1.
1996
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January 3 – Motorola introduces the Motorola StarTAC Wearable Cellular Telephone, the worlds smallest and lightest mobile phone to date. January 4 – Hosni Mubarak, the president of Egypt, appoints a new government in response to accusations of corruption in the elections in late 1995. January 5 – Hamas operative Yahya Ayyash is assassinated by an Israeli Shabak-planted, january 7 – One of the worst blizzards in American history hits the eastern states, killing more than 150 people. Philadelphia receives a record 30.7 inches of snowfall, New York Citys public schools close for the first time in 18 years, january 8 – A Zairean cargo plane crashes into a crowded market in the center of the capital Kinshasa, killing 300. January 9–January 20 – Serious fighting breaks out between Russian soldiers and rebel fighters in Chechnya, january 11 – Ryutaro Hashimoto, leader of the Liberal Democratic Party, becomes Prime Minister of Japan. January 13 – Italys prime minister, Lamberto Dini, resigns after the failure of all-party talks to confirm him, New talks are initiated by president Oscar Luigi Scalfaro to form a new government. January 14 – Jorge Sampaio is elected president of Portugal, january 16 – President of Sierra Leone Valentine Strasser is deposed by the chief of defence, Julius Maada Bio. Bio promises to power following elections scheduled for February. The North Cape Barge is pulled along with it and leaks 820,000 gallons of heating oil. An Indonesian ferry sinks off the tip of Sumatra, drowning more than 100 people. January 20 – Yasser Arafat is re-elected president of the Palestinian Authority, january 21 – France undertakes its last nuclear weapon test. January 22 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece, resigns due to health problems, january 24 – Polish Premier Józef Oleksy resigns amid charges that he spied for Moscow. He is replaced by Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz, january 26 – Whitewater scandal, U. S. First Lady Hillary Clinton testifies before a grand jury, january 27 – Colonel Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara deposes the first democratically elected president of Niger, Mahamane Ousmane, in a military coup. January 29 President Jacques Chirac announces an end to French nuclear testing. Fire destroys La Fenice, Venices opera house, january 30 – Irish National Liberation Army leader Gino Gallagher is killed in an internal feud. January 30–February 5 – Sarah Balabagan is caned in the United Arab Emirates, january 31 Colombo Central Bank bombing, an explosives-filled truck rams into the gates of the Central Bank in Colombo, Sri Lanka, killing at least 86 and injuring 1,400. An explosion in Shaoyang, China kills 122 and injures over 400 when 10 short tons of dynamite in an explosives warehouse underneath an apartment building detonate
2.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
3.
Monarch
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A monarch is the sovereign head of state in a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, alternatively, an individual may become monarch by conquest, acclamation or a combination of means. A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication, if a young child is crowned the monarch, a regent is often appointed to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule. A monarch can reign in multiple monarchies simultaneously, for example, the monarchy of Canada and the monarchy of the United Kingdom are separate states, but they share the same monarch through personal union. Monarchs, as such, bear a variety of titles — king or queen, prince or princess, emperor or empress, archduke, duke or grand duke, Prince is sometimes used as a generic term to refer to any monarch regardless of title, especially in older texts. A king can also be a husband and a queen can be a kings wife. If both people in a reign, neither person is generally considered to be a consort. Monarchy is political or sociocultural in nature, and is associated with hereditary rule. Most monarchs, both historically and in the present day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, agnatic seniority, Salic law, etc. In an elective monarchy, the monarch is elected but otherwise serves as any other monarch, historical examples of elective monarchy include the Holy Roman Emperors and the free election of kings of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In recent centuries, many states have abolished the monarchy and become republics, advocacy of government by a republic is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchy is called monarchism. A principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the continuity of national leadership. In cases where the monarch serves mostly as a ceremonial figure real leadership does not depend on the monarch, a form of government may in fact be hereditary without being considered monarchy, such as a family dictatorship. Monarchies take a variety of forms, such as the two co-princes of Andorra, positions held simultaneously by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgel and the elected President of France. Similarly, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia is considered a monarch despite only holding the position for five years at a time, hereditary succession within one patrilineal family has been most common, with preference for children over siblings, sons over daughters. Other European realms practice one form or another of primogeniture, whereunder a lord was succeeded by his eldest son or, if he had none, by his brother, the system of tanistry was semi-elective and gave weight also to ability and merit. The Salic law, practiced in France and in the Italian territories of the House of Savoy, in most fiefs, in the event of the demise of all legitimate male members of the patrilineage, a female of the family could succeed. Spain today continues this model of succession law, in the form of cognatic primogeniture, in more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity and primogeniture battled, and outcomes were often idiosyncratic
4.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
5.
Governor-general
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Governor-General or governor general, in modern usage, is the title of an office-holder appointed to represent the monarch of a sovereign state in the governing of an independent realm. Governors-General have also previously been appointed in respect of major colonial states or other territories held by either a monarchy or republic, in modern usage, the term governor-general originated in those British colonies which became self-governing within the British Empire. In these cases, the Crowns representative in the federated Dominion was given the title of governor general. Another non-federal state, Newfoundland, was a Dominion for 16 years with the Kings representative retaining the title of governor throughout this time, since 2016, the title governor-general has been given to all representatives of the sovereign in independent Commonwealth realms. In these countries the governor-general acts as the representative, performing the ceremonial and constitutional functions of a head of state. The only other nation which uses the designation is Iran. In Iran, the authority is headed by a governor general. As such they held the prerogative powers of the monarch. The monarch or imperial government could overrule any governor-general, though this could often be cumbersome, the governors-general are entitled to wear a unique uniform, which are not generally worn today. If of the rank of general, equivalent or above. The report resulting from the 1926 Imperial Conference stated, in other words, the political reality of a self-governing Dominion within the British Empire with a governor-general answerable to the sovereign became clear. British interference in the Dominion was not acceptable and independent country status was clearly displayed, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were clearly not controlled by the United Kingdom. The governor-general, however, is appointed by the monarch. Executive authority is vested in the monarch, though much of it can be exercisable only by the governor-general on behalf of the sovereign of the independent realm. Except in rare cases, the only acts in accordance with constitutional convention and upon the advice of the national prime minister. The governor-general is still the representative of the sovereign and performs the same duties as they carried out historically. In some realms, the monarch could in principle overrule a governor-general, in Australia the present Queen is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as her representatives. However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions, to a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state
6.
Bill Hayden
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William George Bill Hayden AC is an Australian politician who was the 21st Governor-General of Australia from 1989 to 1996. He was previously the Leader of the Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition from 1977 to 1983, earlier he had briefly been the Treasurer of Australia under Gough Whitlam in 1975. Born in Brisbane, Bill Hayden was the son of George Hayden, an Irish-American sailor originally from Oakland, California, Hayden was educated at Brisbane State High School, played soccer for Eastern Suburbs FC and served in the Queensland Police Force from 1953 to 1961. He continued his education privately, completing a degree at the University of Queensland. Prior to the 1970s, he was a democratic socialist. During the late 1950s he became active in the Labor Party, in the 1961 federal election he surprised almost everyone, including himself, by winning the House of Representatives seat of Oxley, located in southwest Brisbane. He ousted Don Cameron, the Minister for Health in the Menzies Liberal government, Haydens win was part of a 15-seat swing to Labor that nearly brought down the Menzies government. One of the youngest members of the legislature, Hayden proved to be a diligent, in 1969 he became a member of the Opposition front bench. On 6 June 1975 he succeeded Jim Cairns as Treasurer, a position he held until the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, on 11 November 1975. Labor suffered its worst-ever defeat in the election held a month later, the Liberals Malcolm Fraser became Prime Minister, when Labor lost the 1977 election in yet another landslide, Whitlam retired as leader and Hayden was elected to succeed him. His political views had become more moderate, and he advocated economic policies which encompassed the private sector, several opinion polls during early 1980 showed the ALP under Hayden neck-and-neck with, or actually ahead of, Frasers administration. Labor finished a mere 0.8 percent behind Frasers government on the two-party vote, yet, due to the geographically uneven nature of the swing, Labor fell 12 seats short of toppling the Coalition. Hayden did, however, manage to slash Frasers majority, from 48 seats to 21 and he not only regained most of what Labor had lost in the previous two elections, but put the party within striking distance of winning the next election. By 1982 it was evident that Fraser was manoeuvring to call an early election, but the main threat to Hayden came less from Fraser than from elements in Haydens own party. Bob Hawke, a union leader who had been elected to Parliament two years earlier, began mobilising his supporters to challenge Haydens leadership. On 16 July 1982 Hayden narrowly defeated a challenge by Hawke in a party ballot, in December Labor surprised many pundits by its failure to win the vital Flinders by-election in Victoria, further raising doubts about Haydens ability to lead the ALP to power. On 3 February 1983, in a meeting in Brisbane, various leading Labor figures, including Paul Keating and Senator John Button, Hawke was then elected leader unopposed. Later that morning, unaware of the events in Brisbane, Fraser in Canberra called an election for 5 March
7.
William Deane
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Sir William Patrick Deane AC, KBE, QC is a former Australian judge and was the 22nd Governor-General of Australia. William Deane was born in the Melbourne suburb of St Kilda and he was educated at Catholic schools, including St Josephs College, Hunters Hill, and at the University of Sydney, where he graduated in arts and law. He also attended the Hague Academy of International Law, after graduation, Deane worked in the federal Attorney-Generals Department in Canberra and at the law firm Minter Simpson. He also travelled to Europe to study international law and he was called to the Sydney Bar in 1957 and also lectured in law at university. During this time, Deane was active in the Catholic community, in 1955 he briefly became a member of the Democratic Labor Party, a predominantly Catholic and anti-Communist breakaway from the Australian Labor Party. In June 1982 he was appointed to the High Court of Australia and he received a knighthood in August 1982. On the court he formed part of the majority which recognised native title in the landmark Mabo case of 1992. In August 1995, the Labor Prime Minister, Paul Keating, Deane retired from the High Court in November and was sworn in as Governor-General on 16 February 1996. Less than a month later the Liberal/National coalition led by John Howard defeated Keatings government in the Australian federal election,1996, Deane officially opened the 2000 Summer Olympics held in Sydney. He is also a Patron of Reconciliation Australia and of the Australian Indigenous Doctors Association, Government appointed him as Patron of the National Capitals 2013 Centenary Celebrations. He is a former Patron and Chair of international aid-organization CARE Australia, Deane was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 10 August 1982, a few weeks after being appointed to the High Court. On Australia Day 1988, he was made a Companion of the Order of Australia and he is also a Knight Commander with Star of the Papal Order of St. Gregory the Great and a Knight of the Venerable Order of St. John. In 2001, Deane was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize for his consistent support of vulnerable and disadvantaged Australians, governor General of Australia – Official biography of Sir William Deane and Lady Deane, published by Government House, Canberra. A Mirror to the People, documentary film on the Office of Governor-General of Australia, featuring Deane, Zelman Cowen, High Court biography Retrieved 20 August 2014
8.
Prime minister
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A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss members of the cabinet. In most systems, the minister is the presiding member. In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the minister is the presiding and actual head of government. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise powers that are constitutionally vested in the crown. The first actual usage of the prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers, the term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century, the monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII, William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I, Clarendon under Charles II and these ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as the minister, the chief minister, the first minister and finally the prime minister. The power of ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the skills of holding high office. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, when the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse, Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful, late in Annes reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power. The monarch could no longer any law or impose any tax without its permission. It is at point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714, George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government
9.
Paul Keating
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Paul John Keating is an Australian politician who was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia and the Leader of the Labor Party from 1991 to 1996. Keating was appointed Treasurer by newly elected Prime Minister Hawke in 1983, although lacking any formal education in economics, Keating went on to become arguably one of the most reforming Treasurers in Australian history. In 1990 he was elected Deputy Leader of the Labor Party, Keating later challenged Hawke for the leadership in June 1991, and resigned from the ministry following defeat. Six months later he challenged Hawke again, this time successfully, Policy package, despite consistently poor government opinion polls following the effects of the early 1990s recession. After being resoundingly defeated by John Howard at the 1996 election, Keating resigned as Prime Minister, Keating grew up in Bankstown, a working-class suburb of Sydney. He was one of four born to Matthew Keating, a boilermaker and trade union representative of Irish Catholic descent. His siblings include Anne Keating, a director and businesswoman. He then worked as assistant for a trade union, having joined the Labor Party as soon as he was eligible. In 1966, he became president of NSW Young Labor, in the 1960s, Keating also managed rock band The Ramrods. Through his contacts in the unions and the NSW Young Labor Council, Keating met future senior Labor figures such as Laurie Brereton, Graham Richardson and he also developed a friendship with former New South Wales Premier Jack Lang. In 1971, he succeeded in having Lang re-admitted to the Labor Party, after Labors defeat in the election one month later, Keating was promoted to become an opposition spokesman, as an opposition spokesman, his parliamentary style was that of an aggressive debater. In 1981, he was elected president of the New South Wales Labor Party, however, by 1982, his faction had swung behind Hawke, and Keating endorsed his challenge. The formal announcement of Keatings support for Hawke was written by a fellow Labor politician, although Hayden survived the challenge, pressure continued to mount on him, and he eventually resigned in February 1983 after a poor by-election result. Hawke was elected to him, and he subsequently led Labor to a landslide victory in the election just six weeks later. Following Labors victory in the 1983 election, Keating was appointed Treasurer of Australia by Prime Minister Bob Hawke – he would go on to hold that post until 1991. That the deficit had increased in the lead up to the election had not been disclosed in pre-election documents released by the Fraser government. According to Hawke, the historically large $9.6 billion budget deficit left by the Coalition became a stick with which we were able to beat the Liberal National Opposition for many years. Keating was one of the driving forces behind the various extensive macro-
10.
John Howard
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John Winston Howard, OM, AC was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia, serving from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. Only Sir Robert Menzies has served in the position longer, born in Sydney, Howard was a solicitor at Clayton Utz before entering politics, having studied law at the University of Sydney. A member of the Liberal Party and former president of the Young Liberals, he first stood for office at the 1968 New South Wales state election, but lost narrowly. At the 1974 federal election, Howard was elected to the Division of Bennelong and he was promoted to cabinet in 1977, and later in the year replaced Phillip Lynch as Treasurer of Australia, remaining in that position until the defeat of Malcolm Frasers government in 1983. In 1985, Howard was elected leader of the Liberal Party for the first time and he led the Liberal–National coalition to the 1987 federal election, but lost to Bob Hawkes Labor government, and was removed from the leadership in 1989. Remaining a key figure in the party, Howard was re-elected leader in 1995, after defeating Paul Keatings Labor government in 1996, the Howard Government was re-elected at the 1998,2001 and 2004 elections. Howards actions as prime minister included new gun laws, the introduction of a nationwide value-added tax, immigration reform, Australia also contributed troops to the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War under his government, and led the International Force for East Timor. The Howard government was defeated at the 2007 federal election, with the Labor Partys Kevin Rudd succeeding him as prime minister, Howard also lost his own seat at the election, becoming only the second prime minister to do so. John Howard is the son of Mona and Lyall Howard. His parents were married in 1925 and his eldest brother Stanley was born in 1926, followed by Walter in 1929, and Robert in 1936. Lyall Howard was an admirer of Winston Churchill, and sympathetic to the New Guard during its early years, Howards ancestors were English, Scottish and Irish. Howard was born and raised in the Sydney suburb of Earlwood and his mother had been an office worker until her marriage. His father and his grandfather, Walter Howard, were both veterans of the First AIF in World War I. They also ran two Dulwich Hill petrol stations where Howard worked as a boy, Lyall Howard died in 1955 when John was sixteen, leaving his mother to take care of John. Howard suffered an impairment in his youth, leaving him with a slight speech impediment. It also influenced him in ways, limiting his early academic performance, encouraging a reliance on an excellent memory. Howard attended the state schools Earlwood Primary School and Canterbury Boys High School, Howard won a citizenship prize in his final year at Earlwood, and subsequently represented his secondary school at debating as well as cricket and rugby. In his final year at school he took part in a show hosted by Jack Davey, Give It a Go broadcast on the commercial radio station, 2GB
11.
Election
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An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century, Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is used in many other private and business organizations. Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place, psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to elections. To elect means to choose or make a decision, and so other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections. Elections were used as early in history as ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor, in Vedic period of India, the raja of a gana was apparently elected by the gana. The raja belonged to the noble Kshatriya varna, and was typically a son of the previous raja, however, the gana members had the final say in his elections. The Pala king Gopala in early medieval Bengal was elected by a group of feudal chieftains, such elections were quite common in contemporary societies of the region. In Chola Empire, around 920 CE, in Uthiramerur, palm leaves were used for selecting the village committee members, the leaves, with candidate names written on them, were put inside a mud pot. To select the members, a young boy was asked to take out as many leaves as the number of positions available. This was known as the Kudavolai system, ancient Arabs also used election to choose their caliph, Uthman and Ali, in the early medieval Rashidun Caliphate. Questions of suffrage, especially suffrage for minority groups, have dominated the history of elections, males, the dominate cultural group in North America and Europe, often dominated the electorate and continue to do so in many countries. Early elections in such as the United Kingdom and the United States were dominated by landed or ruling class males. However, by 1920 all Western European and North American democracies had universal male suffrage. Despite legally mandated universal suffrage for males, political barriers were sometimes erected to prevent fair access to elections. The question of who may vote is an issue in elections. In Australia Aboriginal people were not given the right to vote until 1962, suffrage is typically only for citizens of the country, though further limits may be imposed. However, in the European Union, one can vote in municipal elections if one lives in the municipality and is an EU citizen, the nationality of the country of residence is not required
12.
Australian federal election, 1996
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Federal elections were held in Australia on 2 March 1996. All 148 seats in the House of Representatives and 40 seats in the 76-member Senate were up for election, **Figure is a swing compared to Liberal vote at the last election. Overall the coalition won 29 seats from Labor while the ALP won 4 seats from the Liberals and these 4 seats were Canberra and Namadgi in the ACT and Isaacs in Victoria and the Division of Bruce in Victoria. The ACT seats fell to Labor due to a return to the ALP in a traditional Labor town by public servants fearing conservative cuts. Isaacs fell to Labor due to demographic changes due to a redistribution of electoral boundaries, John Howard, who had previously led the Liberal Party from 1985 to 1989, had returned to the leadership in January 1995 following a disastrous 8 months under the leadership of Alexander Downer. Downer and Peter Costello had succeeded Dr. John Hewson and Michael Wooldridge early in 1994 and were touted as the leaders of the new-generation Liberals. In the end, the party opted for the seasoned Howard, Howard approached the campaign with a determination to present as small a target as possible. Throughout 1995, he refused to detail specific policy proposals, focusing the Coalitions attacks mainly on the longevity, by 1996, however, it was clear that the electorate had tired of Labor and Paul Keating in particular. The recession we had to have line resonated with deadly force throughout the electorate and he also promised to retain Medicare and hold a constitutional convention to decide whether Australia would become a republic. The election-eve Newspoll reported the Liberal/National Coalition on a 53.5 percent two-party-preferred vote, Labor lost five percent of its two-party vote from 1993, and tallied its lowest primary vote since 1934. The swing against Labor was not in and of itself enough to cause a change of government, however, Labor lost 13 of its 33 seats in New South Wales, and all but two of its 13 seats in Queensland. The 29-seat swing was the second-largest defeat, in terms of seats lost, three members of Keatings government—including Attorney-General Michael Lavarch —lost their seats. Keating resigned as Labor leader on the night of the election, due in part to this large swing, Howard entered office with a 45-seat majority, the second-largest in Australian history. The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right at this election with 75 seats, although Howard had no need for the support of the Nationals, the Coalition was retained. com election details Preference flows – ABC
13.
Tasmania
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Tasmania is an island state of the Commonwealth of Australia. It is located 240 km to the south of the Australian mainland, the state encompasses the main island of Tasmania, the 26th-largest island in the world, and the surrounding 334 islands. The state has a population of around 519,100, just over forty percent of which resides in the Greater Hobart precinct, Tasmanias area is 68,401 km2, of which the main island covers 64,519 km2. Though an island state, due to an error the state shares a land border with Victoria at its northernmost terrestrial point, Boundary Islet. The Bishop and Clerk Islets, about 37 km south of Macquarie Island, are the southernmost terrestrial point of the state of Tasmania, the island is believed to have been occupied by Aboriginals for 40,000 years before British colonisation. It is thought Tasmanian Aboriginals were separated from the mainland Aboriginal groups about 10,000 years ago when the sea rose to form Bass Strait. The conflict, which peaked between 1825 and 1831 and led to more than three years of law, cost the lives of almost 1100 Aboriginals and settlers. The near-destruction of Tasmanias Aboriginal population has been described by historians as an act of genocide by the British. The island was part of the Colony of New South Wales. In 1854 the present Constitution of Tasmania was passed and the year the state received permission to change its name to Tasmania. In 1901 it became a state through the process of the Federation of Australia, the state is named after Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who made the first reported European sighting of the island on 24 November 1642. Tasman named the island Anthony van Diemens Land after his sponsor Anthony van Diemen, the name was later shortened to Van Diemens Land by the British. It was officially renamed Tasmania in honour of its first European discoverer on 1 January 1856, Tasmania was sometimes referred to as Dervon, as mentioned in the Jerilderie Letter written by the notorious Australian bushranger Ned Kelly in 1879. The colloquial expression for the state is Tassie, Tasmania is also colloquially shortened to Tas, especially when used in business names and website addresses. TAS is also the Australia Post abbreviation for the state, the reconstructed Palawa kani language name for Tasmania is Lutriwita. The island was adjoined to the mainland of Australia until the end of the last glacial period about 10,000 years ago, much of the island is composed of Jurassic dolerite intrusions through other rock types, sometimes forming large columnar joints. Tasmania has the worlds largest areas of dolerite, with many distinctive mountains, the central plateau and the southeast portions of the island are mostly dolerite. Mount Wellington above Hobart is an example, showing distinct columns known as the Organ Pipes
14.
Victoria (Australia)
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Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
15.
Western Australia
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Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Southern Ocean to the south, the state has about 2.6 million inhabitants, around 11% of the national total. 92% of the lives in the south-west corner of the state. The first European visitor to Western Australia was the Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog, the first European settlement of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major Edmund Lockyer on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the New South Wales colonial government. This was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital, york was the first inland settlement in Western Australia. Situated 97 kilometres east of Perth, it was settled on 16 September 1831, Western Australia achieved responsible government in 1890, and federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901. Today its economy relies on mining, agriculture and tourism. The state produces 46% of Australias exports, Western Australia is the second-largest iron ore producer in the world. The International Hydrographic Organization designates the body of water south of the continent as part of the Indian Ocean, the total length of the states eastern border is 1,862 km. There are 20,781 km of coastline, including 7,892 km of island coastline, the total land area occupied by the state is 2.5 million km2. Most of the state is a low plateau with an elevation of about 400 metres, very low relief. This descends relatively sharply to the plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment. The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile, even soils derived from granitic bedrock contain an order of magnitude less available phosphorus and only half as much nitrogen as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or ironstone are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and also deficient in zinc, copper, molybdenum, the infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of chemical fertilisers, particularly superphosphate, insecticides and herbicides. These have resulted in damage to invertebrate and bacterial populations, the grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in compaction of soils and great damage to the fragile soils. Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora, large areas of the states wheatbelt region have problems with dryland salinity and the loss of fresh water. The southwest coastal area has a Mediterranean climate and it was originally heavily forested, including large stands of karri, one of the tallest trees in the world. This agricultural region is one of the nine most bio-diverse terrestrial habitats, thanks to the offshore Leeuwin Current, the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly coral reefs in the world
16.
Monarchy of Australia
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The monarchy of Australia is a form of government in which a hereditary king or queen serves as the nations sovereign. The present monarch is Elizabeth II, styled Queen of Australia and she is represented in Australia by the governor-general, in accordance with the Australian constitution and letters patent from the Queen. In each of the states, the monarch is represented by a governor, the Australian monarch, besides reigning in Australia, separately serves as monarch for each of 15 other Commonwealth nations known as realms. This developed from the colonial relationship between these countries and the United Kingdom, but they are now independent of each other and are legally distinct. Likewise, on all matters relating to any Australian state, the monarch is advised by the ministers of the Crown of that state, the British government is thus considered a foreign power in regard to Australias domestic and foreign affairs. The sovereigns Australian title is currently Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Typically, the monarch is styled King or Queen of Australia and is addressed as such when in Australia or performing duties on behalf of Australia abroad, prior to 1953, the title had simply been the same as that in the United Kingdom. Australia, however, wished to have the United Kingdom mentioned as well, thus, the resolution was a title that included the United Kingdom but, for the first time, also separately mentioned Australia and the other Commonwealth realms. The passage of a new Royal Style and Titles Act by the Parliament of Australia put these recommendations into law, Queen Elizabeth II signed her assent at Government House, Canberra, on 19 October 1973. Australia does not pay any money to the Queen, either for personal income or to support the royal residences outside Australia, only when the Queen is in Australia does the Australian government support her in the performance of her duties. This rule applies equally to members of the Royal Family. Succession is according to British laws that have incorporated into Australian law. By adhering to the Statute of Westminster in 1942, Australia agreed to change its rules of only in agreement with the UK. Parallel proclamations are made by the governors in each state, regardless of any proclamations, the late sovereigns heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death. The legal personality of a component of the Australian state is expressed by reference to the sovereign. In criminal prosecutions, the state as a party is named as The Queen—for instance. However, the prosecutors themselves are referred to as representing the Crown, more commonly and conveniently, however, the entity is referred to directly—for example, as The Commonwealth or The State of New South Wales or simply New South Wales
17.
Governor-General of Australia
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The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the Australian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor-General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia, when travelling abroad, the Governor-General is seen as the representative of Australia, and of the Queen of Australia, so is treated as a head of state. The Governor-General is supported by a staff headed by the Official Secretary to the Governor-General, a Governor-General is not appointed for a specific term, but is generally expected to serve for five years subject to a possible short extension. Since 28 March 2014, the Governor-General has been General Sir Peter Cosgrove, from Federation in 1901 until 1965,11 out of the 15 Governors-General were British aristocrats, they included four barons, three viscounts, three earls, and one prince. Since then, all but one of the Governors-General have been Australian-born, as of 2017, only one Governor-General, Dame Quentin Bryce, was a woman. The selection of a Governor-General is a responsibility for the Prime Minister of Australia, the candidate is approached privately to confirm whether they are willing to accept the appointment. The prime minister advises the monarch to appoint his nominee. This has been the procedure since November 1930, when James Scullins proposed appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs was fiercely opposed by the British government, Scullin was equally insistent that the monarch must act on the relevant prime ministers direct advice. Both of these appointments had been agreed to despite British government objections, despite these precedents, George V remained reluctant to accept Scullins recommendation of Isaacs and asked him to consider Field Marshal Sir William Birdwood. However, Scullin stood firm, and, on 29 November, the King agreed to Isaacss appointment and this right to not only advise the monarch directly, but also to expect that advice to be accepted, was soon taken up by all the other Dominion prime ministers. This, among other things, led to the Statute of Westminster 1931, having agreed to the appointment, the monarch then permits it to be publicly announced in advance, usually several months before the end of the current Governor-Generals term. During these months, the person is referred to as the Governor-General-designate, the actual appointment is made by the monarch. Governors-General have during their tenure the style His/Her Excellency the Honourable, since May 2013, the style used by a former Governor-General is the Honourable, it was at the same time retrospectively granted for life to all previous holders of the office. From the creation of the Order of Australia in 1975, the Governor-General was, ex officio, Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order, and therefore became entitled to the post-nominal AC. In 1986 the Letters Patent were amended again, and Governors-General appointed from that time were again, ex officio, until 1989, all Governors-General were members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and thus held the additional style the Right Honourable for life. The same individuals were also usually either peers, knights, or both, in 1989, Bill Hayden, a republican, declined appointment to the British Privy Council and any imperial honours. Dame Quentin Bryce was the first Governor-General to have had no title or pre-nominal style. Until 2015, the honour continued after the retirement from office of the Governor-General, formerly, the Governor-General automatically became a knight or dame upon being sworn in
18.
Prime Minister of Australia
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The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
19.
Chief Justice of Australia
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The Chief Justice of Australia is the informal title for the presiding justice of the High Court of Australia and the highest-ranking judicial officer in the Commonwealth of Australia. The incumbent is Susan Kiefel, the first woman to hold the office, the Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903, with the first appointments to the High Court commencing on 5 October 1903. The Chief Justice is first among equals among the Justices of the High Court, all Justices, including the Chief Justice, are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government. They can be removed only by the Governor-General, on a request from both houses of the parliament, although this has never been done. Since 1977, appointment has been until the retirement age of seventy. The Chief Justice often acts as the Governor-Generals deputy, especially at such as the opening of Parliament after an election. Chief Justice Samuel Griffith was several times consulted by Governors-General of Australia on the exercise of the reserve powers, the Chief Justice also administers the Oath of Allegiance to the Monarch and an Oath of Office to the Governor-General-designate when he or she takes up his or her appointment. Chief Justice Sir John Latham was absent from the office when he served from 1940 to 1941 as Australias first ambassador to Japan, Sir George Rich was Acting Chief Justice in Lathams absence
20.
Premier of New South Wales
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The Premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature, prior to Federation in 1901 the term Prime Minister of New South Wales was used, Premier was used from 1901. The current Premier is Gladys Berejiklian, the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party, Berejiklian replaced Mike Baird on 23 January 2017, after Baird resigned as Premier. As of January 2017, nine former Premiers are alive, the oldest being Barrie Unsworth, the most recent premier to die was Tom Lewis on 25 April 2016. List of Premiers of New South Wales by time in office Deputy Premier of New South Wales
21.
Bob Carr
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Robert John Bob Carr is a former politician from Australia. From 4 April 1995 to 3 August 2005, Carr was the Premier of New South Wales and he was the longest continuously serving Premier of the state. Carr was born in the suburb of Matraville in Sydney, to Edward and he was educated at Matraville High School from which he graduated as dux in 1964. He was the first person in his family to finish high school, while still a 15-year-old student at school, Carr joined the local branch of the Australian Labor Party. He would go on to become the President of the New South Wales branch and he completed his tertiary education at the University of New South Wales, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with Honours in History. After graduation, Carr worked as a journalist for the ABC Radios AM and he was also a reporter on industrial relations and politics for The Bulletin magazine from 1978 to 1983. He later recalled that his work as a journalist provided good preparation for his political career and he also spent a period working as an education officer for the Labor Council of New South Wales. In 1972, Carr met a Malaysian economics student, Helena John on a holiday in Tahiti, Helena Carr became a successful businesswoman, while she largely remained out of the political spotlight during her husbands career. Carr entered the New South Wales Legislative Assembly at a by-election in October 1983 as the member for Maroubra, in December 1984 he was appointed Minister for Planning and the Environment in the Neville Wran government. In February 1986 he also took on the Consumer Affairs portfolio, as planning minister, Carr released a new metropolitan planning strategy for the capital, to replace the 1968 Sydney Region Outline Plan. The Unsworth Labor government was defeated in a landslide in March 1988, Carr was interested in international relations, and his long-term ambition was to enter federal politics and become Minister for Foreign Affairs. However, following the election Carr was pressured by his own right–wing faction to stand for the leadership. Further, the party organisation did not want Laurie Brereton as leader, he would go on to represent the seat of Kingsford Smith. Polling in the lead-up to the 1991 election predicted another heavy defeat, however, Labor regained all but one of the seats lost at the previous election. As a result, while the Coalition won 52 per cent of the two-party vote, Labor scored a 10-seat swing, Greiner was forced into a minority government with the support of independents. In 1992 Greiner resigned following adverse findings against him from the Independent Commission Against Corruption, John Fahey replaced him as premier, but was hampered by his need to negotiate with independents. Labor won the 1995 election with a majority of one seat, following the narrow 1995 victory, Labor was re-elected by a much bigger margin in the 1999 poll with 55 seats out of 93. He was re-elected with the margin in the 2003 election
22.
Premier of Queensland
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The Premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland. By convention the Premier is the leader of the party with a majority in the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Queensland, the incumbent Premier of Queensland since the 2015 election is Annastacia Palaszczuk of the Australian Labor Party. Under section 42 of the Constitution of Queensland the Premier and other members of Cabinet are appointed by the Governor and are responsible to Parliament. The text of the Constitution assigns to the Premier certain powers, such as the power to assign roles to Assistant Ministers, although ministerial appointments are the prerogative of the Governor of Queensland, in normal circumstances the Governor will make these appointments under the advice of the Premier. A re-elected government will be resworn, with adjustments to the ministry as determined by the Premier, the Premier has an office in the Executive Annexe of Parliament House, Brisbane, which is normally used while Parliament is sitting. At other times the Premiers ministerial office is in 1 William Street, before the 1890s, there was no developed party system in Queensland. Political affiliation labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and disorganised by modern standards. As of February 2015, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being Russell Cooper, the most recent premier to die was Wayne Goss, on 10 November 2014. List of Premiers of Queensland by time in office Government of Queensland Politics of Queensland
23.
Wayne Goss
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This is 34th Premier of Queensland. For the makeup artist and YouTube personality, please see Wayne Goss, Wayne Keith Goss was Premier of Queensland, Australia, from 7 December 1989 until 19 February 1996, becoming the first Labor Premier in over 32 years. Prior to entering politics, Goss was a solicitor, and after leaving politics he served as Chairman of the Queensland Art Gallery and he was born at Mundubbera, Queensland, and grew up at Inala where he was educated at Inala State High School and the University of Queensland. Goss entered state politics as an Australian Labor Party MLA in 1983 for the district of Salisbury and, from 1986 onwards. Along with others, Goss was a key figure in the 1970s-1980s Civil liberties fight against the Bjelke-Petersen Government, Goss was elected Leader of the Opposition in March 1988. Goss led Labor into the 1989 state election against the National Party government of Russell Cooper, the Queensland Nationals were still reeling from revelations of the rampant corruption of longtime premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen, and polls showed Labor had its best chance of winning power in years. Labor had been in opposition since 1957, and last made a bid for government in 1972. Cooper had toppled Bjelke-Petersens immediate successor, Mike Ahern, in a September party-room coup, Goss seized on National ads arguing that his plans to decriminalise homosexuality would result in gays flooding into Queensland. He replied with ads painting Cooper as a reactionary and a carbon copy of Bjelke-Petersen. Goss and Labor won a majority government at the 1989 election, scoring a 24-seat swing. This was fueled by a massive Labor wave that swept through Brisbane, Labor won all but five of the capitals 36 seats. His election win, which ended 32 years of Coalition/National Party rule, was seen as the end of the Bjelke-Petersen era, once installed in office, he presided over the implementation of many of the reforms of the landmark Fitzgerald Inquiry into police corruption. Goss won a term at the 1992 state election, maintaining the same 19-seat majority he won in 1989 over the National Party. Before the 1995 election the Goss Government announced a plan to clear sensitive bushland for an alternative to one of south-east Queenslands major roadways. This prompted the Greens Party to do something it had never done before, it recommended that its supporters not give their preference, on voting ballots. Partly as a result of this, as well as the unpopularity of Gosss management style and growing anger at the federal Labor government. Notably, it lost several seats in Brisbanes Bayside area, known as the seats because of the passion stirred up by a belief that the new road would destroy the habitat of koalas. This seemingly allowing Labor to salvage a knife-edge majority of one seat, after the 1995 election, Labors majority hung on the Townsville seat of Mundingburra, which had been won by Labors Ken Davies by only 12 votes over the Coalitions Frank Tanti
24.
Rob Borbidge
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Robert Edward Borbidge AO is a former Australian politician who served as the 35th premier of Queensland from 1996 to 1998. He was the leader of the Queensland branch of the National Party and his term as premier was contemporaneous with the rise of the One Nation Party of Pauline Hanson, which would see him lose office within two years. Borbidge was born in the town of Ararat, Victoria in 1954 and his parents owned a sheep property and were attracted to Queensland by Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersens abolition of death duties, moving to the Gold Coast. He attended The Southport School and worked in his family motel business, also in the mid-1970s, it began contesting seats in urbanised areas such as the Gold Coast outside of its rural heartland. Borbidge, as a member of the new generation of Nationals untouched by scandal, was promoted by Ahern to Cabinet as Minister for Small Business, Communications. In the post-election party room ballot, Borbidge was elected deputy leader of the party, the shell-shocked Nationals worked at rebuilding the fragile coalition with the Liberals and adjusting to opposition after 32 years in office. In December 1991 an inquiry by the Criminal Justice Commission was announced to investigate irregularities in the travel allowances of members of Parliament, cooper announced that he was one of the individuals under investigation and resigned as National Party leader in favour of Borbidge. This did not eventuate, Goss remained in office, and the parties discussed merging before agreeing to sign a new coalition agreement. Borbidge and Liberal leader Joan Sheldon initially failed to make headway against the Goss government. In response to speculation about the leadership, Borbidge resigned as leader in June 1994 before being re-elected unopposed, the Goss governments fortunes suffered a sharp reversal when it announced plans to construct a bypass through areas of bushland that comprised significant reserves of koala habitats. Borbidge harnessed the ground swell of opposition arising from this and other controversial decisions to encourage a large protest vote, combined with the cynical mood engendered by the unpopular Keating Labor federal government, this protest vote nearly destroyed the Goss governments majority in the July 1995 election. While the Coalition won the vote, most of that vote was wasted on large margins in the Nationals heartland. As a result, while it managed an eight-seat swing, it won nine seats in Brisbane. The Court of Disputed Returns ordered a reballot after alleged irregularities in the narrowly Labor held electorate of Mundingburra, in February 1996 the Liberal candidate, Frank Tanti, won the subsequent by-election. This resulted in a parliament with 44 Coalition seats and 44 Labor seats with one Independent, Liz Cunningham. Cunningham announced that she would support the Coalition, and Borbidge became Premier, Borbidges government imitated that of Goss when it initiated sweeping changes in the public service when it won office. In some cases, figures who had been demoted or dismissed when Goss had come to power were reinstated to their former positions, Borbidge was criticised for attempting to stack the public service, but he counter-alleged that the public service was already subject to severe Labor bias. Borbidge also supported Howard in his efforts to reform Australian gun ownership laws after the Port Arthur massacre, however, the Act was supported by the National party federally
25.
Premier of South Australia
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The Premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia, Australia. The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature, the current Premier is Jay Weatherill, the Leader of the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party. Weatherill replaced Mike Rann on 21 October 2011, after Rann resigned as Premier, before the 1890s when there was no formal party system in South Australia, MPs tended to have historical liberal or conservative beliefs. The liberals dominated government from the 1893 election to 1905 election with the support of the South Australian United Labor Party, Labor took government with the support of eight dissident liberals in 1905 when Labor won the most seats for the first time. The rise of Labor saw non-Labor politics start to merge into various party incarnations, Labor formed South Australias first majority government after winning the 1910 state election, triggering the merger. The 1910 election came two weeks after federal Labor formed Australias first elected majority government at the 1910 federal election, no Country or rural conservative parties emerged as serious long-term forces in South Australian state politics, often folding into the main non-Labor party. There are six living former premiers, the oldest being Steele Hall, the most recent premier to die was John Bannon on 13 December 2015. In the following timeline, the legend includes the Liberal and Democratic Union, the Liberal Union, the Liberal Party of Australia is represented as Liberal only. The grey area represents the duration of Playmander electoral malapportionment, beginning in 1936, in effect until the 1970 election
26.
Dean Brown
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Prior to entering politics Brown was a research scientist. Dean Browns political career was marked by his rivalry with John Olsen and he was first elected to the House of Assembly for the safe Liberal seat of Davenport in east Adelaide on 10 March 1973, and joined the Liberal Movement faction of the party. He served in the ministry of David Tonkin from 1979 to 1982, after Tonkin lost the 1982 election and retired from politics, Brown ran in the ensuing leadership election, losing to Olsen. For the 1985 election, an electoral redistribution left both Brown and Stan Evans, the member for Fisher, vying for Liberal preselection in Davenport, in the ensuing factional battle, Brown won preselection, but Evans remained in the race as an Independent Liberal. At the election, Brown suffered a swing of 30 percent on the vote and 24 percent on the two-party vote. Dean Brown returned to politics in 1992, the Labor government of John Bannon was embarrassed by the losses of the State Bank of South Australia, but incumbent Opposition Leader Dale Baker was unable to capitalise. Baker resigned and called a spill for all leadership positions and it initially appeared that Olsen, who had been appointed to the Australian Senate after losing the 1989 state election, would return to his old post with little difficulty. The Liberal Partys conservative faction persuaded Roger Goldsworthy to resign his seat of Kavel. This allowed both Brown and Olsen to re-enter parliament at by-elections on the day, the 1992 Kavel by-election and 1992 Alexandra by-election respectively. In the ensuing ballot, Brown narrowly defeated Olsen, Bannon retired in late 1992 and was succeeded by Lynn Arnold. However, Arnold was unable to change Labors fortunes, and Brown went into the 1993 election as a favourite to be the states next premier. At that election, Brown led the Liberals to one of the biggest landslides ever recorded at the level in Australia. They took 14 seats from Labor and won a record 61 percent of the two-party vote and they also won all but nine seats in Adelaide, Labors power base for more than half a century—in some cases, taking seats where Labor had not been seriously threatened in decades. At this election, Brown was elected for Finniss, a version of Alexandra. With a 14-seat majority—the largest in South Australias history—Brown seemed to be in a formidable position, indeed, there was talk that the Liberals would be in power for a generation. However, he had considerable difficulty reining in his large party room and he didnt seem to project an image of confident leadership. By late 1996, the Liberals poll numbers had stalled, well aware that the Liberals had a year at most to recover before a statutory general election, two prominent moderate backbenchers, Joan Hall and Graham Ingerson, threw their support to Olsen. With Hall and Ingersons backing, Olsen launched a successful coup against Brown in November
27.
John Olsen
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John Wayne Olsen, AO was Premier of South Australia between 28 November 1996 and 22 October 2001. He was twice the parliamentary leader of the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia in the South Australian House of Assembly, from 1982 to 1990 and he unsuccessfully led the party to both the 1985 election and 1989 election. In 1990, Olsen was appointed to a vacancy in the Australian Senate. Due to the Motorola affair where Olsen misled parliament, he resigned the premiership to Rob Kerin several months before the 2002 election where the Liberals lost government, Olsen is the longest-serving Liberal Party of Australia Premier of South Australia and the fourth-longest-serving Leader of the Opposition. Olsen was first elected to the South Australian House of Assembly at the 1979 election as a Liberal in the seat of Rocky River and he had previously been the last mayor of the Corporate Town of Kadina from 1974 to 1977. He represented this seat, renamed Custance at the 1985 election, Olsens political career was marked by a bitter rivalry with Dean Brown, the two representing the conservative and moderate wings of the South Australian Liberal Party respectively. After the 1982 election and the defeat and retirement of David Tonkin, Olsen defeated Brown for the state Liberal Party leadership. Up against the Labor premier John Bannon, Olsen lost both the 1985 election and 1989 election, in the latter election, while the Liberals won a majority of the two-party vote with a five-seat swing, the party came up two seats short of forming majority government. Olsen resigned as state Liberal leader soon after the election and returned to the backbench and he was appointed to the Australian Senate in 1990 to fill a casual vacancy caused by the resignation of Tony Messner. However, in 1992, after less than two years in the Senate, he resigned to return to state politics, the Bannon government was under pressure from the collapse of the State Bank of South Australia. However, Olsens successor as state Liberal leader, Dale Baker, was unable to gain significant ground, Baker resigned as state Liberal leader in 1992 and called a spill for all leadership positions, intending for Olsen to return to his old post. To facilitate this, former Deputy Premier Roger Goldsworthy, a member of the Liberals right wing, resigned his Adelaide Hills seat of Kavel. Olsen returned to the House of Assembly at the 1992 Kavel by-election, on the day as Brown at the 1992 Alexandra by-election. Soon after taking office, Olsen led negotiations with Motorola to build a centre in Adelaide. Motorola decided to open the centre in April after winning a number of incentives, including becoming the supplier for a government radio network, during a September Question Time, Olsen stated that there had been no discussions with Motorola about the radio contract. This statement would ultimately prove to be his undoing, by the fall of 1996, however, the Liberals poll numbers under Dean Brown were stagnating in the face of factional battles and concerns about the slow pace of reform. With a statutory general election due in 1997, two prominent Liberal moderate backbenchers, Joan Hall and Graham Ingerson, threw their support to Olsen. With Hall and Ingersons support, Olsen again challenged for the party leadership in November 1996 and it was the first time a Leader of the Opposition became Premier without winning an election first
28.
Premier of Tasmania
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The Premier of Tasmania is the head of the executive government in the Australian state of Tasmania. By convention, the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly will nominate its leader to be Premier, the nominated politician is then invited by the Governor of Tasmania to act as their principal adviser. Before the 1890s, there was no party system in Tasmania. Party labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, the current convention of appointing the Premier from the House of Assembly was not generally applied prior to 1920, with Premiers often appointed from the Legislative Council. The incumbent Premier of Tasmania since the 2014 election is Will Hodgman of the Liberal Party of Australia, as of 24 January 2011, eight former premiers are alive, the oldest being Tony Rundle. The most recent premier to die was Sir Angus Bethune, on 27 August 2004, the most recently serving premier to die was Jim Bacon, on 20 June 2004. List of Premiers of Tasmania by time in office Leader of the Opposition Governors of Tasmania PREMIERS OF TASMANIA Parliament of Tasmania
29.
Ray Groom
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Raymond John Ray Groom AO is an Australian lawyer and former sportsman and politician, representing the Liberal Party in the Federal Parliament 1975–84 and the Tasmanian Parliament 1986–2001. He was a Federal and state minister for a total of 13 years and he was Premier of Tasmania from 1992 to 1996 and also served as Deputy Premier and Attorney-General. Ray Groom was born in Elsternwick, a suburb of Melbourne and his family moved to Tasmania when he was a young child. He attended schools in both Victoria and Tasmania and he initially played senior Australian rules football in Tasmania with the Cooee Football Club commencing at 16 years of age. He represented the North Western Football Union and Tasmania before joining the Melbourne Football Club in 1963 and he played 96 senior games with Melbourne from 1963 to 1968 at centre half forward, as a ruck rover and at centre half back. On Ron Barassis retirement, Groom was invited by Melbourne coach Norm Smith to wear the clubs prized Number 31 guernsey and he represented Victoria and won the Keith Bluey Truscott Medal as Melbournes Best and Fairest player in 1968. Groom later represented Tasmania at the 1969 Australian Rules National Carnival in Adelaide and he won state titles in both Tasmania and Victoria as a sprinter and long jumper. After obtaining a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Melbourne in 1967 he practised as a barrister and solicitor in Melbourne and later in Tasmania. He was a partner in the Tasmanian firm of Crisp, Hudson & Mann and appeared regularly in the Supreme Court of Tasmania on trial and appeal matters, Groom first stood for the House of Representatives seat of Braddon in 1974 at the age of 29 but was unsuccessful. In 1975 he ran for Braddon again and won, and held it until 1984 and his 1975 election result was significant in that as a Liberal candidate he outpolled a Labor opponent on the West Coast of Tasmania, the first time this had ever occurred. In the 1974 and 1983 Australian federal elections, he achieved the largest swing of any Liberal candidate in the nation, between the election of 1974 and his last election in 1983, the Liberal two-party vote in Braddon increased from 38% to 63%. He retired from the Australian Parliament immediately prior to the 1984 election and he and his family moved from Burnie to Hobart at the end of 1984 and he was then appointed senior advisor to the Tasmanian Premier Robin Gray. In 1986 he re-entered politics as a member for Denison in the Tasmanian House of Assembly and he immediately became the Minister for Forests, Mines and Sea Fisheries. In November 1988, he became deputy leader of the state Liberal Party and he became deputy opposition leader after the Liberals defeat in 1989. After the 1996 election, the Liberals suffered a swing, losing their majority. The balance of power rested with the Australian Greens, but the Australian Labor Party refused to enter into any agreement with them and this left a Liberal minority government supported by the Greens as the only realistic option. However, Groom had promised before the election that he would govern in majority. He was replaced by Tony Rundle, who reached an agreement with the Greens
30.
Tony Rundle
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Anthony Maxwell Rundle AO was the Premier of the Australian State of Tasmania from 18 March 1996 to 14 September 1998. He succeeded Ray Groom and was succeeded himself by Jim Bacon and he is a Liberal who held the seat of Braddon between 1986 and 2002. A former journalist, he is married to Caroline Watt and he has twin daughters Helen and Jane from his first marriage. Rundle was first elected as member for Braddon in 1986 he held the seat during the 1989,1992 and 1996 elections and he served as Speaker of the Tasmanian House of Assembly from 1988 to 1989. During the 1996 election, Liberal Premier Ray Groom promised he would govern in majority. At that election, the Liberals suffered a swing and lost their majority. The Labor Party refused to enter into any agreement with the Greens, Groom resigned rather than break his pre-election pledge, and Rundle was elected Liberal leader and hence Premier. During Rundles minority government, unemployment rose and the economy struggled. The Labor party exploited this in hopes of discrediting the Liberals economic credibility, however, others simply blamed the bad economic conditions on lack of investment in the state for fear of minority government. In his government Rundle granted the Greens offices, staff and more parliamentary resources and he came under pressure from lobby groups to reduce the size of parliament, mostly for cost cutting purposes. There were numerous proposals including having three multi-member seats in the Tasmanian House of Assembly electing nine members each, others proposed abolishing the Tasmanian Legislative Council and merging some of its electorates into the House of Assembly. The Australian Labor Party proposed a 40-member parliament with 25 members in the House of Assembly and 15 members in the Legislative Council, the Labor Party proposal was backed by many business groups and the Legislative Council as it would reduce the chance of a minority government. Rundle however refused to support Labors proposal, as it was likely to lead to his downfall, one Liberal member, Bob Cheek, crossed the floor to support Labors proposal, he was later forced to resign from his position as secretary for small business. The Rundle government was unable to get support from the Legislative Council for its alternatives and wasnt able to abandon the issue, in a speech Rundle stated While this new model isnt perfect, at least a party with 10% of the vote will no longer control the state. The reduction in the size of parliament increased the quota for election from 12. 5% to 16. 7%. Rundle called an election immediately after declaring support knowing that the Greens would pass a no vote against him. Tasmanian Greens leader Christine Milne claimed Rundle had betrayed her trust to remove a group of Tasmanians from politics for the Liberals own gain. After the size of parliament was reduced, Rundle lost the following 1998 state election and he held this position until July 1999 and retired just before the 2002 state election
31.
Premier of Victoria
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The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the government in the Australian state of Victoria. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the party able to secure a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Responsible government came to the colony of Victoria in 1855, between 1856 and 1892, the head of the government was commonly called the Premier or the Prime Minister, but neither title had any legal basis. The head of government always held another portfolio, usually Chief Secretary or Treasurer, the first head of government to hold the title of Premier without holding another portfolio was William Shiels in 1892. The incumbent Premier of Victoria since the 2014 election is Daniel Andrews of the Australian Labor Party, as of September 2016, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being John Cain. The most recent premier to die was Joan Kirner, on 1 June 2015, department of Premier and Cabinet, Victoria Deputy Premier of Victoria List of Premiers of Victoria by time in office ABC News - Premiers of Victoria
32.
Jeff Kennett
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Jeffrey Gibb Kennett AC is a former Australian politician who was the 43rd Premier of Victoria between 1992 and 1999 and a current media commentator. He was the President of Hawthorn Football Club from 2005 -2011 and he is the founding Chairman of beyondblue, a national organisation working to reduce the impact of depression and anxiety in the community. Kennett was born in Melbourne on 2 March 1948, and educated at Scotch College, Kennett was an unexceptional student academically, but did well in Scotchs Cadet Corps Unit. His failure to rise above the middle band academically almost led him to school in Fourth Form. His Fifth and Sixth Forms were an improvement, but he was described in school reports as confident. Sometimes works hard, and keen, pleasant, though sometimes erratic boy, after leaving school, Kennett was persuaded by his father Ken to attend the Australian National University in Canberra, but lost interest and left after one year of an economics degree. He returned to Melbourne and found work in the department of the retail giant Myer – kindling an interest for advertising that would one day earn him his living. Kennetts life in the workforce was cut short when, in 1968. Kennett was singled out as officer material early in his career and he was posted to Malaysia and Singapore as Second Lieutenant, commander of 1st Platoon, A Company, 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment. This military career has been noted by biographers as an essential formative influence on the adult Kennetts character. His sense and regard for hierarchical loyalty, punctuality, and general intolerance of dissent or disobedience may be traced to this period, Kennett returned to civilian life in 1970, reentering a divided Australian society, split by the Vietnam War, of which Kennett was a firm supporter. Having returned to Myer, Kennett became impatient with his work, thereafter, in December 1972, Kennett married Felicity Kellar, an old friend whom he had first met on a Number 7 tram on the long trips to school. Their first son, Ed, was born in 1974, followed by a daughter Amy, interested in local politics since the early 1970s, Kennett was elected as a Liberal Member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Burwood in 1976. His preselection for the seat reportedly irritated then Premier Dick Hamer, who disliked Kennetts campaigning style, entering Hamers government, Kennett was soon appointed Minister for Housing, Immigration and Ethnic Affairs in 1981. He retained this post when Hamer was replaced as Liberal leader and Premier by Lindsay Thompson in June of that year and he was an aggressive Leader of the Opposition, and was criticised for his bull-in-a-china-shop style and his anti-government rhetoric. Under his leadership, the Liberals were heavily defeated by Labor in Victorian state election,1985, soon afterward, he faced a challenge to his leadership of the party from Ian Smith. Kennett survived easily, but increasingly, he was seen as an erratic and he faced two more challenges to his leadership in 1986 and 1987 respectively. In 1987, in one notable incident Kennett referred to the Federal Liberal leader John Howard using colourful language in a telephone conversation with Howard rival Andrew Peacock
33.
Premier of Western Australia
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The Premier of Western Australia is the head of the executive branch of government in the Australian state of Western Australia. The Premier has similar functions in Western Australia to those performed by the Prime Minister of Australia at the national level, subject to the different Constitutions. The incumbent Premier of Western Australia is Mark McGowan who won the 2017 state election and was sworn in on 17 March 2017 by Governor Kerry Sanderson as the 30th Premier of Western Australia. The premier must be a member of one of the two Houses of the Parliament of Western Australia, and by convention the premier is a member of the lower house, the Legislative Assembly. He or she is appointed by the governor on the advice of the lower house, consequently, the premier is almost always the leader of the political party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats in the lower house. The office of premier of Western Australia was first formed in 1890, the Constitution of Western Australia does not explicitly provide for a premier, and the office was not formally listed as one of the executive offices until the appointment of Ross McLarty in 1947. Nonetheless, John Forrest immediately adopted the title on taking office as first premier of Western Australia in 1890, John Forrest was the only premier of Western Australia as a self-governing colony. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, Western Australia became an Australian state, Party politics began in Western Australia with the rise of the Labor party in 1901. By 1904, the party system was entrenched in Western Australian politics, since then the premiers have been associated with political parties. Western Australias constitution contains nothing to preclude the premier being a member of the upper house, historically and by convention, however, the premier is a member of the Assembly. During the economic boom of the 1980s, the Western Australian government became involved with a number of large businesses. A succession of deals were made between the government and businesses, and these ultimately caused great losses for the state, a subsequent royal commission found evidence of widespread corruption. Three former premiers were found to have acted improperly and two of them, Ray OConnor and Brian Burke, were jailed and this scandal became popularly known as WA Inc. As of 4 April 2017, seven former premiers are alive, the oldest being Peter Dowding, the most recent premier to die was Ray OConnor, on 25 February 2013, aged 86. He served as premier for a month before resigning after no seat could be found. b Prior to the 1904 election, no organised political parties existed, walter Kingsmill served as Acting Premier during this time
34.
Richard Court
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Richard Fairfax Court AC, is a former Western Australian politician, serving as Premier of Western Australia from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Liberal Party of Australia, he represented the Perth-area electorate of Nedlands in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly from 1983 to 2001, Court was born into a political family. His father, Sir Charles Court, was the member for Nedlands. His older brother Barry Court was president of the Pastoralists and Graziers Association, married Margaret Court, Richard Court was educated at Hale School and graduated from the University of Western Australia with a Bachelor of Commerce degree in 1968. His time as a government backbencher was short-lived, however, as the opposition Australian Labor Party and its leader, Brian Burke. Court was elevated to the frontbench in 1984, serving as the opposition spokesman for Resources and Industrial Development, Mines. He became deputy leader of the Liberal Party in September 1987, serving under Barry MacKinnon, the Court government was comfortably re-elected in 1996. The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right for the first time ever, also important was the continued logging of old growth forests in the South West of Western Australia. A rejuvenated Labor Party, led since 1996 by Dr Geoff Gallop, on 14 February, Court defied media predictions of his resignation by announcing he would stay for up to eight years. He refused to endorse his long-serving deputy leader and factional rival, Colin Barnett, to continue in the role, under this plan, Barnett and Court would both resign their seats. Barnett would have been offered Bishops seat of Curtin, the safest federal seat in the Perth area, Bishop would contest the resulting by-election in either Nedlands or Barnetts seat of Cottesloe, and Court would hand over the party leadership to Bishop. The plan was announced on the front page of The West Australian in a story by editor Brian Rogers, however, Barnett stated he choked on his Weet-Bix as he read details of the plan in the newspaper, describing it as an act of treachery. Many other Liberal MPs had also not heard of the plan before the story, despite this, Court won the ballot 17–13 against Barnett during a four-hour party-room meeting, with Dan Sullivan being elected as his deputy. By 23 February, the plan had to be scrapped when Bishop, Court was now in an untenable position, and was forced to resign from parliament the next day, leaving Barnett to take the leadership unopposed in the ensuing party-room ballot. On 9 June 2003 Richard Court was awarded the Companion of the Order of Australia, in November 2016, Minister for Foreign Affairs Julie Bishop announced that Court would be appointed as Australian Ambassador to Japan in early 2017
35.
Kate Carnell
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Anne Katherine Kate Carnell AO is an Australian businesswoman and former Liberal Party politician, who served as the third Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory from 1995 to 2000. Carnell was born on 30 May 1955, in Brisbane, Queensland and her parents owned a small accounting business. As a teenager she struggled with anorexia and was sent away to recover at Sydney Hospital and she battled the illness for four years. Heading back to Brisbane after her hospitalisation, Carnell returned to her studies and she married husband Ian Carnell in July 1977 and together they moved to Canberra, arriving August 1977. She bought her own business in Red Hill in 1981. She owned and managed the pharmacy until 2000 and she was the inaugural chair of the ACT Branch of the Australian Pharmacy Guild, serving in the position between 1988 and 1994. as well as National Vice-President of the guild between 1990 and 1994. Carnell joined the Liberal Party of Australia in 1991 and was elected to the second ACT Legislative Assembly in 1992 and she became Leader of the Opposition in 1993, succeeding Trevor Kaine. After winning 7 of 17 seats in the 1995 ACT election, the government was re-elected in the 1998 election. Bender died instantly when she was struck by a one kilogram fragment of steel which had been thrown about 430 metres across Lake Burley Griffin by the force of the explosion, the Coroner cleared Carnell as Chief Minister of any personal responsibility. The Coroner did find in his report that the Government had turned the implosion into a public circus, the public was invited by the Government to attend and witness the event, resulting in the largest crowd in Canberras history, in excess of 100,000. The Coroner found that the Government had been cavalier in its attitude to the warnings from a health union about the dangers of some aspects of the proposed implosion. The Coroner summarised that, the evidence on this topic leads me to conclude that Carnell was poorly briefed and advised on this subject matter, the quality of the reply to the HSUA was sacrificed in the interests of speed and expediency. In October 2000, Carnell resigned, pre-empting a no-confidence motion in relation to cost over-runs in the Bruce Stadium redevelopment project. The project had a $27.3 million budget, of which $12.3 million was provided for by the ACT government, however, the project eventually cost $82 million, and was solely funded by the government. An ACT Auditor-Generals review found that the projects $27.3 million cost estimate had not undergone proper assessment, the review also found that while private financing had been included in the project budget, no funds had been offered or provided by the private sector. Carnell resigned as Chief Minister on 17 October 2000, before the motion was moved against her. She was replaced as Chief Minister by Gary Humphries, after resigning her post as the Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory, Carnell has worked in a variety of positions. She made a bid for election to the National Roads
36.
Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
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The Chief Minister of the Northern Territory is the head of government of the Northern Territory. The office is the equivalent of a State Premier, when the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly was created in 1974, the head of government was officially known as Majority Leader. This title was used in the first parliament and the first eighteen months of the second, when self-government was granted the Northern Territory in 1978, the title of the head of government became Chief Minister. The Chief Minister is formally appointed by the Administrator, who in normal circumstances will appoint the head of whichever party holds the majority of seats in the unicameral Legislative Assembly. In times of crisis, the Administrator can appoint someone else as Chief Minister, however. Since 31 August, following the 2016 election, the Chief Minister is Michael Gunner of the Australian Labor Party and he is the first Chief Minister to have been born in the Northern Territory. The Country Liberal Party won the first Northern Territory election on 19 October 1974 and he headed an Executive that carried out most of the functions of a ministry at the state level. At the 1977 election Letts lost his seat and party leadership and he was succeeded on 13 August 1977 by Paul Everingham as Majority Leader. When the Territory attained self-government on 1 July 1978, Everingham became Chief Minister with greatly expanded powers, in 2001, Clare Martin became the first Labor and female Chief Minister of the Northern Territory. Until 2004 the conduct of elections and drawing of boundaries was performed by the Northern Territory Electoral Office. In March 2004 the independent Northern Territory Electoral Commission was established, following the 2016 election landslide outcome, Labors Michael Gunner became Chief Minister
37.
Shane Stone
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Shane Leslie Stone AC, QC is an Australian political figure. From 26 May 1995 to 8 February 1999 he was Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, in late 1997 Stone attracted sustained criticism when as the First Law Officer being the Attorney-General he appointed himself a Queens Counsel. Stone was the Chief Minister during the referendum for statehood for the Northern Territory in 1998, electors were asked to vote on whether the Northern Territory should become a state with a constitution that had been approved by a Constitutional Assembly. A bipartisan committee of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly had recommended a constitution, the CLP Government put forward a different constitution to a non-elected Constitutional Assembly. The following year Stone resigned as Chief Minister,18 months later the CLP under Denis Burke lost the next Territory election after 27 years in power. In 1999 he became the federal President of the Liberal Party of Australia, in 2001 he wrote a memo, later leaked to the press, that suggested that the government of John Howard was seen as mean and tricky. The ensuing controversy quickly mushroomed, with Stone and Howard both being accused of leaking the memo, Stone is the Executive Chairman of the APAC Group of Companies. He is also the National Chairman of the Duke of Edinburghs Award
38.
Governor of New South Wales
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The Governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, the Governor is appointed by the queen on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales, for an unfixed period of time—known as serving At Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the norm. The current Governor is retired General David Hurley, who succeeded Dame Marie Bashir on 2 October 2014, the office has its origin in the 18th-century colonial governors of New South Wales upon its settlement in 1788, and is the oldest continuous institution in Australia. The office of Governor is required by the New South Wales Constitution Act,1902, besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor-designate. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct the governor-designate as a Companion of the Order of Australia. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The premier may therefore recommend to the Queen that the remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor may also resign and three have died in office, furthermore, if the Lieutenant Governor becomes incapacitated while serving in the office of Governor, the next most senior judge of the Supreme Court is sworn in as the Administrator. Between 1788 and 1957, all governors were born outside of New South Wales and were members of the Peerage. Taylor once noted that out and governing New South Wales became the British aristocracys abiding consolation. Coincidentally the first Australian-born Governor, Sir John Northcott on 1 August 1946, was also the first Australian-born Governor of any state, the first Governors were all military officers and the majority of governors since have come from a military background, numbering 19. Samuels was the first governor in New South Wales history without either a political, public service or military background, the first woman to hold this position is also the first Lebanese-Australian governor, Dame Marie Bashir. In this capacity, the governor will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council, the Governor alone is constitutionally mandated to summon parliament. The governor grants Royal Assent in the Queens name, legally, if the governor withholds the Queens assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No modern viceroy has denied Royal Assent to a bill, with most constitutional functions delegated to Cabinet, the governor acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. He or she will host members of Australias royal family, as well as foreign royalty, also as part of international relations, the governor receives letters of credence and of recall from foreign consul-generals appointed to Sydney. The governor is also tasked with fostering unity and pride, the governor also traditionally serves as Honorary and Regimental Colonel in the Royal New South Wales Regiment and as Honorary Air Commodore of No.22 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force. Since 1946, the governor has also always made the Chief Scout of New South Wales
39.
Peter Sinclair (governor)
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Rear Admiral Peter Ross Sinclair AC is a retired senior officer of the Royal Australian Navy who served as the 35th Governor of New South Wales from 8 August 1990 to 1 March 1996. Born in Manly, New South Wales, he was educated North Sydney Boys High School before joining the navy though the Royal Australian Naval College. Over a 41-year career, Sinclair saw active service in Korea, Malaysia, Vietnam and in operations following Cyclone Tracy. In 1987 he was appointed Flag Officer Commanding HM Australian Fleet, in 1989 he was appointed as Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff but served only briefly until his retirement later that year. He retired in 1996 while controversy of Carrs proposed changes of the Governors role emerged in regard to his successor, Peter Sinclair was born in Manly, New South Wales on 16 November 1934 to Gordon and Dorothy Sinclair. After being educated at North Sydney Boys High School, Sinclair joined the Royal Australian Navy, after several years he was sent for further studies at the Royal College of Defence Studies in London. On 9 May 1957, he married Shirley McLellan, Sinclairs first command was of HMAS Duchess from 1970 to 1972 and then for the Guided Missile Destroyer, HMAS Hobart. As Commander in 1974, his ship was called upon to take part in the operations in Darwin. Sinclair was Chief Project officer during the establishment of the tri-service Australian Defence Force Academy, in 1987 he was appointed Flag Officer Commanding HM Australian Fleet, a position which later changed to Maritime Commander, Australia. During the 1987 Fijian coups détat, Sinclair was in charge of the evacuation of all Australian citizens from Fiji, in 1989, he was appointed as Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff. He served only briefly and in same year he retired from the Navy to take up cattle breeding at Kirkbreck a property near Tea Gardens. In 1990, the Premier of New South Wales, Nick Greiner, the Premier of New South Wales, Nick Greiner, identified a military appointment as the only appropriate successor to Martin and recommended Sinclairs to Buckingham Palace. This was accepted by Queen Elizabeth II and Sinclair was sworn in on 8 August 1990, at his swearing in, Sinclair declared that he and his wife would steer a broad course set by Sir David and Lady Martin. Sinclair later took the advice passed on to him from Martin in his notes, the office of Governor is important. During his time at Government House, Sydney, Sinclair increased accessibility to the public, while all previous Governors had maintained public access through Garden Parties and specific events, Sinclair was the first to start Government House open days, the first being on 24 March 1991. By the end of his term in 1996 approximately 35,000 people had visited the Vice-regal residence, the certificate declared that the NSW Crown Solicitor, then Hugh Roberts, had scrutinised the legislation and could therefore recommend assent without problem. While during the Greiner/Fahey Governments, Sinclair received compliance with these requests as well as attendance to Council meetings. However, once the Carr Labor Government took power in 1995, Sinclair readily took advice from many sources including Chief Justice Murray Gleeson, fellow state Governors and former NSW Governors, Sir Roden Cutler and Sir James Rowland
40.
Gordon Samuels
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Gordon Jacob Samuels AC, CVO, QC was a British-Australian lawyer, judge and the Governor of New South Wales from 1996 to 2001. Born in London in 1923, Samuels was educated at University College School and Balliol College, after serving in the Second World War, he was called to the bar and emigrated to Australia in 1949. Serving as a barrister in Sydney, Samuels was made a Queens Counsel in 1964, Samuels was later appointed a Judge of the New South Wales Court of Appeal in 1974, serving till his mandatory retirement in 1993, aged 70. On retirement from law, Samuels became Chairman of the Law Reform Commission of New South Wales, as Governor of New South Wales, he endured significant controversy over the decision not to reside in Government House, Sydney. Despite this he served with distinction and retired in March 2001 and he died aged 84 in December 2007. Samuels was born on 12 August 1923 in London, England and his grandfather, Jacob Samuels, left Lithuania for Edinburgh. He travelled to Australia and married Mary Michaelson, who he had met in Edinburgh and they ran a general store in Walcha, New South Wales, where Samuels father, Harry, was born. Harry ran a cinema in Moree before going to war in France with his brother, Lou, Harry married Zelda Glass after the war and they settled in Cricklewood, London, where Samuels was born. Samuels was educated at University College School and Balliol College, Oxford, at Oxford he was awarded the degree of a Master of Arts. When the Second World War broke out, he joined the British Army in 1942, serving in the Royal Artillery in the 96th Field Regiment, serving in Northern Ireland, India and Malaya, Samuels was demobilised in 1946. Entering the legal profession, Samuels was called to the bar at Inner Temple in 1948, the following year he emigrated to Australia and worked as a clerk for Dawson Waldron Edwards and Nicholls. Called to the New South Wales bar in 1952, Samuels gained a reputation as being a persuasive advocate and he married Jacqueline Kott in 1957 and had two daughters. Between 1964 and 1970, he was the Challis Lecturer of Law in Pleading at the University of Sydney, in 1964, he was appointed Queens Counsel for New South Wales and later for Victoria in 1965. In 1971, Samuels was elected as the President of the New South Wales Bar Association, in 1972, Samuels was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, being elevated to the Court of Appeal in 1974. As a Judge of Appeal until 1992, and as an Acting Judge afterwards until 1993, on Samuels time as a Judge, Justice Michael Kirby commented, His talents as an appellate judge shone brightly. No judge was more gifted in delivering accurate and elegant ex-tempore reasons immediately following argument and he displayed a command of facts and law and the well-furnished mind that he brought to the resolution of every judicial problem. While a Judge of Appeal, Samuels performed many public functions. A member of the University of New South Wales Council from 1969, on 8 June 1987, Samuels was made a Companion of the Order of Australia for service to learning, to the community and to law
