO
Sweden: SVT
Norway: NRK
Canada: CBC
Japan: NHK
Hong Kong: ATV and TVB
Macau: TDM
Spain: TVE
Taiwan: TTV, CTV and CTS
South Korea: KBS and MBC
Mexico: Televisa
West Germany: ARD and ZDF
France: TF1
Thailand: National Television Thailand
India: Doordarshan
Turkey: TRT
New Zealand: TVNZ
Indonesia: TVRI Jakarta
Malaysia: Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad TV3 a member of New Straits Times Press (live direct television broadcast transmission)
Singapore: Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad TV3 a member of New Straits Times Press (live direct television broadcast transmission)
Philippines: GMA Radio-Television Arts and Radio Philippines Network
Venezuela: Venevision
Brunei: Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad TV3 a member of New Straits Times Press (live direct television broadcast transmission)
Italy: RAI
Chile: TVN, UC-TV
Argentina: Argentina Televisora Color, Canal 13, Canal 11
Romania: TVR
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